tai lieu ktcc
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
1/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 1
1
MN HC
KINH TCNG CNG
Ths NGUYN KIM LANKhoa Kinh tquc t, HNT
2
NI DUNG MN HCChng I: TNG QUAN VVAI TR CA CHNH PHTRONG NN KINH
TTH TRNG VI TNG NGHIN CU CA MN HC KINHT CNG CNGChng II: CHNH PHVI VAI TR PHN BNGUN LC NHM NNG
CAO HIU QUKINH T
Chng III: CHNH PHVI VAI TR PHN PHI LI THU NHP VMBO CNG BNG X HI
Chng IV: CHNH PHVI VAI TRN NH KINH TV M
Chng V: LA CHN CNG CNG
Chng VI:NHNG CNG CCHNH SCH CAN THIP CHYU CACHNH PHTRONG NN KINH TTH TRNG
3
CHNG1
TNG QUAN VVAI TR CACHNH PHTRONG NN KINH T
TH TR NG VI T NGNGHIN C U CA MN HC KINH
TCNG CNG
4
NI DUNG CHNH
1. CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T TH TRNG
2. C SKHCH QUAN CHO S CAN THIPCA CHNH PHVO NN KINH T
3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNGHN CH TRONG S CAN THIP CACHNH PH VO NN KINH T TH TRNG
4. I TNG, NI DUNG VPHNG PHPNGHIN CU MN HC
5
1. CHNH PHTRONG NN KINH TTH TRNG
1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc vvai trca Chnh Ph
1.2 S thay i vai tr Chnh Ph trong thctin pht trin ca thk20
1.3 c im chung ca khu vc cng cng1.4 Khu vc cng cng Vit Nam1.5 Chnh Ph trong vng tun hon kinh t
6
1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc vvaitr ca Chnh Ph
Khi nim Chnh Ph: CP l mt t chcc thit lp thc thi nhng quyn lcnht nh, iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn
sng trong x hi nhm phc v cho li chchung ca x hi v ti tr cho vic cungcp nhng hng ha, dch v thit yu mx hi c nhu cu.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
2/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 2
7
1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc vvaitr ca Chnh Ph
Chc nng ca Chnh ph:- iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn.- Phc v li ch chung ca X hi- Cung cp hng ho v dch vcngcng
8
1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc vvaitr ca Chnh Ph
L thuyt Bn tay v hnh ca AdamSmith
nn KTTT thun tyQuan im ca Karl Marx, Angel, Lenin
nn KT khoch ha tp trungCi cch kinh t (trong c VN)
nn KT hn hp
9
1.2 S thay i vai tr CP trong thc tinpht trin ca thk20
Thp k50-70: Chnh ph ng vai trquan trng
Thp k80: thu hp s can thip caChnh ph
Thp k90: kt hp vi KVTN trong qutrnh pht trin
10
1.3 c im chung ca khu vc cngcng
Khi nim khu vc cng cng
Phn bngun lc:Theo c ch th trngTheo c chphi th trng
11
1.3 c im chung ca khu vc cngcng (tip)
Cc l nh vc c bn c coi l KVCC:H thng cc c quan quyn lc ca NNH thng quc phng, an ninh, trt t an tonXHH thng KCHT kthut v x hiCc lc lng kinh tca Chnh phH thng an sinh x hi
12
2. C SKHCH QUAN CHO SCANTHIP CA CP VO NN KINH T
2.1 Tiu chun vhiu qu s dng ngunlc
2.2 nh lc bn ca Kinh thc Phc li2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s Chnh
phcan thip vo nn kinh t
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
3/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 3
13
2.1 Tiu chun v s dng ngun lc
2.1.1 Hiu quPareto v hon thin Pareto
Hiu qu Pareto: Mt s phn b ngunlc c gi l t hiu qu Pareto nunh khng c cch no phn b li ccngun lc lm cho t nht mt ngic li hn m khng lm thit hi nbt k ai khc
14
2.1 Tiu chun v s dng ngun lc
Hon thin Pareto:Nu cn tn ti mtcch phn b li cc ngun lc lm cho tnht mt ngi c li hn m khngphi lm thit hi cho bt k ai khc thcch phn b li cc ngun lc l honthin Pareto so vi cch phn bban u.
15
2.1 Tiu chun v s dng ngun lc
- MB>MC:cha hiuquv tng sn lngcn lmtng cPLXH- MB
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
4/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 4
19
2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CPcan thip vo nn kinh t
2.3.1 Tht bi v tnh hiu qu (C2)- c quyn- Ngoing- Hng ha cng cng- Thng tin khngi xng
20
2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CPcan thip vo nn kinh t
2.3.2 Tht bi do s bt n nh mang tnhcht chu k ca nn kinh t (C4)2.3.3 Tht bi vcng bng (C3)
2.3.4 Hng ha khuyn dng v phikhuyn dng
21
3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNGHN CH TRONG SCAN THIP CA CPVO NN KTTT
3.1 Chc nng ca CP
3.1.1 Phn b ngu n l c nh m nng cao hi u qu kinh t
3.1.2 Phn ph i l i thu nh p v m b o cng b ng x h i
3.1.3 n nh ha kinh t v m
3.1.4 i di n cho qu c gia trn tr ng qu c t 22
3.2 Nguyn tc c bn cho s can thipca CP vo nn KTTT
3.2.1 Nguyn tc h tr
3.2.2 Nguyn tc tng hp
23
3.3 Nhng hn chca Chnh phkhican thip
3.3.1 Hn chdo thiu thng tin
3.3.2 Hn chdo thiu kh nng kim sotphn ng ca cc c nhn3.3.3 Hn chdo thiu kh nng kim sotbmy hnh chnh
3.3.4 Hn chdo qu trnh ra quyt nhcng cng
24
4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC
4.1 Phng php phn tch thc chng l m t phng php phn tch khoa h c nh m
tm ra m i quan h nhn qu gi a cc bi n s kinh t 4.2 Phng php phn tch chun tc l phng php phn tch d a trn nh ng nh n nh ch quan c b n v iu g ng c ho c c n lm t c nh ng k t qu mong mu n
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
5/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 5
25
CHNG2CHNH PHV I VAI TR PHN B
NGUN L C NHM NNG CAOHIU QUKINH T
26
1. C QUYN1.1 c quyn thng
1.1.1 Khi ni m
c quy n thng l tr ng thi th trngch c duy nh t m t ngi bn v s nxu t ra s n ph m khng c lo i hng hano thay th g n g i.
