the benefits of planning your charging infrastructure ... slide… · charging infrastructure –...

Fleet Electrification

The benefits of planning your charging

infrastructure early

16 May 2018

2© Ricardo-AEA Ltd Ricardo Energy & Environment in Confidence

Today’s agenda

An overview of the drivers for fleet electrification

• Health impacts

• Policy changes now and forthcoming

• Economic and technical drivers

Charging Infrastructure

• AC versus DC?

• Technology on sale?

• How much charge do I really need?

Grid connection considerations

• Network overview

• Charging implications

• Future developments

Case study of city-wide charging infrastructure

• Outline of the process we use

• Specific examples and decisions taken

Questions


Today’s presenters

Dan ClarkeRicardo Energy & Environment

Fleet Electrification Lead

Expert on fleet electrification and

clean air zones

[email protected]

Simon TerryRicardo Energy & Environment

Principal Consultant – Energy

Infrastructure

Expert on UK electricity networks and

smart grids

[email protected]

Denis NaberezhnykhRicardo Energy & Environment

Technical Director – Sustainable Transport

Expert on vehicle technologies and

charging infrastructure

[email protected]

Contact us for any questions after the webinar

mailto:[email protected]



How to ask questions?

Everyone’s microphone is muted

Questions can be submitted at any time and will be answered at the end.

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Do you think you have a good

understanding of your charging options?

Warm-up poll questions


What would you consider to be the

main barriers to you implementing

charging infrastructure?




When do you feel that you will plan to

implement charging infrastructure at

your locations?


Drivers for low emission vehicles

• Clean Air Zones (CAZ)

• Ultra Low Emission Zones (ULEZ)

• Vehicle taxes and incentives

• Improving air quality for employees

• Improving air quality for communities

• Higher capex

• But savings in fuel expenditure

• Further savings in maintenance expenditure

Policy

Health

Total

Cost of

Ownership


More and more emission controlled zones in the UK

• Leeds

• Nottingham

• Derby

• Birmingham

• Southampton

Clean Air Zones (CAZ)

Heathrow Airport Ultra-Low

Emission Zone (ULEZ) in 2025

Emission Controlled Sites

• Brighton and Hove

• Bristol

• London – T-Charge, ULEZ in 2019

• Oxford – World’s first ZEZ

• Norwich

• Manchester

• Glasgow

• Edinburgh

• 24 Local Authorities in

Defra’s new Air Quality

Plan exceeding NO2

emission levels

• Over 700 Air Quality

Management Areas

(AQMAs) across the UK

• No restriction on

implementing a CAZ

Other Controlled Emission

Zones (Includes planned)

Future Controlled Emission

Zones


Navigating through the range of support and

incentives available can be a real challenge

Gov. grant funding up to £8,000 for new vans

Gov. grant funding for charge

points

Reduced VED for Low Emission Vehicles

Gov. funding for Local Authority on-street

chargers

Company Car Tax benefits

Gov. grant funding up to £4,500 for new cars

Enhanced capital

allowances

Minimal fuel duty

Access to restricted zones

(CAZ etc)

Free parking


EV sales

0.2% 0.7% 1.3% 1.7% 1.9%

15%

30%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2020 2025 2030

UK electric car and van sales

% UK Total % EU Target UK Car/Van EV Sales

Electric vehicle and charging technology is improving: battery costs

are coming down, electric range is increasing and TCO reducing

Total

TotalTotal

-5,000

-3,000

-1,000

1,000

3,000

5,000

7,000

9,000

2015 2020 2025

TC

O, N

PV

£

BEV End-user TCO versus Diesel ICEV, 5 yrs

CAPEX Fuel O&M

Av. van end user total cost of ownership, 5 yrs

Ric

ard

o a

naly

sis

Notes: Assumes 10% discount rate for Net Present Value of future costs/savings

Charging infrastructure

Ric

ard

o a

naly

sis

11 km/hour

24-32 km/hour

80 km/hour

160 km/hour 320-800 km/hour0

6

12

18

24

Slow Medium Fast Rapid Ultrafast

Up to 3.5 kW 7 kW 22 kW Up to 50 kW 90-350 kW

Charg

e T

ime

[ho

urs

]

