THE

CHARMIDES, LACHES, AND LYSIS

OF

PLATO

EDITED BY

BARKER NEWHALL, PH.D.PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN KENYON COLLEGE

NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY

BARKER NEWHALL.

CHARMIDES.

E-P !

PREFACE.

AMONG the dialogues of Plato, whose literary excellence might lead

to their selection for reading in college, the Symposium and Phaedrus

are hardly suitable for the classroom, the Gorgias and Republic are

too long, and the Phaedo too abstruse, while others lack the charm of

dramatic setting. The three dialogues, however, which are included

in the present edition, seem to be free from the disadvantages justenumerated. The Charmides has been given the most extended treat

ment, with the hope that this dialogue may be made the center of

more thorough study, though the Laches may be put in its place.The Lysis is intended for sight-reading, and is annotated accordingly.If time is short, the more abstruse portions of the Charmides, such as

the treatment of the eVurr^/xT; cTrio-r^u?;?, may be omitted. The workswhich have been used in the preparation of this edition are enumerated

in the Appendix. In treating the philosophic contents of the dialogues,I have followed F. Horn s Platonstudien (Vienna, 1893) very closely,and Cron s edition of the Laches has been freely utilized in the com

mentary to that dialogue. Professor Gildersleeve, moreover, has

kindly made very valuable suggestions while the book was in press,and I must acknowledge my constant indebtedness to the inspirationand illumination received from this eminent scholar, who has impartedby means of the bitter root of Greek syntax a higher appreciation of

the sweet fruit of Greek literature.

BARKER NEWHALL.GAMBIER, OHIO, December i, 1899.

References to page and line of this edition areprinted, e.g., 3.22.

Acknowledgment of more special indebtednessto Professor Gildersleeve is indicated by the abbre

viation, Gild.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.

PLATO :

I. Life vii

II. Works vii

III. Style viii

THE CHARMIDES, LACHES, AND LYSIS:

I. Literary Form ........ xiII. Characters ......... xiii

III. Philosophic Contents.

Charmides ......... xixLaches xxii

Lysis xxv

IV. Chronology ......... xxviiTEXT.

INTRODUCTION.

PLATO.

I. LIFE.1

PLATO was born 427 B.C., and his disciples celebrated the yth of

Thargelion (May 27) as his natal day.2 His father, Ariston, was

descended from Codrus, the mythic king of Athens, and from the

god Poseidon, while his mother, Perictione,3 was in some way related

to Solon. After trying his hand at poetry, at the age of twenty he

devoted himself to philosophy, under the guidance of Socrates. Soon

after his master s death in 399 he began his travels, and visited Egypt,

Cyrene, Italy, and Sicily. Returning to Athens in 387, he bought a

house and garden near the precincts of the hero Academus, where he

taught for the remaining forty years of his life. He was never married,and, what was unusual for an Athenian, took no part in public life.

He died in 347, and was buried near his home. Such are the bareoutlines of Plato s life, but they suffice to indicate his environment.

His aristocratic birth endowed him with fine sensibilities and generous

tastes, which were cultivated and perfected by a thorough education

in gymnastics and mathematics, in both of which he gained distinc

tion, in music, rhetoric, and philosophy. His extended travels broad

ened his vision and brought him into contact with the wisdom of other

lands, while his wealth and his freedom from the cares of family and

politics allowed him to devote his entire attention to literary pursuits.

II. WORKS.

In classical literature nothing but the Homeric question has causedso much discussion among scholars as the genuineness and chrono-

1 The authority for Plato s life is Steinhart. v. App. I., C.2 This day was probably chosen because it was the festival of Delian Apollo, to

whom later legends ascribed the parentage of the philosopher.3 v. Note 3. 8.

viii INTRODUCTION.

logical order of the Platonic dialogues, and opinions are often widelyat variance. The arrangement of Christ, however, with which, inthe main, the following list agrees, represents a conservative mean.

I. Socratic (before 392) : Lysis, Chartnides, Laches, Hippias Minor,

Apology, Crito, Euthyphro, Ion. II. Transitional (392-380?) : Pro

tagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Theaete-

tus, Phaedrus, Phaedo, Symposium. III. Constructive: Republic,

Parmenides, Sophistes, Politicus, Philebus, Timaeus, Critias, Laws.

The position of the dialogues in I. and III. is certain, but there ismuch dispute about the order of those in II. (especially the Phaedoand Phaedrus). Many scholars reject the Ion, Menexenus, and Parmenides. Besides the above list of 26 genuine dialogues, the manu

scripts contain 1 6,others, some of them probably written by contem

poraries of Plato, and also 13 letters, of which one or two are perhaps

genuine.

III. STYLE.

It may safely be said that Plato is the greatest of Greek prosewriters; for, though Aristotle may have been a greater philosopher,his extant works have no literary value, and though Demosthenes

rivals Plato in his diction, the subject-matter of his orations has lost

much of its interest to the modern world. Plato, however, excels bothin content and form, and to-day no Greek author is so widely studied

in all departments of learning. The philosopher, the literary critic,the political economist, the philologist, the pedagogue, and the moral

ist, all find something of value in his pages.

The ancients, too, recognized his preeminence, and the great Romancritic declared omnium quicumque scripserunt aut locuti sunt extititet suavitate et gravitate princeps Plato (Cic. Orat. 62, cf. Top. i. 24).The sweetness which Cicero admired, the elegance and finish which

Aristotle noticed, the grace and simplicity of his style perhaps impressthe reader before anything else. It is this which leads Taine to a

comparison with Correggio, and which Dionysius praises for its clearness

like the most transparent stream, its fragrance like a breeze from flow

ery meadows (ad Cn. Pomp. 2). Even the satiric Timon (Diog. L.

III. 7) likened his works to the sweet song of the cicadas hidden

INTRODUCTION. IX

among the trees of Academus, and his biographers fabled that bees

filled his lips with honey, as he lay on the slopes of Hymettus.1 This

sweetness blended with dignity2 and elevation, the "supreme serenity

and smile of divine wisdom" (Cousin), justify the title "Homer of

philosophers."3 Indeed so rich and full is the stream that flows softly

from the Homeric source, that some declared that such would be the

speech of great Zeus himself. Plato rivals the great poet also in his

dramatic power, exhibited in the vivid and powerful delineation of

character and the variety and beauty of his scenery. In this (5#o?)he excels all writers, and even Demosthenes is but an imitator.

4 This

makes his dialogues a faithful mirror of the best Athenian society and

imparts refinement by the association of the reader with cultured

people. So brilliant are his pictures, so rich in color and warm with

sensuous feeling that the ancients thought that, like Euripides, he must

have been a painter in his younger days.5 At any rate he was once a

poet ; indeed, fragments of his elegies remain, and he never wholly lost

his poetic character.6

It was a true dream of Socrates when he saw

Apollo s swan fly from his bosom and soar singing to the clouds. The

vocabulary is largely poetic (Longin. 13), and the wonderful extended

similes as well as the myths, to which he resorts when dialectic fails,exhibit the power of the poet as well as of the rhetorician. The

rhythms, too, are often poetic,7

yet their perfection is praised by

Dionysius (De Adm. Vi, 41), and the periods are harmonious, flexible,and smooth, though judged inferior to those of Demosthenes. Para

taxis is the foundation principle of his composition, and we sometimesfind as many as nine or ten clauses strung together, so that we scarcelyrealize the periodic structure ;

8yet he often blends longer sentences

with shorter. Anacoluthaand parentheses at times interrupt grammatical sequence and skilfully imitate the movement of conversation, whilethe participle and the infinitive, of which Plato, like Herodotus, is so

V. H. X. 21. 2 Long. 13, Cic. Brut. 121.8 id. Tusc. I. 79. This combination of qualities led Cousin to compare Plato

with Bossuet.4Dionys. Rhet. X. 2 5 v. Note 58. 31.

6 Aristotle ap. Diog. L. III. 37 yu,eTcti> TTOI^UCITOS KCU irefrv \6yov.7Quint. IX. 4. 77 notes especially the Timaeus.

8 Demetr. de eloc. 21.

X INTRODUCTION.

fond,1 contribute to the smooth flow of clause and sentence. Yet

though the style seems so easy, it was elaborated with great care, and

till the day of his death2 he revised and corrected and rearranged

the words and phrases.All these details show that Plato excelled not only in the quality but

the number of his beauties (Longin. 35. i). Simple narrative is used

in the introductions and the myths, then more ornate or lofty style in

the solemn discourse or extended simile, in one dialogue rapid questionand answer, in another continuous dialectic, where the answers are

merely formal. There is an endless variety of moods and tones, which

blends gravity with vivacity, comedy with tragedy, profound reasoningwith irony or satire, poetry with prose. As Chaignet says, he makes

not only his characters but his philosophy live and breathe. It is in his

earlier dialogues that these literary elements are most prominent. In

his later works his advancing years and maturing mind lead him to

neglect somewhat the beauty of external form. The style becomes

more precise and didactic, at times even heavy and obscure,3 the

periods are more elaborate and the prder of words less natural, the

witty sallies and the poetic grace are lacking, the dramatic setting is

almost lost. Moreover, the minuteness of distinction makes the style

exceedingly dry and monotonous, while it causes the formation of

many new words and endows others with new shades of meaning.4

Certain formulae of question and answer, certain phrases and particles,and certain verbs of saying (A. J. P. X. 470) are used for the first

time, or much more frequently. There is a marked tendency to revert

to Ionic and Old Attic words and forms, and to employ tragic diction.

The latest works also show considerable care in the avoidance of

hiatus.5

It is beyond our province to speak of the importance, the original-

1Engelhardt, cle period. PI struct. II., pp. 27, 29, notices that we sometimes find

whole pages of infinitives.2 Cic. de Sen. V. 13.3Dionys. ad Cn. Pomp. 2.

4 The Soph, and Pol. have 270, the Tim., Crit., and Laws 1492 words not used

elsewhere by Plato. v. Campbell, Introd. Soph, and Pol., p. xx ; Jowett and

Campbell, Rep. II. 46-61.5Average 2-3 to a Teubner page. Blass, Att. Ber. II. 426.

INTRODUCTION. xi

ity, or the breadth of Platonic philosophy. Emerson calls his works" the Bible of the learned, out of which come all things that are still

written and debated among men," and another writer says, "The

philosophy of Plato rises before us as the mightiest and most permanent monument ever erected by unassisted human thought."

THE CHARMIDES, LACHES, AND LYSIS.

I. LITERARY FORM.

In the same sense that Herodotus was the father of history, Plato

may be called the creator of the philosophic dialogue, and moreoverhe was the first to clothe it in dramatic form, so that it is, to a certain

degree, the forerunner of the modern prose drama. The analogy is sowell sustained by the numerous indications of time and place, by the

movements and emotions of the interlocutors, and by occasional parodyof style or dialect, that we see the likeness to a tragedy in the Phaedo, to

a comedy in the Protagoras, we may call the Euthydemus a satyr-play,or the great Republic a tetralogy. Indeed, the Protagoras was actually

put on the stage in Roman times. The action is localized sometimesin a private house (Rep., Prot.), sometimes in a public square Euth o),in the palaestra (Char., Lys.) or at a banquet (Sym.), in the confine

ment of a prison (Crito, Phaedo) or in the freedom of the country

(Phaedr.), but in every case the scene is presented clearly, and the

surroundings often accurately and fully described (so Char., Lys.).Time is treated with poetic freedom, and we often find anachronisms,

1

of which the most famous are the dispersion of the Arcadians (385 B.C.)in the Symposium, and the bribing of Ismenias (395) in the Menon,

dialogues in which Socrates (ob. 399) participates. Since the persons-of the dialogue are drawn from everyday life, they seem more real

than the characters of the drama itself, but as their delineation is onlya means to an end, they are few in number and are not allowed to distract attention from the thought presented. Since they are typical of

intellectual and moral tendencies, they have a universal and lasting

value, and the lines are more subtly drawn than for the mere individual.

1Zeller, Berlin Academy, 1873.

Xll INTRODUCTION.

