technological change and institutional implications dag standal sintef fisheries and aquaculture

SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture

Technological change and institutional implicationsDag Standal

SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture


The ”Norwegian model”

1990-91: Rejected the introduction of a ITQ model 1991- : IVQ model - :Strong emphasis on: diverse ownership of quotas and vessels (rural policy) maintain a diverse fleet structure via the allocation policy (”the trawl ladder”)

IVQ model: integrates vessels and quotas in one system (market) Input regulations (technology) and output (biology) are integrated. Main challenge in terms of capacity: balancing input and output regulations

Cut down unprofitable overcapacity !


Table 1

Number of vessels above 28 meters and % change, 1988 and 2003.

Length group(m) 1988 2003 % 28 - 39,9 232 93 -60 40 - 49,9 125 107 -14 50 - 59,9 74 74 0 60 - 43 88 +105 Total : 474 362 - 24

Reduction in number of vessels Structural changes


Table 2Technical parameters for arctic trawlers built in 1988 – 2002 (cod/shrimp trawler).

Building year : 1988 2002 1988-2002 Lenght (m): 61.50 64.00 1.04 Breadth (m): 12.80 16.60 1.30 Prod. cap (tons):20 35 1.75 GRT: 1905 2574 1.35 HP: 3342 8046 2.41 Number of trawls 1 3 2.00 Catch (tons) 1000-1500 3000-4000 2-3 Trawl doors (tons): 4.5 7.0 1.56

Crew (number.):14 14 1.00 Electronics: echo sounder echo sounder

Catch sensor catch sensortrawl sensorGPS


Table 3Development in size for different gears, 1988 - 2003 .

Gear-

Gear Gear

dimension

dimension factor (R)

Gear 1988 2003 1998-2003

Shrimptrawl : 168 294 3.00

Cod trawl: 60 120 2.00

Blue whiting trawl: 1200 2400 4.00

Purse seine: 105 280 180 000 1.71

Long line: 20 000 35 000 1.75

Source: Norwegian gear producers and fishermen, 2004.


Tabell 4Formula, estimating technical development

N

iikyearK

1

19882003tdevelopmencapacity Technical KK

RHPGRTbreadthLoa

ki

500

30.035.035.0


Tabell 5Technical capacity development entire fleet above 28 meters, 1988 og 2003.

Number vesselsCapacity factor

(K) Group capacity Capacity change

Rel.changeLength group 1988 2003

change% 1988 2003 1988 2003 Net ch.

Change. %

Loa = 28 - 39,9m 232 93 -60 % 0.93 1.86 215 173 -43 -20 % -6 %

Loa = 40 - 49,9m 125 107 -14 % 1,96 3,04 245 325 80 33 % 10 %

Loa = 50 - 59,9m 74 74 0 % 3,80 5,11 281 378 97 34 % 12 %

Loa ≥ 60 m 43 88 105 % 5.43 9.82 233 864 631 270 % 84 %

Sum Ocean fleet 474 362 -24 % 1034 1865 832 82 % 100 %


0

50

100

150

200

250

Loa = 28 - 39,9 m Loa = 40 - 49,9 m Loa = 50 - 59,9 m Loa = 60 m and grt..

No

of

vess

els

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Cap

acit

y d

evel

op

men

t

No of vessels 1988

No of vessels 2003

Group capacity 1988

Group capacity 2003

Capacity calculations for the Norwegian Ocean going Fleet, 1988 and 2003


Institutional boundaries and technological adaptations, Norway.

Unregulated species in Norwegian fisheries, 2004 (tons):

Blue whitingBlue whiting : 852 000: 852 000 Total Nowegian catch: 2 549 000 tons.Total Nowegian catch: 2 549 000 tons. ShrimpShrimp : 60 000: 60 000 Tusk/lingTusk/ling : 27 000: 27 000 Horse mackerel: 10 000Horse mackerel: 10 000 OtherOther : 30 000: 30 000 Total (unreg.)Total (unreg.) : 979 000= : 979 000= 38. 40 % of total ctach. 38. 40 % of total ctach. Source, Fisheries Directorate, 2006.Source, Fisheries Directorate, 2006.

””Technology does not follow the institutional boundaries”Technology does not follow the institutional boundaries” Combination of closed and restricted open access fisheriesCombination of closed and restricted open access fisheries Capacity expanding adaptations ! Capacity expanding adaptations !


Table 6Norwegian catches blue whiting, 1988 and 2003.

Catch of blue whiting, Norwegian vessels 1988 - 2003

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Be

st

ve

ss

el

an

d a

ve

rag

e c

ath

in

19

88

an

d 2

00

3

[to

n]

0

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

900.000

To

tal

ca

tch

19

92

-20

03

[to

n]

Catch, best vessel Average catch Total cath of blue whiting


Tabell 7Norwegian catches shrimp, 1988 and 2003.


Capacity feedback systems

TAC Cod, herring, mackerel, etc.

Allocation policy (output)

Structure policy (markets)

Capacity (input)

Capacity feedbackCapacity feedback

Re

stri

cte

d o

pe

n a

cce

ss /

com

bin

ed fi

sher

ies

Re

stricted

op

en a

ccess /

combin

ed fish

eries

Inst

itutio

nal

bo

und

ari

esInstitu

tion

al bou

nda

ries

Stock (border)


The Unit Quota System, 1984-2006.

Year : No. of quotas Duration No. of

pr. vessel (years) quota-markets

1984-1997: 2 13 3

1997-2003: 3 18 3

2004 -2005:3 eternal 1

2005- : 3 20/25 1


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1991 2004 2006

Year

Nu

mb

er o

f ve

ssel

s

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

Qu

ota

fac

tor

Number of vessels

Average quota factor

Developent, number of vessels and average quotafactors, cod trawlers, 1991-2006.


Distribution of quota factors, cod trawlers, 2006.

K v o t e f a k t o r f o r T o r s k

0 . 0 0

5 . 0 0

1 0 . 0 0

1 5 . 0 0

2 0 . 0 0

2 5 . 0 0

0 . 3 5 - 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 - 1 . 6 8 1 . 6 8 - 2 . 3 4 2 . 3 4 - 3 . 0 0

K v o t e f a k t o r

An

tall

fa

rtø

y


Future challenges- technological development?

”Stagnated technology” (path dependency and a predictable pattern)

No paradigmatic innovations sice the 70’s (excpept for electronics, GPS etc.).

Heavy fuel consumption, strong increase in fuel costs

Deep sea fleet towards a critical mass in regard to innovations?

No. Of vessels, 20082015

Cod / shrimp trawlers : 50 decline Herring/mackerel/blu whiting : 47 decline Long lining : 25 decline

Loosing out of the national innovation system?

The deep sea fleet as future market for todays manufacturers of equipment ?

Further pressure on todays structural policy or a change towards ITQ.

technological change and institutional implications dag standal sintef fisheries and aquaculture

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