the atmosphere. the atmosphere is the envelope of gases that surround our planet the atmosphere is...
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The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere
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The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the envelope The atmosphere is the envelope of gases that surround our planetof gases that surround our planet
It is a very thin layer compared to It is a very thin layer compared to the radius of the Earththe radius of the Earth
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State of the AtmosphereState of the Atmosphere
We discuss and study the atmosphere in We discuss and study the atmosphere in terms of the following variables:terms of the following variables:
PressurePressure TemperatureTemperature WindWind HumidityHumidity Cloud coverCloud cover Precipitation type and amountPrecipitation type and amount Visibility (distance one can see horizontally)Visibility (distance one can see horizontally)
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Weather vs. ClimateWeather vs. Climate
• Weather is the state of the Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time and atmosphere at a particular time and a particular place.a particular place.
• Climate is the long-term state of the Climate is the long-term state of the atmosphere at a particular location.atmosphere at a particular location.
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Atmospheric CompositionAtmospheric Composition
Dry air (neglecting water vapor) is Dry air (neglecting water vapor) is composed of the following gases:composed of the following gases:
Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22)) = 78%= 78%
Oxygen (OOxygen (O22)) = 21%= 21%
Argon (Ar)Argon (Ar) = 1%= 1%
Trace GasesTrace Gases
Dust, bacteria, and other particulatesDust, bacteria, and other particulates
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Atmospheric CompositionAtmospheric Composition
Trace GasesTrace Gases• Gases that are only found by examining Gases that are only found by examining
a million or billion air moleculesa million or billion air molecules• Examples include:Examples include:
Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) = 340 ppmv) = 340 ppmv Neon (Ne) = 18 ppmvNeon (Ne) = 18 ppmv Helium (He) = 5 ppmvHelium (He) = 5 ppmv Methane (CHMethane (CH44) = 2 ppmv) = 2 ppmv Hydrogen (HHydrogen (H22) = 0.5 ppmv) = 0.5 ppmv
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Composition of AirComposition of Air There are many There are many
different types of different types of gasses in the gasses in the atmosphereatmosphere
They include They include nitrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon argon, carbon dioxide and other dioxide and other noble gassesnoble gasses
The gas that is most The gas that is most abundant is nitrogenabundant is nitrogen
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Vertical Layers of the AtmosphereVertical Layers of the Atmosphere
The Earth’s atmosphere has 4 distinct The Earth’s atmosphere has 4 distinct layers that are identified by the way layers that are identified by the way temperature changes with height. temperature changes with height. These layers are:These layers are:
- Troposphere- Troposphere
- Stratosphere- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere- Thermosphere
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Vertical Layers of the Vertical Layers of the Atmosphere (continued)Atmosphere (continued)
Layers of the atmosphere are determined Layers of the atmosphere are determined based on how temperature changes based on how temperature changes
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TroposphereTroposphere
This is the layer closest to the Earth’s This is the layer closest to the Earth’s surfacesurface
Almost all the weather phenomenon Almost all the weather phenomenon we know of occurs in this layer.we know of occurs in this layer.
The depth of the troposphere varies The depth of the troposphere varies by the season (deeper in summer)by the season (deeper in summer)
Temperature on average decreases Temperature on average decreases with height.with height.
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StratosphereStratosphere
The next layer above the troposphereThe next layer above the troposphere The boundary between the stratosphere The boundary between the stratosphere
and troposphere is called the tropopause.and troposphere is called the tropopause. The ozone layer is found hereThe ozone layer is found here Some clouds can form here near the polesSome clouds can form here near the poles Temperature increases with heightTemperature increases with height Very little mixing occurs between the Very little mixing occurs between the
troposphere and stratosphere.troposphere and stratosphere.
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MesosphereMesosphere The mesosphere is the next layer above the The mesosphere is the next layer above the
stratosphere.stratosphere. Clouds are rare in the mesosphere.Clouds are rare in the mesosphere. Temperature decreases with height in the Temperature decreases with height in the
mesospheremesosphere
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ThermosphereThermosphere
The thermosphere rests above the The thermosphere rests above the mesosphere, and no clouds exist.mesosphere, and no clouds exist.
Temperature increases with height in Temperature increases with height in the thermosphere.the thermosphere.
The highest temperatures for the The highest temperatures for the atmosphere occur in the atmosphere occur in the thermosphere, but it doesn’t feel hot thermosphere, but it doesn’t feel hot because the atmosphere is so thin up because the atmosphere is so thin up there.there.
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Thermosphere (continued)Thermosphere (continued)
This is where most small meteorites This is where most small meteorites burn up and is also the location in burn up and is also the location in the atmosphere that the northern the atmosphere that the northern lights occur (aurora borealis)lights occur (aurora borealis)
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Atmospheric DensityAtmospheric Density
Density and pressure in the Density and pressure in the atmosphere decrease exponentially atmosphere decrease exponentially with heightwith height
Approximately 75% of the total Approximately 75% of the total atmosphere is in the troposphereatmosphere is in the troposphere
Approximately 99% of the Approximately 99% of the atmosphere is the troposphere and atmosphere is the troposphere and stratospherestratosphere