Plato s own rule was oyxt/cpov TL jnepos ev TroXAo) Aoyw T^S /xi/Ar/crews (Rep.396 E) . The chorus, which the later comedy discarded entirely, surviveshere only in the audience, whose presence is indicated by applause or

by occasional comments in the mouth of a minor interlocutor, such as

Chaerephon in the Gorgias. Furthermore, the dialogues have a unityof action, complete in itself and limited in extent,

1 which distinguishesthem from the continuous memoirs of Xenophon, as the dramatic

representation from the historical account. It is not alone by the

external form but also by the internal structure that the analogy to the

drama is maintained. There are definite divisions in the dialogueswhich correspond roughly to the acts of a play, and these are usually

marked, as in tragedy, by the entrance or retirement of an interlocu

tor; sometimes the change is announced beforehand (so 2. 15, 10. 32).

The acts are not necessarily five in number, any more than in the

drama, although this is usually the case (v. Analysis of Char., Lach.,

Lys.). At any rate within the frame of an introduction and conclu

sion some difficulty is developed, and then partially or completelysolved. Doubt and perplexity are created in the mind, just as tragedy

inspires fear and pity in the heart, that by their removal the purifyingeffect may be produced, which Aristotle prescribed as an essential ofthe tragic drama. Although in structure tragedy furnishes the model,and the irony and word-play belong to this sphere, the dialogue is

closer to comedy in its tone and mode of treatment as well as in the

humor, the parody, and the satire, although much more delicate andrefined. As an early critic observed, Aristophanes excites our laughter,but Plato provokes a smile. We know, in fact, that he was a carefulstudent of the great comedian, as well as of the prose mimes of the

Sicilian Sophron.

Although the greatest perfection is attained in the longer dialogues,

the more youthful works, like brief interludes, often exhibit manyfeatures of dramatic art. The Charmides and Lysis present the same

typical Athenian scene ; the young men, as eager to develop the mind

as the body, leaving their athletic sports to cluster around Socrates and

learn the lessons of abstruse philosophy, admiring now the wisdom of

the teacher, now the beauty of the pupil. Both these dialogues are

1 Ar. Poet. ch. 7.

INTRODUCTION. xiii

enlivened with the same humor and adorned with the same richness

of dramatic setting, but the Charmides has the more perfect form and

a calm and statuesque dignity that gives somewhat the effect of sculpture (Taine). When we remember that these are perhaps the earliestworks of Plato that we possess, and that he is said to have written

dramas in his youth, we see that he is still under the inspiration of

Dionysius, and still employs the methods of composition which were

consecrated to the honor of the god. In the Laches the youthful

vivacity and playfulness are lacking and the scenery is less prominent,but irony and witty repartee enliven the discussion, in spite of the

more serious and earnest tone. Though the introduction of the

Charmides seems long in proportion to the rest of the dialogue, it not

only lays down foundation principles for the philosophic discussion

(v. p. xxi), but it serves to present living examples of temperance,alike in the youthful Charmides to whom the world is yet untried, andin the more mature Socrates, who has withstood the temptations of hisown perverse nature (v. Note 3. 22). So the Lysis shows us the two

friends, the Laches the two generals, who, in each case, typify the

virtue about to be discussed, as in the opening of the Republic we see

the incarnation of justice in aged Cephalus. Finally, each of our

three dialogues consists of two parts, a popular and a scientific, and

each section is discussed by a person especially adapted to that modeof treatment.

II. CHARACTERS.

In the Charmides and Lysis, as in all the earlier dialogues, the chief

interlocutor and the conductor of the investigation is the great teacher

in whom Plato has merged his own personality, the wisest and bestman of ancient times. Socrates,

1 son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and

Phaenarete, a midwife, was born about 469, and drank the fatal hemlock in the Athenian prison, May, 399. Though by birth belongingonly to the middle class, he associated intimately with the most

aristocratic families, as our own dialogue shows. Nor did he neglecthis duties as a citizen. He fought bravely at Potidaea, Delium, and

1 The best sketch of his life is found in Grote s History of Greece, ch. 68.

XIV INTRODUCTION.

Amphipolis (v. Note 30. 3); as prytanis in 406 he defended the generals returned from Arginusae; he married a wife, the famous Xanthippe,and reared children for the state. But his chief concern in life was

the search for truth, everywhere, at all times, with all people, and,

making mankind his study, he feared neither tyrant nor sophist, but

resolutely attacked all error, conceit, and sham, that he might find the

real and abiding essence.1 Barefooted at all seasons and awkward in

his gait, a single dingy cloak covering a robust figure hardened to heat,

cold, or fatigue, a face so ugly as to be a byword, yet showing the

strength of mastered passions,2 a hard but steady drinker, playful and

witty, yet devout, he had a homely eloquence that caused the hearts

of young men to throb and their tears to flow, and despite his roughexterior, he was, like the king s daughter, "all beautiful within."

3

His modesty (56. 5), real or assumed, that led him naively to professhis ignorance (Note 14. 5-6), and the keen and subtle irony (v. 42. i,

46. 23, etc.), which was so powerful an instrument in his dialectic

method, are his most prominent characteristics. The two principlesof investigation which Aristotle ascribes to Socrates as his peculiar

property are induction and definition. The first step in induction is

the example, which is often drawn from the most ordinary spheres of

action (Notes 18. 20, 46. 26). His refined friends objected to his

vulgarity, but its familiar character added to its force, and the greatteacher of Galilee consecrated it by frequent use. The usual result

of the inductive example is the definition (v. Note 40. 28), which is

necessary to the exact knowledge demanded by Socrates, and the

dialectic portion of our dialogues is made up largely of these two

elements. Since Socrates, like Christ, left no written memorial, we

must depend on the testimony of his disciples, Plato and Xenophon.

Though the former often blends his own thought with the conceptionsof his master, and develops as well as reproduces, his powers of

dramatic presentation are so great, and his appreciation so refined,that he gives a more vivid and sympathetic account, and so paints a

1 v. Notes 10. 31, 13. ii, 15. 23.2 v. Note 3. 22.3 The locus classicus for Socrates personality is Alcibiades description, Sym.

215-222.

INTRODUCTION. XV

truer picture than does Xenophon. Following the indications given

by the earlier dialogues, we learn how eminently familiar and con

versational was the language and style of Socrates. The modest litotes

(Note 13. 33), the sportive fancy that led to mock solemnity

(Notes 3. 22, 1 8. 14) or to a clever play upon words, the abundant

proverbs (Note 2. 17) and the many cases of etymological construc

tion (Note 1 6. 31), contribute to the familiarity of his discourse. His

fondness for oaths and interjections (Note 2. 31) illustrates the same

tendency. The carelessness of compact structure and the lack of

grammatical consistency, which he himself confesses in the Symposium

(199 B), are manifested in frequent anacolutha (Notes 4. 16, 20. 29,

42. 17) and parentheses (Note 18. 14), in the omission of conjunctions (asyndeton), and in careless repetitions (Note 4. 34), all of

which imitate the movement of easy conversation.

Chaerephon s function, as in the Gorgias, is merely introductory and

mediatory, and after presenting Socrates to Critias he retires from the

field. He must have been nearly as old as Socrates, for he was thefriend of his youth, and the same enthusiastic devotion which he dis

plays in our dialogue led him to ask the Delphic oracle to indorse

the wisdom of his master (Apol. 21 A). He was ridiculed by Aris

tophanes as the model Socratic pupil, and in the Gorgias he imitates

his master s manner. His lean figure, his sallow face, and his hastymovements won him the nickname of " the bat." His hot temper gothim into difficulty with his younger brother, but he was easily recon

ciled (Mem. II. 3). He did not survive his friend and teacher.Critias and Charmides were both near relatives of Plato, the former

being his mother s cousin, the latter her brother (Note 6. 8), and he

was naturally disposed to present them in a favorable light. He givesCritias an honorable place in the Timaeus as well as in the dialoguethat bears his name, where he relates the traditions of Athens earliest

history with such skill and learning that he wins the praise of Socrates

(Tim. 20 B). In our dialogue Socrates treats him with great respectand delicately alludes to his poetic skill (IT. 7). Indeed, Critias was

one of the most versatile and gifted men of Athens, for he was not

only successful in tragedy and elegy, but he was an able orator and

historian;so the famous A^vcuW TroAireta in the Xenophontean cor-

xvi INTRODUCTION.

pus was ascribed to him by Bockh. He gave, moreover, such attention to abstract knowledge that he was called a philosopher amongdilettanti, though a dilettante among philosophers. So, althoughCritias is known to history as the most greedy and cruel of the Thirty

Tyrants, there was a more agreeable side to his character, and this

Plato wishes to bring to our notice. Critias was, however, as much

devoted to the sophists as to Socrates, as appears in the Protagoras,

where he mediates between them (336 E), and we may notice indica

tions of sophistic training in our dialogue (Note u. 30). Thus he

employs longer and more artistic periods (13. 8 ff.), he is confident of

success (Note 12. 23), he follows Prodicus in the distinction of syno

nyms (12. 12), and he refuses to acknowledge his own definition

(9. 29, cf. Prot. 331 E). Moreover, he betrays his aristocratic prejudices by his preference for TO, tavrov Trparreiv, since if each man mindshis own business, the nobles will rule and the rest must obey. Xeno-

phon maintains that Critias frequented Socrates society merely in

order to be better equipped for his political career, and we know that

when he came into power, he showed little respect for his former

teacher, but rudely bade him quit his prating of artisans and shep

herds, of justice and virtue, lest he suffer for it.1 There has been an

attempt to identify Callicles in the Gorgias with Critias, and the theoryseems plausible. Both change ground and object to Socrates dialectic

method 2 or the vulgarity of his examples,3 both defend TrAeoreKretv,

4

both enter the discussion suddenly at a critical moment ; they entertain the same aristocratic sentiments, yet use democracy to further

their ends.5 Still other points of similarity might be mentioned.

Charmides and Lysis belong to a class of young men6 of which

Phaedrus is the type. Modest and retiring (59. 5), prone to blush

when disconcerted (v. Note 6. 28) yet eager for discussion (58. 16-19),rich and aristocratic (6. 7, 57. 10-17), beautiful in form and pure in

heart (5. 33-4, 59. i), their fresh and buoyant natures enliven the

1 Xen. Mem. I. 2. 37. 3 n. 32, Gorg. 491 A.2

13. 11, 14. 22, 15. 8-13, Gorg. 497 A.4Gorg. 483 D, Xen. Hell. II. 3. 16.

5Gorg. 489 C, 481 E.

6Taine, Lesjeunes gens de Platan, Essais de critique, pp. 155-197.

INTRODUCTION. xvii

Platonic pages and endow them with a special grace. Charmides

added to the natural advantages of his position some skill in poetry

(3. 6) and was enough of an athlete to train for the Nemean games

(Theag. 128 DE). It may have been in sports that he lost his fortune,for he jokes about his poverty in Xenophon s Symposium (IV. 29).There is a trace of mischievous humor in his suggestion of Critias

ignorance (10. 30-32, cf. 26. i). Though he went with his guardianto hear the sophists (Prot. 315 A), he was one of Socrates most

devoted followers (Sym. 222 A). The philosopher urged him to enter

public life (Mem. III. 7), and to overcome by a knowledge of himself

the timidity which continued even into manhood. However, when

actually in the political arena, he followed his aristocratic friends, was

made one of the committee of Ten, who ruled the Piraeus under the

Thirty, and was slain with Critias while defending the unrighteouscause (Hell. II. 4. 19).

Lysis is younger than his companions, and his conversation is full of

boyish frankness and naivete". The needless details added to his an

swers, his frequent oaths (ch. 4), and his mischievous desire to see his

saucy cousin discomfited (63. 14), are evidences of his youth. Thoughhe is too bashful to join the company without some excuse (59. 5), he

can laugh merrily at Socrates questions (60. 31), and becomes so in

terested that he answers out of turn (66. 4). Socrates, accordingly,

adopts a simpler style, asks naive questions (e.g. 60. 34), draws his ex

amples from family life, and treats the subject more fully. We knownothing further of Lysis, nor yet of Hippothales, the sentimental lover,

who wearies his friends by his poems and his eulogies, though he toocan blush and change color (56. 7, 75. 4). Ctesippus is pert, impa

tient, at times even rude (63. 29), but he is good at heart (Phaedo

59 A). In the Euthydemus he has a more important role, and shows

his cleverness and wit as well as his roughness.1 Menexenus is prob

ably the same as the Menexenus who gives his name to one of the

dialogues. Both he and Ctesippus were with Socrates in his last hours.