27
1.1 c quyn thng
1.1.2 Nguyn nhn xut hin c quync quy n xu t hin l k t qu ca qu
trnh c nh tranhDo c CP nhng quy n khai thc th trng
Do ch bn quy n i vi pht minh,sng ch v s h u tr tu
Do s h u c mt ngu n l c c bit
Do c kh nng gim gi thnh khi m rng s n xu t c quy n t nhin 28
1.1 c quyn thng (tip)
1.1.3 T n th t phc l i do c quy nthng gy ra
Cnh tranh: MB = MC = Pc quy n: MR = MCdt ABC l dt m t tr ng hayt n th t v ch do c quy n(CM)Li nhu n c quy n =Q1(P 1- AC(Q1) )
0 Q1 Q0 Q
c quyn th ng
D = MB
P
P1
P0
MR
C
AC
MC
A
B
29
1.1 c quyn thng (tip)
1.1.4 Cc gii php can thip ca CPBan hnh lut php v chnh sch chngc quyn
Kim sot gi c nh thuS hu nh nc
30
1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cac c ng nh dch vcng
1.2.1 Khi ni mc quy n t nhin l tnh tr ng trong ccy u t hm ch a trong qu trnh s n xu t cho php hng c th lin t c gim chi ph s nxu t khi quy m s n xu t m rng, do dn n cch t ch c sn xu t hi u qu nh tl ch thng qua m t hng duy nh t.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
6/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 6
31
1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hpca cc ngnh dch vcng
1.2.2 S phi hi u qu ca c quy n t nhinkhi cha b iu ti tCP s l m th no iu ti t th trng QTN?
E
G B M
$
A
AC
MC
MR D
Q1
Q2
Q0
Q
P2
P1
F
N
P0
0
32
1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cacc ngnh dch vcng (tip)
1.2.3 Cc ch i n l c iu ti t QTN ca CPMc tiu : gi m P, tng Q n m c sn lng t iu i vi x h i.Gii php :
t gi t r n P C = P 0 .u i m :nh c i m :
33
1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cacc ngnh dch vcng (tip)
nh gi tr n P C = AC u im:nhc im:
nh gi hai ph n :u i m:nh c i m:
34
2. NGOI NG
2.1 Khi ni m v phn lo i
2.1.1 Khi nim : Khi hnh ng c a m t itng (c th l c nhn ho c hng) c nhhng tr c ti p n phc l i ca m t i tngkhc, nhng nh ng nh hng li khngc ph n nh trong gi c th trng th nhhng c gi l cc ngo i ng .
35
2.1 Khi nim v phn loi (tip)
2.1.2 Ph n lo i: g m 2 l o iNgo i ng tiu c c & ngo i ng tch c c
Ngo i ng t iu c c
N go i ng tch c c
36
2.1 Khi nim v phn loi (tip)
2.1.3 c im
Chng c th do c hot ng sn xut lntiu dng gy raNgoi ng tch cc v tiu cc ch l tngi, ph thuc vo i tng chu tc ng.Tt c cc ngoi ng u phi hiu qu, nuxt di quanim x hi.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
7/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 7
37
2.2 Ngoing tiu cc2.2.1 S phi hiu q u ca ngo i ng tiu c c
Gi s nh my ha cht vmt HTXnh c ang sdng chung mt ci h.
MPC+ MEC= MSCMc sn lng ti u thtrng: Q1: MPC = MBMc sn lng ti u xhi: Q0: MSC = MBQ1>Q0 => t n th t PLXH = dt ABC
A
0 Q 0 Q1 Q
Ngoi ng tiu c c
Eb
a
MB, MC
Thit h iHTX ph ich u thm
L inhu n
nhmy cthm
MEC
B
C
MSC = MPC + MEC
MPC
38
2.2 Ngoing tiu cc (tip)
Cc gii php c a Chnh ph
nh thu Pigou: Th u Pigou l lo i thu nh v omi n v sn ph m u raca hng gy nhi m, sao chon ng b ng chi ph ngo i ng b i n t i m c sn lng t iu x h i.=> H n ch
Mc tiu : gi m s n lng c a hng gy N t iu c c v snlng t i u XH
ba
E
A
MSC = MPC + MECMB, MC
MPC + t
0 Q0 Q1 Q
nhthu i v i ngoi ngtiuc c
MEC
B
MPC
C
MB
39
Tr c p : v i mi n vsn lng m nh myng ng s n xu t th chnhph s tr c p cho h mtkho n b ng MEC t i QO=> H n ch
E
A
0 Q0 Q1 Q
Tr cp i v i ngoi ngtiuc c
C
MB, MC
B
MPC
MEC
a b
MB
MSC = MPC + MEC
2.2 Ngoing tiu cc (tip)
40
2.2 Ngoing tiu cc (tip)
2.2.2 Gii php kh c phc ngoi ng tiu c c
Cc gii php ca t nhnQuy nh quy n s h u ti s n: nh l Coase
pht biu rng, nu chi ph giao dch l khngngk th c th a ra mt gii php hiu qu i vingoing bng cch trao quyn s hu cc ngunlc c cc bn s dng chung cho mt bn no. Ngoi ng s bin mt thng qua m phngia cc bn.
