The Age of Exploration

2

Economic Developments

• Trade routes expanded• Europeans developed a

taste for Asian goods• The development of

banking

The Royal Exchange, London

3

New TechnologyShips

• Caravels• Ship technology• Armaments

4

New TechnologyNavigation

• Astrolabe• Compass• Practical knowledge of

winds and currents

Astrolabe

5

Motives for Exploration

SEARCH FOR RESOURCES AND LAND

Oceanic ResourcesWheat

Sugar

6

Motives for ExplorationTRADE CONTACTS

Asia

Africa

Other lands

Spice market

7

Motives for ExplorationMISSIONARY ACTIVITY

8

Motives for Exploration

National Personal

Columbus lands in America

GLORY

9

Early Endeavors: The Portuguese

• The Portuguese began the era of European exploration

• The Portuguese were dependent on the seas

• Ocean access helped Portugal

10

Prince Henry the Navigator(1394–1460)

• Son of the king of Portugal

• Had been a crusader• Investigated possible

trade opportunities in Africa

11

Prince Henry’s Exploration• Originally explored

Africa • Established

navigational school• Motivation

Henry’s navigation school

12

Early Portuguese Exploration:Africa

• West African coast• Trade developed

Portuguese fort on the African coast

13

Early Portuguese Slave Trade

• Began around 1443• Pope Nicholas V sanctioned the slave trade• Local slave trade already existed• Sugar plantations

Transporting slaves

14

Bartolomeu Dias• Traveled the coast of

Africa• Around the tip of

southern Africa in 1488

• Returned to Portugal

Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope

15

Vasco da Gama• 1498, sailed for India • Reached India• Sea route

Da Gama in India Portrait of da Gama

16

Northern Europeans in Asia• Latecomers to Asia• Established East

India Companies• The English,

French, and Dutch

18th-century French map of Southeast Asia

17

The Role of Trading Companies

Joint-stock

Private endeavors

Granted charters

18

Discovering a New World

• Empires in the New World—the result of a mistake

• Consequences

19

Christopher Columbus

• Italian navigator • Sought patron for his

exploration idea• Sailed under the title

“Admiral of the Seas”

20

Columbus’s Journey

• Sailed west• Found land in

the Caribbean• Believed he

was in Asia

21

Amerigo Vespucci• Early life• Exploration• Naming the New

World

22

Hernando Cortes

• Conquered the Aztec Empire (1519–1521)

• Defeated Montezuma• Governor of Mexico

23

Francisco Pizarro

• Conquered the Incas• Held Atahualpa, the Inca

ruler, prisoner• Once he controlled the

area, he exploited the Incas

24

Spanish Explorers in the

New World: North America

Juan Ponce de Leon

Hernando de Soto

Francisco Vasquez

de Coronado

Alvar Nunez Cabeza da Vaca

25

Ferdinand Magellan

• Explored the coast of South America

• Entered Pacific Ocean

Magellan’s route

26

Magellan

• Difficult Pacific journey• Philippines and the

Indies• Juan Sebastian del Cano

27

Avoiding Conflicts in the New World

• Portuguese and Spanish colonize New World

• Treaty of Tordesillas• European spheres of influence

28

The Spanish in the New WorldBuilt an enormous empire in the Americas

29

Religion and the Spanish Empire

• Christian missionaries

• Christian missionaries and Native American rights

30

Social Classes & the Spanish

Mestizos

Native Americans

Creoles

Spanish

31

The French in North America

• Samuel de Champlain• Furs• Jesuit missionaries

Champlain in Quebec

32

Further French Colonization

• Mississippi and Louisiana• New France remained small

La Salle in Mississippi

33

English Exploration

• “Northwest Passage” to Asia

• Henry VIII • Failure to find

Northwest Passage

Henry VIII

34

English Colonization in North America

• Slow colonization• The 13 colonies• Causes of migration

35

Colonial Rivalries

Although much of the conflict was between the Europeans and the lands they conquered, there was also conflict between the Europeans over colonial interests.

Trade ConflictColonial Conflicts

36

The Columbian Exchange

Plants, animals, and foodstuffs

Migrations and population shifts

Disease

37

Columbian Exchange:Plants and Animals

From the Americas:

Potatoes Pumpkin

Coffee Maize

Cocoa Squash

Peanuts Hominy

Pineapple Tomatoes

Chicle Sorghum

Quinine Avocados

Alpaca Llamas

38

Columbian Exchange:Plants and Animals

From Europe:

Wheat Pigs

Cauliflower Chickens

Radishes Cattle

Peas Horse

Cabbage Sheep

Clover

39

Columbian Exchange:European Diseases

• European diseases• Smallpox, measles,

influenza, and whooping cough

Smallpox victim

40

Triangular Trade

• How it worked

• European supremacy

French seaport at the height of mercantilism