In contrast to the two other dialogues, the Laches puts the young

people quite in the background, in fact, they utter scarcely a word

1284 D, 299 E, 284 E, 288 A, 298 B to 299 E.

XVlll INTRODUCTION.

(29. 31), but their devotion to Socrates serves to introduce him to

their parents. Though they made considerable progress under his

instruction, they did not persevere in their studies, but through evil

association soon lost all that they had gained (Theat. 150 DE). The

old men, Lysimachus and Melesias, are so closely united as to make

practically one character, and are usually addressed and mentioned

together (28. 30, 35. 30, etc.). Lysimachus is rather the more ener

getic of the two, but he suffers from the infirmities of age (29. 18-20,

39. 23-5), and his prefatory remarks are so diffuse and verbose that he

himself realizes his weakness (27. n). His life of narrow seclusion

has kept him from acquaintance with the almost omnipresent Socrates,and he has no independent views of his own. Besides, the glory of

his father, the great Aristides, makes his own insignificance more ap

parent. Melesias, too, though a great wrestler in his youth (Meno

94 C), did nothing to equal the fame of Thucydides, his father, the

statesman and opponent of Pericles, and his share in the dialogue

(34. 2-28) is confined to a few brief answers. Laches and Nicias, on

whom the burden of the discussion rests, were leaders of the aristocratic party and had great influence in the state. Like all men ofnoble birth, they admired Spartan institutions (v. Note 31. 34) and

favored peace. All that we know of Laches life is that he led an ex

pedition to Sicily (v. Note 33. 10), served as hoplite at Delium (v.Note 30. 3), was associated with Nicias in negotiating the peace of 421

(Thuc. V. 43), and fell at Mantinea in 418. The allusion to Delium

in 30. 3 and the date of Laches death enable us to fix the time when

the conversation is supposed to take place. Laches is, first of all, a

practical man : he has had no experience in abstract thinking (45. 27)and cannot form a general conception, he is confident (41. 10) and

hasty in his conclusions, he appeals to facts (2/oya ; 32. 18, 38. 29),

which, however, have no bearing on the question, and he is guided

largely by his prejudices (cf. 31. 34). Furthermore, there is in his

character a strong tendency to criticise. This appears in his first

words (29. 5-9), again in the keen satire of Stesilaos (32. 24 ff.), but

especially in his bitter and scornful attacks on Nicias (33. 9, 47. i, 5, 1 1,

49. 25,50. 6, n, 19). Even Socrates does not escape (35. 23). His

impatience and anger cause him twice (48. 33, 50. 24) to give up the

INTRODUCTION. xix

discussion, but he is finally reconciled (53. 30-34), and it is perhapsbecause he learns the most that the dialogue bears his name. Nicias,

after the death of Pericles (429), was the most highly esteemed citizen

of Athens, because of his integrity and piety and the generous use of

his great wealth in public works and in private benefactions. As a

general he took a kindly interest in the welfare of his soldiers, and byhis prudence gained considerable success (Thuc. III. 51, 91, IV. 42,

53, 129), but he lacked energy, promptness, and decision, and was

often hampered by superstitious fears (v. Note 48. 7). Sent to Sicily

against his will in 415, after many disasters, for which he was himself

largely responsible, he met his death at Syracuse in 413. Nicias presents throughout a strong contrast to Laches. Quiet, thoughtful, and

mild (v. Notes 49. 34, 50. 19), he is ready to accept new ideas (30. 28),and is fond of argument. He is eminently a theorist, and restricts

courage to knowledge. While Laches knows Socrates only on the

battle-field, Nicias has attended his instruction as well as the lectures

of the sophists (38. 7, 53. 17, 26), so that he is familiar with Socratic

doctrines (46. 14) and makes better progress. Each general presentsthe aspect of courage that is consistent with his own experience, but it

is Socrates alone that unites both qualities in his own character and

presents a perfect example.

III. PHILOSOPHIC CONTENTS.

THE CHARMIDES.

A. ANALYSIS AND ABSTRACT.

I. Introduction (TrpoAoyos), ch. 1-6.

(a) Socrates returns from Potidaea, and, meeting some friends in

the palaestra, tells them of the battle. He then inquires about the

young men, and is introduced to Charmides, whose soul is as beauti

ful as his body (ch. 1-3). (b) Socrates poses as a physician, and

offers a remedy for Charmides headache, which must be accompanied

by a charm. This consists in fair words, which will cure the soul, the

source of good and evil to the body, and impart temperance. AlthoughCritias declares that Charmides already possesses this virtue, the latter

consents to submit to an examination (ch. 4-6).

XX INTRODUCTION.

II. The Definitions of Charmides (oriVacns), ch. 7-9.

(a) Being asked to define temperance, he replies that it is (ist) quiet

ness, but he is shown that activity is often preferable to inaction, and

since temperance is always desirable, this definition cannot stand (ch. 7).

(b} Charmides is urged to regard his inner self rather than outward

appearances, and he defines temperance as (2d) modesty. This goes

deeper, but modesty is sometimes out of place, while temperance never

is (ch. 8). (c} He then quotes the opinion that it is (3d) doing one sown business ; but all artisans work for other people, so the definition isnot clear. Critias, from whom Charmides had borrowed the statement,becomes impatient to define it, and takes his cousin s place (ch. 9).

III. The Definitions of Critias (7rAo/oj), ch. 10-14.

(a) Critias distinguishes"

doing" and " making," for while work

(making) is vulgar, (4th) doing applies only to what is good. Fromthis it would follow that one can be temperate without knowing it, for

good may be done unwittingly (ch. 10, n). (b) This forces home toCritias the importance of knowledge, so he takes a fresh start, and

declares temperance to be (5th) self-knowledge. Being asked what is

the product of such knowledge, or to what object it is directed, he

replies that it differs from all other sciences, for it has no external

object or product, but is (6th) the knowledge of itself and of othersciences (ch. 12-14).

IV. The Discussion of Socrates (Awns), ch. 15-22.t

Taking more definite control of the conversation, Socrates considers

(a) the possibility of such knowledge. If we know what we know, we

must also know what we do not know. This is neither subjectively nor

objectively true of other mental activities, which makes the questionmore perplexing (ch. 15, 16). We then pass to an examination of

(a} the utility of this knowledge (18. 12), which further implies that

we must know what others know and do not know. This cannot be,since temperance does not teach technical details, nor does it make

learning easier. In short, we only know that we know and not know

INTRODUCTION. XXI

(19. 26) (ch. 17, 18). (V) Even if we knew what we know, it would

only increase material prosperity, and it is still uncertain what kind of

knowledge brings real happiness (ch. 19-21). (d) Critias then sug

gests (7th) the knowledge ofgoodand evil (2$. 29). But if temperance is

only a knowledge of knowledge, it can have no part in specific sciences,and since all happiness comes from the knowledge of good and evil,

temperance is of no practical utility (ch. 22).

V. Conclusion (/caTaorpo(/J), ch. 23, 24.

Such a conclusion is absurd, and we have failed to discover the

nature of temperance ; the fault must lie in Socrates stupidity. Char-

mides, however, has confidence in him, and resolves to follow his guidance in the future.

Summary of the definitions proposed.

I. Superficial, (i) Quietness. (2) Modesty.II. Universal. A. Action (3) Doing one s business. (4) Doing

good. B. Knowledge (5) of self, (6) of knowledge, (7) of good and

evil.

B. RESULTS OBTAINED.

In the introduction Socrates himself defines temperance as the health

of the soul and the control of the body. It is the harmony of all the

virtues rather than itself a single virtue (cf. Prot. 330 AB). Startingwith this assumption, Socrates leads the discussion by a gradual

development to the desired end. He rejects the first three definitionsas insufficient, and objects to the fourth as superficial, since it lacks

the knowledge which is at the basis of right action. The identification of virtue with knowledge is a genuine Socratic doctrine,

1 and

when self-knowledge is proposed, we feel that we are on the righttrack. The discussion of the knowledge of knowledge consumes somuch time that it seems more important than it really is. Plato,however, by leaving the investigation unfinished, shows clearly that

this course will not lead us to the truth, and Socrates declares (21. 30)

146. 14-15, Mem. III. 9. 5.

xxii INTRODUCTION.

that all their labor was in vain. He here makes Critias responsiblefor the definition, and he himself explicitly rejects the i-ma-Tr)^ l-ma-T^-

ju,7;sin the Theaetetus (200 BC). But when knowledge takes on a

moral tone and is limited to the good and evil, Socrates shows by his

delight (23. 29 ff., cf. Gorg. 499 B) that the goal has at last been

reached, for nowhere else can true utility be found. Now we mayweave the tangled threads together, joining good knowledge and the

resultant good action to the health of the soul with which we began,and we gain the complete definition of temperance. The result then

is only apparently negative, and as in the other earlier dialogues, the

intelligent reader is left to draw the conclusion. Socrates has practi

cally demonstrated that cTritmj//^ eVi^T^s is not temperance, and his

negation of success really applies to this point alone. Charmides, byhis determination to follow Socrates, and Critias, by his approval of

this course, show that they understand the true meaning veiled by the

Socratic irony, and are satisfied with the results. Moreover, Socrates

himself consents to impart temperance (26. n), so he must have

reached an understanding of its nature.

THE LACHES.

A. ANALYSIS AND ABSTRACT.

I. Introduction (TrpoAoyos) , ch. 1-8.

(a) Lysimachus and Melesias wish their sons to have a better edu

cation than they themselves received, and ask the advice of Nicias

and Laches regarding the importance of fencing (ch. i, 2). (<) At

Laches suggestion, Socrates, as a philosopher and also a brave soldier,is invited to join their deliberations (ch. 3, 4). (c] Nicias approvesof fencing, as tending to strengthen the body, prepare young menfor military service, and make them more courageous (ch. 5), but

(</)LacJies rejects the art because the Spartans do not practise it,

and fencing-masters make no better soldiers than other men, thoughmore is expected of them (ch. 6-8).

INTRODUCTION. XX111

II. Preparation and Specialization (rira<ns), ch. 9-16.

(a) Socrates is asked to cast the deciding vote, but such weighty

matters can only be determined by a trained man. He himself istoo poor to be taught by the sophists, but the two generals should be

well informed on such matters. Since, however, they disagree, they

must prove their knowledge by telling who their teachers were, or

whom they have taught (ch. 9-11). (&) Nicias is well acquaintedwith Socrates dialectic skill, by which he gives a personal application

to every discussion, while Laches has full confidence in him, because

he has seen his valiant deeds (ch. 1.2-14). ( f) Socrates now proposes

that, since they wish to make the boys virtuous, they first try to dis

cover what virtue is, or, still better, consider only the nature of courage,

the part of virtue that fencing claims to produce (ch. 15-16).

III. The Definition of Laches (TrAo/oj), ch. 17-21.

(a) Laches declares the brave man to be one who stands in line

to meet the enemy, but Socrates shows that a man may be brave evenin flight, and may exhibit courage in emotion or in poverty (ch. 1 7-18).

(b) Laches now defines courage as constancy of the soul, but, as

bravery is a good thing, he is forced to limit it to reasonable constancy.This appears, however, in business and in medical practice, where

there is no question of courage, and, on the other hand, the soldier

who ignorantly resists superior force is braver than his skilled opponent

(ch. 19, 20). (c) Laches is disgusted at his failure (ch. 21).

IV. The Definition of Nicias (Averts), ch. 2229.

(a) Nicias now suggests that courage is the knowledge of thingsdangerous and safe, but Laches objects that this is also possessed byphysicians and farmers. Nicias replies that, at any rate, physicians do

not know whether death or recovery will be better for the sick. Onlythe soothsayer knows the future, says Laches, so he must be brave.

