the cell chapter 4. cells marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” structural...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Cell
Chapter 4
![Page 2: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cells
Marks the boundary between the “living and the dead”
Structural and functional unit of an organism
Smallest structure capable of performing all of the functions necessary for life
![Page 3: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a cell?
Why do we care? We have TRILLIONS of them!! (@65) Every organism is composed of
one or more cells Basic unit of structure and function in organisms All come from pre-existing cells
Cell Theory
![Page 4: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why are Cells so Small????
Large cells have far less surface for each unit of volume than do small cells
![Page 5: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
All cells…….
Have an outer plasma membrane Contain DNA
Enclosed within the cell somewhere Contain cytoplasm
![Page 6: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
All cells surrounded by a plasma membrane Phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously
whenever a collection of phospholipids is placed in water
![Page 7: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cytoplasm material inside a cell
is the cytoplasm Everything between
the plasma membrane and the region of DNA
Gives cells their shape
Assist in movement of cell and organelles
![Page 8: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Microscopes
Compound light microscope Multiple lenses
increase magnifying power
![Page 9: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Two basic kinds of cells Prokaryotic
Nothing separates the DNA from internal cell parts
Eukaryotic Contain organelle sacs Nucleus – contains the
DNA
![Page 10: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 12: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Examples of Eukaryotic Cells: Animal Plant Fungi Protozoa
![Page 13: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Organelles Organelles act as their own separate
“organs” They physically isolate chemical reactions
inside cells Animals and plants will differ in their organelles
![Page 14: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Nucleus Encloses the DNA of a
eukaryotic cell Contains chromosomes Functions:
Prevents DNA from getting entangled with structures in the cytoplasm
Outer membranes act as a boundary
![Page 17: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Components of the nucleus Nuclear pores Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nucleoplasm DNA
Chromosomes Chromatin
![Page 18: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nuclear envelope Double-membrane
system composed of lipid bilayer (with pores)
Bilayers surround the fluid part of nucleus (nucleoplasm)
Continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
![Page 19: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nucleolus
Dense mass located within the nucleus
Produces ribosomes
![Page 20: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ribosomes Site of protein
synthesis Occurs in the cytoplasm
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Why is this important
from a health aspect?
![Page 21: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Endomembrane System Helps modify proteins into final form
Lipids are assembled Compartmentalizes the cell Main components:
1. Nuclear envelope 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3. Golgi body 4. Various vesicles (transport)
![Page 22: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1. Nuclear envelope Merges with the
membrane of the ER Consists of
membranous channels and saccules
![Page 23: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum Channel that snakes
through the cytoplasm Lipids assembled and
polypeptide chains modified into final proteins
Can be rough or smooth Dependant on the
attachments of ribosomes Rough ER
Processing and modification of proteins
Smooth ER Synthesizes phospholipids
![Page 24: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3. Golgi Body (Apparatus) Series of flattened
sacs Collects, sorts,
packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids
Contain enzymes that put the finishing touches on proteins and lipids
![Page 25: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
4. Vesicles Enzymes from golgi apparatus sort and
package the molecules into vesicles Tiny sac that moves through cytoplasm Function in transport, storage, or digestion of
substances Two main types:
Lysosomes Peroxisomes
![Page 26: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Lysosome A lysosome is a
membrane-enclosed sac contains digestive
enzymes to break down: Macromolecules damaged organelles
![Page 27: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Put it all together……
![Page 28: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Organelles That Contain DNA Eukaryotic cells contain cell-like organelles
that, besides the nucleus, also contain DNA these organelles appear to have been derived
from ancient bacteria that were then assimilated by the eukaryotic cell
they include the following organelles: Mitochondria Chloroplasts
![Page 29: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Energy-Related Organelles organelles specialize in
converting energy to a form that can be used by the cell Requires solar energy Dissipates as heat
Chloroplasts Use solar energy to
synthesize carbohydrates Carbohydrates then
broken down in the….. Mitochondria
Produce ATP molecules
![Page 30: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Energy-Related Organelles
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration The chemical energy of
carbohydrates is converted at ATP
![Page 31: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DNA in mitochondria?? mtDNA
Inherited solely from mother
First set of DNA to be sequenced
Endosymbiotic theory Helps in evolutionary
inheritance
![Page 32: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Organelles That Contain DNA
The theory of “endosymbiosis” states that some
organelles evolved from a symbiosis
one cell of a prokaryotic species was engulfed by and lived inside of a cell of another species of prokaryote
![Page 33: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Organelles That Contain DNA Other evidence supporting endosymbiotic theory:
Mitochondria are about the same size as modern bacteria
The cristae in mitochondria resemble folded membranes in modern bacteria
Mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to modern, bacterial ribosomes in size and structure
Mitochondria divide by fission, just like modern bacteria
![Page 34: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cytoskeleton – Cytoplasm System of
interconnected fibers, threads, and lattices in the cytosol
Extend from nucleus to the plasma membrane
Gives cells their shape
Assists in movement of cell and organelles
Assemble and disassemble as needed
![Page 35: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The three protein fibers of the cytoskeleton
![Page 36: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell Centrioles
complex structures that assemble microtubules in animal cells and the cells of most protists
anchor locomotory structures
such as flagella or cilia
![Page 37: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell vacuoles
membrane-bound storage centers
central vacuole filled with water and
dissolved substances
![Page 38: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Outside the Plasma Membrane Cell walls
found in plants, fungi, and many protists
comprised of different components than prokaryotic cell walls
function in providing protection, maintaining cell shape, and preventing excessive water loss/uptake
![Page 39: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Outside the Plasma Membrane
Extracellular matrix (ECM) takes the place of the cell wall
in animal cells and is comprised by a mixture of proteins secreted by the cell
collagen and elastin proteins
Form a protective layer over the cell surface
fibronectin protein Connects the ECM to the
plasma membrane integrins
Connected to fibronectin Proteins that extend into the
cytoplasm of the cell
![Page 40: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Plant Cells
Cell wall Central vacuole Chloroplasts
![Page 42: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Fungal Cells Mold or yeast Spores Cell wall Unicellular or
multicellular
![Page 43: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Protozoa Cells
No cell wall Unicellular Motility
![Page 44: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Prokaryotes
ArchaeBacteria
![Page 45: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
“Micro”organisms
![Page 46: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Characteristics of Cells
Prokaryotic cells ~1.0 µm in diameter All are microorganisms Unicellular Bacteria and Archaea no nucleus no membrane-bound
organelles
![Page 47: The Cell Chapter 4. Cells Marks the boundary between the “ living and the dead ” Structural and functional unit of an organism Smallest structure](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649d0b5503460f949de3b2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Prokaryotes – General cell structure Nucleoid Pili Fimbriae Flagella Cell wall Glycocalyx Ribosomes