TEST 25 MATERIALTEST 25 MATERIAL

THE COLD WAR THE COLD WAR (1945-1952)(1945-1952)

SECTION 1:SECTION 1:

THE START OF THE THE START OF THE

COLD WARCOLD WAR

EAST-WEST SUSPICIONSEAST-WEST SUSPICIONS

Truman’s policy was Truman’s policy was exemplified by a sign he exemplified by a sign he kept on his desk, “The kept on his desk, “The buck stops here.” He buck stops here.” He showed quick, effective, showed quick, effective, yet restrained action.yet restrained action.

During the first months During the first months of his administration, of his administration, most of his attention most of his attention was devoted to winning was devoted to winning the war against the war against Germany and Japan.Germany and Japan.

He supported the creation of He supported the creation of the United Nations, but was the United Nations, but was much more suspicious of the much more suspicious of the Soviet Union than Roosevelt Soviet Union than Roosevelt had been.had been.

After the war, the alliance After the war, the alliance between Great Britain, the between Great Britain, the U.S. and the Soviets U.S. and the Soviets unraveled.unraveled.

Soviet expansion into Eastern Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe heightened American Europe heightened American fears of fears of communismcommunism..

Soviet leaders had promised Soviet leaders had promised free elections in Soviet free elections in Soviet occupied nations after the occupied nations after the war, but did not deliver.war, but did not deliver.

Elections were supervised by Elections were supervised by Soviet troops to influence Soviet troops to influence the elections of communist the elections of communist sympathizers.sympathizers.

Nations that were held Nations that were held under Soviet domination under Soviet domination came to be known as came to be known as satellitesatellite nationsnations..

The Soviets removed whole The Soviets removed whole factories, transportation factories, transportation equipment, and machinery equipment, and machinery from satellite nations.from satellite nations.

They also forced the removal They also forced the removal of leaders of satellite nations of leaders of satellite nations whose leaders were deemed whose leaders were deemed disloyal, called disloyal, called purgespurges. .

The leaders of W. Europe and The leaders of W. Europe and the U.S. watched on with the U.S. watched on with grave concern. Former grave concern. Former British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Winston Churchill coined the Winston Churchill coined the phrase phrase “Iron Curtain”,“Iron Curtain”, which would be used to which would be used to describe Soviet policy in describe Soviet policy in Europe from 1945-89.Europe from 1945-89.

THE STRENGTH OF THE STRENGTH OF COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

As the U.S. withdrew As the U.S. withdrew troops from Europe, the troops from Europe, the Soviets were the most Soviets were the most powerful military force in powerful military force in Europe.Europe.

20 million Soviets suffered 20 million Soviets suffered devastation of land, devastation of land, property and industry due property and industry due to the German invasions.to the German invasions.

Because of their fear of Because of their fear of future invasions, the Soviet future invasions, the Soviet Union wanted to create a Union wanted to create a buffer zonebuffer zone, or safety zone, , or safety zone, on its western border, and on its western border, and Soviet troops stationed there Soviet troops stationed there ensured that the nations of ensured that the nations of Eastern Europe would remain Eastern Europe would remain its allies.its allies.

As the Communists As the Communists promised to solve the promised to solve the problems of society, they problems of society, they saw the world as divided saw the world as divided between the forces of between the forces of progress and the forces of progress and the forces of oppression.oppression.

Soviet rhetoric incited revolts Soviet rhetoric incited revolts in impoverished nations. in impoverished nations. Sometimes the Soviets Sometimes the Soviets organized groups of organized groups of guerrillaguerrilla forces – armed forces – armed bands that were not part of a bands that were not part of a regular military unit – to regular military unit – to start civil wars.start civil wars.

Truman responded with a Truman responded with a policy of policy of containmentcontainment – – preventing the further preventing the further spread of communism.spread of communism.

He felt that the foreign He felt that the foreign policy of the Soviet leaders policy of the Soviet leaders included conquering other included conquering other nations, not just securing nations, not just securing their own borders.their own borders.

Some believed the policy Some believed the policy was too soft, and wanted a was too soft, and wanted a quick and decisive victory quick and decisive victory over the Soviets.over the Soviets.