Yet, says Nicias, even he does not know whether death is really anevil. Laches thinks this is all foolishness (ch. 22-24). (b) It is sug

gested that the brute beasts are usually considered brave, but Nicias

XXIV INTRODUCTION.

replies that they are ignorant of danger, and so, merely fearless (ch.25, 26). (c) Socrates shows that since fear (Seos) is the expectationof coining evil, danger (TO, Sai/a) lies only in the future, and couragewould be the knowledge of simply future good and evil ; but since

knowledge really admits of no limitation in time, the definition should

read, knowledge (not of danger merely) but of all good and evil. This,however, is virtue itself, not one of its parts, and cannot stand as the

definition of courage (ch. 27-29).

V. Conclusion (Karaon-po^??), ch. 30, 31.

Laches rejoices over Nicias discomfiture, and commends the boysto the care of Socrates. To this Nicias agrees, though he believes thathe has himself come near to the truth.

B. REMARKS.

The two definitions of Laches are practically one, for the second is

only an extension of the first, a more general conception designed to

meet the objections advanced by Socrates, but both are finally rejected

(45. 9-10). In discussing the definition of Nicias, Socrates assumes

that courage is a part of virtue, but he does not prove this, whereas the

definition is introduced as Socratic, and is then amplified and improved.In fact, Socrates does not criticise the definition itself, but only its rela

tion to the above supposition, and it is the latter which is really put to

the test. If the two disagree, it does not follow that the definition is

wrong, but either it or the supposition must be discarded, so that the

rejection of the definition (53. 5) is manifestly illogical, and is not

seriously intended. As in the Charmides and Lysis, the apparentfailure is only a sort of philosophic irony, and it is expected that the

reader will form the correct conclusion. Socrates says, it is true,

6/Wws Travres iv aTropia eyevo/a$a (54. 15), but only because he never

raises himself above the other interlocutors, while they would not all

express such confidence in him, if he had been unsuccessful. ThoughLaches admits his failure, Nicias, who is never ironical, claims to be

right, and his definition agrees with Prot. 360 D. Moreover, he is a

representative Socratic pupil (38. 7, 53. 17, 26), and can understand

his master better than the rest. His definition, then, must be accepted,

INTRODUCTION. XXV

and the supposition that virtue is made up of parts cannot stand. In

fact, it seems to be the real purpose of the dialogue to show that virtue

is single and indivisible, as the Republic and Protagoras teach, and is

the knowledge of good and evil; courage is, then, only an examplechosen to illustrate this truth.

The discussion, however, is felt to be incomplete (53. 25-27) ; itneeds a better foundation (/3e/3cuWi?) , for it is not proven that virtue

is knowledge, and it needs correction (eTravoptfaxns), since it does not

appear what is the real nature of good and evil. These points are

given full treatment in the Protagoras, so that the Laches merely serves

to prepare the way for the greater dialogue.

THE LYSIS.

A. ABSTRACT AND ANALYSIS.

I. Introduction, ch. 13.

Socrates meets some young friends and learns of Hippothales

extravagant love. They enter a palaestra, where Socrates offers toteach Hippothales dialectic as a better means of success than poetry.

II. Socrates and Lysis, ch. 4-6.

Socrates shows Lysis that his parents loving restraint is intended to

confine him to those occupations with which he is sufficiently acquaintedto be of some use. This is also true in trade and politics. Friendshipis based on utility.

III. Socrates and Menexcnus, ch. 7-9.

When one man loves another without return, which is the friend?Both are not, since one does not love, nor can we say neither is, forthere are friends of wine, of wisdom ; not the lover, nor yet the loved

one, for each might be the friend of his enemy, which is absurd.

IV. Socrates, Lysis, and Menexenus, ch. 10-18.

(a) Does like love like ? The bad cannot, for they are never at

unity with each other. The good cannot be the friend of the good,

XXVI INTRODUCTION.

since like cannot add anything to like, and without benefit there isno friendship (ch. 10, n). () Nor can the unlike be friends, forthe good cannot love the bad (ch. 12). (c) The indifferent (neithergood nor bad) is friend to the good, but only when there is an addition of the bad. So the body needs a physician only when sick (ch.I

3> 14)- (O But friendship must have a reason and a purpose. Sothe body needs medicine for the sake of health. Yet health is not anend in itself, and we must seek that end which alone is loved for itsown sake, and of which all else is but the shadow (ch. 15, 16).(e) We love the good, because it is a remedy for the adherent bad.Yet if there were no such thing as bad, we should still love the good,for there are desires which are merely indifferent (hunger). Therefore

friendship is really due to the presence of desire, not to the adherenceof the bad. We desire what we have lost, what belongs to us (OIKCIOI/)(ch. 17). (/) This last is true only if our own (OLKCLOV) is differentfrom the like (o/xoioi/), and so we assume it to be. Since we love the

good and also our own, is the good identical with our own, and doesthe good belong to every one, or only the good to the good and thebad to the bad? The boys accept the latter alternative, and since likedoes not love like, the discussion has been fruitless (ch. 18).

V. Epilogue. The boys have to go home (75. 31-76. 10).

B. REMARKS.

The Lysis treats of many emotions, not of friendship alone, andtheir common basis is desire. The foundation thought, from whichthe discussion starts, is that all desire is directed toward the useful

(62. 25-26), and this is repeated at the close (75. 10). The exampleof parents love to children (II.) is chosen because it is extreme, andso proves the universality of the rule. 65. 15-1 7 shows that the parentsdo not seek selfish utility. Plato then demonstrates (III.) the falsityof the usual conceptions of friendship, and finally (IV.) comes to theconclusion that the good is the highest object of desire. The apparent failure of the discussion lies merely in the thoughtless answer of the

boys. They forget that, as they have just said, the like is different fromour own, while if the good belongs to the good, like would belong to

INTRODUCTION. XXV11

like, and like be the same as our own. Therefore, the good can only

belong to the unlike, i.e. to the indifferent. If we, however, do what

the boys failed to do, and admit that the good belongs to every one, we

obtain a positive and logical result. The good has an absolute value,and the desire for the good is the basis not only of friendship, but of

every human aspiration.

Though the Lysis seems like a comparatively slight performance, it

contains the germs of all Platonic philosophy, and is closely related to

several important dialogues (v. p. xxv). The nature of the good is

treated more fully in the Protagoras and Gorgias ; in fact, the latter

work makes the same division of good, bad, and indifferent (467 E,cf. Sym. 202 B), and repeats that desire which looks beyond the present object to the final good (468 B). The Phaedrus

1 continues in a

poetic form the idea that the good is our original possession, and the

Symposium2studies the desires more carefully, and elaborates the con

ception that love arises from seeking its own, which it has lost.

There is a tradition that Socrates read the Lysis and exclaimed,"

ByHeracles, how many lies this young man has told about me." Althoughthe story may be a mere invention, the elementary nature of the dia

logue, both in structure and contents, makes it probable that it is the

earliest of the Platonic dialogues. Certain linguistic tests (v. p. x),the beauty of its style, and its advance on the pure Socratic teachinghave induced some scholars to put it much later, but statistics in suchmatters can only be confirmatory, not determinative : the literaryexcellence is characteristic of youthful fancy rather than of matured

art, and in his first essay Plato may have taken steps ahead of his

master, which it did not suit his purpose to take in the succeeding

dialogues of the earlier period.

IV. CHRONOLOGY OF THE DIALOGUES.

The dialogues with which the Charmides has the closest affinity arethe Lysis, Laches, and Protagoras. Both the dramatic form and philo-

1 Ast compares 66. 34 and Phr. 255 B inter al.2 62. 20-9 and Sym. 205 E, 66. 20-5 and Sym. 195 15, 68. 13-19 and Sym. 186 D,

70. 26-33 and Sym. 204 A.

xxviii INTRODUCTION.

sophic contents of the Lysis connect it very closely with the Char-

mides. In the Lysis only boys participate, and Socrates suggests their

answers to them;in the Charmides a full-grown man appears, who

uses his own experience and draws his own conclusions, so that thediscussion is deeper and more independent. The Lysis teaches thathuman endeavor is not worthy in itself, but only when directed towardthe highest good; the Charmides, that the sciences, which aid this

endeavor, must seek the same end. In the one dialogue the good is

praised, in the other the knowledge of the good. The Charmidesextends the views propounded in the Lysis and must be later. TheLaches also employs the same method of investigation as the Char

mides. Both attack the virtues first from their external side, then

pass, with a change of interlocutor (so also the Gorgias), to deeper

aspects of the question ; both uphold the knowledge of the good

(v. 52. 32). The Laches, however, states the result more clearly, andhints at the existence of separate virtues, which the Charmides does

not recognize. It thus marks the transition to the Protagoras, where

the single virtues are distinguished, and by their common reference tothe knowledge of good are made to prove the unity of virtue (Note40. 31). The Lysis, Charmides, and Laches are so closely related thatChrist believes they were published in one volume by Plato himself

some time before 390. We cannot fix the date more precisely, for itmust always remain uncertain whether Plato published anything before

the death of Socrates. 1 Scholars are very evenly divided on this ques

tion, and after all it is more or less a matter of individual feeling. It

is hardly likely that our dialogues were intended to serve any but a

philosophic purpose, unless it be to honor the memory of Socrates.

Steinhart, however, suggests that the Charmides was written in 404, in

order to win back Critias and Charmides to a better life, while Teich-

muller holds that Plato (about 393) is defending his relatives againstthe aspersions contained in Xenophon s Memorabilia. He conceivesthe Charmides to be a sort of criticism or recension of this work,wherein Plato also ridicules certain philosophic doctrines set forth by

Xenophon (Note 12. 26). The genuineness of the Charmides, Laches,

1 Grote (Plato, I. 328-334) gives a good summary of the arguments for the negative.

INTRODUCTION. xxix

and Lysis is so generally accepted that it is hardly necessary to defend

them against the attacks of Ast and Schaarschmidt, whose criticism

is so severe that they accept the one only fourteen, the other only nine

dialogues. Their literary excellence, their Platonic diction, and their

agreement with the greater dialogues place them above suspicion. It

is only fair to say, however, that the Lysis does not stand on quite so

sure a footing as the Charmides and Laches.

XAPMIAIIS

TIME: 432 B.C. PLACE: The palaestra of Taureas.

TA TOY AIAAOrOY ZIPOSfillA

2OKPATH2, XAIPE^ON, KPITIA2, XAPMIAH2.

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XAPMIAH2.

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CLTTO rr)? 2oXft)z>o? avyyeveias. aXXa TI OVK eVeSet^a? JJLOL TOV

veaviav /caXeira? Sevpo ov$e <ydp &r} TTOV el eTvy^avev e.Ti

veaiTepos &v, alv%pov av TJV aura) 8ta\eyecrOaL r^lv evavTiov 76 10

, eiriTpoTTOV re dfjia KOI dve-^riov 6Wo?. AXXa /caXw?, e(f)fj,,Kal fca\wfjiev avTov. KOI dpa irpbs TOV aicdXovOov, Hal,

efyr), /caXet Xa/o/^t^T/^, eiTrayv OTL /SouXo/zat avTov laTpw CTUCTTT)-aai Trepl TT)? aaOeveias ^? Trpwrjv TT/JO? /ue e\ejev OTL daOevol.

7T/30? ovv efie 6 K/otrta?, "Ewa^^cfe rot e^>?; ftapvvearOai TI TTJV 15

tce(f)a\r)V ecoOev aviGTCL^evos d\\d TI ere Kw\veL TrpoaTroir^aa-a0ai TT/oo? avTov eTfiorTaaOai TL K(f)a\r/s (frdp/maicov ; QuBev,

rjv 3 eja) fjiovov e\0TC0. AXX f)%ei, ecf^Tj.4.