41
2.2 Ngoing tiu cc (tip)
Gis quyn SH h c trao cho NMHC. HTX sn sng n b:MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J
Gis quyn SH h c trao cho HTX. NMHC sn sng n b:MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J
Hn ch:Vic trao QSH ngun lc chung cho bn no c ngh a phn phikhc nhau.lCoase ch p dng trong TH chi phm phn kong k.nh l ny cng ngm nh l ch s hu ngun lc c th xcnh c nguyn nhn gy thit hi cho ti sn ca h v c thngn chn iu bng lut php.
42
2.2 Ngoing tiu cc (tip)
Sp nh p: ni ha ngoi ng bngcch sp nhp cc bn lin quan vinhau.
Dng d lu n x h i: S dng d lun,tp tc, l thi x hi. Kh ph bin gpphn ci thin mitrng sinh thi.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
8/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 8
43
2.3 Ngoing t ch cc
Khi khng c s iu ti tca CP, t n th t PLXH tim c tiu dng Q 1 l dtUVZ.
Gii php : M c tiu tngsn lng ln m c snlng t i u ca x h i.
0 Q1 Q0 Q
Ngoi ngtchc c
V
MPB MC
MSB = MPB + MEB
MB, MC
MEB
Z
U T
44
2.3 Ngoing t ch cc (tip)
Tr c p Pigou : l m c tr c p trn m i n v snph m u ra c a hng t o rango i ng tch c c, sao chon ng b ng l i ch ngo i ng bin t i m c sn lngt i u x h i
MPB m i = MPB + s sn lng t i u ti Q0
0 Q1 Q0 Q
Tr cp i v i ngoi ngtchc c
M
N
MPB+s
V
MPB MC
MSB = MPB + MEBMB, MC
MEB
Z
U T
45
2.3 Ngoing t ch cc (tip)
Hn ch:- Tr cp to gnh nng cho ngi tr
thu- Mt hnh ng to ra li ch cho XH
cha ngh tr cp cho hnhng .
46
3. HNG HA CNG CNG
3.1 Khi ni m v thu c tnh c bn ca HHCC
3.1.1 Khi ni m chung v HHCC:Hng ha cng c ng l nh ng lo i hng ham vi c m t c nhn ny ang hng th lich do hng ha t o ra khng ngn cnnh ng ngi khc cng ng th i hng th li ch ca n.
47
3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnhc bn caHHCC (tip)3.1.2 Thuc tnhc bn ca HHCC:
Khng c tnh c nh tranh trong tiu dng: khi cthm mt ngi s dng HHCC s khng lmgim li ch tiu dng ca nhng ngi tiudng hin c.
Khng c tnh lo i tr trong tiu dng:khng th loi tr hoc r t t n km n umu n loi tr nh ng c nhn t ch i khngch u tr ti n cho vi c tiu dng c a mnh.
48
3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnhc bn caHHCC (tip)
3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v HHCN thun tyHHCN thun ty va c tnh cnh tranh trongtiu dng, va d dng loi tr tt c nhng aikhng sn sng thanh ton theo mc gi thtrng.HHCC thun ty l HHCC cy hai thuctnh ni trn
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
9/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 9
49
3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnhc bn caHHCC (tip)
3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v khng thun tyHHCC thu n ty: l nh ng hng ha c y hai thu c tnh c b n c a HHCC
HHCC khng thu n ty : l nh ng hng ha ch c m t trong hai thu c tnh c b n c a HHCC ho c c c hai thu c tnh nhng m t trong hai thu c tnh m nh t
50
3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnhc bn caHHCC (tip)
HHCC khng thun ty gm 2 loi:Lo i 1: HHCC c th lo i tr b ng gi : l nhng thhng ham li ch do chng to ra c th nh gi.
V d: thu ph qua cu
Lo i 2: HHCC c th t c ngh n : l nh ng hngha m khi c thm nhi u ngi cng s dngchng th c th gy ra s tc ngh n khi n li chca nh ng ngi t iu dng trc b gim st.
51
3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty
Xt th trng ch gm 2 c nhn A, Btiu dng mt loi HHCN X.Lng cu tng hp: qX = qA + qBTT cnh tranh HH nn:pX = pA = pB ng cu tng hp v HHCN xcnh bng nguyn t c c ng ngang cc ng cu c nhn ca HHCN.
a. Xy d ng ng c u t ng h p
ng c u t ng h p v HHCN
SX
P
p E
DA DB DX
0 qA qB QX HHCN (X)
Cngngang ng cuHHCC
im cn b ng E l giao c a ng c u t ng h p v i ng cung l im phn b hng ha X t hi u qu Pareto
52
3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty (tip) ng c u t ng h p v HHCC
Xt th trng gm 2 c nhn A v B,tiu dng mt loi HHCC l pho hoaGG l HHCC nn:qA= qB = qGTng li ch bin ca XH:MBG= MBA+ MBBNguyn tc ny c gi l nguyn t c c ng d c cc ng cu cnhn ca HHCC.
SG
E
DG
DB
DA
MB,T
T*
tB
tA
F
0 Q* HHCC (G)Cng dc ng cuHHCC
a thm ng cung HHCC,im cn bng trn th trng HHCC tiim F, c lng HHCC cung cp l Q0 t hiu quPareto.Ghi ch : Sn lng tiu dng cng nhiu th ng cu vHHCN cng
thoi nhng ng cu vHHCC cng dc
53
N g uy n t c t nguy n ( Kh u v c t nhn cung c p) : t t c cc c nhn s ph i tr ti ncho 1 n v sn lng tiu dng ng = l i ch
bin h nh n c t HHCC k n khng
b. Cung c p HHCC thu n ty v v n k n khng
3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty (tip)
K n khng l nh ng ng i tm cch h ng th l i ch c a HHCC m khng ng gp m t ng nocho chi ph s n xu t v cung c p HHCC .