Charging Rate

Technology improvements

DfT

Vehic

le S

tatistics

Hyundai Ioniq

Nissan Leaf

Renault Zoe

Tesla Model S

Jaguar I-PaceTesla Model S

(100 kWh)Mercedes

EQA

VW I.D. Concept

BMW

BMW i3 (33 kWh)

Nissan e-NV200

Nissan Leaf (40 kWh)

Renault Kangoo

Renault Master

0

100

200

300

400

500

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Electric range of selected models (miles)

7 m / hour

15-20

m / hour

30 m / hour

100 m / hour 200-500 m / hour


Ricardo analysis: Over half of the

car models and a third of van

models responsible for the majority

of sales will have electric variants

by 2025

18

% 25

% 31

%

32

%

54

%

36

%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Cars Vans Cars Vans Cars Vans

2018 2020 2025

% o

f M

ajo

r M

an

uf.

M

od

els

Generic models accounting for >90% sales

Manufacturers say they are committed to electrified and electric

vehicles; the number of models available is increasing rapidly

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

FCEV = hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle

Electrified will include hybrids

Model 3

enters volume

production

Plan joint EV

platforms

First full EV

Targets 1M

sales of

electrified

vehicles

Plans 15-25%

of sales to be

electric

20 new all-

electric and

FCEV models

To launch

first

electrified

products

on Efficient

Modular

Platform

(EMP)

All models

to be

electrified25% vehicles

will be electric

All vehicles

will be hybrid

All models will

be electrified

To produce

0.5M

electrified

vehicles

40% of global

models will be

electrified

13 new

electrified

models

To have 7

PHEV and 4

BEV models

on EMP

Expects 50%

of models to

be electrified

Expects 15-25%

of models to be

electrified

Plans 30 new

EVs accounting

for up to 25% of

sales

Expects

2/3rds of

models to be

electrified

Plans to sell

1M electric

vehicles per

annum


What is the main driver for providing

charging infrastructure on your

premises?

Poll 1


OpportunitiesOptions to suit most operational

and fleet requirements

Charging Infrastructure –

State of the market, opportunities and risks

Source: www.ABB.com Source: www.pod-point.comSource:

www.rolecserve.com Source: ubitricity.com

Choices in EV charging :

• AC, DC and connector standards

• Power Level (speed of charging vs connection / infrastructure costs)

• Installation type

• Smart / networked or not

• Payment and activation options

• New technologies and business models

Potential RisksNot fit-for-purpose, stranded

assets, poor value for money

http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/f7447f8f559563f6c1257b110038f76e.aspx

https://pod-point.com/products/commercial-charging

http://assets.rolecserv.com/files/products_document/b6f7b0fb2bf66388240423d8948d04aa/EVWPD005 - WALLPOD EV HomeCharge IEC 62196 skt (Type 2) Mode 3.pdf

https://www.ubitricity.com/en/


DC EV charging:

• CCS or CHAdeMO standards (+ other proprietary, e.g. Tesla)

• Mostly used for rapid charging (~50 kW and above)

• Increased interest in ultra rapid chargers (up to 350kW)

ADVANTAGES

• High charging rate

• Does not rely on vehicle

on-board equipment

DISADVANTAGES

• More expensive hardware

and installation

• Competing standards

• Overuse can reduce

battery life Source: www.ABB.com Source: www.ionity.eu

Charging infrastructure – AC or DC?

AC EV charging:

• Single European charging standard (Mode 2 or Mode 3)

• Mostly a single plug type (Type 2)

• Single phase or three phase (3 kW to 43 kW)

ADVANTAGES

• Cheapest

• Simplest to install and

connect

• Many installation options

DISADVANTAGES

• Charging power limited by

vehicle charger

• Slower charging rate

Source:

www.rolecserve.com Source: ubitricity.comSource: www.pod-point.com

http://new.abb.com/ev-charging/products/car-charging/multi-standard/terra-53-cj

http://www.ionity.eu/ionity-en.html#whoweare

http://assets.rolecserv.com/files/products_document/b6f7b0fb2bf66388240423d8948d04aa/EVWPD005 - WALLPOD EV HomeCharge IEC 62196 skt (Type 2) Mode 3.pdf

https://www.ubitricity.com/en/

https://pod-point.com/products/commercial-charging


What power level is right for you?

Charging infrastructure –

How to select how much charging power you need?