Newspaper columnist Walter Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann published his views Lippmann published his views on containment in a book on containment in a book called called The Cold WarThe Cold War. The . The title referred to a state of war title referred to a state of war that did not involve actual that did not involve actual bloodshed, and would be used bloodshed, and would be used by everyone to describe the by everyone to describe the icy rivalry between the U.S. icy rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.and the Soviet Union.

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Section 1: 1-11Section 1: 1-11

AID TO EUROPEAID TO EUROPE

The Cold War involved a The Cold War involved a constant state of military constant state of military preparedness; it called for preparedness; it called for military support for military support for countries believed to be in countries believed to be in danger of communist danger of communist takeovers.takeovers.

The U.S. and Soviets The U.S. and Soviets each tried to “buy” allies each tried to “buy” allies with gifts ranging from with gifts ranging from food to steel mills.food to steel mills.

In 1947, Great Britain In 1947, Great Britain informed the U.S. that informed the U.S. that they would withdraw they would withdraw soldiers from Greece and soldiers from Greece and stop sending aid to stop sending aid to Turkey. It was feared that Turkey. It was feared that these countries could soon these countries could soon fall to the communists.fall to the communists.

President Truman established President Truman established a policy, to be known as the a policy, to be known as the Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine, proposed , proposed that the U.S. provide military that the U.S. provide military and economic aid to Greece and economic aid to Greece and Turkey.and Turkey.

It was immediately approved It was immediately approved by Congress, and superseded by Congress, and superseded the Monroe Doctrine.the Monroe Doctrine.

Soon afterwards, a plan for Soon afterwards, a plan for aid to Europe was established.aid to Europe was established.

Truman realized the economic Truman realized the economic woes to France, Italy, and woes to France, Italy, and other W. European countries other W. European countries might lead to the election of might lead to the election of communist governments, and communist governments, and that Europe’s poor economy that Europe’s poor economy would affect U.S. markets.would affect U.S. markets.

June 1947 – Secretary of June 1947 – Secretary of State George C. Marshall State George C. Marshall proposed economic aid for proposed economic aid for all European nations, all European nations, called the called the Marshall PlanMarshall Plan. .

The Soviets and Eastern The Soviets and Eastern European countries turned European countries turned down the offer.down the offer.

Western Europe, on the Western Europe, on the other hand, welcomed other hand, welcomed the offer, and it was an the offer, and it was an enormous success. enormous success. More than $13 billion in More than $13 billion in loans and grants was loans and grants was administered.administered.

THE BERLIN AIRLIFTTHE BERLIN AIRLIFT

After the war, the Allies After the war, the Allies decided on a joint decided on a joint occupation of Germany, occupation of Germany, with each of the powers with each of the powers controlling a zone, or controlling a zone, or section, of Germany.section, of Germany.

They also each They also each controlled a section of controlled a section of the capital, the capital, BerlinBerlin, in , in the Soviet-controlled the Soviet-controlled zone.zone.

After failing to reach After failing to reach agreement with the agreement with the Soviets, the Western Soviets, the Western Powers joined their 3 Powers joined their 3 sections in May 1948 to sections in May 1948 to form an independent form an independent nation.nation.

The Soviets responded The Soviets responded by closing off all traffic by closing off all traffic from West Germany to from West Germany to Berlin, thinking it would Berlin, thinking it would force the West to back force the West to back down from its control of down from its control of West Berlin.West Berlin.

Instead, Truman saw this Instead, Truman saw this as a test of Western as a test of Western determination – he determination – he ordered a massive airlift ordered a massive airlift to supply Berlin’s 2 million to supply Berlin’s 2 million people, sending food, people, sending food, medicine, clothing, even medicine, clothing, even coal.coal.

In May 1949, the In May 1949, the Soviets finally lifted the Soviets finally lifted the blockade.blockade.

NORTH ATLANTIC NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATIONTREATY ORGANIZATION

Fearing that rebuilding their Fearing that rebuilding their economies without rebuilding economies without rebuilding their military strength might their military strength might invite Soviet aggression, 5 invite Soviet aggression, 5 Western European states Western European states formed an alliance in 1948.formed an alliance in 1948.

They invited the U.S., They invited the U.S., the world’s only atomic the world’s only atomic power, to join the power, to join the alliance (NATO) in April alliance (NATO) in April 1949.1949.