54
3.2.2. Cung c p HHCC khng thu n ty
a. HHCC c th loi tr bng giQuan im chung l nn dng gi c loi tr bt vic tiu dng HHCC.Tuy nhin, khi hng ha khng b tc ngh n, s dng gi lm gi mmc tiu dng th s gy t n th tFLXH
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
10/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 10
55
3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty
V d: thu ph qua mt chic cuCng sut thit k (im tcnghn: Qc)Lt qua cu ti a: QmNu Qm Qc MC = 0.Nu Qm > Qc MC >0.P = 0, PLXH ? P >0, PLXH?; T n th t PLXH ? Kt lun: Nu HH c th loi trbng gi, nhng MC = 0 th nncung cp min ph hay cung cpcng cng.
A
Ph
Tn tht phcl i khi thuph qua cu
imtcnghn
0 Q* Qm Qc
P*
E
S l tqua cu
(Q)
56
3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty
b. HCCC c kh nng tc ngh ni vi nh ng HHCC c th tc ngh n, nnloi tr bt vic tiu dng trnh tnhtrng t c ng h n.Nu chi ph th c hin vi c loi tr liqu l n th CP s ph i chp nh n cung c pcng c ng hng ha ny.
57
3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty (tip)
V d: thu ph qua mt cy cu.Khi Q>Qc th MC >0 vtng dn Ti uti E (P*,Q*). thc h in thu ph qua cu xhin chi ph giao dch ph tng ln nP1C 2 la chn:Cung cp c nhn (P1,Q1) ch ng minh?
dt TTPLXH W1 = dt BQ1QcECung cp cng cng (0,Qm) ch ng minh?
dt TTPLXH W2 = dt ECQm.Nu W1 > W2 cung cp cng cng hiuqu
W2 > W1 cung cp t nhn hiu qu.
ng cu
P($)
A
P1
P*
0 Q1 Qc Q* Qm Q
Cung cpHHCC mvic loi tr tnkm
B
E
Cngsutthit k
C
MC
58
3.3 Cung cp cng cng H ng ha c nhn
3.3.1 Khi no HHCN c cung c p cng c ng
Do m c ch t thi nKhi chi ph c a vi c cu ng c p c nhn l n hn so v i c hiph c a vi c cung c p c n g c ng
P
0 Q1 QM Q
P
P1
P0
Tuynhin vic cung c pcng cng HHCN sdn nhin tng tiudng qumc
59
3.3.2 Kh c ph c hin tng tiu dng qu m c
ng cung SX c gi thi t lng n m ngang MC.-Khng h n ch tiu dng: Qm- t iu dng t i u ti Q*.-Hn ch t iu dng b ng cch nhsu t ng u m c tiu dngQ*/2.- - u im- - Hn ch
DA DB DX
0 q1Q* q2 Q* Qm Q2
nhsut ng u
MC
P
nh su t ng u l hnh th ccung c p mt l ng HHCN nh nhau cho t t c mi ng i, khngcn c vo c u c th ca h .
60
3.3.2 Kh c ph c hin tng tiu dng qu m c
Xp hng : L vi c th c hi n nguyn t c ai n tr c c ph c v tr c hay bu c c nhn ph i tr gi cho hng ho c cung
c p mi n ph b ng th i gian ch i.=> Hn ch
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
11/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 11
61
4. THNG TIN KHNG I XNG
Th t bi v thng tin c a th trngg m c 2 d ng:Thng tin mang tnh ch t ca HHCC nnth t b i gi ng m i HHCC khc.Th t bi v thng tin khng i x ng haytnh tr ng xu t hin trn th trng khi m tbn no tham gia giao d ch th trngc c thng tin y hn bn kia v cc c tnh c a s n ph m.
62
4.1 Tnh phi hiu quca TT do thng tinkhngi xng
P0
D1
D0
A
B
C
P
P1
0 Q1 Q0 Q
Thng tin khngi x ng vphang i mualmth tr ngcung cp
d i m c hiu qu
SV d 1: TT koi xng v pha ngimuaDt ABC l tn tht PLXH do vic tiudng di mc hiu qu (do ngi muanhn c thng tin koi xng bngngi bn)
Do , nu ngi SX c th cung cpthng tin v cht lng ch thc ca snphm cho ngi TD vi chi ph nh hnphn mt trng th nn xc tin vic cungcp thng tin.
63
4.1 T nh phi hiu quca TT do thng tin khngixng (tip)
V d 2 : TT ko i x ng v pha ngi bnTh trng b o him. Thng tin khng ix ng lm th trng cung c p nhi u hnm c t i u x h i (ngi bn nh n cthng tin khng i x ng b ng ngi mua)
64
4.4. Gii php khc phc thng tin khngixng
Cc gii php c a t nhnXy d ng thng hiu v qu ng coBo hnh s n ph mCh ng nh n ca cc t ch c c lp, cchip hi ngh nghi pCung c p thng tin
65
4.4. Gii php khc phc thng tin khngixng (tip)
Cc gii php c a Chnh P hXy d ng cc khun kh php lChnh ph ng ra lm c quan c pch ng nh n, ch ng ch H tr vic cung c p thng tin
66
CHNG3
CH NH PHVI VAI TRPHN PHI LI THU NHP V M BO CNG BNG X HI
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
12/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 12
67
1. CNG BNG X HI TRONGPHN PHI THU NHP
1.1 Khi ni m cng b ng1.1.1 Cng b ng d c
Cng b ng d c l s i x c phn bi t gi anh ng ngi c v tr khc nhau trong x h i.
Nguyn t c chung: N u hai ngi c v tr khcnhau trong x h i th sau khi s tc ng c a chnhsch phn ph i li th kho ng cch gi a h ph igim xu ng.
68
1.1 Khi nim cng bng (tip)
Cng b ng ngang l s i x nh nhau ivi nh ng ngi c v t r ban u nh nhau trongx h i.
