Taxonomic Overview of the Six Kingdoms

• Archeabacteria• Eubacteria• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia

Video 1 Domains of Life

ArcheaEubacteria

BacteriaKingdoms Monera (Archea, and Eubacteria)

• The only Prokaryotic organisms• Unicellular, free-living and parasitic forms• Self replicating (asexual)• Usually sensitive to antibiotics• Responsible for the majority of human

infectious diseases (pathogenic)

The Domains Archea/Prokarya• Late 1990’s differences in the kingdom

Monera become more distinct• Kingdom Monera splits into two distinct

Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archeabacteria• Archea- “ancient” bacteria• Eubacteria- “modern” bacteria• Presence of peptidoglycan (an unusual

carbohydrate) in the cell walls distinguishes the Eubacteria group from the Archeabacteria

Kingdom ArchaeabacteriaArchaebacteria “the oldest bacteria” • all anaerobic-live without oxygen• all chemosynthetic autotrophs Subphylums or divisions: Methanogens, Acidophiles, Haliphiles,

Thermophiles Live in extreme environments Cell walls lack peptidoglycan and have different

membrane lipids than Eubacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria

• Eubacteria“modern bacteria”• mostly parasitic heterotrophs or

saprophytic (feed on dead organic material)• Decomposer bacteria-important for the

nitrogen cycle• some may be photosynthetic autotrophs.• cell walls contain peptidoglycan

Kingdom Eubacteria

subphylum Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)

-not always blue/green -often are yellow/gold -colonies of bacteria or chains of cells -1st producers of free oxygen - ancestors of plant kingdom and some

protists

Morphology of MoneransClasssification by shape

Prefixes are added to the three basic shapes to further classify the bacteria according to their ARRANGEMENT.

The three basic arrangements are:

1) Diplo-paired arrangement

2) Staphylo- clustered arrangement

3) Strepto- chained arrangement

1 2 3

Structure of a Bacterial Cell

MAJOR BACTERIAL NUTRITIONAL MODES

NUTRIONAL MODE  ENERGY AND CARBON SOURCE

Heterotrophs:

Saprophytic heterotrophsFeed off of other living and dead organisms

Photoheterotrophs uses light energy but gets its carbon from other organisms

Chemohetertroph obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms

Autotrophs:

Photoautotrophs uses light energy and gets carbon from carbon dioxide (CO2)

Chemoautotrophs extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses CO2 as a carbon source

What Characterizes Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes?

• The presence of a membrane bound nucleus

• The presence of plastids/organelles (endosymbiosis) See page 427

• Sexual reproduction

• Mobility (motor proteins)• Colonization (multicellularity)Video 2 The Eukaryotic Cell Evolves

Aerobic bacteria

Ancient Prokaryotes

Ancient Anaerobic Prokaryote

Primitive Aerobic Eukaryote

Primitive Photosynthetic Eukaryote

Chloroplast

Photosynthetic bacteria

Nuclear envelope evolving Mitochondrion

Plants and plantlike protists

Animals, fungi, and non-plantlike protists

Endosymbiosis

Kingdom Protista Characteristics All Eukaryotic Internal organization External organization 1.unicellular 2.colonial 3.multicellular, but lacking true tissues Cells may be autotrophic or heterotrophic Cells may have cell walls made of a variety of materials Reproduction may be sexual, asexual, or both Some protists display much movement others little.

Importance of protists 1. Phytoplankton and other plant-like protists = primary producers aquatic ecosystems

2. Zooplankton provide major food source for larger aquatic animals

3. Many unicellular protists are important symbiotes Ex. gut protists of ruminants (e.g. cattle), termites

4. Many unicellular protists are harmful: Ex. "red tide" organisms in aquatic systems

5. A variety of human parasites and pathogens are protists

 

Kingdom Protista• Division Protozoa “animal like protists” and

are classified by the way they move• Phylum Sarcodina- psuedopodial movement,

(freshwater ameoba)

• Phylum Ciliophora - movement by tiny hairlike projections called cilia (paramecium)

• Phylum Mastigophora - movement by whip-like tail called a flagella (Euglena)

Kingdom Protista• Division Algae “the plant-like protists”• Classified by their photosynthetic pigments • Phylum Euglenaphyta- unicellular, aquatic, with

both plant and animal characteristicsvideo

• Phylum Bacillariophyta- unicellular, shelled photosynthetic autotrophs.

