The Bodies Defense

“D- “

The Bodies Defense “D- “Lymphatic system System of canals and filters

that purify the blood. Old RBCs and Bacterial cells

Lymph: ICF Intercellular fluid, bathes body cells

Lymph Vessels Lymph nodes: Tiny filters Organs: Tonsils, adenoids,

spleen

(the bodies filtering and recycling station)

Immune System designed to protect the body

from current and future invasions.

Lymphocytes T-cells, B-cells

Phagocytes

(the bodies watch dog)

Viruses

Protists

Worms

Fungi

Disease Agent That Causes Disease

Method of Transmission

Common coldInfluenza

Chickenpox

Measles

Tuberculosis

Meningitis

CholeraTetanusAfrican sleeping sicknessMalariaAmoebic dysenterySchistosomiasisBeef tapeworm

Athlete’s foot

Ringworm

RhinovirusTwo types (A, B), plus subtypesVaricella

Paramyxovirus

Mycobacterium tuberculosisNeisseria meningitidisVibrio choleraeClostridium tetaniTrypanosoma

PlasmodiumEntamoeba histolyticaSchistosomaTaenia saginata

Imperfect fungi

Imperfect fungi

Airborne; direct contact with infected personAirborne; droplet infection; direct contact with infected personAirborne; direct contact with infected personDroplets in air; direct contact with secretions of infected personDroplets in air; contaminated milk and dairy products

Direct contact with a carrier

Contaminated drinking waterContaminated wound; usually puncture wound

Spread by tsetse fly

Spread by Anopheles mosquitoes

Contaminated drinking waterFreshwater streams and rice paddies Contaminated meat

Contact with infected personExchange of hats, combs, or athletic head gear with infected person

Section 40-1

Pathogen Types

Pathogens and Disease

Bacteria

The Lymphatic System

Identify 4 structures of the lymphatic system

The Lymphatic System

AdenoidTonsils

ThymusThoracic Duct

Bone Marrow

Spleen

Appendix

Lymph Nodes

Adenoids are masses of tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity (they are not visible except with a special instrument used by a health professional). Both tonsils and adenoids are part of the system that helps the body to fight infection (the lymphatic system). They are located near the entrance of the breathing passages so that they will come into contact with bacteria and viruses that come in through the mouth and nose. When bacteria or viruses come into contact with the tonsils or adenoids, the body's immune system can begin to work by producing antibodies

Tonsils are clusters of lymphatic tissue just under the mucous membranes that line the nose, mouth, and throat (pharynx). There are three groups of tonsils. The pharyngeal tonsils are located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx. When these tonsils become enlarged they may interfere with breathing and are called adenoids. The palatine tonsils are the ones that are located near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx. Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior surface of the tongue, which also places them near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx. Lymphocytes and macrophages in the tonsils provide protection against harmful substances and pathogens that may enter the body through the nose or mouth.

The spleen is part of the circulatory and the lymphatic systems.

Found between the stomach and the diaphragm.

Produces certain types of blood cells

Removes blood cells and Removes blood cells and bacteria from the blood.bacteria from the blood.

Immunity D-Immunity

specific defence

WBC,Basophils

WBC,Monocytes WBC,

Neutrophils

WBC,Eosinophils

Nonspecific Defence

Phagocytes

Physical Barriers

Lyphocytes

cell mediated

antibody mediated

T cells B cells

Immunity The ability of the body to resist a

particular disease. Ex. Bacterial, fungal, Viral, etc.

Or not get kicked off of survivor!

Immunity Milkmaids who contracted cowpox

seemed not to catch smallpox?

1796 Edward Jenner tested a theory1796 Edward Jenner tested a theory He injected fluid from a cowpox sore He injected fluid from a cowpox sore into the small cut of his young male into the small cut of his young male assistant. assistant. He developed cowpox.He developed cowpox.He then injected the boy with the fluid He then injected the boy with the fluid from a small pox sorefrom a small pox soreHe remained healthyHe remained healthy

ImmunityImmunity

Cowpox, (recoverable)

Smallpox (Fatal)

Both are caused by closely related viruses

Immunity What did this Prove??

1.1. The boy was introduced to a weakened or mild The boy was introduced to a weakened or mild form of the disease.form of the disease.

2.2. His body was able to develop a defense against it.His body was able to develop a defense against it.

3.3. Jenner developed the method of Vaccination to give Jenner developed the method of Vaccination to give people immunity to small pox.people immunity to small pox.