"OTrepovv real eyeveTO. rjice yap, /cal eiroirjcre <ye\G)Ta

7ro\vv e/caaTOS<yap rj/Jiwv TCOV fcaOrj/jLevcov avy^copcov TOV 7r\rj- 20

aiov ecoOei crTrovSy, iva Trap avTG) KaOe^oiTO, e&)9 TMV eV ecr^ara)Ka6rjjjLV(DV TOV /Jiev aveo-TrjO-a/jLev, TOV Be TrXdyiov /caTe/3d\ofjiev.

o & e\0MV /jieTa^v efiov re Kal TOV Kptr/ou eVa$eero. evTavOacf)i\e, eya) TJ&TJ r/Trdpovv, tcai /JLOV rj TrpoaOev 6paavTr)<s

, i]V ei%ov eja) w? Trdvv pqSicos aura) SiaXe^oyu-e^o? 2?

eireiorj Be, (frpdo-avTOS TOV K/Mr^bv OTL 700 elr)v 6 TO <f)dp/jiaKOV

eTTLo-Ta/jLevos, eve/3\e-^ev re /JLOL rot? o</>#aX/xot? aprftavov TL

olov ical dvijyeTO w? epcoTTJcrcov, Kal ol ev TTJ TraXaicrTpa aTcav-

re? TrepLeppeov ^fta? KVK\O> KO/jLLSfj, rare 8r), & yevvdSa, elSdv reTO, eVro? TOV IpaTtov Kal e(f)\e<yd/*7]v Kal OVKCT ev eftavTOV ?)V 30KCLI evojjii&a dO(j)a)TaTOV eivai TOV KvBtav ra epcoTLKa, o? eljrev

eVt Ka\ou \ejcov TratSo?, aXXa) v7roTL0e/jievo<?, ev\a/3eLcr0aL

fJLTj /caTevavTa Xeoz^ro? veffpbv e\0dvTa f j fjiolpavKpewv auro? 7ap yu,ot eftoKOW VTTO TOV TOLOVTOV

HAATfiNOS

ea\a)Kevai. o/zco? Se avrov epatTrjcravTOS, el ITTterra L-

rb T7JS KecfraXfjs cfrdpfjiaKOV, fjidyis TTCO? dTreKpivd^v on

e7TL(TTaLfJL7jv. TV ovv, rj 8 09, ecrTiv ; teal eya) eiTrov OTL avTO

pev eirj (f>v\\ov TI, CTrmBrj e ri? eVl TO) (pappd/cq) eirj, rjv

5 et /LteV Tt9 7rd8oL a/jia KOI Xpyro CLVTO), TravrdiraaLV vyid TTOIOL

TO (fidp/jia/cov dvev Se TT}? eTrcaS?}? ovbev o<^eXo? et?; TOV

\ov. KOI 09, ATToypd^lro/jLai TOLVVV, ecfrr), Trapd aov Trjv

Stfv. HoTepov, r]V 706, edv /ze TreiOys T) tcav y^j] ;

ovv, Eaz^ ere ireiOa), (f)r), & Zowpare?. Ele^, ^z^ 8 e 7&> Kal

10 Tovvo/Jid IJLOV crv aicpi[Sols ; Et (JLTJ a8i/cco 76, e^ ou yap TLcrov 0X^709 ^0709 eVrtz> eV rot9 ^/xeTe)oot9 f)\ifcia)Tais, //-e/i^r^at

Se 70)76 /cat 7rat9 w^ K/Jtrm ra)8e (TVVOVTCL ere. KaXco9 76 o^u,

^i^ S* 6*70), TTOL&V fjid\\ov yap (TOi Trapprjcndo-OfjLai Trepl T7J9

e7rft)8?59,cua Tvy^dvet ovcra apri rjTrdpovv, TIVL T/OOTTO) o-ot

15 evSeL^alfjLtjv TIJV Svvafjiiv auT7J9. ecrrt 7^, a> Xap/it^, TOiavTr)oia

/JirjSvvacrOai Trjv Kecj)a\r)V JJLOVOV vyid Troielv, aXX cocrTrep

/cal o-u afcrjfcoas TWV aryaOwv laTpwv, eVetSazv ri9

rou9 o^)^aX/xou9 a\<ywv, \eyovcri TTOV, OTL ov%oldv re aurou? JJLOVOVS eTTi^eipelv rou9 oc$aX/-iou9 lacrOai, aXX

20 avayicaiov *av* elr] djjia /cal Trjv Ke$d\r)V Oepatreveiv, el /xeXXot

/cat ra TWZ^ ofji/JidTCOv ev e^eiv Kal av TO TTJV tcecj)a\r)p olecrOai

av Trore OepaTrevcrai avTrjv ecp eaVTrjs dvev 6\ov TOV

7ro\\r)v avoiav elvai. etc Srj TOVTOV TOV \dyov &atrat

TO croj/jia TpeTrofjievoi /Ltera roO oXou TO /^ep09 eTn^eipovcnv 6epa-

25 Treveiv Te /cal lacrOai rj OVK r)cr9r](Tai OTI TavTa OVTW \eyovcrivTe Kal e^ei ; Tldvv ye, ecj)rj. OVKOVV /caXa>9 crot SoKel \eye-aOat, Kal aTrooV^et TOV \6yov; TldvTcov fjid\L(TTa, ecbrj.

5. Ka7&) aKQVcras avTOv eTraivecravTOS dveddpprjad Te, Kal

fjiOL KaTa (TjJLiKpov TcaKiv 7] OpacrvTi^ o-vvrjiyeLpeTO, Kal ave&irv-

30 povfjiTjv Kal elTrov TOLOVTOV TOLVVV ecrTiv, a) Xa/o/xtSr;, Kal TO

TavTys T?)9 e7rft)SrJ9. e/JiaOov o avTrjv eya) eKel eVt (TTpaTias

Trapd TIVOS TWV pqKwv TWV ZaX/^ofto\)9 laTp&v, 01 \eyovTaiKal aTraOavaTL&iv. eXeyev oe 6 /3af oi/T09, 6Vt TauTa fiev

[taT/)ol] olr/

EXX?;^e9, a vvvbrj eya) e\eyov, /caXa>9 Xeyoiev

XAPMIAHS. 5

a\\a ZaX/zot9, effrrj, \eyei 6 faerepos /3acn\evs, #609 wv, on

cbcrTrep 6(f)0a\fjiovs dvev Ke$a\rjS ov Bel 7ri%eipeiv IdaOai ov&e

Ke<pa\r)Vavev crcoyu-aro?, oirr&)9 ovSe aa^^a avev ^f%?79, aXXa

TOVTO teal aiTiov eiij TOV Siacfrevyeiv TOVS Trapa rot? "EXXfio-^

iarpovs ra TroXXa VGa-r^aTa, on TO o\ov dyvoolev ov oeot TTJV 5

e7rL/jLe\eiav TroLelcrOai,, ov /JLTJ /caXco? e^oz^TO? a^vvarov elr] TO

/xepo? ev e%eiv. TrdvTa jap e(f)rj e/c TT)? -^^7}? oopfjirjaOai Kal

Ta Ka/ca /cal Ta ajaOa TO) crw/Ltart Kal Travn TU> av0pa)7rq), Kal

etceWev eTTippelv coaTrep eK TT}? Ke<j)a\r)S eVt ra o/Ltyu-ara oelv

ovv eicelvo KOI Trp&TOV Kal paKiGTa depaTreveiv, el yLteXXet Kal 10

Ta T7J? KecfraXrjS Kal TCL TOV d\\ov crw/xaro? /caXco? e^eiv. Oepa-Tcevea-dai 8e Trjv ^VXTJV e(f>r), a> fjLaKapie, eVcoSat? TLO-IV ra?

8 eVwSa? raura? rou? \6yovs elvai TOW Ka\ov$ eK oe TWV

TOLovTcov\6<ya)V

ev rat? i^ru^ats craxfrpocrvvrjv eyytyvecrOai, r^?

ey<yevofjiev7)$Kal Trapova^ pdSiov r)8r) elvai Tr)V_ vyieiav Kal TTJ 15

Kal TOJ aXXft) crco/^art nropi^eiv. SiSdcrKcov ovv pe TO re

Kal ra? eVa)8a?, OTTCO?, (77, TO) $>apndK(p TOVTW fjLrj-

ireicrei Trjv avTOV Ke<f>a\r)V Oepajreveiv, 6? az^ /u,?) TTJV

7rpa)TOV Trapdo-^rj Trj eVcoS^ VTTO aov OepaTrevOrfvai. Kal

yap vvv, e$r], TOVT ecrnv TO d/JidpT^^a irepl TOI/? dvOpMTrovs, 20

on%ft>/ot9 eKaTepov larpot nves eTri^eipovcnv elvai Kai imoi

Trdvv a(f)o8pa eVereXXero /JL^Te TrXoixnov OVTCO /jirjSeva elvai fjLiJTe

yevvalov fjuJTe Ka\6v, 6? e/u-e TretVet aXXa)? Troielv. eyco ovv

6/JLco/jiOKa yap avno, Kai /u-ot dvdyKrj TreiOeaOai vretcro/u-at ovv,

Kal croi, edv pev {3ov\r) KOLTCL ra-9 TOV evov evTO\ds TTJV -^v^rjv 25

rrpwTOv Trapacr^elv eVacrat rai? TOV SpaKOS eVco&u?,TO (pdp/jiaKOV Ty Ke(j)a\rj el Se fjuj, OVK dv e%oifjLev o Ti

6. A/eoucra? ovv JJLOV 6 K/otrta? TavT etVoWo?,

e(f>7],& ^(DKpaTes, yeyovbs dv eii] 77 TT}? Ke(f>a\7J^ dadeveia TW 30

veavia-Ky, el dvayKao-O^aeTai Kal TTJV Sidvoiav Bid TTJV Ke<f>a\r)v

/3e\TiO)v yevecr9ai. \eyw aevTOi croi, OTi Xa/o/atST;? TWV r)\iKico-TWV ov JJLOVOV Trj ISea SoKel Sia(f)

f

peiv, aXXa Kal avTw TOVTQ, ov

(TV (^779 Trjv eircoorjv e^eiv </>7J9 Be o-co^poo-vvrjs 7} yap ; Hdvv

6 IIAATONOS

ye, rjv $ eyco. E TOIVVV IcrOi, e(f)rj, on Tr\eicrTOis Bo/cel craxfrpo-veo-raros elvai TCOV vvvi, teal rdXXa Travra, et? oaov r)\iKiasrj/cei, ovoevbs Xe ^Pwv v - Kcu yap, j]V 8 eyco, /cal Bi/caiov, a>

Xap/JLi8r), &ia<f)epeiv ere TWV d\\wv Trdcriv rot? TOLOVTOIS ov

5 yap ol/jiai d\\ov ovSeva TWV evQdSe paSicos av e^Eiv eTuBei^ai,Trolai ovo ouciai crvve\6ovaai et? ravrbv rcov A.Orjvrjo Lv e/c rwv

elicoTwv /ca\\Lco av /cal aueiva) yevvijcreiav rj ej; &v (TV yeyovas.rj re yap Trarpwa vfjilv ol/cua, 77 K/ombu rov A/3ft)7riSof, Kdl VTTO

Ava/cpeovros /cal VTTO SdXw^o? /cal VTT aXkwv 7ro\\MV Trotr;-10 TCOV

ey/ce/cQ)fAi,a<T[jievrj TrapaSeSorai rjfuv, a)? Siacfrepovo-a Ka\\ei

re /cal apery teal rrj d\\7j \eyofjiei>rj evSai/movia /cal av f] TT/OO?

yu,?;T/oo? wcraimw? Hvpi\d^ 7Tov^ yap rov aov Oeiov ovbek rwvev TTfTreipw \eyercu /ca\\Lcov /cal fuctfov dvrjp $61~ai elvai, oad-

/ci? etcelvos T) Trapd peyav (3aa-i\ea 77 jrapd d\\ov rivd Trpecr-15 ftevcov d(j)ifceTO, crv/jLTracra Se avrr) rj ol/cia ovftev TT)? erepas

vTroSeeo-repa. e/c Brj TOIOVTCOV yeyovdra el/cds ere et? Trdvra

TTpwrov elvai. rd fjiev ovv opu>jjieva r?)? ISeas, a> <f)i\e iral

TXav/coovos, So/eels /AOL ovev.a TWV Trpb aov ev ovSevl V7ro/3e/3ii-Kevai el Be Srj /cal Trpo? crw^pocrvvijv /cal TT/OO? rd\\a /card