Nguyn t c chung: N u hai ngi c v tr banu nh nhau tro ng x h i th sau khi s tc ngca c/sch p hn ph i li th h vn ph i c v tr nh nhau.
1.1.2 Cng b ng ngang
69
1.2 Thc o mc bt bnhngtrong phn phi thu nhp
Khi nim : ng cong Lorenz bi u th m ilin h gi a t l ph n trm thu nh p qu c dncng d n v ph n trm dn s cng d n tng ng.
1.2.1 ng Lorenz
70
1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)Cc bc xy dng ng cong Lorenz:- B1: Sp xp dn c theo th t c thu nhp tng dn.- B2: chia dn s thnh cc nhm c sdn bng nhau(thng chia thnh 5 nhm, mi nhmc gi l ngphn v).- B3: Tnh phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn caphn trm dn scng dn tng ng.- B4: a phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn votrc tung, % dn scng dn vo trc honh. Ni ccim phn nh %TNQD cng dn ca % dn scngdn tng ng, ta c ng cong Lorenz.
71
u i m:- ng Lorenz ph n nh t l ph n trm ca t ngTNQD c ng d n c p hn ph i tng ng v i t l ph ntrm cng d n ca c c n hm d n s bi t.
- n g L c ung c p m t c i nhn tr c gic v BB thunh p- ng L trong th c t lun n m gi a ng B tuy t i v BBtuy t i.
1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)
72
1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)
Hn ch :- Cha lng ha c m c BB thnh
mt ch s do m i s so snh ch mang
tnh ch t nh tnh.- Trong trng h p cc ng L giao nhau thkh c c m t cu k t lun nh t qun ivi m c BB.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
13/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 13
73
1.2 Thc o mc bt b nh ng trongphn phi thu nhp (tip)
1.2.2 H s GiniKhi nim: H s Gini l h s cho bi tt l gi a di n tch t o ra b i ngphn gic OO v ng Lorenz v i dintch tam gic OEO.
74
1.2.2 H sGini (tip)
K t lu n v h s Gini: u i m : L m t thc o kh thu n li so snhs BBgi a cc qu c gia, cc vng mi n qua cc giaion khc nhau.Hn ch :
- Khng c kt lun nh t qun khi hai ng L c tnhau.
- Cha tch c s BBchung thnh cc nguynnhn khc nhau gy ra s BB .
75
1.2 Thc o mc bt bnhng trongphn phi thu nhp (tip)
Khi ni m: Ch s Theil L l i lng xc nh s BBd a trn l thuy t thng tin/ xc su t.Ch s Theil L c xc nh theo cng th c sau:
1.2.3 Ch s Theil L
n
i=1 y iN
YL = ln
76
1.2.3 Ch sTheil L (tip)
u i m c a ch s Theil L:- Lm tng trng s ca ngi c t hu nh p th p- K hc v i h s Gini, ch s The il L cho php chng ta
phn tch s b t b nh ng chung thnh b t b nh ngtrong t ng nhmnh .
77
T s Kuznets: L t trng thu nh p ca x% ngi g iu nh tchia cho y% ngi ng ho n h t. Nh ng gi tr ca t s nyth c th t l nh ng m u n m trn ng Lorenz.
1.2.4 Cc ch s khc
Thu nhp x% giunht
Thu nhp y% nghonhtk = % thunhp =
u i mNh c i m
78
1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra s bt b nhng trong phn phi thu nhp
1.3.1 B t bnh ng trong phn ph i thu nh pt ti s n
Nhm cc nhn t nh s n: y l nh ngnhn t gy ra s b t bnh ng v thunh p n m ngoi kh nng kim sot v chiph i ca cc c nhn.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
14/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 14
79
1.3.1 Bt bnhng trong phn phi thu nhp t tisn (tip)
Thu nhp ny c hnh thnh t ccngun:Doc tha k ti snDo hnh vi tiu dng v tit kim khcnhau ca cc c nhn nh hng lnn s khc nhau v ca ci tch lyc.Do kt qukinh doanh
80
1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra s bt b nh ngtrong phn phi thu nhp (tip)
1.3.2 B t bnh ng trong phn ph i thu nh pt lao ng
Nhm cc nhn t do ti nng v cng s cca cc c nhn chi ph i: cc c nhn c k nng lao ng, iu kin lao ng v tnhch t ngh nghi p kh c nhau s dn n thunh p khc nhau
81
1.3.2 Bt bnhng trong phn phi thunhp t lao ng (tip)
Mt s nguyn nhn dn n bt bnh ng trongphn phi TN t lao ng:Do khc nhau v kh nng, k nng Ldn nkhc nhau v thu nhp.Do khc nhau v cng lm vicDo khc nhau v ngh nghip v tnh cht cngvicDo nhng nguyn nhn khc
82
4. I NGHO V CC GII PHPXA I GIM NGHO
4.1 Quan nim v i ngho v thco i ngho
4.2 T nh h nh i ngho Vit Nam vnh hng ch nh sch xa igim ngho
83
4.1 Quan nim v i ngh o v thc oi ngh o
4.1.1 i ngho v cc kh a cnhca i ngh o
4.1.2 Thc o i ngho
84
4.1.1 i ngho v cc kh a cnh cai ngho
S khn cng v vt cht, c olng theo mt tiu ch th ch hp v thunhp hoc tiu dng.