NATONATO stands for stands for North North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization

NATO linked into a military NATO linked into a military alliance the U.S., Great alliance the U.S., Great Britain, Canada, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Belgium, Italy, France, the Italy, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, and Portugal. Greece, and Portugal. Greece, Turkey, and West Germany Turkey, and West Germany joined later.joined later.

NATO was based on NATO was based on collective securitycollective security, an , an agreement by which “an agreement by which “an armed attack against armed attack against one or more of them in one or more of them in Europe or N. America Europe or N. America shall be considered an shall be considered an attack on all of them.”attack on all of them.”

Gen. Dwight D. Gen. Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower was was commander of the NATO commander of the NATO forces.forces.

In Sept. 1949, the Soviets In Sept. 1949, the Soviets exploded their first atomic exploded their first atomic bomb, ending the U.S.’s bomb, ending the U.S.’s nuclear monopoly.nuclear monopoly.

In 1955, the Soviets and In 1955, the Soviets and their satellites countered their satellites countered NATO by forming their NATO by forming their own alliance – the own alliance – the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact..

Within a few years, both Within a few years, both the U.S. and Soviets the U.S. and Soviets would develop the would develop the hydrogen bombhydrogen bomb – a – a new and more powerful new and more powerful weapon.weapon.

The arms race was now The arms race was now underway.underway.

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Section 1: 12-21Section 1: 12-21

SECTION 2:SECTION 2:

THE COLD WAR IN THE COLD WAR IN ASIAASIA

July 4, 1946: The United July 4, 1946: The United States gave the Philippines States gave the Philippines its independence.its independence.

Later, when communist-led Later, when communist-led guerrilla groups revolted guerrilla groups revolted against the government, the against the government, the U.S. sent money and U.S. sent money and weapons to put down the weapons to put down the rebellion.rebellion.

OCCUPATION OF OCCUPATION OF JAPANJAPAN

Before the end of the war, Before the end of the war, Allied leaders met at Allied leaders met at PotsdamPotsdam, near Berlin to , near Berlin to discuss how they would discuss how they would deal with Germany and deal with Germany and Japan after the war.Japan after the war.

It was determined that It was determined that American troops would American troops would occupy Japan until their occupy Japan until their goals had been goals had been accomplished.accomplished.

General General Douglas Douglas MacArthurMacArthur was named was named Supreme Supreme Commander Commander of the Allied of the Allied Powers.Powers.

Under his leadership Under his leadership Japan’s military was Japan’s military was dismantled, with its leaders dismantled, with its leaders tried, convicted of war tried, convicted of war crimes, and hanged.crimes, and hanged.

A new constitution A new constitution provided for representative provided for representative government and woman government and woman suffrage.suffrage.

The emperor remained as The emperor remained as a symbol of unity, but no a symbol of unity, but no longer was looked upon as longer was looked upon as a god.a god.

Instead of paying Instead of paying reparations, Japan reparations, Japan received nearly $2 billion received nearly $2 billion in aid to rebuild after the in aid to rebuild after the war.war.

In a treaty signed in In a treaty signed in 1951, the country gained 1951, the country gained back its independence, back its independence, and eventually and eventually established itself as the established itself as the leading economy of Asia.leading economy of Asia.

COMMUNIST TRIUMPH IN COMMUNIST TRIUMPH IN CHINACHINA

Japan’s surrender left a Japan’s surrender left a divided nation…divided nation…

with the with the Communists Communists under under Mao Mao ZedongZedong controlling controlling the north,the north,

and the and the Nationalists Nationalists led by led by Chiang Chiang Kai-shekKai-shek holding the holding the southwest.southwest.

Civil war had been going Civil war had been going on since the 1930’s on since the 1930’s between these two between these two groups. During WWII, groups. During WWII, they stopped fighting they stopped fighting one another and started one another and started fighting the Japanese.fighting the Japanese.

During this time, Mao’s During this time, Mao’s forces were able to forces were able to extend their control over extend their control over most of China.most of China.

In assessing the In assessing the Communist threat, it Communist threat, it was determined that it was determined that it was more important to was more important to save W. Europe from save W. Europe from Stalin than saving China Stalin than saving China from Mao.from Mao.

The reason was that the The reason was that the Nationalist government Nationalist government had too many had too many weaknesses to justify weaknesses to justify attempting to save.attempting to save.