1. Appropriate for the vehicles using it and the journeys / duty cycle of those vehicles

2. EV charging IS NOT necessarily the same as petrol/diesel refuelling

3. It is about power level that enables charging time to recover necessary range.

Slow charging Ultra-fast charging

3-7kW 8-20miles/hour

(Domestic / work-place)

11-22kW30-60miles/hour

(Destination)

50kW (DC) 140miles/hour

up to 80% SoC max

(On-route)

120kW (DC) 340miles/hour

up to 80% SoC max

(Superfast/on-route)


Other practical

considerations:

• Location of chargers

– fit for purpose

– minimises costs (e.g. grid connection)

• Vehicle charging port locations

– accessibility

– tethered or untethered units

• Enforcement

– bay markings

– discourage use by non-EVs

• Communication signal

– strength

– reliability


Practicalities of charging bays

Source: Rolec

Source: City EVSource: Siemens


Smart charging?

• No standard but many OEM solutions and approaches

• OCCP (V1.6) is latest available open protocol for EV chargers, it has provisions for smart charging

and smart functionality


How smart is smart enough?

Smart charging = communications capability to send and receive data, and control capability to

respond to commands to turn off/on or to throttle charging power

NETWORKED CHARGERS• Remote control, diagnostics and

management

• Data collection, monitoring and

evaluation

SMART CHARGERS• Smart control functionality and

load balancing

• Can reduce grid connection

costs

• Can provide grid services

• Can link with on-site renewable

generation or storage

VEHICLE TO GRID (V2G)• Feed power back to the grid /

building / local storage

• Higher potential revenue stream

rom grid services


Automated and Electric Vehicle Bill

• Smart charging and data provision

• Standardise pricing information availability

• Subscription-free access

• Charging points in large fuel retailers

Wireless Charging

• Already available as retrofit options

• Expected to be introduced by OEMs from 2018

• Costs will need to be reduced

V2G

• Ongoing technology and business case trials

• Vehicle and charger developments


Future developments and technologies

Source: Nissan


Poll 2

Do you know who your DNO is?


•System overview

•When is reinforcement required?

•Demand management

•Connection costs

•Network data and information

•Current industry initiatives

•Technology innovation

Grid connection considerations


Who is your DNO?

+ 12 other independent

distribution network operators

You can check here: http://www.energynetworks.org/info/faqs/who-is-my-network-operator.html

http://www.energynetworks.org/info/faqs/who-is-my-network-operator.html


Simplified overview of the distribution of electricity

400 kV / 275 kVTransmission

Network

EHV (132 kV)Extra High Voltage

Network

HV (33 kV)

MV (11 kV )

LV (400 V three phase

- 230 V single phase)

High Voltage (HV)

Network

Grid Supply Point

Bulk Supply Point

Primary Substation

Secondary

Substation

Low Voltage (LV)

Distribution Network

Medium Voltage (MV)

Network

500 – 2000 MVA

100 – 500 MVA

20 – 100 MVA

0.2 – 1 MVA ~ 600 homes

> 65,000 homes

> 13,000 homes


Peak demand will be the challenge

Typical household daily electricity demand

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

00:0

0

01

:00

02

:00

03

:00

04

:00

05

:00

06

:00

07

:00

08

:00

09

:00

10

:00

11

:00

12:0

0

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

00:0

0

Dem

and p

er

house k

W

Winter Summer

Spare capacity

available for EV

charging

Existing peak demand


Typical commercial daily electricity demand

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

00

:00

01:0

0

02

:00

03:0

0

04

:00

05:0

0

06

:00

07

:00

08

:00

09

:00

10

:00

11

:00

12

:00

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

00

:00

Com

merc

ial D

em

and k

W

Winter Summer

Spare capacity

available for EV

charging

Existing peak demand

A substation with a different demand profile


• Thermal problems

• Voltage problems

• Network upgrade costs

• Reinforcement can be deferred by:

– Smart charging or

– incentivising time of use

– Smart network solutions

What are the causes and cost of reinforcing the Distribution

Networks?