4.4. This method was later extended to the prevention of This method was later extended to the prevention of many other diseases..many other diseases..

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???

How does Immunity work?1.1. The body must have the ability to distinguish “self” The body must have the ability to distinguish “self”

from “NON-self cellsfrom “NON-self cells.(Foreign cells).(Foreign cells)

2.2. When the body detects NON-self or foreign cells an When the body detects NON-self or foreign cells an IMMUNE RESPONSE occurs.IMMUNE RESPONSE occurs.

**These non-self cells are called**These non-self cells are called ANTIGENS.**ANTIGENS.**

3.3. The body does this by identifying the proteins that The body does this by identifying the proteins that make up the antigens surface. (Carbohydrates and make up the antigens surface. (Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids also may be identified)Nucleic Acids also may be identified)

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???

Your body must fight of this antigen

Phagocytes have already started engulfing the Phagocytes have already started engulfing the antigens. NON-specificallyantigens. NON-specifically

Lymphocytes are called in that recognize and try to Lymphocytes are called in that recognize and try to destroy antigens.destroy antigens.

Types of

Immunity

Inborn ImmunityAcquired ImmunityNatural, born

with these anitbodies.

Developed immunity

Active Passive

Types of Immunity

1. Antigen Processing.When the macrophage eats bacteria, proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are broken down into short peptide chains and are then "displayed" on the macrophage surface.

2. Helper T Cell Stimulating B Cell When a T lymphocyte "sees" the same antigen on the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production.

3. Antibody Production. The stimulated B cell undergoes enlargement and differentiation to form antibodies. A specific antigen recognition of the invader causes an antibody to bind to the bacteria making them easier to ingest by white cells. 

An immune response

A human macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow).

Riding atop the macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte. Both macrophages and lymphocytes can be found near an infection

                         

The Immune Response (1)

1 . The immune response begins when a white

blood cell called a macrophage encounters a virus and

consumes it. Meanwhile, other viruses look for nearby

cells to infect.

The Immune Response (2)

2 . Next, the macrophage digests the virus and displays

pieces of the virus called antigens on its surface.

Nearby cells have now become infected by the attacking viruses.

The Immune Response (3)

3 . Unique among the many different helper T cells(another class of white blood cells) in the body one particular helper T cell now recognizes the antigen displayed and binds to the macrophage.

The Immune Response (4)4 . This union stimulates the production of chemical substances that allow intercellular communication.

Such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by the macrophage, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-y) by the T cell

The Immune Response (5)5 . As part of the continuing process, IL-2 instructs other helper T's and a different class of T cells, the killer T's, to multiply. The proliferating helper T's in turn release substances that cause B cells to multiply and produce antibodies.

The Immune Response (6)

6 . The killer T cells now begin shooting holes in host cells that have been infected by viruses.

The Immune Response (7)

7 . The antibodies released by the B cells bind to antigens on the surfaces of free-floating viruses.Besides making it easier for macrophages to destroy viruses, this binding signals bloodcomponents called complement to puncture holes in the viruses.

The Immune Response (8)

8 . Finally, as the infection is brought under control, the activated T and B cells are turnedoff by suppressor T cells. However, a few "memory cells" remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again.

Interval between exposures

First exposure

Second exposure

Time

Ant

ibod

y C

once

ntra

tion

Section 40-2Do Now: In you own words Please explain this graph. Hint: Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

SkinWound

Bacteria enter the wound

Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris

Capillary

Section 40-2

Figure 40–7 The Inflammatory Response

Video

1

Video 1

Inflammatory Response

Antigen-binding

sites

Antigen Antibody

Section 40-2

Figure 40–8 Structure of an Antibody

Section 40-2

Figure 40–9 Humoral Immunity

First Expos

ure

Section 40-2

Figure 40–9 Humoral ImmunityFigure 40–9 Humoral Immunity

First Expos

ure

Second

Exposure

Video 2

Humoral Immunity

Macrophage

T Cell

Helper T Cell

Killer T Cell

Infected CellAntigens are displayed on surface of macrophage

T cell binds to activated macrophage

T cell, activated by macrophage, becomes a helper T cell

Helper T cell activates killer T cells and B cells

Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them

Figure 40–10 Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Video

3

Video 3

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity8 .