20 TOZ^ rovSe \6yov l/cavus 7re(f)V/cas, jma/cdpidv ere, 7jv 8 eyco, &

(f>t\e X.ap/jLi8ij, rj ^rr)p en/crev. e^ei 8 ovv OVTCOS. el pev

aoi TJSr) Trdpecrriv, w? Xeyet K/otr/a? obe, crcocfrpocrvvij /cal el

craxfrpcov l/cavws, ovbev en croi Sel ovre rwv ZaX/^ofi8o? ovrerwv A/3a/)tSo9 TOV "TTrep/Sopeov eVa)8a)Z , aXX avrd aoi dv rjSrj

25 Soreov eirj TO TT)? /ce^aXijs (frappa/cov el 8 en TOVTCOV eVtSe^?elvai So/cels. eTraareov Trpb TT}? TOV (frappd/cov Socrea)?. auro?

ovv /Ltoi eljre, Trdrepov 6/jLO\oyels rwSe /cal 0^? l/cavws rjSr)

crco(f)pocrvvr)S fjiere^eiv r) evBerjs elvai ; ^KvepvOpidcra^ ovv 6

Xap/jiiSrjs TrpwTOV fjiev en /ca\\icov e<j)dvfj /cal ydp TO

30 Tr)\bv avTOV TT) ffKiictq eTrpe^rev eVeira /cal ov/c dyevvws a

KpivaTO- eljrev ydp OTL ov paSiov eirj ev TO> TrapovTi ovO 0/1,0X0-

yelv ovTe e^dpva) elvai ra epcoTCD/jieva. edv /nev ydp, 77 8 09, pr)

(f)(oelvai aa}(f)pcov, d/Jia fiev CITOTTOV avTov /caQ eavTOV

\eyeiv, d/j,a Be /cal Kpniav TovSe ^jrevBrj emBei^a) /cal

XAPMIAHS.

TroXXoi;?, ot? So/cco elvai crctxfrpcov, <w? o TOVTOV Xcfyo? edv 8

ay(fro)

/cat e/JiavTov eTraiva), tcra)? eVa^e? fyaveiTai ware ov/c

e^o) o TL crot aTTO/cpivcofjLai. Kat eya) elirov on pot et/coVa (f>at-vet \eyetv, a> Xap/^uS?/. /cat pot o/cet, ijv 70), /coti T? az^ elz^at

(TKeTTTeov, eiVe KetcTrjaai elre JJL^ o TrvvOdvofjiai, Iva fjLTJre av 5

avay/cd^rj \eyeiv a fjirj fiovXei, fJLrjT av eyco aa-rceTTTcos eVt TTJV

iarpiKrjv TpeTTco/mai. el ovv crot (f>i\ov, eOeXco (TtcoTrelv

crov el 8efjLrj,

eav. AXXa Trdvrcov /jLaXicrra, (f)T},ware TOVTOV ye evefca, oTrrj auro? olei (3e\TLOV %av*

TdVTr) (TKOTTei. 10

7. Tfj$e Toivvv, e^rjv eyco, Sofcel /JLOL /BeXTiaTTj elvai fj

jrepl avTOV. &fj\ov yap OTI, el crot TrdpeaTiv crajffrpoo-vvr),TL Trepl avTrjs So^d^eiv. dpdy/cjj yap TTOV evovcrav avTrjV, elirep

evecTTiv, aiaQj](jiv Tiva 7rap%eiv, ef ^5 8da av rt? crot TreplavTyjs eirj, o TL edTiv KCLI OTTOIOV TL rj acoc^pocrvvj] rj OVK olei ; 15

"70)76, e$?7, ol/Jiai. OVKOVV TOVTO ye, ecfrrjv, o otet,

eVtcrTacrat, tcdv etVot? SrjTrov avTO o TL aoi

, ecf)?].

f

\va Toivvv T07rdo-(o^ev etre crot eveaTiv etre /JLTJ,

etVe, r]V S eya), rt (77? eti^at crwfypocrvvriv /caTa TTJV crrjv So^av.

Kat "6? TO fjLev irpwTOV wfcvei re /cat ov irdvv r)6e\ev cnroKpiva- 20

cr$at eVetra pevTOi elirev ort ot So/col Gax^poo vvri eivai TO

Koa/jiicos irdvTa irpaTTeiv /cal f)o-W)(ri, ev re rat? 6Sot? jBa^i^eiv

ical oia\eyecr0ai, real ra aXXa TrdvTa cocravTcos iroielv Kai /JLOI,

ootcei, e(f)rj, (rv\\ri/38r]V ^cru^toV??? rt? eti^at 6 e/owra?.

*Ap ovv, rjv 8 6700, ev \eyeiS ; <$>acri ye rot, ai Xap/jLi&rj, rou? 25

r)aw%iovs <T(D<j)pova<; elvaf ISw^ev Srj et rt \eyovcriv. etVe 7a/o

/-tot, OL> TWi^ tca\wv f^evTOi rj crco(j)poo"uv7j CCTTLV ; Tidvv ye, e(prj.

TloTepov ovv tcdXXiov eaTiv ev ypa/JL/maTio-TOv ra oftota ypd/ji-

ypdfaiv Ta%v r} rjo Vxfj ; Ta^v. Tt 3 dvayiyvcocrKeiv ;

^ /3/oaSea)? ; Ta^ew?. Kat /Ltez^ 8^ /cat TO KiOapi^eiv 30/cat TO Tca\aieiv ofea)? vroXu /cdXXtov TOV rjcrv^f) Te /cal

; Nat. Tt Se ; Trv/CTeveiv Te teal TrayKpaTid^eivTldvv ye. %elv ce /cat d\\ecrOai real Ta ToO

TO? cnravTa epya, ov Ta /jiev o^eco? /cat Ta%v yiyvdfjieva TCI TOV

8 IIAATftNOS

Ka\OV eaTLV, TO, Be /JLOJIS T KOI 770-^77 TCL TOVveTaL. t&atvercu dpa -r^lv, e^v eya>, /card ye TO crco/jia ov TOTJO-VXIOV, aXXa TO Ta^iaTOV teal O^VTCLTOV KaXXtaTOV ov. 7} yap ;Haw ye. H Be ye o-axfipoavvrj /caXoV TL tfv ; Nat . Ov TOLVVV

5 Kara ye TO crwua 77 770-1^0x779 av aXX 77 ra^urr/? crw^poveaTe-pov eirj, eTretBr) KO\OV rj act>cf)poo~vv7j. "Eot/ce^, e^rj. TV Be; r)V% eyd), evpaOia KaXkiov 77 Svo-paOia; EvpaQta. "EaTiv Bey, efav, r) ^ev ev^aOia ra^elw? pavOdveiv ; 7} e

rjo-vxfi Kal fipaBew ; Nat. kiSdaiceiv Se a\\ov ov10 KaXkiov /cal

a<t>dBpa ^d\\ov 7) r)GW)(7) re Kal fipaBea)?; Nat.Tt

r

Be; avafupvyaricea-Qai Kal {jLe/jLvrjaOai ^o-v^y re Kal fipaSew77 a-<fx)Bpa

Kal ra^eW ; ^<poBp\ e 07;, Kal ra^eco?. H

OVKOVV Kal TO o-vvievaL Ta \eyd/jLeva, Kal ev1 5 O-TOV /cal KL0apLo-TOV Kal d\\o6i Travra^ov, ovx &>? fy

aXX &)9 ra^to-ra eVrt icd\\io~Tov ; Nat . AXXa /XT)^ eV 76rat9 ^rjT7JcrecrLV 7779 1/^1^779 /cat rw pov\eveo-0ai ovx V(TVXL(̂ ~raro9, a>9 7^ ot/^at, /cat ^074? ftovXevopevd? re /cat dvevpiaKcoveTraivov BoKel afto9 etz^at, aXX o yoacrra re /cat ra^to-ra roOro

20 S^wz/. "Ea-Ttz^ raOra, ec/)77. OVKOVV TrdvTa, rjv B eya), & Xap-piBr), r)iLiv Kal TCL jrepl TTJV tyvxrjv Kal TCL Trepl TO crw/Lta, ra TOV

re /cat T7J9 0^x77x09 /caXXtw (^at^erat 77 ra T779 /3paBv-Te /cat 770-f^to

/

T77T09 ; Ktz^^L ^euet, 6^)77. Ou/c a^a 770-1;-rt9 77 (TCD^pocrvvrj av et77, otS rjcrv^o^ o acocbpcov /3to9,

25 e/c 76 TOVTOV TOV Xdyov, eireLBrj KO\OV avTov Bel elvau a^povaovTa. Bvolv yap Br) TCL eTepa, 77 ovBa/JLOV r^ilv 77 Traz/y TTOV

o\Lyaxov at T^o-u^tot TT/oafet? eV TO) yStw /caXXtbf9 etpavrjaav 77at TaxeldL re /cat ia-xypai. el 8 ot-z/, a> ^tXe, o rt ^taXto-rafirjbev eXaTTOf9 at riav^ioi TWV crcfroBpwv re /cat Tayeiwv Trpd-

30 feetfz; Tvyxdvov&Lv /caXXtbf9 ovo-aL, ovBe TavTr] aco^pocrvvr) av

et77 aa\\ov TL TO tfcrvxy TrpaTTeLV TOV a<pdBpa Te Kal raveft>9oi/re eV /3aSto-yu-aj oi^re eV Xefet oi/re aXXo^t ou8a tuov, ovSe 6

770-1^09 /3t09 roO ^77 ^Q-VXLOV cra)(f)pove(TTepos av etrj, eTreiBrj evTa \oya) TWV Ka\a)V TL I^IMV 77 aaxppoavvij vTreTeOr), /caXa Se

XAPMIAHS.

OVXSo/eels, e(j)ij, c5 Sow/oare?, elprjfcevcu.

8. TLdX,iv TOLVVV, rjv 8 eyco, a> Xap/iuc)?;, JJLO\\OV

TOV vovv teal et? aeavTOV a7ro/3Xe^ra?, evvoTJaa^ OTTOLOV TLVCL ae

?) acocfrpoa-vvr) irapovaa KOI Troia rt? ouo-a TOIOVTOV anrep- 5

av, TrdvTd Tavra crv\\o ryio dfjLevo i$ eljre ev /cal avBpeici)1

?,

TL CTOL (fyaLverat elvai ; Kal o? eTna^wv /cal Trdvv av$piKay$ TT/OO?eavrov Stao-Ke-^rd/jLevo^, Ao/cel TOLVVV /JLOI, e^rj, alcrxyveaOai TTOL-

elv7} craxppoo vvr) /cat al<jxyi>T^\ov TOV avOpwrrov, /cal elvai ojrep

j] crcocfrpoavvrj. Etiev, rjv 8 70), ov /ca\ov apri ft)/ioXoi

yei? 10

w<j)po(TVV7]velvai ; Tldvv

<y\ e^rj. Ov/covv /cal ayadolol aaxfrpoves ; Nat. ^Ap* ovv av eirj dyaOdv, o /JLTJ dya-

a7T6p<yd%eTai ;Ov Srjra. Ov /JLOVOV ovv dpa /ca\dv, d\\d

real dyaOov eanv. "JLfjiOiye So/eel. Tt ovv ; rjv S eyco O/^tjpwov TTLcrreveis /caXws Xeiyetz^, \eyovrt OTI 15

al8a)S S OVK d<yaOrj /ce^prj /mevqy dvSpl Trapelvai;"70)7 , e(f)Tj. "EiO-riv dpa, w? eoi/cev, alScos OVK dyaObv /cal

djaOdv. <&alverai. ^co^poavvrj 8e 76 djaOdv, eiTrep dyaOovs04? dv iraprj, /ca/covs Be ^. AXXa jjLrjv OVTCO <ye Bo/cel /JLOL

,&)9 av Xe^et?. Ov/c dpa aco^poavvT] dv eirj at^w?, elnrep 20

TO fjiev djaOov rvj^dvei ov, alSws Se Srj ovSev fjia\\ov djaObv

r) /ca/cdv.