• Managed or smart EV charging

could mitigate impact on peak

electricity demand

• Specific network reinforcements

will be needed where spare

capacity is low

• Many cars will not need to charge

every day

• Increasing EV range means vans

may not need to charge everyday

either

Managed or smart charging could mitigate impact on peak demand

but grid reinforcement costs are still estimated to be in the £bns

38% 6%50%6%

<1

miles

Average length of car journey

Source:Department for Transport, Road Use Statistics,

Great Britain, 2016, Julich report, Nicolas and Eraut

Estimated average length of van journeys

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Not stated

Delivery/ collection of goods

Providing transport to others

Carriage of equipment

Private

miles / day

1-5

miles

5-25

miles

>25

miles


How much might it cost to connect EV

chargers?

Poll 3


Connection point example costs

• slow charging

locations,

• on-street locations

• car parks

15m service cable, and civil works £700

Single service breech joint £400

Total £1,100

CIC Charges £100

Existing LV cable

New

service

cable

Existing HV cable

New HV cable

New substation

New LV cables

• cluster of charging

points

• new cables

• substation –

including

transformer,

switchgear,

protection,

metering

Provision and installation of 150m HV cable £30,000

800 kVA substation £17,000

Provision and installing LV cabling £4,400

Metering Panel £800

HV joint to network £1,900

Total £54,000

CIC Charges £1,500Source: UKPN connection charging methodology

“worked example section”

New low voltage (LV) cabling New high voltage (HV) connection

https://www.ukpowernetworks.co.uk/internet/en/about-us/regulatory-information/UKPN CCCMS - April 2017 v1.0 PXM 2017-08-29.pdf


Available data

Network companies have

detailed information :

• DNO capacity (heat) maps

• Long term development statements

(10 years)

• Technical specifications

• Asset databases (Age, Condition,

Maintenance history etc.)

• Infrastructure route maps

• Some utilisation data

Source: WPD online tools

• Automated and Electric Vehicles Bill

– charge points must have ‘smart’

capability


Ongoing areas of innovation

• Combined Solar Panels, storage,

charging hubs opportunities

– where grid capacity is limited

• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)

– Ability to earn revenue through grid

services

• Wireless charging

– Trials ongoing, uncertain impact on grid

Technology innovation


Have you already starting planning

your infrastructure deployment?

Poll 4


Informed purchasing decision

A myriad of factors must be considered in order to make a

successful purchasing decision

• Current and planned

local infrastructure

• Peak demand

• Proximity to

substations

• Proximity to and

grade of cables

• DNO policy

• Innovations and

future proofing

Technology

• AC versus DC

• Charger speed, one

or three phase

• Plug connections

• Location of chargers

and communications

• Enforcement policy

• Business model

• Innovations and

future proofing

Grid Infrastructure


Ricardo applies a four step process in providing support to clients

on fleet electrification and charging infrastructure

1 Monitoring and

data collection 2 Modelling 3 Strategy

development 4Implementation,

planning and

delivery


Case study of city-wide charging infrastructure feasibility study in

Brighton and Hove commissioned by Pebble Power

Reduce barriers for uptake of EVs

Supply overcapacity of charge points to guarantee

availability and increase opportunity charging

Support anticipated latent demand in areas

with on-street parking

Increase

EV sales

Reduce air

quality issues

Pebble Power had three key objectives

that gave a specific direction to the study


Our research focused on the city…

•Commuter journeys around the city

•Areas with on-street parking

•Areas with a higher propensity to buy an EV

•Number of charge points in the area

•Grid infrastructure

Extracting good data is the key to making the correct investment

decisions and fulfilling the strategy

Source:

Southern Cross

Fishersgate

Brighton Local

Moulsecoomb


…and also the technology on the market

•Vehicles likely to make up the EV population in Brighton

•Technology and its various costs and characteristics

Extracting good data is the key to making the correct investment

decisions and fulfilling the strategy

Make &

Model

Type Seats Approximate

Cost (£)

NEDC range

(miles)

Rapid

charge

capability

Socket Type/

charger

availability

Nissan Leaf BEV 5 £21,680- 28,000 124-235 YesDC fast charger -

CHAdeMO

Nissan E-

NV200 CombiBEV

5-7

(wheel chair

accessible)

£24,407 106 YesDC fast charger -

CHAdeMO

Tesla Model S BEV 5 £61,500 298-393 YesDC Tesla

Supercharger

Hyundai Ioniq BEV 5 £24,995 174 YesDC fast charger -

CCS

BYD E6 BEV 5 £47,000 249 Yes AC fast charger

LEVC TX REEV

6

(wheel chair

accessible)