Binds to

Forms For

Attracts

Engulfed by

stimulates

will

Stimulate

produceBind to

Then attacked by

turn off

B CellRecognitionT-Helper

SecretesCytokins

(hormone)

Memory B cells

recognition if exposed at a

later time

Killer T Cells

Virus

Macrophageit displays antigen

Promote B lymphocytes production,activation,

andAntibodies

Free floating invaders and weaken them

Macrophages

suppressor T cells

B and T cells

production

Attacks

Infected Body Cells

Sorry we dont know this one or we would

have produced antibodies

Section 40-3Interest Grabber continued

as allergies.

2. How can you tell the difference between an allergy and a cold?

3. What types of objects are people allergic to?

4. How are allergies treated?

40–3 Immune System Disorders

A. AllergiesB. AsthmaC. Autoimmune DiseasesD. AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease

1. The Virus That Causes AIDS2. Transmission of HIV3. Preventing HIV Infection4. Can AIDS Be Cured?

Video

1

Video 1

Inflammatory Response

A. Allergies An over reaction by the immune system. Allergens:

pollen, mold spores, dust + dust mites, FOOD Mast cells "mastzellen," "feeding-cells wrong meaning!!!!!

Specialized cells that initiate INFLAMATION response to protect tissues

They Secrete HISTAMINE which: Increases blood flow Increases mucus production in air ways

Leads to sneezing Runny nose Watery eyes

B. Asthma

B. Asthma

Narrowing of Air Passage ways Due to Genetics and Environment Leads to Wheezing, coughing, Triggered by exercise, colds, pollen, dust, smoke

Leading cause of illness in children

B. Asthma

C. Autoimmune Diseases

Immune system makes a mistake and attacks

(using antibodies) the body’s own cells It produces an autoimmune disease:

Type 1 Diabetes: attack insulin producing cells of panaceas Rhematoid arthritis: attacks connective tissues around joints Myasthenia gravis: nerve cell junctions, acetylcholine Multiple sclerosis: Destroys nerve and brain cellsin specific

areas Lupus: Varies form mostly systemic

Immune Suppressive drug treatments

Infection;Immune system eliminates most of HIV

Symptoms, such as swollen lymph nodes, are few

Loss of immunefunction moreapparent; appearanceof characteristic diseases such asyeast infections

Almost total loss of cellular immunity; AIDS

Relative HIV concentration

T cell concentration

Section 40-3Stages of HIV Infection

Years

Interest Grabber

Don’t Light Up Smoking accounts for eight out of ten lung cancer deaths and about

30 percent of deaths by all types of cancer. The more cigarettes, cigars, or pipes a person smokes and the longer a person smokes, the greater his or her chance of getting lung cancer. Even if you don’t smoke, you still may be at risk—if you simply breathe in smoke from nearby smokers. This action increases your risk of developing lung cancer by as much as 30 percent.

Section 40-4

Interest Grabber continued

1. Why do you think most people start smoking?

2. Do you think that most smokers know that smoking greatly increases their risk of death by lung cancer? If smokers knew this information, do you think they would quit? Explain your answer.

3. Cancer begins when something goes wrong with the controls that normally regulate cell growth and reproduction. How do you think smoking causes the cells in the lungs to become cancerous?

Section 40-4

Section Outline 40–4The Environment and Your Health

A. Air Quality

1. Carbon Monoxide

2. Ozone

3. Airborne Particulates

B. Water Quality

C. Bioterrorism

D. Cancer

1. Causes of Cancer

2. Treating Cancer

E. Maintaining Health

1. Healthful Diet

2. Exercise and Rest

3. Abstaining from Harmful Activities

4. Regular Checkups

Section 40-4

Section 40-4Concept Map

includes a knowledge of

which may include a

including including

which may consist of

which are classified as

The Study of Cancer

Symptoms Causes Treatments

Benign Malignant X-rays Sunlight Nuclear radiation

Surgery

Tumor Viruses Radiation Chemicals

Drug therapy

Radiation therapy

Section 1 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the infectiousdiseases you have had.

Infectious diseases include colds, the flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, strep throat, tonsillitis, pneumonia, and so on. If students list diseases that are not infectious, explain why these diseases are not infectious diseases.

2. Choose one of the diseases on your list. How did you feel when you were sick with this disease? How was the disease treated? Possible answers: headache, sore throat, and fever; was given an antibiotic by doctor and stayed in bed. 3. How did you get the disease described in question 2?

