gaseous envelope surrounding Earth’s surface, a.k.a. air (78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen)

ATMOSPHERE

surface and groundwater (oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, clouds)

Earth’s solid material (rocks and soil, making up the crust, mantle and core of Earth)

BIOSPHERE

every living organism on Earth (bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals)

How do the Earth systems interact?

MATTER cycles through Earth systems:Earth is essentially a CLOSED SYSTEM with respect to matter, meaning Earth’s elements are continually RECYCLED.

ENERGY flows through Earth systemsa)Earth is an open system with

respect to energyb)Earth GAINS energy from the

Sunc)Earth LOSES energy as heat

radiated to spaced)Energy is constantly

transferred (convection, conduction and radiation)

Notes: Mapping• A _____ is a visual representation of selected

characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface. Maps present information about the world in a simple, visual way. They teach about the world by showing sizes and shapes of countries, locations of features, and distances between places. Maps can show distributions of things over the Earth, such as earthquake patterns, ocean surface temperatures, surface landforms, or weather patterns. They can show exact locations of houses and streets in a city neighborhood.

map

Mapmakers, called ___________________, create maps for many different purposes. Vacationers use road maps to plot routes for their trips. Meteorologists—scientists who study the weather—use weather maps to prepare forecasts. City planners decide where to put hospitals and parks with the help of maps that show land features and how the land is currently being used. 

cartographers

In addition to the data featured on a map, common features of maps include: 1._______________________2._______________________3._______________________4._______________________5._______________________6._______________________

Title and DateLegendScaleNorth ArrowGridData Source

Scale

N Arrow

Grid

Data Source

TitleLegend

 

ScaleAll maps are scale models of reality. A map’s scale indicates __________________________________ __________________________________________ There are three types of scales: a _______________________, a _______________________, or a _______________________________________.

the relationship between the distances on the map and the actual distances on Earth.

graphic scaleverbal scalerepresentative fraction

Representative fraction

Verbal

Graphic

The representative fraction does not have specific units. It is shown as a fraction or ratio—for example, 1/20,000,000 or 1:20,000,000. This means that any given unit of measure on the map is equal to twenty million of that unit on Earth. So, 1 centimeter on the map represents 20,000,000 centimeters on Earth, or 200 kilometers. One inch on the map represents 20,000,000 inches on Earth, or a little more than 315 miles.

GridsMany maps include a grid pattern, or a series of crossing lines that create squares or rectangles. The grid helps people locate places on the map. On small-scale maps, the grid is often made up of _________and ___________lines. Think of latitude and longitude lines as a grid similar to a math coordinate system.

latitude longitude

Latitude lines run ______________ around the globe (like the X-axis), and are _________________. The zero degree line for latitude is the _______________, an imaginary line that circles the middle of the Earth. The equator divides Earth into _________________________________________.  Longitude lines run _____________________, from pole to pole (like the Y-axis), and they are NOT parallel. The zero degree line for longitude is the __________________________, an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole and passes through Greenwich, England. The Prime Meridian divides Earth into _________________________________.

east-westparallel

equator

North and South hemispheres

north-south

Prime Meridian

East and West hemispheres

0° la

titud

e

Northern Hemisphere

Eas

tern

H

emis

pher

e

Wes

tern

H

emis

pher

e

0° longitude

Southern Hemisphere

Latitude and longitude lines are numbered in _________. The intersection of latitude and longitude lines, called _____________, identify the exact location of a place. The equator is _____________; and the prime meridian is _____________. The North Pole is at 90º N latitude; and the South Pole is at 90º S latitude. By convention, the latitude coordinate is written ______. Latitude and longitude coordinates must ALWAYS be accompanied by __________ (ex. Tucson is located at ________________).

degreescoordinates

0° latitude0° longitude

firstdirection

32.22°N, 110.93°W

Topographic MapsA ____________ map is a map that uses contour lines, symbols and color to show changes in the elevation of Earth’s surface and features such as mountains, rivers, bridges and tunnels. _________________ are lines on a topographic map connecting points of equal elevation. The ________________ is the difference in elevation between two adjacent (side-by-side) contour lines on a topographic map. _____________________, contour lines with hachures, indicate depressions (decreasing elevation). ______________ explain what the symbols on the map represent.

topographic

Contour lines

contour interval

Depression contours

Map legends

Brandberg Massif, Namibia

Grand Canyon, AZ

Richat Structure, imaged on January 1, 2001 by Landsat 7. The so-called Richat Structure is a geological formation in the Maur Adrar Desert in the African country of Mauritania. Although it resembles an impact crater, the Richat Structure formed when a volcanic dome hardened and gradually eroded, exposing the onion-like layers of rock. Credit: USGS/EROS

Meteor Crater

Hawaii

Sahara

Topographic Map

1. What is the title of this map?

2. What year was it compiled?

3. What is the scale?

4. What is the contour interval?

5. What is the magnetic declination?

6. Can you find the latitude and longitude?

7. What is the elevation of Pusch Peak?

8. Can you find the location of CDO?

Triple Beam Balance

Volume of Cylinder:

V = πr2h

π = 3.14

Volume of Cylinder:

V = πr2h

π = 3.14