By the end of 1949, By the end of 1949, Mao’s forces forced Mao’s forces forced Chiang’s army off the Chiang’s army off the mainland to Taiwan and mainland to Taiwan and a few other small a few other small islands.islands.

The U.S. regarded the The U.S. regarded the nationalist government nationalist government of of TaiwanTaiwan as the as the government of all of government of all of China and blocked China and blocked attempts by Mao to gain attempts by Mao to gain a seat in the U.N.a seat in the U.N.

Truman was criticized Truman was criticized for allowing China to fall for allowing China to fall to the Communists, but to the Communists, but he believed that he believed that Americans wouldn’t have Americans wouldn’t have supported him had he supported him had he decided upon military decided upon military intervention.intervention.

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Section 2: 1-8Section 2: 1-8

WAR IN KOREAWAR IN KOREAAllied nations had promised Allied nations had promised

Korea “independence” at the Korea “independence” at the Cairo conference in 1943, but it Cairo conference in 1943, but it did not occur, because the Soviet did not occur, because the Soviet troops occupied Korea north of troops occupied Korea north of the 38th parallel, and aided by the 38th parallel, and aided by Korean Communists, set up a Korean Communists, set up a communist government.communist government.

Like other Soviet satellite Like other Soviet satellite nations, N. Korea sealed itself nations, N. Korea sealed itself off from the rest of the world.off from the rest of the world.

In the south, the U.S. In the south, the U.S. supported the government of supported the government of Syngman Rhee, and in 1948 Syngman Rhee, and in 1948 the UN recognized the S. the UN recognized the S. Korean government as the Korean government as the government of all of Korea.government of all of Korea.

U.S. military and diplomatic U.S. military and diplomatic experts advised that Korea experts advised that Korea should be viewed as outside should be viewed as outside the defense perimeter, the the defense perimeter, the area that could be protected, area that could be protected, because of the great costs of because of the great costs of defending it. U.S. troops defending it. U.S. troops withdrew most of its troops withdrew most of its troops the next year.the next year.

On June 25, 1950, N. On June 25, 1950, N. Korean troops invaded S. Korean troops invaded S. Korea. Truman was not Korea. Truman was not sure if N. Korea was acting sure if N. Korea was acting alone or as the agent of alone or as the agent of the Soviet Union or China.the Soviet Union or China.

An emergency meeting of An emergency meeting of the UN was called and they the UN was called and they voted unanimously to voted unanimously to order N. Korea to withdraw order N. Korea to withdraw its troops. When they did its troops. When they did not, on June 27, the UN not, on June 27, the UN voted to aid S. Korea.voted to aid S. Korea.

Truman quickly appointed Truman quickly appointed Gen. MacArthur to command Gen. MacArthur to command all UN troops in Korea. all UN troops in Korea.

Truman deployed U.S. troops Truman deployed U.S. troops without asking Congress to without asking Congress to declare war, acting as declare war, acting as commander in chief under commander in chief under the UN charter.the UN charter.

N. Korea had the early N. Korea had the early advantage, but Gen advantage, but Gen MacArthur and the UN MacArthur and the UN troops regrouped and forced troops regrouped and forced the N. Koreans northward.the N. Koreans northward.

The UN asked MacArthur to The UN asked MacArthur to liberate N. Korea and unite liberate N. Korea and unite it with the South.it with the South.

By November, 1950, UN By November, 1950, UN troops were as far north as troops were as far north as the Yalu River valley the Yalu River valley (separating N. Korea from (separating N. Korea from China), when 200,000 China), when 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the Chinese troops crossed the border to aid the N. border to aid the N. Koreans. MacArthur and Koreans. MacArthur and his troops were once again his troops were once again pushed back.pushed back.

MacArthur then started MacArthur then started disagreeing with Truman disagreeing with Truman over the conduct of the war.over the conduct of the war.

MacArthur wanted to bomb MacArthur wanted to bomb China and help Chiang China and help Chiang invade from Taiwan. invade from Taiwan. Truman, however, didn’t Truman, however, didn’t want to risk war with China.want to risk war with China.

In April, 1951, MacArthur’s In April, 1951, MacArthur’s criticism of the President in a criticism of the President in a letter was made public.letter was made public.