What do you think caused this disease? Possible answers: caught it from someone at school or home; caused by a “germ” or a pathogen.

Section 2 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of the vaccines you have received. Most students have had vaccines for tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), chickenpox, hepatitis B, meningitis, and so on. 2. Have you ever received a vaccine before you traveled to a foreign country? If so, which vaccines did you receive? Possible answers: vaccinations against yellow fever, cholera, and typhoid fever. 3. Have you ever been sick with any of the diseases you have been vaccinated against? Why do you think you did or did not get sick with these diseases? Students may say that they did not get sick after receiving a vaccination for the disease or they may say that they felt tired and weak after getting the vaccination. Not

getting the disease indicates that the person is protected against the disease. Getting sick after a vaccination indicates a mild response to the pathogen. 4. A child usually receives several vaccines before starting school. Why do you think children are given these vaccines before starting school? Young children would be more susceptible to catching diseases in public places, such as at school. Vaccines protect children against these illnesses.

Section 3 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

1. Does one of you have allergies? If so, how does your body behave when you are exposed to something to which you are allergic? If neither of you has allergies, describe the behavior of someone you know who has allergies.

Possible answers: sneezing; watery, itchy eyes; stuffy nose. 2. How can you tell the difference between an allergy and a cold? Unlike an allergy, a cold may produce a sore throat, a fever (rarely), aches and pains, and yellow or green mucus. Mucus is usually clear during an allergic attack. 3. What types of objects are people allergic to? Pollens, molds, foods, animal dander, mites in dust, detergents, and so on. 4. How are allergies treated? By taking antihistamine drugs, avoiding the allergens (such as foods

or detergents), or getting allergy shots.

Section 4 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers

1. Why do you think most people start smoking? Because their friends smoke or they think it makes them look older. 2. Do you think that most smokers know that smoking greatly increases their risk of death by lung cancer? If smokers knew this information, do you

think they would quit? Explain your answer. Students may say that most smokers know that smoking is bad for their health, but they continue to smoke because they are addicted to smoking or

they have failed at attempts to quit smoking. 3. Cancer begins when something goes wrong with the controls that normally regulate cell growth and reproduction. How do you think smoking causes

the cells in the lungs to become cancerous? Possible answers: The chemicals in tobacco smoke poison lung cells or cause them to lose their ability to grow and reproduce normally.

The most abundant of the white blood cells are the lymphocytes (specific immunity).These include•B lymphocytes (often simply called B cells)•These provide Humoral immunity. B cells are not only produced in the bone marrow but also mature there.

T lymphocytes (likewise called T cells)

However, the precursors of T cells leave the bone marrow and mature in the thymus .

T cells provide Cell mediated immunity.

The bone marrow produces all the blood cells; the red blood cells,white blood cells (also called leukocytes),and platelets.

The most abundant of the white blood cells are the lymphocytes (specific immunity).Phagocytes (Macrophages) provide non-specific immunity.

An immune response

Do Now:

Using your own words explain the graph below.

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (H.I.V.)

OUTBREAKRules: • If you are infected you take the exam

tomorrow

• You can DENIGH/REJECT any person.

Procedure:

1. Exchange fluid with 3 people.

2. Write their names down on the index card in the order in which you came in contact.

3. Draw a line.

4. Below the line choose a life style letter you see your self living in college

5. Exchange the appropriate Number of times,,, again writing down their names.

OUTBREAKEach of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.

This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will play.

Letter Roles Contacts

A Abstinent student 0

B Cautious Librarian 2

C Faithfully Married Adult 1

D Unfaithful married adult 3

E Promiscuous life style 6

F IV drug user 6

g High risk Life style 8

OUTBREAKEach of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.

This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will play.

Letter Roles Contacts

A Abstinent student 0

B Cautious 2

C Faithfully Married Adult 1

D Unfaithful married adult 3

E Promiscuous life style 6

F IV drug user 6

g High risk Life style 8

OUTBREAKEach of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.

This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will play.

Letter Roles Contacts

A Abstinent student 0

B Cautious 2

C Faithfully Married Adult 1

D Unfaithful married adult 3

E Promiscuous life style 6

F IV drug user 6

g High risk Life style 8

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (H.I.V.)

http://www.msnbc.com/news/876504.asp

*Is a RNA based virus.**Attacks the human immune system leaving the body open susceptible to opportunistic infections.*** attacks Lymphocytes

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

*late stage of HIV** a syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs of a disease that indicate a certain disorder*** When a persons CD4 cell count drops below 200 (1000 normal) ****communicable through fluid contact: sexual intercourse, IV drugs, Blood transfusions

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (H.I.V.) Animation

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (H.I.V.)

