KKKH 4284 PERANCANGAN BANDAR LESTARI

TASK 6: GLOBAL WARMING

NAME: UMI NAZALIA BINTI KHARUDDIN

MATRIC NO. : A141690

PROBLEM :

Supposed you are living in a coastal city. The city administrator has noticed that the mean sea

level has been rising for the past 50 years. The raising is small but over a long period of time

it may cause problems in the city centre as the level of that part of the city is quite low. If you

are hired as a consultant, write a plan of action on what can be done to reduce or mitigate the

problems.

Your report must include Mitigation and Adaptation measures.

1.0 Introduction

Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of

the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing

the Earth’s climate. There is great debate among many people, and sometimes in the news, on

whether global warming is real (some call it a hoax). But climate scientists looking at the data

and facts agree the planet is warming. While many view the effects of global warming to be

more substantial and more rapidly occurring than others do, the scientific consensus on

climatic changes related to global warming is that the average temperature of the Earth has

risen between 0.4 and 0.8 °C over the past 100 years. The increased volumes of carbon

dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing,

agriculture, and other human activities, are believed to be the primary sources of the global

warming that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate carrying out global warming research have recently predicted that average global

temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100. Changes resulting from

global warming may include rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well

as an increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe weather events.

Scientists reported that 2015 was the hottest year in the historical record by far, breaking a

mark set only the year before — a burst of heat that has continued into the new year and is

roiling weather patterns all over the world.

In the contiguous United States, the year was the second-warmest on record, punctuated by a

December that was both the hottest and the wettest since record-keeping began. One result has

been a wave of unusual winter floods coursing down the Mississippi River watershed.

Scientists started predicting a global temperature record months ago, in part because an El

Niño weather pattern, one of the largest in a century, is releasing an immense amount of heat

from the Pacific Ocean into the atmosphere. But the bulk of the record-setting heat, they say,

is a consequence of the long-term planetary warming caused by human emissions of

greenhouse gases.

“The whole system is warming up, relentlessly,” said Gerald A. Meehl, a scientist at the

National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo.

It will take a few more years to know for certain, but the back-to-back records of 2014 and

2015 may have put the world back onto a trajectory of rapid global warming, after a period of

relatively slow warming dating to the last powerful El Niño, in 1998.

2.0 Solutions

In order to plan the action on what can be done to reduce or mitigate the problems, first of all

the impacts of the global warming to the town must be identified. As the city is just nearby the

coastal area and there is a significant increment on the mean sea level, the impacts to the city

might be severe. Moreover due to the most of the part of city is quite low, shoreline erosion,

coastal flooding, and water pollution affect man-made infrastructure and coastal ecosystems

might be occur in the future. The impacts of climate change are likely to worsen many

problems that coastal areas already face.

The major problems faced by the town are as follow

Natural protections against damaging storm surges are increasingly threatened. Barrier

islands, beaches, sand dunes, salt marshes, mangrove stands, and mud and sand flats

retreat in land as sea level rises, unless there are obstructions along the retreat path. If

they cannot move, these natural protections are washed over or drowned.

High tides and storm surges riding on ever-higher seas are more dangerous to people

and coastal infrastructure.

Many shorelines have sea walls, jetties, and other artificial defenses to protect

roads, buildings, and other vital coastal resources. In these areas, sea-level rise

increases erosion of stranded beaches, wetlands, and engineered structures

3.0 Mitigation

Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

and to enhance sinks aimed at minimize the impact of global warming to the coastal city and

reducing the extent of global warming. The mitigations lie on our daily activities and needs.

We must tackle in these issues as these are the main contributor for greenhouse gases which

lead to global warming. The scopes including the energy efficiency, transportation, forest

management and the most important thing is sustainable development.

i. Ensuring Sustainable Development

The countries of the world from the most to the least developed vary dramatically in their

contributions to the problem of climate change and in their responsibilities and capacities

to confront it. A successful global compact on climate change must include financial

assistance from richer countries to poorer countries to help make the transition to low-

carbon development pathways and to help adapt to the impacts of climate change.

i. Greening Transportation

The transportation sector's emissions have increased at a faster rate than any other energy-

using sector over the past decade. A variety of solutions are at hand, including improving

efficiency in all modes of transport, switching to low-carbon fuels, and reducing vehicle

miles travelled through smart growth and more efficient mass transportation systems.

ii. Boosting Energy Efficiency

The energy used to power, heat, and cool our homes, businesses, and industries is the

single largest contributor to global warming. Energy efficiency technologies allow us to

use less energy to get the same or higher level of production, service, and comfort. This

approach has vast potential to save both energy and money, and can be deployed quickly.

iii. Reviving Up Renewables

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergy are available

around the world. Multiple studies have shown that renewable energy has the

technical potential to meet the vast majority of our energy needs. Renewable technlogies

can be deployed quickly, are increasingly cost-effective, and create jobs while reducing

pollution.

iv. Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Electricity

Dramatically reducing our use of fossil fuels especially carbon-intensive coal is essential

to tackle climate change. There are many ways to begin this process. Key action steps

include: not building any new coal-burning power plants, initiating a phased shutdown of

coal plants starting with the oldest and dirtiest, and capturing and storing carbon emissions

from power plants. While it may sound like science fiction, the technology exists to store

carbon emissions underground. The technology has not been deployed on a large scale or

proven to be safe and permanent, but it has been demonstrated in other contexts such as

oil and natural gas recovery. Demonstration projects to test the viability and costs of this

technology for power plant emissions are worth pursuing.

v. Developing and Deploying New Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon Technologies

Research into and development of the next generation of low-carbon technologies will be

critical to deep mid-century reductions in global emissions. Current research on battery

technology, new materials for solar cells, harnessing energy from novel sources

like bacteria and algae, and other innovative areas could provide important break

throughs.

vi. Managing Forests and Agriculture

Forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees and reducing timber

cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Taken together, tropical deforestation and

emissions from agriculture represent nearly 30 percent of the world's heat-trapping

emissions. We can fight global warming by reducing emissions from deforestation and

forest degradation and by making our food production practices more sustainable.

4.0 Adaptation

Adaptations is the action or process of adapting or being adapted. Thus, the adaption shall be

the strategy to cater the risk of sea level rising to a critical level.

i. Expanded rainwater harvesting; water storage and conservation techniques; water re-

use; desalination; water-use and irrigation efficiency.

ii. Adjustment of planting dates and crop variety; crop relocation; improved land

management, e.g. erosion control and soil protection through tree planting Relocation;

seawalls and storm surge barriers; dune reinforcement; land acquisition and creation of

marshlands/wetlands as buffer against sea level rise and flooding; protection of

existing natural barriers.

iii. Heat-health action plans; emergency medical services; improved climate-sensitive

disease surveillance and control; safe water and improved sanitation.

iv. Diversification of tourism attractions and revenues; shifting ski slopes to higher

altitudes and glaciers; artificial snow-making.

v. Ralignment/relocation; design standards and planning for roads, rail and other

infrastructure to cope with warming and drainage.

vi. Strengthening of overhead transmission and distribution infrastructure; underground

cabling for utilities; energy efficiency; use of renewable sources; reduced dependence

on single sources of energy.

5.0 Conclusion

Climate change mitigation and adaptation will need to be dealt and involves complex

interaction of citizens, governmental, non-governmental organisations and businesses.

Although there is some uncertainty around when we will experience various climate changes,

planners can today anticipate their trajectories and begin thinking ahead about how to prevent

catastrophic impacts.