This was a deliberate This was a deliberate challenge to the power of the challenge to the power of the President over the military. President over the military. Truman felt he had no choice Truman felt he had no choice other than to remove other than to remove MacArthur from command.MacArthur from command.

Hearings were held to Hearings were held to determine the determine the circumstances of circumstances of MacArthur’s dismissal. MacArthur’s dismissal.

Two months of hearings Two months of hearings dispelled much of the dispelled much of the controversy, and Truman’s controversy, and Truman’s decision emerged as decision emerged as acceptable to the country.acceptable to the country.

Years of fighting produced Years of fighting produced a stalemate in Korea. The a stalemate in Korea. The war continued until 1953, war continued until 1953, when a cease-fire was when a cease-fire was declared.declared.

Korea was left a divided Korea was left a divided country, as it had been country, as it had been before the conflict started.before the conflict started.

The U.S. lost 54,000 The U.S. lost 54,000 troops, but many neutral troops, but many neutral nations began to draw nations began to draw closer to the U.S., and closer to the U.S., and noncommunist ones noncommunist ones began to arm for their began to arm for their own defense.own defense.

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Section 2: 9-14Section 2: 9-14

SECTION 3:SECTION 3:

COLD WAR COLD WAR AMERICAAMERICA

Fear that Americans had of Fear that Americans had of a post-war depression a post-war depression proved to be unfounded – proved to be unfounded – jobs actually increased. jobs actually increased.

Farm income was high Farm income was high because of the U.S. feeding because of the U.S. feeding millions of people overseas.millions of people overseas.

Instead of depression, Instead of depression, consumer demand stimulated consumer demand stimulated a sharp rise in prices, or a sharp rise in prices, or inflationinflation..

Defense spending had Defense spending had increased from $15 to $50 increased from $15 to $50 billion from 1949-1953, and billion from 1949-1953, and the Marshall Plan restored the Marshall Plan restored markets in Europe for markets in Europe for American goods.American goods.

In many ways, the cold war In many ways, the cold war economy of the ‘50’s economy of the ‘50’s resembled the wartime resembled the wartime economy of the ‘40’s.economy of the ‘40’s.

Women were encouraged by Women were encouraged by the government to return to the government to return to being homemakers, in order being homemakers, in order to help those returning from to help those returning from the war get jobs.the war get jobs.

Even though the number of Even though the number of women workers dropped women workers dropped overall, the types of work that overall, the types of work that women performed changed women performed changed dramatically, especially dramatically, especially African-American women, who African-American women, who now had more jobs in now had more jobs in factories rather than working factories rather than working on farms or as domestics.on farms or as domestics.

GAINS FOR AFRICAN-GAINS FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANSAMERICANS

Many African Americans made Many African Americans made the transition from farming to the transition from farming to manufacturing, from rural manufacturing, from rural areas to cities, and from the areas to cities, and from the South to other regions of the South to other regions of the country.country.

The number of white-The number of white-collar, skilled jobs tripled, collar, skilled jobs tripled, from about 300,000 to from about 300,000 to 900,000. Their average 900,000. Their average income nearly doubled income nearly doubled during this time, also.during this time, also.

Changing social attitudes Changing social attitudes helped these changes- the helped these changes- the horrifying racism of Nazis horrifying racism of Nazis made some Americans made some Americans more sensitive to racism in more sensitive to racism in their own country.their own country.

NAACP membership rose NAACP membership rose from 100,000 to 351,000 from 100,000 to 351,000 during this time.during this time.

Though there was progress, Though there was progress, African Americans still were not African Americans still were not treated equally- wages averaged treated equally- wages averaged 60% of that of white workers. 60% of that of white workers. They were usually the “last hired They were usually the “last hired and first fired” in jobs. Patterns and first fired” in jobs. Patterns of segregation and discrimination of segregation and discrimination were still evident, especially in were still evident, especially in the South.the South.

INFLATION IN THE INFLATION IN THE POSTWAR YEARSPOSTWAR YEARS

The federal government The federal government ran a large deficit during ran a large deficit during WWII. The national WWII. The national debt rose from $50 to debt rose from $50 to $270 billion.$270 billion.

As inflation drove prices As inflation drove prices up, paychecks bought less up, paychecks bought less than before. Workers, than before. Workers, demanding pay raises, demanding pay raises, often went on strike.often went on strike.