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (H.I.V.)

People that test positive for H.I.V. have antibodies for the virus in their plasma. This virus shuts down a person’s immune system and eventually leads to A.I.D.S. (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Typical virus shape

Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (H.I.V.)

 Feb. 24 — The human test of a potential AIDS vaccine yielded disappointing results, but there could be bit of good news to come out of the effort. NBC’s Robert Bazell reports.         

javascript:m_OpenMPV3('V','nn_bazell_aidsvaccine_030224','0','0','','');

Aids in Africa

        

34.3 million people in the world have AIDS -- 24.5 million of them in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly 19 million have died from AIDS, ***3.8 million of them children under the age of 15.

Among the other statistics:•10,500 new cases are diagnosed each day•5.4 million new AIDS infections in 1999, 4 million of them in Africa. •2.8 million dead of AIDS in 1999, 85 percent of them in Africa. •13.2 million children orphaned by AIDS, 12.1 million of them in sub-Saharan Africa. •Reduced life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa from 59 years to 45 between 2005 and 2010, and in Zimbabwe from 61 to 33. •More than 500,000 babies infected in 1999 by their mothers -- most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

                                 

Do NowDo Now 3/5 3/5   

How does AIDS affect you,       if infected?.  

Blood Disorders

Anemia:

Sickle Cell Anemia:

Leukemia:

Shock:

Blood Typing

In the early 20th century, an Austrian scientist named Karl Landsteiner classified blood according to two different proteins.

Landsteiner observed two distinct chemical molecules present on the surface of the red blood cells.

He labeled one molecule "A" and the other molecule "B."

Blood TypingBlood type

Diagram Antigens present

Antibodies produced

Serum effectAgglutination?

Can Receive

A

B

AB

O

So what is the Rh Factor??? So what is the Rh Factor???

Blood Typing

Percentage of each ABO Blood Type by Country

Country U.S. G.B. Germany Japan China

ABO Type % % % % %

O 46 47 41 30 35

A 40 42 45 38 27

B 10 8 10 22 26

AB 4 3 4 10 12

          

Add a drop of anti-A antibodies (left) to blood drop AAdd drop of anti-B antibodies (right) to blood drop B

         

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/aniblood.htm#determine

See If Drop A and Drop B Are Clumped By Antibodies

Type O (45%): No clumping in blood drops A or B

Phenotype Percentages Based On U.S. Population

Type A (42%): Clumping in blood drop A with anti-A antibodies

Type B (10%): Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B antibodies

Type B+

Type AB (3%): Clumping in both blood drops A and B

Type AB-

When red cells carrying one or both antigens are exposed to the corresponding antibodies, they agglutinate; that is, clump together.

Human red blood cells before (left) and after (right) adding serum containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the cells.

Simplified Explanation For Rh Blood Factor

                   

Rh Neg    Blood    

Add a drop of anti-Rh antibodies (anti-D serum) to a drop of bloodon a slide labeled Rh.  The Rh negative blood (shown above) will

not clump, while the Rh positive blood (below) will show clumping:

Rh Pos    Blood    

                                                                              

  

Splinter

Trauma, bacteria and dirt signal to white cells in nearby vessels there is damage to control. Neutrophils, the most active and phagocytic of the white blood cells, become sticky and begin to adhere to the inside of the vessel wall. Adherence slows the cells down, making them "roll" on the inside of the vessel. The neutrophils then become superadherent and squeeze out between endothelial cells that line the vessel, a phenomenon called "diapedesis".From there, the white cells must FIND, EAT, and KILL foreign microbes.

Slide 23: Blood Smear

Myeloblast to Promyelocyte transition (yellow)Promyelocytes (blue)Band (red)Segmented Neutrophil (green)Plasma Cells (black)Notice the prominent granules in the promyelocyte.Bar = 30 Micron

Slide 22: Blood Smear

Medium Lymphocyte (yellow)Neutrophils (green)Bar = 50 Microns

http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html

Chapter 16 web sites

http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Circulation.html

http://www.thequalityhospital.com/cgi-win/mercyweb.exe/heart_animation.htm

http://www.biotie.com/flash/blood_clotting/bc.html blood clotting