“DIATOMS”• Phylum Pyrophyta- unicellular with two flagella

(dinoflagellates), and red (carotenoid) pigments

Kingdom Protista• Division Algae• Classified by their photosynthetic pigments• Phylum Rhodophyta- red algae

• Phylum Phaeophyta- brown algae

• Phylum Chlorophyta- green algae

• Phylum Chrysophyta- golden algae

Kingdom ProtistaDivision: Plasmodia (fungi-like protists)reproduction by spores•Phylum Myxomycota- cellular slime molds, with ameoba-like movement, •Phylum Acrasiomycota- “plasmodial” slime molds, non membrane bound cytoplasm, slime nets on leaves and logs

•Phylum Oomycota- water molds and mildews

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom FungiGeneral Characteristics:•Multicellular heterotrophs that have cell walls made of Chitin but lack chlorophyll, roots and stems•Extracellular saprophytes (decomposers)- secrete enzymes through specialized tissues to digest and absorb nutrients•Reproduction through spores or fragmenting, classified by reproductive structures (fruiting bodies)•Adapted to changing environments with specialized sacs known as sporangium•Sporangia enable to reproductive spores to survive long periods of dry conditions•have multinucleated cells

-parasitic forms that feed on living organism (athletes foot, ring worm, smuts and blights)

-mutualistic symbiants of plants (mycorrhizal association)

-release enzymes outside the cell wall to break down food into chemical form, then absorb nutrients in chemical form through the cell membrane. (extra-cellular digestion)

-classified by reproductive organs (fruiting bodies).

Fruiting body

Mycelium

Hyphae

Structures of FungiHyphae-filaments that secrete enzymes and support reproductive structures Mycelium-large masses of hyphae, give bread molds a cottony appearance.Rizoids -root-like hyphae that also secrete enzyme and pitting food source.Stolons –hyphae that connect stolons

All four absorb nutrients.

Ceonocytic Hyphae Without Cross Walls

Nuclei

Cell wall

Nuclei

Cytoplasm

Cross wall

Cell wall

Cytoplasm

Septate Hyphae With Cross Walls

Section 21-1

Hyphae Structure

PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA - COMMON MOLDS

PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA - SAC FUNGI

PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA - CLUB FUNGI CLUB FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY FORMING SPORES IN A STRUCTURE CALLED A BASIDIUM (BASIDIA) WHICH CAN BE FOUND LINING GILLS INSIDE THE BASIDIOCARP (THE MUSHROOM CAP).

SAC FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY FORMING AN ASCUS (ASCI) - A SAC STRUCTURE IN WHICH SPORES ARE FORMED.

REPRODUCE THROUGH ZYGOSPORES- STRUCTURES THAT FORM A NETWORK OF HYPHAE. HYPHAE CAN JOIN AND REPRODUCE SEXUALLY OR PRODUCE A FRUITING BODY WITH SPORES (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

DEUTEROMYCOTA – Imperfect Fungi  (OTHER FUNGI)

Called the Imperfect Fungi because there is an apparent ABSENCE of Sexual Reproduction. MYCORRHIZAE AND LICHENS

The Kingdom Plantae

Classification and General Characteristics

12 Divisions or Phyla based on seed and tissue structure

Kingdom Plantae• Division BryophytaSeedless and NonvascularNonvascular- do not have transporting tissues such as roots,

stems , and leavesMossesLiverwortsHornworts

• Division TracheaphytaVascular plants; have true roots, stems, and leaves.Ferns- seedless vascularGymnosperms- naked seedsAngiosperms- flowering plants with coated seed

Division Bryophyta • Subphylum:• Mosses (Bryophyta), Liverworts

(Hepatophyta) and Hornworts (Anthoceraphyta).

• ·They reproduce by spores, never have flowers, and can be found growing on the ground, on rocks, and on other plants.

• ·Depend upon external moisture to transport nutrients

• ·Reproduce through alternating generations

Division Tracheaphyta • Subphylum:I. Ferns (Pteridophyta), Horsetails (Sphenophyta),

Whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and Club mosses (Lycopodophyta)

• ·Represent the second major step in the evolutionary sophistication of plants

• ·Have a vascular system to transport fluids through their bodies.

• ·They reproduce from spores rather than seeds.

Division Tracheaphyta II. Gymnosperms; Ginko Maidenhair Tree

(Ginkophyta), Cycads palm tree (Cycadophyta), Vine trees (Gnetophyta) Evergreens (Coniferophyta)

• ·Gymnosperms add the next level of complexity to plant evolution: they reproduce from seeds instead of spores.

• ·Seeds are "naked" (Greek: gummnos) -- not covered by an ovary

• ·Seed is produced inside a cone-like structure• ·Have needle-like, scale-like leaves to prevent water

loss

Division Tracheaphyta III. Angiosperms; Anthophyta (flowering

plants)

• Angiosperms add the final improvement to plant reproduction: they grow their seeds inside an ovary embedded in a flower.

