CHAPTER 2

HOLISTIC APPROACH IN NURSING (System Theory)

2.1. Definition of Holistic ApproachHolistic (holism) is seeing humans and the environment as a whole in a single

system, Looking at the whole man: bio, psycho, social, spiritual nature with all the essentials; have basic needs, and interpersonal needs; have a feeling; desire; and the ability (Nursalam & Efendi)

Holistic is one of the underlying concepts of nursing actions that include the dimensions of the physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, and spiritual. The dimensions of a unified whole. If the one-dimensional disturbed affect other dimensions. Related to the holistic well-being (Wellnes).

To prosper, there are five dimensions that influence each other, namely: physical, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual. To achieve these welfare, one aspect that an individual must possess is the ability to adapt to the stimulus. Sister Callista Roy's adaptation theory can be used.

It uses a dynamic approach, in which the role of nurses in providing nursing care to facilitate the client's ability to adapt in the face of changing their basic needs. Actions planned with the aim of changing the stimulus and focused on the individual's ability to adapt to the stimulus. While the evaluation is done by looking at the client's ability to adapt and prevent back problems ever experienced. This adaptation capability covers all aspects of both the biological, psychological and social (holistic). As a provider of nursing care, a holistic concept and this adaptation is a concept that must be understood by the nurse in order to provide quality nursing care to clients.

2.2. Definition of System TheoryThe system is derived from the Latin (Systema) and Greek (sustema) is a unit

consisting of components or elements that are connected together to facilitate the flow of information, materials or energy. The theory is the relationship some concept or a conceptual framework, or a definition that gives a systematic view of the symptoms or phenomena to determine the specific relationship between these concepts with a view to elaborate, explain, predict or control the phenomenon. Theory can be tested, modified or used as a guide in the study.

Nursing theory defined by Steven (1984), an attempt to describe and explain various phenomena in nursing. Nursing theory plays a role in distinguishing nursing with other disciplines and aims to describe, explain, predict and control the outcome of care or nursing services performed. As for some understanding of the system according to the experts is as follows:

a. L. James Havery : According to the system is a logical and rational procedure for designing a circuit component associated with each other

with a view to serve as an entity in order to achieve a predetermined goal.

b. John Mc Manama : According to the system is a conceptual structure that is composed of functions that are interconnected to work as an organic unity to achieve a desired result effectively and efficiently.

c. C.W. Churchman : According to the system is a set of parts that are coordinated to carry out a set of objectives.

d. J.C. Hinggins : According to the system is a set of interrelated parts.e. Edgar F Huse and James L. Bowdict : According to the system is a

series or a series of parts which are interconnected and dependent such that the interaction and mutual influence of one part will affect the overall

f. f. Jerry FithGerald : According to the system is a network of procedures interconnected, gathered together to perform an activity or solve a particular target.

The concept is a belief that complex to an object, objects, events or phenomena based on experiences and perceptions of a person in the form of ideas, views or beliefs. A collection of some of the concepts into a framework that can be understood to form a model or conceptual framework. The concept can be analogized as bricks and boards to build a home where houses are built likened to a conceptual framework.Feedback in the health care system may be the quality of health workers can also make inputs are always increasing.

2.3. Characteristics of System TheoryTorrest (1985) and Chinn & Jacob (1983) asserts there are five basic

characteristics of nursing theory:1. The theory identifies and defines nursing as the specific relationship of

nursing concepts such as the relationship between human concept, the concept of health-illness, the concept of environment and nursing

2. The theory of scientific nursing, nursing theory means used by reason or rational clear and developed using logical thinking

3. The theory is simple and general nursing, nursing theory means can be used to issue simple or complex health problems according to the situation of nursing practice

4. The theory of the nursing role in enriching the body of knowledge of nursing is done through research

5. Theory of nursing to guide and contribute to improving the quality of nursing practice

2.4. Component Systems Theory

2.4.1. Input : Put in the nursing process is data or information derived from the assessment of the client (for example, how the client relates to environmental and physiological functions of the client).

2.4.2. Results : The result is an end product of the system and in terms of the nursing process is where the health status of client progress or remain stable as a result of nursing care.

2.4.3. Feedback : Feedback plays a system to provide information on how the system is functioning. For example, in the nursing process results illustrate the client's responses to nursing interventions.