S hng th thiu thn v gi o dc vy t.Nguyc d b tn thng v d gp riro, t nh trng khng c ting ni vquyn lc ca ngi ngh o.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
15/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 15
85
b. La chn v c t nh ngngngho
Kh i ni m ng ng ngh o: Ngng ngh o l ranh gii phn bitgia ngi ngho v ngi khngngho
86
b. La chn v c t nhngng ngho (tip)
Ng ng ngh o tuy t i: l chun tuyti vmc sng c coi l ti thiu cnthit c nhn hoc h gia nh c thtn ti khomnh.Ng ng ngh o tng i: c x c nhtheo phn phi thu nhp hoc tiu d ngchung trong c nc phn nh t nhtrng ca mt b phn dn c sng dimc trung b nh ca cng ng
87
c. C c thc o i ngho thngdng
Cng thc:
yi l mc chi tiu (hoc thu nhp) tnh trnu ngi, tnh chongi th i , z lngng ngho,N l tng dn s, M l sngi ngho v l i lng o mc quan tmn s bt bnhng gianhng ngi ngho.
P = M
i
i
z
y z
N 1
)(1
88
Gii thch cng th c
= 0, ng thc phn nh ch s m u hay t l i ngh o.
= 1, ng thc thhin khong ngh o.Kho ng ngh o c t nh l t ng c c m c thi u h t c a t t c ng i ngh o trong n n kinh t .
= 2, ta c ch sb nh phng kho ng ngh o. Ch sn y thhin mc nghimtrng (haycng ) ca i ngh o
89
CHNG5
LA CHN CNG CNG
90
NI DUNG CHNH
1. Li ch ca la chn cng cng.2. La chn cng cng trongc ch
biu quyt trc tip.3. La chn cng cng trongc chbiu quyt i din.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
16/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 16
91
1. LI CH CA LA CHNCNG CNG
1.1. Khi nim ca la chn cng cng1.2. c im ca la chn cng cng1.3. Li ch ca la chn cng cng
92
1.1. Khi nim ca LCCC
L a ch n cng c ng l m t qu trnh m trong mu n c a cc c nhn c k t h p l i trong m t quy t nh t p th .
93
1.2. c im ca LCCC
Tnh cht khng thphn chiaTnh cht cng chTc dng ca LCCC: huy ng cngun lc v sc mnh tp th t nng kh nng li ch.
94
2. LA CHN CNG CNG TRONG CCH BiU QUYT TRC TIP
2.1 Cc nguyn tc la chn cng cng2.2 Cc phin bn ca nguyn tc biu
quyt theo a s2.3 nh l Bt khthi ca Arrow
95
2.1 Cc nguyn tc la chn cngcng
2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i2.1.2 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s
gin n (tng i)2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s
tuyt i
96
2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tcb. M tm hnh Lindahl
c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnh Lindahld. Hn chca m hnh Lindahl
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
17/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 17
97
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc
Nguyn t c nh t tr tuy t i l m t nguynt c quy nh: mt quy t nh ch c thngqua khi v ch khi c s th ng nh t (ng )ca t t c cc thnh vin (100%) trong m t cng ng no .
98
b. M tm hnh Lindahl
Hon cnh nghin cuM t- Gii thchPhn tchKt lun
99
Hon cnh nghin cu
C 2 c nhn A v Bang bn bc raquyt nh thungi bo v.Gi tA l gi thum ngi A phi tr thu ngi bo v;tB l gi thuca ngi B phi tr.=> tA + tB = 1.
100
M t - Gii thch
O'
O
t* E
DB
DA
Q*
Q
Q
tB
tA
S ngi bo v
S ngi bo v
Gi thu
M hnh Lindahl
101
Phn tch
Nu tA# t* (hay tng ng l tB#1-t*) thcha c mt s nht tr chung v lngdch v c cung cp.Nu tA= t* (hay tng ng l tB=1-t*) thc mt s nht tr chung v lng dchv c cung cp l Q*.
102
Kt lun
Cn bng Lindahl l mt cp gi Lindahlm ti cp gi , mi c nhn u nhttr vmt lng HHCCnh nhau.Cn bng Lindahl l cn bng c thchin da trn nguyn tc nht tr tuyti.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
18/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 18
103
c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnh Lindahl
Nu tm rac cn bng ny th s mbo mc cung ng HHCC l hiu qu vphn nh c ng li ch m tng cnhn nhn c tHHCC.
104
d. Hn chca m hnh Lindahl
Nu c ngi mun thnh k n khng th cnbng Lindahl s tht bi.Tn thi gian t c nht tr tuyt i do chi ph quyt nh thng cao, t hiu qu.Sc mnh ph quyt ca mt ngi bng ttc biu quyt ca nhng ngi kh c nn rtkh a ra quyt nh chungNguyn tc ny dng kim ch quyn lcca nhau.
105
2.1.2 Nguyn tc biu quyt theoa stng i
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biu quyttheo a s tng i
b. Hn chca nguyn tc biu quyt theoa s tng i
c. C tri trung gian vnh l c tri trunggian
106
a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biu quyt theoa s tng i
Nguyn tcHon cnh nghin cuM tPhn tch
107
Nguyn tc
Nguyn t c bi u quy t theo a s l mt nguyn t c quy nh: m t v n ch cthng qua khi v ch khi c hnmt n as ng i bphi u (50%) cng nh t tr
108
Hon cnh nghin cu
Kt qu phng vn th t u tin ccphng php hc i vi 3 sinh vinnhsau:Phng n A: t hcPhng n B: hc trn lpPhng n C: hc nhm
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
19/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 19
109
M t
AACu tin 3
CBBu tin 2
BCAu tin 1
SV 3SV 2SV 1La chn
110
Phn tch
u cpA vs B: B thngB vs C: B thngB thngCch chn cp u khcA vs C: C thngC vs B: B thngB thngKt lun chung: cho d thayi lch trnhu cp,kt qucui cng vn nh nhauHin tng Cn bng biu quyt
111
b. Hn chca nguyn tc biu quyttheo a s tng i
b1. S p chca a sb2. Hin tng quay vng trong biu
quyt
112
b1. S p chca a s
Nu s ngi chnphng n A chim as v B chim thiu sth min IIA cng trthnh min la chn vkhi chn min ny emli li ch choa s.
