Download - Technological change and institutional implications Dag Standal SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Technological change and institutional implicationsDag Standal
SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
The ”Norwegian model”
1990-91: Rejected the introduction of a ITQ model 1991- : IVQ model - :Strong emphasis on: diverse ownership of quotas and vessels (rural policy) maintain a diverse fleet structure via the allocation policy (”the trawl ladder”)
IVQ model: integrates vessels and quotas in one system (market) Input regulations (technology) and output (biology) are integrated. Main challenge in terms of capacity: balancing input and output regulations
Cut down unprofitable overcapacity !
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Table 1
Number of vessels above 28 meters and % change, 1988 and 2003.
Length group(m) 1988 2003 % 28 - 39,9 232 93 -60 40 - 49,9 125 107 -14 50 - 59,9 74 74 0 60 - 43 88 +105 Total : 474 362 - 24
Reduction in number of vessels Structural changes
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Table 2Technical parameters for arctic trawlers built in 1988 – 2002 (cod/shrimp trawler).
Building year : 1988 2002 1988-2002 Lenght (m): 61.50 64.00 1.04 Breadth (m): 12.80 16.60 1.30 Prod. cap (tons):20 35 1.75 GRT: 1905 2574 1.35 HP: 3342 8046 2.41 Number of trawls 1 3 2.00 Catch (tons) 1000-1500 3000-4000 2-3 Trawl doors (tons): 4.5 7.0 1.56
Crew (number.):14 14 1.00 Electronics: echo sounder echo sounder
Catch sensor catch sensortrawl sensorGPS
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Table 3Development in size for different gears, 1988 - 2003 .
Gear-
Gear Gear
dimension
dimension factor (R)
Gear 1988 2003 1998-2003
Shrimptrawl : 168 294 3.00
Cod trawl: 60 120 2.00
Blue whiting trawl: 1200 2400 4.00
Purse seine: 105 280 180 000 1.71
Long line: 20 000 35 000 1.75
Source: Norwegian gear producers and fishermen, 2004.
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Tabell 4Formula, estimating technical development
N
iikyearK
1
19882003tdevelopmencapacity Technical KK
RHPGRTbreadthLoa
ki
500
30.035.035.0
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Tabell 5Technical capacity development entire fleet above 28 meters, 1988 og 2003.
Number vesselsCapacity factor
(K) Group capacity Capacity change
Rel.changeLength group 1988 2003
change% 1988 2003 1988 2003 Net ch.
Change. %
Loa = 28 - 39,9m 232 93 -60 % 0.93 1.86 215 173 -43 -20 % -6 %
Loa = 40 - 49,9m 125 107 -14 % 1,96 3,04 245 325 80 33 % 10 %
Loa = 50 - 59,9m 74 74 0 % 3,80 5,11 281 378 97 34 % 12 %
Loa ≥ 60 m 43 88 105 % 5.43 9.82 233 864 631 270 % 84 %
Sum Ocean fleet 474 362 -24 % 1034 1865 832 82 % 100 %
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
0
50
100
150
200
250
Loa = 28 - 39,9 m Loa = 40 - 49,9 m Loa = 50 - 59,9 m Loa = 60 m and grt..
No
of
vess
els
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Cap
acit
y d
evel
op
men
t
No of vessels 1988
No of vessels 2003
Group capacity 1988
Group capacity 2003
Capacity calculations for the Norwegian Ocean going Fleet, 1988 and 2003
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Institutional boundaries and technological adaptations, Norway.
Unregulated species in Norwegian fisheries, 2004 (tons):
Blue whitingBlue whiting : 852 000: 852 000 Total Nowegian catch: 2 549 000 tons.Total Nowegian catch: 2 549 000 tons. ShrimpShrimp : 60 000: 60 000 Tusk/lingTusk/ling : 27 000: 27 000 Horse mackerel: 10 000Horse mackerel: 10 000 OtherOther : 30 000: 30 000 Total (unreg.)Total (unreg.) : 979 000= : 979 000= 38. 40 % of total ctach. 38. 40 % of total ctach. Source, Fisheries Directorate, 2006.Source, Fisheries Directorate, 2006.
””Technology does not follow the institutional boundaries”Technology does not follow the institutional boundaries” Combination of closed and restricted open access fisheriesCombination of closed and restricted open access fisheries Capacity expanding adaptations ! Capacity expanding adaptations !
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Table 6Norwegian catches blue whiting, 1988 and 2003.
Catch of blue whiting, Norwegian vessels 1988 - 2003
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Be
st
ve
ss
el
an
d a
ve
rag
e c
ath
in
19
88
an
d 2
00
3
[to
n]
0
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
700.000
800.000
900.000
To
tal
ca
tch
19
92
-20
03
[to
n]
Catch, best vessel Average catch Total cath of blue whiting
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Tabell 7Norwegian catches shrimp, 1988 and 2003.
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Capacity feedback systems
TAC Cod, herring, mackerel, etc.
Allocation policy (output)
Structure policy (markets)
Capacity (input)
Capacity feedbackCapacity feedback
Re
stri
cte
d o
pe
n a
cce
ss /
com
bin
ed fi
sher
ies
Re
stricted
op
en a
ccess /
combin
ed fish
eries
Inst
itutio
nal
bo
und
ari
esInstitu
tion
al bou
nda
ries
Stock (border)
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
The Unit Quota System, 1984-2006.
Year : No. of quotas Duration No. of
pr. vessel (years) quota-markets
1984-1997: 2 13 3
1997-2003: 3 18 3
2004 -2005:3 eternal 1
2005- : 3 20/25 1
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1991 2004 2006
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f ve
ssel
s
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
Qu
ota
fac
tor
Number of vessels
Average quota factor
Developent, number of vessels and average quotafactors, cod trawlers, 1991-2006.
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Distribution of quota factors, cod trawlers, 2006.
K v o t e f a k t o r f o r T o r s k
0 . 0 0
5 . 0 0
1 0 . 0 0
1 5 . 0 0
2 0 . 0 0
2 5 . 0 0
0 . 3 5 - 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 - 1 . 6 8 1 . 6 8 - 2 . 3 4 2 . 3 4 - 3 . 0 0
K v o t e f a k t o r
An
tall
fa
rtø
y
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture
Future challenges- technological development?
”Stagnated technology” (path dependency and a predictable pattern)
No paradigmatic innovations sice the 70’s (excpept for electronics, GPS etc.).
Heavy fuel consumption, strong increase in fuel costs
Deep sea fleet towards a critical mass in regard to innovations?
No. Of vessels, 20082015
Cod / shrimp trawlers : 50 decline Herring/mackerel/blu whiting : 47 decline Long lining : 25 decline
Loosing out of the national innovation system?
The deep sea fleet as future market for todays manufacturers of equipment ?
Further pressure on todays structural policy or a change towards ITQ.