• Flower becomes a fruit after fertilization

Division Anthophyta

A. Class Monocotyledoneae• ·Having one seed leaf or

cotyledon (corn and peas)• ·Parallel leaf veins• ·Includes grains such as wheat,

oats, and corn 

  B.  Class Dicotyledoneae• · Having two seed leafs or cotyledons (peanut)• · Branched veins in the leaves Most fruit trees, shrubs, vines, vegetables and flowers

The Kingdom Animalia: Introduction to Animal Evolution

and the Invertebrates

I. What defines an Animal species?

– multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes– most animals ingest and store their carbohydrates in the

form of glycogen– cells DO NOT have cell walls– many animals have muscle tissue and nervous tissue– Go through similar patterns of development– haploid sperm + haploid egg >>>>> diploid zygote– zygote >> cleavage >> blastula >> gastrula

Phylogeny and Classification of AnimalsTwo major divisions (sub-phylums): invertebrates - no skeletal structure vertebrates - internal bony structures

Animals are classified by body plans and the presence or absence of certain tissues: Parazoa- specialized cells, no tissues, no symmetry Radiata- living tissues, with specialized functions,

radial symmetry Bilateria- layered tissues,Can be divided into equal

halves a) Acoelomates- No body cavity

b) Psuedocoelomates- False cavity

c) Coelomates- Body cavity

Phylogenetic Tree of the Animal Kingdom

I. Sponges (phylum Porifera) are stationary animals without “true tissues”

– filter feeder - water pushed through; plankton trapped

– mostly marine species; some frshwater species

– hermaphrodite - most produce BOTH sperm and eggs

– different cell types, but no real “tissues” (muscle/nerve)

II. Cnidaria are examples of animals with gastrovascular cavities

– phylum Cnidaria - hydra, jellyfish, anemones, and corals

• gastrovascular cavity - one opening allowing for entrance (mouth) and exit (anus)

• polyp - mouth up; attached like a plant (anemone)• medussa - mouth down; floats free (jellyfish)

• specialized cnidocytes and nematocysts allow for defense and capture of prey

– phylum Cnidaria• class Hydrozoa - polyp/medussa alternattion• class Scyphozoa - medussa primary form• class Anthozoa - “flower anmials” corals; anemone

– phylum Ctenophora• “comb jellies”• eight rows of “comb-like plates” with cilia

III. Bilateria Acoelomate - Coelomate (presence of body cavities)

• acoelomates - NO body cavity between gut and wall & NO vessels for blood (avasuclar)– flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes)

• coelomates - body cavity exists !!– psuedocoelem - endoderm/mesoderm divided

» roundworms (phylum Nematoda)– “true” coelem - cavity lined by mesoderm

» segmented worms (phylum Annelida)

IV. Acoelomates: bilateral and animals WITHOUT a body cavity

– phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms and tapeworms• gastrovascular cavity with 1 opening

• class Turbellaria - marine ; non-parasitic

• class Trematoda - parasitic ; most have “suckers”– Schistosoma mansomi - parasite of humans

• class Cestoda - parasitic tapeworms– Taenia solium - human “pork” tapeworm– Taenia saginata - human “beef” tapeworm

V. Psuedocoelomates: have “false” body cavity, complete digestive tract and blood vascular system

– phylum Rotifera- microscopic animals; live in water

– phylum Nematoda - psuedocoelmate worms• found in moist soil; oceans; lakes• major decomposers of dead material

– phylum Nemertea - round worms

• complete digestive tract - 2 openings (mouth/anus)• simple vascular system - vessels & blood-like cells

• Questions still remains on where these fit on the phylogenetic tree !!!!! (pseudoceolomates?)

VI. Protostomes:ceolomate division based on embryology; phyla differ in body plan

– phylum Mollusca- snail, oyster, clam, squid, octopus• unique body plan

• class Polyplacophora - marine, oval shell, 8 plates• class Gastropoda - spiral shell, water/land (snail)• class Bivalvia - clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

– shells divided into 2 halves– gills used for feeding/respiration

• class Cephalopoda - squid, octopus, nautilus– head - organization with nervous system

– phylum Annelida - “segmented bodies” (worms)• clearly defined coelom and segments• chaeta - tiny appendages for “gripping”

• class Oligochaeta - earthworms• class Polychaeta - mostly marine• class Hirudinea - leaches

– phylum Arthopoda - most diverse and numerous species

• clear segmentation during development & adult• hard exoskeleton of protein and chitin• jointed appendages• open circulatory system with heart and hemolymph

• s.phylum Trilobita - (extinct in Paleozoic 250 mya)

• s.phylum Cheliceriformes - scorpions, spiders, ticks

• s.phylum Uniramians - 1 pair antennae; uniramous– c. diplopoda - millipedes– c. chilopoda - centipedes– c. insecta - most diverse of animal Kingdom

• s.phylum Crustacea - 2 pair antennae; biramous

VII. Deuterostomes: ceolomate division based on embryology; echinoderms and chordates

– phylum Echinodermata- starfish, sea urchins …….• radial symmetry (convergent evolution!!!)• slow moving; often with bumps or spines

• class Asteroidea- sea stars• class Ophiuroidea - brittle stars• class Echinoidea - sea urchins & sand dollars• class Crinoidea - “sea lillies”• class Holothuroidea - “sea cucumbers”

– phylum Chordata - presence of a notochord between the gut and the nerve cord

– s. phylum Urochordata– s. phylum Cephalochordata– s. phylum vertebrata - defined vertebral column and

cranium– (Fish) classes; Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Ostiechthyes

• Class Amphibia• Class Reptilea• Class Mammalia• Class Aves (birds)