UB (thi u s )
0 U A (a s )
II B I
III II A
113
b2. Hin tng quay vng trongbiu quyt
M tPhn tch
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quayvng trong biu quytKt lun
114
M t
ABCu tin 3
CABu tin 2
BCAu tin 1
SV 3SV 2SV 1La chn
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
20/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 20
115
Phn tch
u cp:A vs B: A thngB vs C: B thngB vs C: C thngA thng B, B thng C, theo tnh cht bccu c thkt lun A thng.Nhng nu Au vi C th C li thngHin tng quay vng trong biu quyt
116
Khi nim c lin quan
Cn b ng bi u quy t: L tnh trng trong biuquyt theo a s tm ra c mt phng ncui cng m kt qu b phiu l nht qunv khng ph thuc vo lch trnh bphiu.Quay vng trong bi u quy t: L tnh trng din rakhi la chn theo nguyn tc a s gin nkhng tm rac mt phng n thng cuccui cng m nht qun vi tt c cc lch trnhbphiu.
117
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quay vng
Khi nim clin quan nh trong s l a ch n c a c nhn L a ch n n nh L a ch n a nh
118
M t
0 A B C phngn hc tp
Biu m ts l a chn caccc tri
L ich L a ch n a
nh c a c tri 2
L a ch n nnh c a c tri 1
L a ch n nnh c a c tri 3
119
nh l v la chn n nh
Nu tt ccc c triu c la chn n nhth nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s s tc cn bng biu quyt v s khng cnghch l biu quyt.Nhng nu c mt ngi c la chn a nh,cha chc c quay vng biu quyt cng nhcn bng biu quyt. y l nh l ca biuquyt theoa sgin n.
120
c. C tri trung gian vnh l c tritrung gian
Khi nim c tri trung gian nh l c tri trung gian
V dminh haKt lun
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
21/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 21
121
Khi nim c tri trung gian
C tri trung gian l ngi c s la chnnm chnh gia trong tp hp la chnca tt c cc c tri
122
nh l c tri trung gian
nh l c tri trung gian : nu tt c ccc triu c la chn n nh th kt qubiu quyt theo a s phn nh ng sla chn ca c tri trung gian.
123
2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stuyt i
Nguyn t c bi u quy t theo a s tuy t i l m t nguyn t c quy nh: Mt vn ch c thng qua khi v ch khi c nhiuhn mc a s gin n (t 50% - 100%)s ngi bphiu cng nht tr, chng hnphi t c hai phn ba s phiu thun.
124
2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stuyt i (tip)
Nguyn tc ny l trung gian gia ngtc biuquyt theo a s gin n v ngtc nht trtuyt i (t 50% - 100%).Ty theo t l quy nh v s ngi tn thnhcng ln th cng c u nhc im gingngtc nht tr tuyt i, cng nh cng c unhc im ging ngtc biu quyt theo a sgin n.
125
2.2 Cc phin bn ca nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s
2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bnnguyn tc biu quyt theoa sgin n
2.2.2 Mt s phin bn nguyn tcbiu quyt theo a s tuyti
126
2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a sgin n
a. Hn chHnh thc u cp ch c ngh a khi ccphng n biu quyt c th sp xp ctheo mt tiu ch chung thng nht
Ngay khiiu kin trn c tha mn th ktqu cn bng biu quyt theo phng phpu cp vn ph thuc vo la chn ca mtc nhn l c tri trung gian.
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
22/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 22
127
2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a sgin n (tip)
b. Nguyn nhnBiu quyt theo phng php u cpquan tm n vic c nhn u tin p/nno nht nhng cha phn nh cmc quan trng ca tng c nhntheo p/na ra.
128
2.2.2 Mt sphin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s tuyt i
a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cng lcb. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho imc. Lin minh trong biu quyt theo a s
129
a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cng lc
Trnh t thc hinu nhc im ca nguyn tc
130
Trnh t thc hin
Bi u quy t nhiu phng n cng lc .Mi c tri sxp hng cc phng n theo tht u tin. Phng n no c u tin nhts c xp v tr th 1.Tnh tng s xp hng ca cc c tri cho tngphng n.Phng n no c tng s xp hng nhnhts l phng n c chn.
131
u nhc im ca nguyn tc
u im: Khc phc c hin tngquay vng trong biu quytNhc im: Khng cho php cc cnhn phn nh mc a thch camnhi vi cc phng n
132
b. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho im
Trnh t thc hinu nhc im ca nguyn tc
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
23/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 23
133
Trnh t thc hin
Mi c tri c mt s im nht nh.Cc c tri c th phn phi im gia ccphng n khc nhau ty thch.Cng im m cc c tri phn phi chocc phng n.Phng n no c s im ln nht lphng n c la chn.
134
u nhc im ca nguyn tc
u im: Cho php cc c tri phnnh mc a thch ca mnh i vicc phng n.Nhc im: Mi ngi u cho imti a phng n ca mnh. C th xyra hin tng cc c tri s dng chinlc trong biu quyt, lin minh trongbiu quyt.
135
c. Lin minh trong biu quyt theo as
Khi nimLin minh bu c lm tng phc li xhiLin minh bu c lm gim phc li xhi
136
Khi nim
Lin minh l m t h th ng cho php cc c nhn c trao i phi u b u v i nhau v do c th b c l c m c quan tm khc nhau c a c nhn i v i t ng v n c bi u quy t .
137
Lin minh bu c lm tng PLXH
Hon cnh nghin cu:Mt cng ng ang xem xt ba d n xydng bnh vin, trng hc hay th vin.
Cng ng ny c ba c tri X, Y v Z.Mi c tric quyn cho im t do tngphng n m khng b gii hn bi tngs im c php.
138
M t
220400-60-120Th vin
80-30150-40Trng hc95-55- 50200Bnhvin
ZYXTng lich rng
C triD n
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
24/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 24
139
Phn tch
Nu khng lin minh th cphng nno c thng qua khng?Nu c th lin minh gia cc c tri no?Khng/c lin minh thnh hng tiPLXHnh thno?