In 1946 alone, there were In 1946 alone, there were nearly 5,000 strikes in nearly 5,000 strikes in which a record 4.6 million which a record 4.6 million workers took part.workers took part.

Truman even considered Truman even considered drafting striking railroad drafting striking railroad workers into the army workers into the army before the strike ended.before the strike ended.

TAFT-HARTLEY ACTTAFT-HARTLEY ACT

A swing towards A swing towards conservatism occurred conservatism occurred with the passage of the with the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, which Taft-Hartley Act, which passed over Truman’s passed over Truman’s veto in 1947.veto in 1947.

This act was to keep unions This act was to keep unions from abusing their power: from abusing their power: It outlawed such business It outlawed such business practices as:practices as:

•the closed shopthe closed shop – which – which forced businesses owner to forced businesses owner to hire only union membershire only union members

•jurisdictional strikesjurisdictional strikes – – which forced businesses to which forced businesses to recognize one union instead recognize one union instead of another, andof another, and

•featherbeddingfeatherbedding – limiting – limiting workers’ output in order to workers’ output in order to create more jobs.create more jobs.

High union fees were High union fees were lowered.lowered.

Unions were forbidden Unions were forbidden to support political to support political campaigns.campaigns.

The measure was highly The measure was highly controversial - controversial - supporters claimed it supporters claimed it held unions in check held unions in check while those against it while those against it said that it erased many said that it erased many of the gains that unions of the gains that unions had made since 1933.had made since 1933.

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Section 3: 1-10Section 3: 1-10

ELECTION OF 1948ELECTION OF 1948Democrats were divided on Democrats were divided on a number of issues. Some a number of issues. Some Southern Democrats left to Southern Democrats left to form the “Dixiecrat” party, form the “Dixiecrat” party, and nominated S. and nominated S. Carolina’s Strom Carolina’s Strom Thurmond for President.Thurmond for President.

Other Democrats supported Other Democrats supported former Vice-President Henry former Vice-President Henry Wallace on the Progressive Wallace on the Progressive party ticket.party ticket.

The rest of the Democrats The rest of the Democrats re-nominated Truman, just re-nominated Truman, just because they could convince because they could convince Eisenhower to accept the Eisenhower to accept the nomination.nomination.

The Republicans united The Republicans united behind their candidate, NY behind their candidate, NY Gov. Thomas E. DeweyGov. Thomas E. Dewey. . He was so confident he He was so confident he would win that he didn’t would win that he didn’t even campaign on major even campaign on major issues, just asked Americans issues, just asked Americans to join him in building unity.to join him in building unity.

Truman ran an aggressive Truman ran an aggressive campaign, but didn’t receive campaign, but didn’t receive any help in the Republican any help in the Republican Congress in passing civil Congress in passing civil rights and other progressive rights and other progressive legislation.legislation.

He called them the “do He called them the “do nothing, good for nothing” nothing, good for nothing” Republican 80th Congress.Republican 80th Congress.

Despite pollsters Despite pollsters predicting a Republican predicting a Republican victory up until the day victory up until the day of the election, Truman of the election, Truman won in his bid for re-won in his bid for re-election.election.

He won support from labor He won support from labor unions for his veto of the unions for his veto of the Taft-Hartley Act, from Taft-Hartley Act, from African-Americans for his African-Americans for his civil rights proposals, and civil rights proposals, and from farmers for his from farmers for his support of high farm price support of high farm price supports.supports.

Not only did Truman Not only did Truman defeat Dewey, but the defeat Dewey, but the Democrats regained their Democrats regained their majority in Congress.majority in Congress.

Truman called for a Truman called for a Fair Fair DealDeal, an extension of , an extension of Roosevelt’s New Deal. Many Roosevelt’s New Deal. Many of his proposals, however, of his proposals, however, were blocked by Republicans were blocked by Republicans and Southern Democrats, and Southern Democrats, and the country slipped into and the country slipped into a mild recession.a mild recession.

The Korean War helped The Korean War helped with production of war with production of war goods at home, as well goods at home, as well as fueling anti-as fueling anti-communist sentiment at communist sentiment at home.home.

