The Project "Exploitation of nutrients from salmon aquaculture“

RCN: 216201/E40

Goal: To deliver fundamental knowledge regarding IMTA productivity and design under Norwegian coastal conditions

as well as consider socio-economic aspects of such production

Aleksander Handå, Henrice Jansen, Maria Bergvik, Silje Forbord, Ole Jacob Broch, Peter Cranford, John Ellis,

Raymond Bannister, Vivian Husa, Julia Fossberg, Lene Stensås, Henny Førde, Jorunn Skjermo, Kjell Inge Reitan, Øyvind Strand and Yngvar Olsen

Technology for a better society

DKNVS Scenario 2050: Potential for marin value creation in Norway

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100

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1999 2010 2030 2050

High productive seaareasMarine algae

New species

Equipment and feed

Marine ingredients

Salmon farming

Fisheries

Bill

ion

NO

K

Technology for a better society

Dissolved

nutrietns

(45% N)

(21% P)

Particles

(15% N)

(44% P)

(100% N)

(100% P)

Wang et al. 2012. Aquaculture and Environment Interactions, 2:267-283

Wastes from salmon aquaculture

Faeces (% of DW) 11-25 % dry weight

Carbon: 37%

Nitrogen: 2.7

Phosphorous:2.3%

Lipid: 7.4%

EPA: 0.1%

DHA: 0.2%

Feed (% of DW) 97-99 % dry weight

Carbon: 54%

Nitrogen: 5.8%

Phosphorous:0.9%

Lipid: 39%

EPA: 1.9%

DHA: 1.7%

Fish (% of DW) 31-40 % dry weight

Carbon: 61%

Nitrogen: 7.4%

Phosphorous:0.6%

Lipid: 49%

EPA: 1.7%

DHA: 2.6%

Aquaculture facilities:

- Coastal area - 6000 tons production - Depth 75-200m - Production cycle 18-20 months

- Nutrient sampling (3x) - Seaweed cultivation (feb-sept) - Mussels (Feb-sept) - Scallops (May-Sept)

REF-WEST 200m

100 m/Farm REF-EAST

(1.2 km)

Technology for a better society

Particle dynamics May 2013 - High resolution 3D mapping

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

Main results scallops and mussels

PC-1 (42%)

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10

PC

-2 (

25%

)

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

PC-1 (42%)

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

PC

-2 (

25%

)

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

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0.6

0.8Score plot

Digestive glandLoading plot

Digestive glandFarm

Station

1 km East

1 km West

200 m

East

18:1n9

14:0

18:2n6

18:3n3

18:4n3

20:4n320:5n3

18:1n7

16:1n7

22:6n3

20:1n9

18:1n9

Blue mussels - field experiment

PCA

Technology for a better society

Ammonium dispersal

7

September February

"background"

Average growth of sugar kelp (Feb-Jun)

Technology for a better society

9

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS 10

Direct or indirect uptake of nutrients, does the source matter?

Particulate waste: YES

Because of the fast sedimentation rates and local environmental impact, in order to remove wastes, bentic organisms and sludge-removal systems are required.

Dissolved nutrients: NO

Fertilized phytoplankton blooms will feed bivalve aquaculture at distance, and seaweed cultures may balance N-input at regional and annual scale .

In order to realize a doubling of the Norwegian salmon production, we must

develop new technologies for an ecosystem-based approach that e.g.

1. Mitigates benthic impacts on the marine environment

2. Secures access to sustainable feed-resources

3. Reduces salmon-lice pressure

So, what can we conclude from the results in EXPLOIT?

IMTA in open coastal waters are indeed challenging!

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

What if… Closed systems are designed with combined mechanical and biological waste treatment?

11

Pipeline

Outflow - Dissolved nutrients

Seaweed biofilter 32 units*170 tonnes=5000 tonn per year

Salmon cage rings with seaweed cultivation Particulate wastes

Polychaetes/bentic scavengers in shelf systems on the bottom of the closed system –also valid for open systems? + Collection of sludge: • High value products from the sludge in biorefinery? • Feed for polychaetes – converted to fish feed? • Phosphorous? +

Dissolved wastes

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

Production pr hectare (100x100 m)

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2.3 3 4.2 5.1

26

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30

Soybean Wheat Rice Maize Seaweed

Production of feedstock (tons dw/ha) • 170 tons ww • 26 tons dw • 15 tons carbohydrates • 3.8 tons protein

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

Volume Mill. tons

DKNVS Scenario 2050: Potential for marin value creation from macroalgae

1.1

8

40

0.2

4

20

2010 2030 2050

Revenue (Bill NOK)

Volum (million tons)

What if … We cultivate 30 ha seaweeds (5000 tons) in average for each salmon lisence? That would amount to 5 million tons per year

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS 14

Feed protein from seaweed

115

680

330

1800

3000

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Tare 2030 Tare 2050 Import avsoyaprotein 2013

Proteinbehovoppdrett 2030

Proteinbehovoppdrett 2050

Protein (1000 tonn)

Kelp 2030 Kelp 2050 Soy import 2013 Feed protein 2030 and 2050 in salmon farming

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

What if… Surface water flow is already blocked by salmon-lice skirts, and deep-water is driven up inside the cages by pumps? • Can we then cultivated seaweed and mussels at larger scale in the same area

without altering the environmental conditions for the fish?

15

www.botngaard.no

2 m 5 m 8 m

PS: Seaweed farms acts as habitats for cleaner fish – what if they can reduce the lice preasure by 5%?

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

What if… Blue mussels can eliminate salmon-lice copepodits in industrial scaled systems in salmon farming areas, in addition to beeing and exellent source of marine feed meal?

Malloy et al., 2011 Aquaculture

Bartsch et al., 2013 Journal of Fish Diseases

25-33% removal with blue mussels in flowing water

27% removal in stagnant water

Technology for a better society

17

15 km

Case scenario 2: 2400 t mussel farm / 100t per hectare

Mussel farm Salmon lice source

S2 S1

0.1 m.s-1

Challenge: who will run the first industrial scaled test?

Scenario: 2400 t mussel farm (1 M€ investment)

SINMOD With DEB model

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

Station 2

Time (hours)

L. Salmonis larval concentration (ind m-3)

S2 S1

Reduction potential

Case scenario : 2400 t mussel farm / 100t per hectar

30-50%

S2

S1

Technology for a better society

…

A doubling of the Norwegian salmon production is actively accompanied with production of

low-trophic non-fed biomass meeting the global challenges for food and feed, and at the same

time position a new Norwegian biomarine industry for growth in the global bioeconomy

How would public perception to salmon aquaculture respond to that?

Thanks for your attention!

What if…

SINTEF Fiskeri og havbruk AS

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1180

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Tare 2030 Tare 2050 Laks 2013 Laks 2030 Laks 2050 Korn 2013

Area use (km2)

20

Area use Norwegian land area: 307,442 km2

Norwegian coastline: 103,000 km Norwegian territorial zone: 145,500 km2

20 Mtons seaweed <1% of the territorial zone

Seaweed Seaweed Salmon Salmon Salmon Corn 2030 2050 2013 2030 2050 2013