9. AXX e/JLOiye Sotcel, <f>r), a> Sco/epare?, TOVTO /Jiev opOws\erye&8ai roBe Se a/ce^ai rl CTOL Sofcei eivai Trepl cra)(f)poo~vvrjs.

dpri yap dve/jLVijad rjv o rj^>7] TOV TJ/covaa XeyovTos, OTI craxppo- 25

crvvrf dv elrj TO ra eavTOv 7rpaTTiv. (TKOTTGL ovv TOVTO el opOwscroi Bo/cei \eyeiv 6 \eya)V. /cal eya), *fl /juape, e^r]v, KpiTLovTovoe d/cijrcoas avTo 77 d\\ov TOV TWV aotfrwv. "JEot/ve^, e(f)rj 6

KpiTLas, d\\ov ov ydp Srj e/jiov ye. AXXa TL Sia^epet, TJ 869 o Xa^ya/S?;?, co ^,a)KpaTs, OTOV rjKovcra ; Ovfiev, rjv 8 eyco 30Traz^Tco? yap ov TOVTO cr/ceTTTeov, ocrrt? avTo elirev, aXXa Trore-

pov d\7]0es \eyeTai TJ ov. NOz^ op0co$ \eyeis, rj 8 09. N^ia, TJV o eya) aXX el /cal euprjcrofjiev avTo OTrr) ye %ei, Oav-

dv alvlypari yap TLVL eoi/cev. "OTL 8rj TL ye ; e^.

10 HAATONOS

"On ov SrjTrov, rjv 8* eya, y rd prj^ara e^Oey^aro, ravrrj KOIevoei %o* \eycov aco^poavvijv elvai TO ra avrov Trpdrreiv. rj(7V ovoev rjyel Trpdrreiv TOP ypafjL/jiario~ri^v, orav ypd^rj rj dva-

yiyvci)(TK7) ; "E^wye, Tjyovjuiai /mev ovv, ex/)?/. Ao/cet ovv CTOL TO

5 avrov ovofjia [JLOVOV ypdcfreiv 6 ypa/ji/^ano-rr}^ Kal dvayiyvaxrKeiv,

?} Uycta? rou? TratSa? SiBdo-tceiv, TJ ovBev rjrrov ra r&v e^Optiv eypd-(f)6T6 TI TOL v/Jierepa KOL rd rwv <f>i\tov ovo^ara ; OvSev rjrrov.H ovv 7ro\u7rpayijioveLT6 teal OUK ecrdx^povelre rovro Spwvres ;

OvSa/Aws. Kal fji^v ov rd v^erepd 76 avr&v eTrpdrrere, elirep10 TO

ypd(f>etv Trpdrreiv rl eanv /cat TO dvayi^v^aKeiv. AXXa

fj,r]v e&riv. Kat yap TO iaaOai, a> eralpe, KOLL TO oifcoSo/jieiv xalTO

v(f>alv6LVKal TO ynviovv re^vrj onovv rwv T6%vr)s epycov

aTrepyd^eo-Qai Trpdrreiv SIJTTOV rl ea-nv. Hdvv 76. TV ovv ;TJV o 700, oo/cel dv (TOL TroXi? ev olfcelddaL vrro rovrov rov

15 vo/jiov rov /ceXevovros TO eavrov if^driov e/cdcrrov vfyaiveiv /cal

Tr\vveiv, /cal vTroS/j^ara orKvrorojjieiv, Kal \r)Kv6ov KOI ar\ey-

yLoa Kal rdXXa rcdvra Kara rov avrbv \oyov, rwv fjiev d\\o-

rpicov fjir) arrrea-Oai, rd Be eavrov e/caarov epyd^eaOal re Kal

Trpdrreiv ; OVK efioiye SoKel, 77 8 09. AXXa jjuevroi, ecftyv20 eya), awfypovws ye OiKovaa ev dv oiKolro. Ilw? o OVK ;

e^>r;.

OVK dpa, r)v 8 eyca, TO rd roiavrd re Kal ovrw rd avrov Trpdrreiv (Tcofipocrvvrj dv elrj. Ov fyaiverai. Hivlrrero dpa, eo?eoiKev, orrep dpri eyco e\eyov, 6 \eywv TO rd avrov Trpdrreivcro)(f)pocrvvrjv eivai ov ydp rrov ovrw ye rjv evijOrjs ?j nvos

25 r)\i6iov iJKOv&as rovrl \eyovros, ay Xap/niSr] ; "HKiorrd ye,

e(f>r},errei roi Kal rrdvv eSoKei aocfrus elvai. Ilavros rolvvv

/jLa\\ov, ft)9 e/jiol SoKel, alviyfJLa avro Trpov/3a\ev, w? ov ^aXeTrovTO rd avrov rrpdrreiv yvwvai o rl rrore ecrnv.

v

lo-a)?, ecf)?).

Tt ovv dv elt] rrore TO TO, avrov Trpdrreiv ; e^et? elirelv OVK

30 ol8a /za Ata eycoye, ?} 8 09 aXX, fo-ft)? ovSev K0)\vei /jUjSe rov

\eyovra fjL7)$ev elSevai o n evoei. Kal dfia ravra \eywv vireyeXare Kal els rov Kpirlav drreftXeTrev.

10. Kat o Ivp^Tta? /}\09 J^iev rjv teal rrd\ai dywviwv /cal

Trpd$ re rov Xap/jLiSrjv Kal Trpbs TOU? rrapovras

XAPMIAHS. 1 1

S* eavTOV ev TW rrpocrOev Kare^wv rore ov% ot09 re 76-

vero So/eel ydp /xot Travro? /uaXXoy a\r]0e<; elvai, o eyoj VTre-

\a(3ov, TOV Kpmou d/crj/coevai TOV Xap/jii&rjv TavTrjv rr)V CLTTO-

KpLcrLV rrepl TI}? aco^poo-vvTj^.6 JJUGV ovv Xap/u-iSr^ ftovXofJLevos

fir) auro? vire^eiv \6yov aXX etcelvov rrj? djrofcpio-ecos, vireKivet 5

avrov efceivov, fcal eveSelrcvvTO co? efeX^Xey/ueVo? et^ o S OVK

,d\\d p,oi eSo^ev 6pyicr0r)vat aura) wcnrepdK&s SiandevTL ra eavrov Trot^/Ltara waV

eltrev, OUTOJ? otet, co Xa/o/x/S?/, et (ru /A?) olaOa o TL

TTOT VOl 09 e0?7 (7(i)(j)po(7vvr)v elvai TO ra eavrov Trparreiv, 10

ouSe 8r/ eicelvov elSevai ; AXX*, co /SeXrtcrTe, l^p 6706, Kptria,TOVTOV fjiev ovBev Oav/juacrrov a<yvoelv rrfXiKovrov ovra ere Se

TTOU 6t/co? elSevcu real ^\Licia^ eve/ca /cal eV^yLteXe/a?. el ovv

TOVT* elvai crwfypQcrvvrjv birep OVTOCTL \eyei, KCLL

TOV\6<yov, eycoye TTO\V av ijSiov fiera aov a/co- 15

,elV aX^^e? eiVe fir) TO \e%0ev. AXXa TTCLVV o-vy%Q)p(0,

607;, /cat TrapaSe^o/jiai. KaXco? 76 o-i) TOLVVV, rjv o eya), TTOIWV.

KOI poi Xeye, rj teal a vvvSrj rjpa^TWV eyco crv^wpel^, TOW 877/^6-TrdvTCiS TTOielv TL ; "70)76. H OVV OOKOV(Ti CTOL TO,

IJLOVOV Troielv TJ KOI TO, TOJV a\\wv ; Kat TCL TWV ci\\a)V. 20

^a)(f)povovo-iv ovv ov TO, eavTwv povov iroiovvTes ; TL yapKO)\V6L ; t 0?/. Ovoev e/^e 76, ?]V 8 67^0 aXX opa fjurj e/celvov

KW>\VeL, O? V7To9e/uLVOS (TO)(f)pO(TVV7]V CLVCLL TO TO, CCLVTOV

TLV e7TLTa OVOCV(f)rj(7L

KCO\VLV KOL TOV<f TO, TWV a\\,0)V

TOVTCLS o-axfrpovelv. 70) yap TTOV, r) oy

09, TO{}$ a)/JLo\dyr)Ka, 25

fo)9 OL TO, TWV aX\,(0V TTpCLTTOVTeS awfypOVOVGLV, L TOU9 7TOL-

ovvTas o)/jio\6<y^a-a ; EtVe /u,o/, rjv 8 eyco, ov TCLVTOV /caXet9

TO TTOLelv KOI TO TrpaTTeLV ; Ov f^evTOi, (f)ij ovSe ye TO epyd-%<r0ai

teal TO TTOLelv. efjLaOov yap Trap* Ho toSoL , 09 e<j>r],epyov ov&ev elvaL ovi8o<;. otei ovv avTov, el Ta TOLavTa 30

epya e/cd\eL KOI epyd^eadaL KOL rrpaTTeiv, ola vvvorj av 6X6769,oi&evl av oveiBos (pdvai elvaL CTKVTOTO/JLOVVTL rj

77 evr* olrcrffMaTos KaOrj/juevw; OVK ofcffBat ye %pr), w 2.tQ/epa-T69, ttXXa Kal eicelvos olfjiai TTOLIJO-LV rrpd^ecos /cal epyaalas

I 2 HAATONOS

aXXo evojjii^ev, Kal TTolrj/jLa fjiev yiyveaOai 6Vet8o? eviore, orav

/jLTf fjiera TOV /ca\ov yvyvyrai, epyov $e ovBejrore ovSev dveibos

ra yap /caX&>9 re Kal o)0eXtyitco9 Troiov^eva epya efcaXei, KOI

epyacrlas re /cal Trpd^eis ra? rotaura? 7rot?/cret9. (fedvai <$e

5 ye %pr) /cal olfcela jjiova TCL roiavra rjjelcrOai avrdv, ra Be {3\a-

/3epa Trdvra dXXorpia wcrre teal Hcr/oSoz^ %pr) oiecrOai /cal

a\\ov, ocrrt? (frpdvi/jios, rov TCL avrov TrpdrruvTa TOVTOV aa)-

(j>poi>a

Ka\elv.

