Chapter 16Chapter 16

Healthy Body Healthy Body SystemsSystems

The CellThe Cell The smallest unit of structure in a The smallest unit of structure in a

living organismliving organism Robert HookeRobert Hooke – Identified & – Identified &

coined the term “coined the term “CellCell” when he ” when he saw cork under the microscope saw cork under the microscope

He used a compound microscopeHe used a compound microscope

CellsCells Leeuwenhoek used a simple microscope and looked Leeuwenhoek used a simple microscope and looked

at pond waterat pond water He saw living creatures that swam and moved He saw living creatures that swam and moved

around – calling them “animicules”around – calling them “animicules”

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory

The relationship between cells and living thingsThe relationship between cells and living things All living things are composed of cellsAll living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of structureCells are the basic unit of structure All cells are produced from other cellsAll cells are produced from other cells

Cellular OrganizationCellular OrganizationCells Cells Tissue Tissue Organs Organs Organ System Organ System Organism Organism

Cells – The basic unit of structure of all living thingsMost cells contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles & a nucleus.

Tissue – a group of similar cells that perform a similar function

Organ – Different tissues that all work together performing a specific job

Examples: Heart, liver, brain, lungs, femur, spleen, stomach, kidneys

Organ System – a group of related organs working together to perform a major function

11 human systems recognized include the digestive and respiratory

An Organ – An Organ – a collection of tissuesa collection of tissues

4 Main Types of Tissue4 Main Types of Tissue Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue – tissues w/ the ability to contract – tissues w/ the ability to contract

Striated, Smooth & CardiacStriated, Smooth & Cardiac

Nerve TissueNerve Tissue – tissues w/ the ability to send & – tissues w/ the ability to send & receive electrical impulsesreceive electrical impulses Brain, spinal cord & nerve cellsBrain, spinal cord & nerve cells

Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue – tissues that cover the surfaces – tissues that cover the surfaces of the body (inside & out)of the body (inside & out) Skin, linings of the mouth, stomach & intestinal liningsSkin, linings of the mouth, stomach & intestinal linings

Connective TissueConnective Tissue – tissues that provide support & – tissues that provide support & structure to the bodystructure to the body Bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, fat, & bloodBones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, fat, & blood

Keeping the Keeping the Body in BalanceBody in Balance

a.a. HomeostasiHomeostasiss – the process that keeps the – the process that keeps the body’s internal environment stable in spite body’s internal environment stable in spite of ever changing external environmental of ever changing external environmental conditionsconditions

b.b. Maintaining body temperature via Maintaining body temperature via sweating, hard breathing etc.sweating, hard breathing etc.

c.c. Stress disturbs homeostasis and the body Stress disturbs homeostasis and the body reacts to return to “normal”reacts to return to “normal”

““Fight or Flight Syndrome”Fight or Flight Syndrome” - Adrenaline - Adrenaline

11 Human Organ Systems11 Human Organ Systems

Circulatory Digestive EndocrineExcretory Immune Musculature

Nervous ReproductiveSkeletal

IntegumentarySkeletalSkeletalSkeletal

RespiratorySkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletalSkeletal

The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System carries materials carries materials

to and away from to and away from all body cells all body cells

includes the heart includes the heart (duel pump), (duel pump), arteries, veins, arteries, veins, capillaries and capillaries and

bloodblood

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System takes food and takes food and

converts it into converts it into materials that can materials that can be used at the be used at the cellular levelcellular level

includes the includes the esophagus, esophagus, stomach, small stomach, small intestines, large intestines, large intestines, etc.intestines, etc.

controls many of controls many of the body functions the body functions by the release of by the release of hormones that hormones that affect the other affect the other body systemsbody systems

include the adrenal include the adrenal glands, the glands, the thalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and hypothalamus and thyroid glandsthyroid glands

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

The Excretory SystemThe Excretory System takes waste takes waste

products made products made at the cellular at the cellular level and level and removes them removes them from the blood.from the blood.

Examples Examples include kidneys, include kidneys, ureter, urethra ureter, urethra and the bladder.and the bladder.

The Immune The Immune SystemSystem

Used to fight of Used to fight of infections from bacteria infections from bacteria & viruses (some include & viruses (some include as part of circulatory as part of circulatory system) system)

includes the lymph includes the lymph vessels, nodes, T cells, vessels, nodes, T cells, B cells, lymphocytes & B cells, lymphocytes & other antibodiesother antibodies

The Musculature SystemThe Musculature System enables the enables the

body to move, body to move, moves food thru moves food thru the digestive the digestive system, keeps system, keeps the heart beatingthe heart beating

include biceps, include biceps, heart, smooth heart, smooth muscle, triceps muscle, triceps and the Gluteus and the Gluteus maximus.maximus.

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System detects and detects and

interprets interprets information the information the body receives body receives from the outside from the outside environment and environment and allows the body allows the body to react to react accordinglyaccordingly

Examples Examples include the brain, include the brain, spinal cord, and spinal cord, and sensory organssensory organs

The Reproductive SystemThe Reproductive System allows for the allows for the

continuation of life, continuation of life, produces sex cells produces sex cells that allow for creation that allow for creation of offspring. Controls of offspring. Controls male and female male and female characteristics.characteristics.

Include testes, Include testes, uterus, ovaries, uterus, ovaries,

sperm, egg, etc.sperm, egg, etc.

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System supplies oxygen to supplies oxygen to

the body while the body while removing carbon removing carbon dioxide dioxide

include the lungs, include the lungs, trachea and trachea and bronchi, bronchioli, bronchi, bronchioli, alveoli & alveoli & diaphragm. diaphragm.

supports, gives supports, gives shape and protects shape and protects the body. Serves as the body. Serves as attachment for the attachment for the muscles and muscles and produces new blood produces new blood cells in its marrow.cells in its marrow.

Examples include Examples include the ribs, femur, the ribs, femur, humerous and humerous and phalangesphalanges

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System the skin and its the skin and its

underlying materials underlying materials protects the body, protects the body, water regulation and water regulation and maintains body maintains body temperature.temperature.

includes the skin, oil includes the skin, oil glands, hair & glands, hair & suncutaneous fatsuncutaneous fat

Chapter 16Chapter 16

That’s All Folks!!That’s All Folks!!