140
Lin minh bu c lm gim FLXH
-10400-140-270Th vin
-10-120150-40Trng hc
-15-105- 110200Bnhvin
ZYXTng lich rng
C triD n
Thayi mc nh gi li ch 3 d n ca ccc tri
141
Phn tch
Nu khng lin minh th cphng nno c thng qua khng?Nu c th lin minh gia cc c tri no?Khng/c lin minh thnh hng tiFLXHnh thno?
142
2.3nh l Bt khthi ca Arrow
t vn :Tt ccc phng n bu phiuchng ta xtu c nhc imring.Liu c th tmc mt c chbuphiu no m m bo cng bng vhiu qu?
143
2.3 nh l Bt kh thi ca Arrow
Ni dung nh l1. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh tp th phi c tnh cht
bc cu.2. Cc phng n la chn phi c kh nng sp xt
th t u tin3. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi theong s la chn
ca cc c nhn.4. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi m bo tnh khch
quan.5. Khng cho php tn ti s c ti.
144
2.3 nh l Bt kh thi ca Arrow (tip)
ngh a ca nh l:Nu hin tng quay vng xy ra th ai ckh nng kim sot lch trnh b phiu, sc c hi thao tng la chn ca x hi.Cc bn yu thc th to ra s quay vng trnh kt cc ko c li cho mnh
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
25/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 25
145
CHNG6CC CNG CCHNH SCH
CAN THIP CHYUCA CHNH PHTRONG
NN KINH TTH TRNG
146
1.2.1 Quinh vgi
a. Gi trnb. Gi sn
147
a. Gi trn
Khi nim:Gi tr n l m c gi t i a c phptrao i trn th tr ng
148
a. Gi trn
M t P
Q0
D
S
P0Gi tr nPc
Q0
PX
A
B
C
E
Q1 Q2
H nh 6.1: T c ng ca gi trn
149
a. Gi trn
Phn tch:o V tnh hiu qu:ko hiu quo V tnh cng bng: cha r rng
150
b. Gi sn
Khi nim:Gi sn l m c gi t i thi u c trao i trn th tr ng
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
26/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 26
151
b. Gi sn
M t P
Q0
D
S
P0
Gi sn
Q0
Pf
A
B
C E
Q1 Q2
H nh 6.2: T c ng ca gi s n
F
M
152
b. Gi sn
Phn tch: Gii php ca chnh phc hnchg?K t h p ki m sot gi sn v i vic ki m sot b ng nh l ngChnh ph mua l ng d cung trn th tr ng(Q1Q2) r i bn l i cho ng i tiu dngChnh ph mua ton b l ng d cung r i thiuh y (ho c vin tr khng hon l i cho n ckhc)
153
1.2.1 Quinh vgi (tip)
Kt lun: Cc gii php quinh giu an nhng tc ng phn phi nht nh,nhng i tng chnh sch c thc sc li hay khng liu cha r rng.Ch c mt iu chc chn l cc gii php u phi hiu qu.
154
3. NHM CNG CCHNH SCHIUTIT BNG THUV TRCP
3.1 Thu3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung3.1.2 Thu nh bn cu
3.2 Tr cp3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung3.2.2 Tr cp bn cu
155
3.1 Thu
Thu: l kho n ng gp b t bu c c a cc c nhn v doanh nghi p cho NSNN trang tr i chi ph cung c p HHCC ho c h n
ch l ng cung hng ho trn th tr ng.
156
3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (1)
Thu u ra: l thu nh vo sn lngdo cc doanh nghip sn xut ra
Thu quan: l loi thu nh vo hngho nhp khu
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
27/28
CN 19B - 5/2011 27
157
3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (2)
M t P
0 Q
St S
D
A
B
CG
E
F
Pm
P0Pb
Q1 Q0
Tc ng ca thubncung
158
Kt lun:
Tc ng thc s ca thukhng ph thuc vovic lut thu quinh thu do bn mua hay bnbn np m chu nh hng ca co ginng cung vng cu.Ngi mua vngi bn khi phi chu thu uc gng chuyn bt thu sang cho ngi kia.Kh nng chuyn thu ca h cng cao khi hc th phn ng cng mnh vi s thay i gic, tc l ng cu (hoc cung) cng co gin
159
3.2 Tr cp
Tr cp: l chuy n giao c a chnh ph t o ra m t kho n m gi a gi m ng i tiu dng tr v chi ph s n xu t khi n cho gi th p hn chi ph bin.Tr cp c th c p dng cho bn cunghoc bn cu.
160
3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung (1)
Tr gi hay b l: vi mi n v hngho sn xut ra, chnh ph s tr cp chomt s tin hoc theo mt t lnht nh.Tr thu sn xut: cho php ngi snxut c tr bt mt khon nht nhkhi thu nhp chu thu ca doanh nghipmnh.
161
3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung (2)
M t
D
P
0 Q
S
Ss
P0
Q0
Pm
Q1
Pb A
B
C
Tc ng ca tr cp bn cung
162
3.2.2 Tr cp bn cu
Tr cp bng hin vtTem phiuM t v phn tch tng t nh tr c p bn cung
-
8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc
28/28
163
Kt lun chung cho thuv tr cp
Tc ng ca thu hoc tr cp khng ph thucvo vic nh thu (hay tr cp) cho bn cung haybn cu m ph thuc vo co gin ca ngcung vng cuNu cc yu t khc nh nhau th ng cung(hoc cu) cng co gin th ngi bn (hocngi mua) cng phi chu t thu (hoc chng t li ch ca tr cp).Chai cng cny u i km vi ci gi phi hysinh v tnh hiu qu, l tn tht v ch do thu(hoc tr cp) gy ra. 164
THE END