2.4.4. Fill : Content is the product and the information derived from the system. In addition, the use of the nursing process as a sample, the content of the information about nursing care for clients with specific health problems.

2.5. Application of System Theory2.5.1. Phase assessment

Assessment is a systematic approach to collecting data and analiyzed so that can know the problems and needs the care of a patient.

The purpose of the assessment is to provide an overview continues about the health of the patient, which allows teams of nurses plan nursing care to patients on an individual basis.

2.5.1.1. Data collectionData collection started since the client was hospitalized, as long as

the client was treated continuously and re-assessment can be done to supplement and complement the existing data. Based on the data source, data is differentiated assessment of primary data and secondary data:

Primary data is data obtained directly from the client however the client's condition.

Secondary data is data obtained apart from the patient as nurses, doctors, nutritionists, experts fisiotheraphy, family or relatives of clients, nursing notes and the results of other investigations.

In general, there are several ways of data collection are:o Interview namely through communication to get a response from the

patient face to face.o Observations is to conduct visual observation or directly to the patient.

o Consultation is to consult the specialists the problematic parts.

o Through examination of such inspection (looking), palpation (feeling),

percussion (knock), auscultation and physical examination, such as measurement of ECG.

2.5.1.2. Grouping the dataWhen finished collecting data, then the data collected are grouped, the

data can be shared on the basis of data and special data.

The data base consists of the data physiological / biological, psychological the data, the data of social, spiritual and data about the data tumbuhkembang clients.

Special Data is data that is specific bersipat. Eg fluid intake and output reports during surgery, hematology test results, x-ray inspection and so on.

In addition to the above data, based on the data collected are divided into objective data and subjective data.

Objective data is data obtained a nurse based on the examination or direct observation.

Subjective data is data obtained by the complaint or the words of the client or his family.

2.5.1.3. Data analysis and formulation of Nursing DiagnosisThe last stage of the study is to analyze the data to determine the

nursing diagnoses. The nursing process is to connect the analysis of data obtained with theoretical concepts, principles of nursing care that is relevant to the patient's condition. Data analysis is done through validation of data, grouping the data, comparing the data, determines the imbalances / inequalities and make conclusions about the gap problem.

2.5.2. Stage DiagnosisNursing diagnosis is a statement that describes the status / health issues

the actual / potential. The goal is to identify:a. The actual problem is based on the client's response to the problem /

disease.b. Factors contract / causing problems.c. The client's ability to prevent / eliminate the problem.

Nursing diagnoses oriented to basic human needs, based on the basic needs according to Abraham Maslow, shows the individual response / client against the diseases and conditions that they experienced.

2.5.3. Planning PhaseAfter formulating nursing diagnoses it needs to make the planning of

nursing interventions and nursing activities. The purpose of planning is to reduce, eliminate and prevent the problem of nursing clients.

Nursing planning stage are:a. The process of determining priority

This process begins by making a priority nursing diagnoses, nursing diagnosis indicates the priority order of the priority issues for nursing intervention. However it does not mean that the diagnosis must be solved first in total new work following diagnosis. Usually some nursing diagnoses can be addressed simultaneously.

b. Setting goals and objectives

In this process done after the determination of the order of priority nursing diagnoses. The targets are the results expected to reduce or overcome the problem in accordance with the nursing diagnoses. While the aim of describing the appearance, or behavior results associated with the target client. Planning useful purpose in designing, implementing and evaluating nursing care to clients.

c. Determination of evaluation criteriaCriteria are the standards used to evaluate penampialan clients. For example, a client can mention four complications of diabetes mellitus. Criteria required apabiala not specific purpose and can not be measured.

d. Intervention planIs the final part of the planning strategy, and decide where nurses nursing interventions to be performed. Strategies and actions directed at the etiology or contributing factors of nursing diagnoses.

2.5.4. The implementation phaseImplementation of a nursing planning implementation by nurses and clients. The things that must be considered when implementing the intervention carried out in accordance with the plan after validation, control, interpersonal skills, intellectual, and a technical. Interventions must be done carefully and efficiently in the right situation. Physical and psychological safety is protected and documented in the form of recording and reporting of nursing.There are three phases of implementation of nursing, namely:

a. The preparation phase, covering knowledge of the plan, validation plans, knowledge and skills to implement the plan, the preparation of the client and the environment.

b. Operational phase, is the top goal-oriented implementation of the (intervention independent, dependent and interdependent).

c. Termination phase, a nurse with the client after the termination of the implementation is done.