FEAR OF COMMUNISTSFEAR OF COMMUNISTSThe Cold War, Korean War and The Cold War, Korean War and communist spy ring uncovered communist spy ring uncovered in Canada heightened fear of in Canada heightened fear of communism in the U.S.communism in the U.S.

This explained America’s This explained America’s success in developing an success in developing an atomic bomb so early.atomic bomb so early.

It was suspected that It was suspected that communists were in the communists were in the press, the government, press, the government, universities, and the arts – universities, and the arts – all working to undermine all working to undermine American democracy.American democracy.

It was determined that It was determined that since the goal of the since the goal of the Communist party was to Communist party was to overthrow the U.S. overthrow the U.S. government, its members government, its members were not protected by the were not protected by the First Amendment.First Amendment.

Many people were forced Many people were forced to take loyalty oaths to take loyalty oaths before being hired for before being hired for jobs.jobs.

People confused criticism People confused criticism of American institutions of American institutions for disloyalty.for disloyalty.

Critics of Truman Critics of Truman claimed that his advisers claimed that his advisers were Communists or were Communists or communist tools, or communist tools, or subversivessubversives – – individuals attempting to individuals attempting to overthrow the overthrow the government.government.

It was claimed by a It was claimed by a magazine editor, magazine editor, Whittaker Chambers, Whittaker Chambers, and admitted communist and admitted communist spy, that he received spy, that he received secret documents from secret documents from Alger Hiss, a high Alger Hiss, a high ranking State Dept. ranking State Dept. official.official.

Few people believed the Few people believed the story at first, but Richard story at first, but Richard Nixon – Rep., CA- pressed Nixon – Rep., CA- pressed the case forward, and the case forward, and Chambers produced several Chambers produced several rolls of microfilm he rolls of microfilm he claimed to have received claimed to have received from Hiss.from Hiss.

Though not convicted of Though not convicted of spying, Hiss was found spying, Hiss was found guilty of lying under oath.guilty of lying under oath.

Sen. Joseph R. Sen. Joseph R. McCarthyMcCarthy accused the accused the Democrats of “twenty Democrats of “twenty years of treason”.years of treason”.

Though McCarthy never Though McCarthy never produced any evidence produced any evidence to support his claims, he to support his claims, he ruined the careers of ruined the careers of many govt. officials.many govt. officials.

The use of The use of indiscriminate, indiscriminate, unfounded political unfounded political accusations to destroy or accusations to destroy or assassinate the character assassinate the character of one’s opponent of one’s opponent became known as became known as McCarthyismMcCarthyism..

McCarthyism inspired McCarthyism inspired “witch hunts” on all levels, “witch hunts” on all levels, driving professors out of driving professors out of colleges, books from colleges, books from schools, broadcasters, schools, broadcasters, writers, and actors barred writers, and actors barred from stage and films.from stage and films.

TRUMAN’S LEGACYTRUMAN’S LEGACYIn 1952, Truman decided In 1952, Truman decided to not run for re-election. to not run for re-election. By the time he left By the time he left office, he was unpopular office, he was unpopular in the eyes of most, and in the eyes of most, and was accused of being soft was accused of being soft on communism.on communism.

Instances of corruption Instances of corruption were also discovered – were also discovered – some of his closest aids some of his closest aids received valuable gifts in received valuable gifts in return for political return for political favors, though he wasn’t favors, though he wasn’t personally involved.personally involved.

The problems Truman The problems Truman faced were new and faced were new and complex, but Truman complex, but Truman was still effective as was still effective as President.President.

His reputation as a His reputation as a leader rose after he left leader rose after he left the White House.the White House.

Most of the Fair Deal Most of the Fair Deal measures he called for measures he called for eventually became law.eventually became law.

His policy of His policy of “containment” was “containment” was continued by other continued by other Presidents.Presidents.

He set the U.S. on a He set the U.S. on a course that included aid course that included aid for those in need and an for those in need and an unwavering defense of unwavering defense of democracy everywhere.democracy everywhere.

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Section 3: 11-19Section 3: 11-19

THIS CONCLUDES THE THIS CONCLUDES THE MATERIAL FOR TEST 25MATERIAL FOR TEST 25

TEST WILL BE TAKEN ON TEST WILL BE TAKEN ON TUESDAY, 1/30/07TUESDAY, 1/30/07