£55,559 80-377 YesDC fast charger -

CCS

Kai Soul BEV 5 £25,495 132 YesDC fast charger –

CHAdeMO

We reviewed products from

a dozen suppliers• AC or DC

• speeds and phases

• payment options including

contactless

• CAPEX costs

• OPEX costs

– maintenance and back office

systems

• charger locations

– dedicated posts

– retrofit onto lampposts


We then modelled these factors to support the client’s strategic

decision making

The modelling brought all the factors together to establish:

•Which areas of the city would benefit most from the additional infrastructure

•What would be the cost of upgrading the infrastructure



•Could the technology be accessed by Brighton’s 11 million tourists

•Would the city benefit from rapid chargers

Destination Miles kWh Cost

Bournemouth 97 27.7 £5.54

Crawley 21 6 £1.20

Epsom 42 12 £2.40

Folkestone Eurostar 95 27 £5.43

Gatwick 27 7.7 £1.54

Heathrow 63 18 £3.60

Sandown Park 49 14 £2.80

Sevenoaks 49 14 £2.80

Wimbledon 49 14 £2.80

Winchester 74 21.4 £4.29


decision making



•The most appropriate business model for a city wide charging infrastructure network

– Technology, Locations, Energy Networks, EV demand


decision making


Recommendations

o Focus on-street charging

o Areas where additional charge points

forecast lead to higher penetration EVs

o Minimise cost through lamppost retrofits

o Identified location for slow, medium and

rapid charge points

o Take advantage of spare capacity

o Prioritising budget on charging units

o Use contactless payment systems

o Easy access for residents and visitors

o Reduce some back office expenditure

Using the evaluations provided by the model we could advise the

client in setting their strategy

Reduce barriers for uptake of EVs

Supply overcapacity of charge points to guarantee

availability and increase opportunity charging

Support anticipated latent demand in areas

with on-street parking


Informed purchasing decision

As a result of our study Brighton & Hove and Pebble Power now

have a clear strategy, business case and implementation plan

• Currently applying for funding

from government

• Funding bids supported by

robust scientific evidence

• Provides justification of the

funding requests

Brighton & Hove City

Council:

Ricardo supported this by

providing:

Integrated delivery with single

point of contact

Integrated consultancy

with specialists

Independent so no

incentive to oversell

• Technology costs

• Required grid upgrades and

investments

• Target user groups

• Engaged and vetted suppliers

• Understanding of the vehicles

likely to be using the charge

points

Pebble Power has a clear

implementation plan with

visibility of:


We’re here to help

The benefits of planning your charging infrastructure early

Evaluate Charging

Options• Research and selecting chargers that

appropriate for your needs

• Remember to plan for practical

constraints

• Plan for future vehicle requirements

and technology developments

Use a Holistic and

Evidence Based Approach• A holistic approach can avoid pitfalls

and create opportunities

• Opportunity to take a leadership role in

the eyes of your customers – Order

winners

Strong Drivers for

Electrification• Health benefits and CSR

• Policy incentives and regulation

• Improvements in business case

• They will not be reversed

Assess Grid Infrastructure• Networks have capacity

• Plan you investment now to maximise

this spare capacity

• Managing demand behaviours can

reduce costs

• Innovations mean that there are

opportunities to generate revenue


Any Questions?

You can still submit questions by typing them into the panel

If we can’t get to your question during this section we will follow up with you afterwards

Attendee

control panel

Successful CRC Compliance webinar

Welcome to the CRC Compliance Webinar

If your panel is

minimised,

click the orange

button to expand it.

Type your

question here


Contact us for any questions after the webinar

Dan ClarkeRicardo Energy & Environment

Fleet Electrification Lead

Expert on fleet electrification and

clean air zones

[email protected]

T: +44 (0)1235 753712

M: +44 (0)7922 574133

Simon TerryRicardo Energy & Environment

Principal Consultant – Energy

Infrastructure

Expert on UK electricity networks and

smart grids

[email protected]

T: +44 (0)1483 544 943

M: +44 (0)7837 062 009

Denis NaberezhnykhRicardo Energy & Environment

Technical Director – Sustainable Transport

Expert on vehicle technologies and

charging infrastructure

[email protected]

T: +44 (0) 1235 75 3288

M: +44 (0) 7423 434 496



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