2.5.5. Phase evaluationThings that are evaluated is the accuracy, completeness and quality of data, whether the problem is resolved or the client, as well as the achievement of the objectives and provisions of nursing interventions. Finally, the proper use of the nursing process in nursing practice will benefit the client and the nurse. The quality of nursing care is expected to be improved. Nurses can demonstrate responsibility and gugatnya which is one characteristic of the profession and that is very important is to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of nursing care provided to clients.

2.5.6. Phase documentation

Documentation of the nursing process is a recording method that is appropriate for the nursing process systematic decision-making. Documentation of the nursing process includes assessment, documentation problems, planning, action.

CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION

3.1. ConclusionsIn the most general sense, a system is a set of tools that have a relationship

between them. The system can be simply defined as the unity of the various elements or parts that have functional relationships and interact dynamically to achieve the expected results. Thus nursing, can be interpreted as an overall work of human formed from parts that have functional relationships in order to achieve the ultimate goal.

In the system there are inputs (input), process, outputs (results / Output) and feedback. The systems approach is one way of looking at nursing thoroughly and systematically, not partial and Fragmentis.As a system, the nursing process has components, which include Input (derived from client / human), results (the client's health status), Feedback (Response clients) and Content (nursing products).

3.2. Suggestions1. Preferably as a nurse, prior to performing health care, nurses must learn in

advance what is the priority of providing health care so as to avoid things that are detrimental to the patient.

2. Nurses must learn the system and the changes that exist in a patient without comparing the economic status of the patient so as not to cause dissent.

3. Confront any changes with calm and humor (be sure that the change is a difficult thing, and become agents of renewal will be more difficult).

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCION

1.1. BackgroundIf the terms of the historical development of administrative science, systems

theory can indeed be said to be relatively new. This theory appears as a positive reaction to the classical administration overemphasize the division of tasks in implementing a program. Realizing that an organization is essentially formed by a group of people interacting with each other, then comes the human relations theory and the theory of behavior that is the basis of System Theory.

Systems theory is very important in the world of nursing, because in theory this system we can learn a framework relating to all aspects of human social, structural organizational problems, as well as changes in internal relations and the surrounding environment.

The success of a health care system that exists on the nurse, doctor or other health care team will work perfectly when there is mutual support in the practice of nursing. These systems will provide quality health care that is effective to look at the values that exist in society. In health care, nursing is an important part of health care.

The nurse is also expected to provide services quality so that people will feel supported and cared in improving health, so there is no disagreement that will occur between the nurse and patient. In addition to applying the principles of the nurse changes must apply together do not discriminate, must be comprehensive (holistic).

One of the progress made today is progress in the development of information systems in general and in particular in the field of health which is known as the Health Information System is an integrated system to provide information to support the operations function of management and decision making in healthcare organizations. The information system receives input data and instructions, process the data according to the instructions and remove the results. The basic model system in the form of input, processing and output is suitable for a case of the simplest information. Therefore, knowledge of the system and basic systems approach to studying the health information system is absolutely necessary.

1.2. Purpose1.2.1. To understanding of definition system teory1.2.2. To understanding of characteristic system theory1.2.3. To understanding of component system theory1.2.4. To understanding of application system theory

REFERENCE

Anonim. 2008. Perubahan Dalam Keperawatan. Wikipedia. Jakarta.

Anonim. 2010. Aplikasi Teori Adaptasi Dalam Kasus Discectomi. Wikipedia. Jakarta.

Arifiyanto, Dafid. 2008. Konsep Berubah. Wikipedia. Jakarta.

Forewords

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT authors say over abundance of His mercy and

grace, I can finish a paper, entitled " System Theory of Holistic Approach". This paper aims

to fulfill one of the tasks of fundamental nursing 1 Course Lecturer Ns. Esthika Ariany,

S.kep, M.Kep.

The paper was written by various sources related to the material, as well as

information from various media relating to such materials.

The authors hope this paper can add insight regarding fundamental nursing 1 on

nursing process. And the authors hope for readers to be able to provide criticism and

suggestions for this paper to be more perfect.

Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Padang, august 2015-08-18

The writer team