11. ^H Kptrla, rjv S eyco, /cal evOvs ap^o^evov o-ov o"%$ov10 efidvOavov TOV \6yov, on TO, oi/celd re /cal rd avrov dyaOa

KaXoifis, /cal ra<? TMV ayaOwv Troirjcreis Trpd^eis /cal ydp

Hpo8t/cov fjivpla Tivd d/ctj/coa Trepl ovojjLdrwv Siaipovvros.

d\\y

eya) doi TiOeaOai fjbev TWV ovofidrcov SiBco/jii oTrrj av j3ov\rj/ca(TTov Sij\ov Be ^ovov e(f) o TL av (frepys rovvo/jia o rt av

15 Xe^?. vvv ovv 7rd\iv ef p%^9 aa^ecrrepov opiarai apa rrjvTMV dya0a)V TTpa^iv TJ TTOLTJCTLV rj OTTO)? en) (3ov\i ovo/uid^eiv,

Tavrrjv Xeyei? av cra)(j)pocrvv Tjv eivai ; "Ejycoye, ecfrr). QVK

dpa crcD^povel 6 rd /ca/cd Trpdrrcov, aXX o rayadd ; Sol e, fjS 09, a> ySeXrto-re, ov% ovrco So/eel ; "Ea, rjv S eya) pr) ydp

20 TTCD TO e/u-ol SOKOVV or/coTTM/bLev, dXX* o av \ey6is vvv. *AXXa

/jievToi eycoye, e(f)rj, TOV fj,rj dyaOa d\\d /cared Troiovvra ov (frrj/Ai

oruxppovelv, rov $e dyaOa aXXa ^ /ca/cd aco^povelv T^V ydpTWV dya0a)V Trpd^tv awf^pocrvvrjv eivai cra^>w9 GOI Siopl^ofjiai.Kal ovSev ye ere tcra)9 KW\vei d\rjdf) \eyeiv roSe ye ftevTOi, rjv

25 3 eyco, Oav/Jidtyd, el awtypovovvTas dv0pa)7rovs rjyel arv dyvoelv

OTI (70)(j)povovo LV. AXX* VX vyovfAtii, e^r], Ov/c o\iyov

TTpuTepov, e^v eyd), e\eyeTo VTTO aov, OTL roi>9 ^fiiovpyov^ovbev KW\VGL /cal av TO, TWV d\,\cov TroiovvTas aoxppoveiv ;

EXe^ero ydp, e^r) aXXa TL TOVTO ; QvSev aXXa Xeye el

30 So/eel r/9 croi tar/309, vyid Tiva TTOIWV, co^eXtyLta /cal eavTw Troieiv

Kal KiVO) OV IwTO / "EyLtO^y6 - Qv/COVV TO, SeOVTa TTpaTTGL

d ye TavTa TrpaTTWV ; Nat. O ra SeovTa TrpaTTWv ov crux^po-vel ; ^ci)(>povei fjiev ovv. H ovv Kal yiyvctMTKeiv dvdyKrj rco

to, oTav re &>(/)eX/yLta)9 tarat Kal OTav JJLIJ ; Kal eKao-TW TLVL

XAPMIAHS. 13

TWV 0~7)IJiLOVpyWV, OTdV T6 /UL6\\r) OV )]0 GO 6^CLL CLTTO TOV CpJOV OV

av TrpaTTy, /cal orav /JDJ ; "lo-o)? ov. EWore dpa, r/v 8 eyco,

ft)0\//ift)9 Trpdgas TI /3\a{3epw 6 tar/00? ov yiyvwaKei eavTov

ft)? 7rpa^ev Kairot, co^eX/y^o)? Trpafa?, GO?o <70? \6yos, aw^po-

I/CL)? eTrpagev rj ov% oura)? 6X676?; "70)76. Ou/cou^, <i? 5

eoixev, eviore o)^>eX//>ta)? vrpafa? irpdrrei fJiev acocfrpdvcos /cal

(raxfrpovei, cvyvoel 8 eavrov oil (rcocfrpovel ;

12. AXXa TOVTO [lev, e(f>rj, M 2<a)KpaTes, OVK av TTOTC yevoiro,aXX et rt o-u ot et /c TWV e^irpoarOev VTT e/u-oO o)fio\oyrjfjievcov

et? roOro dvayKalov elvai <ru/J,/3aiV6iv, eKelvcov av ri 670)76 10

fjia\\ov avaOeifJi^Vy KOI OVK av alo-^vvdelrjv Tore fjirj ov^l opOws

<f)dvai, elprjtcevai, fjiaX\ov r) TTOTC av*y%a)pi]o-aijLiav ayvoovvra

aurov eavTov avdpwjrov crw^povetv. o"%e$ov <ydp TI 670)76

avTo TOVTO(frrjjLii

elvai a-wfypoavvriv, TO <yi"yv<bcnceiv eavTov, /cal

<TVfi(f)epofAaiTO) ev AeX^ot? dvaOevTi TO TOLOVTOV ^pdfJLfJia. /cal 15

yap TOVTO OVTCO /uot So/eel TO ypafi/ma ava/celcrOaL, w? Sy TT/QOCT-

prjcris ovaa TOV Oeov TWV elo~iovTwv CLVT\ TOV ^alpe, o)? TOVTOV

fjiev OVK opOov OZ/TO? TOV TTpoo-prj/jiaTos, [TO %alp6i,v], ovSe

TOVTO TrapatceXeveo-Oai aXX^Xo^? aXXa crwfypovelv. OVTCO

&r) 6 ^60? TTpoo-ayopevei rou? elcnovTas et? TO iepov Bia^epov TI 20

T) ol dvOpcoTroL, co? &iavoovfjLVos dvedrj/cev 6 dvaOets, oj? yLtot

&orce2- /cal \eyei Trpo? TOI^ del elaiovTa OVK aXXo TL TI crco(f>p6-

vei, (f)7jo~iv. alvtyfJiaTCO^eo Tepov Se S^, o>? /JLUVTIS, \eyei TO 7a^>

aavTov.Kal TO awfypovei eaTiv fjiev TavTOV, co? TCL

rjcnv Kal eya), Taya 8 av Ti? oltjOeiT) aXXo elvai, o 25

o)j fjLOi SoKovaiv TToOelv Kal ol TCL VGTepov ypd/jL/jiaTa dvaOevTes,

TO Te /jiTjSev dyav Kal TO eyyvrj Trdpa 8 CLTT], Kal yapOVTOL avfji{3ov\r)V cor/0r]crav elvai TO yvwOi cravTOv, aXX ov

TWV elcriovTcov VTTO TOV Oeov Trpocrprjcriv ei9 iva Sty Kal <r06t?

{Aij8ev TJTTOV crf/i/3ofXa? xprjcriaovs dvadelev, TavTa ypdtyavTes 30

dveOeaav. ov 8?) ovv eveKa \eyco, co ^coKpaTes, TavTa TrdvTa,

TOO eaTiv TCL jjuev e/JLTrpoaOev <JOL TrdvTa &<f>li)/u fcro)? aev ydpTL av 6X676? Trepl avTwv 6p9oTepov, T<jo)? 8 eyco, cra^)e? 8 ovSev

Trdvv rjv cov e\eyo/jLev vvv 8 e0\<O TOVTOV crot Si&ovai \oyov,

14 IIAATftNOS

el fJL?] 6/^,0X07669 o-co(f)poo-vvr]v elvai TO yLyvd)o~KeLV avTov

eavTOV.

13. AXX, r)V S 70), & K.piTia, av fJLev 0)9 (fidcrKOVTOS C/JLOV

elBevaL, Trepl cov epcorco, TrpocrcfrepeL TT/OO? /ue, /cal edv STJ /3ouXo>-

5 fMaL, 6/JLO\oyr)o-ovTd<> O-QL TO 8 ovx OVTWS Xei > a

/JL6TCL (TOV del TO TrpOTiOejjievov $ia TO fjirj avTos ei^evai

yLtez^o? ovv e6e\w elirelv etre 6fJLO\oyco etre /JLIJ. aXX e

av (TKetycofjiai. ^Koiret Brj, rj 8 09. Kal 7/>, ^^ 8 70), CTKOTTW.

el 7/3 &?) ryiryvwcTKeiv 76 rt eaTiv 77 Grtofypocrvvri, SijXov OTL eiri-

10<7rrJ/Ltr;

rt? a^ etr; /cat rtwfc rj ov ; "Ecrrt^, e^)?/, eavTOV ye.

QVKOVV teal laTpiKrj, e^v, eTTLo-TTJfjLTj eaTlv TOV vyieivov ; Tldvv

76. Et TOLVVV pe, e<f)r)V, epoio crv, IctTpifcr) vyieivov CTrio-Trf/Ar)ovaa TL T)/JLIV xprjcrifjirj ecrTiv Kal TI arrepyd^eTai, eLTTOL/jC av OTL

ov cr/juicpav d)<f>\iav TTJV <yap vyteuiv KCL\OV rjfjilv epyov aTrep-

15 7aferat, el cnrooe^ei TOVTO. A7rooe%ofjLai. Kat el TOLVVV fie

epoLO Trjv oi/coBofUtciqv, eTno-Tr^^v oixrav TOV olfcooo/jii/cov, TL

(j)r}fjLL epyov ajrepja^eaOaL, eLTTOLfji av OTL ol/crjcreLS waavTay^ oe

/cal TWV a\\wv Te%va)v. XP?) ovv KaL ere vTrep 77)9

7reiS?) (/>7}9 avTrjV eavTOV eTTLo-T^/uLTjv elvai, e^iv elirelv

20 OevTa, & Kpma, o-axfrpoo-vvr], eTTLaTi^fJirj ovcra eavTOV, TL /ca\bv

r)/jLLV epjov cnrepyd^eTaL Kal d^Lov TOV 6vd/jLaTO<; ; WL ovv, elire.

AXX,

c5Sa>:/?aTe9, e(f>r],

OVK bp6w ??Tet9. ov yap 6/jiOLa avTrj

Tre^VKev rat9 aXXai9 e7rio-T7j/Ltat9, ovoef

ye at aXXcu aXX?^Xat9

(TV $ ft>9 6/ULOLCOV OVCTWV TTOLel T7JV ^TT)(TLV. eTTcl \ye fJLOL, (f)7J,25 r^9 \oyLaTLKf)S Te^z ?/9 ^ T^9 yewfJLeTpLKrjs TL eaTLv TOLOVTOV

epyov olov ot/aa OLKoSo/JLLKrjS rj 1/JLaTLOv v(f)avTLKr)S 7) d\\a

epya, a TroXXa dv Ti9 e%ot TroXXw^ re^oo^ SelgaL ;

ovv LioL Kal av TOVTCOV TOLOVTOV TL epyov oel^aL ; aXX

OVX ^?ei? - Ka ^ eV^ ^ITTOV OTL AX??^ XeyeLS aXXa Tooe CTOL

30 e^o) Sel^aL, TLVOS eaTlv eirurTrffM} eKdaTij TOVTWV TWV ITTLCTTT]-

IJLCOV, o Tvy%dveL ov aXXo avT^ r^9 eVicrT7j/>i7;9. olov TI \oyL-eaTLV TTOV TOV dpTLOV Kal TOV TrepLTToi), 7rX^of9 O7r&)9

7T/309 avTa Kal 7T/D09 d\\rj\a r) ydp ; Tldvv ye, e^y.

OVKOVV eTepov 6Vro9 TOV TrepiTTOV Kal dpTLOV avTijs

XAPMIAHS. 1 5

ITw? 8 ov ; Kat ^v av 77 <JTCLTIK,I TOV /3apvrepovre KOI KOV(f)OTepov crraO/JLOv IQ-TLV erepov Be ecrriv TO flapv Kal

TO Kovifiov -7-779 crraTt/C779 avTrjs. avyxwpeis ; "70)76.

877, Kal r) crco(f)pocrvvT] TLVOS eo~Tlv eirurrrjfArj, o Twy^dveL eTep

ov avTriS TI)? crcotppoa-vvr)? ;

14. TOVTO eaTiv eicelvo,e</>77,

co ^w/c/aare? eV

epevv&v, orft) Siacfrepei TCCLG&V TWV eTTicrTri/Awv f]av Se o/jiOiOTTjTd TLVCL ^T/ret? aur?}? rat? aXXat?. TO 8 ov/c

e&Tiv ourft)?, aXX* at /xez^ a\\au Tracrai a\Xov elalv

avTO)v 8* ov, TI o~e fjiovrj TWV T a\\(ov eTricrTTj/Awfcal -avTTj eavTrjs. KOI raOra ere TroXXoO 8eZ

7V> ^^ai J <^/OT^ oz)^ e(f>rjcr0a Troieiv, TOVTO

irixeipels e\e<y%6iv, eacra? Trepl ou 6 X(ryo9 ecrriV. Olov,

r)V o3

670), Troiet? ?}yov/JLVo<?, i o TI /LtaXtcrra <re \ey^a), aXXou

eve/co,e\e<y%i,v TJ ovTrep eve/ca KCLV epavTov ^iepevvMjji^v 15

ftov/JLevos [Mr] 7TOT6 \d6co ol6/nevo$ fjiev Ti el^evai,

Se/u,?;.

/cat i/O^S>)

o5i^ eycoye (f>rjfjiL TOVTO iroielv, rov \6^ov(TKOTreiv fid\i(TTa pev euavTov evetca, tV&)? oe Srj teal TWV d\~\cov

rj ov KOLVOV Oii dyaOov eivai a"%e$6v TI Trdaiv

, <yi<yvecrdai /cara^az^e? etcacrTOV TWV OVTWV 07777 e^ei ; 20

Kat /^.aXa, TJ 8 o?, ey&^e, a> Sw/cpare?. app&v TOIVVV, r)v o

eye*), a) /jLa/cdpre, airOKpivofievo^ TO