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Top Hat

theatrical release poster

Directed by Mark Sandrich

Produced by Pandro S. Berman

Screenplay by Allan ScottDwight TaylorBen HolmesRalph SpenceKároly Nóti(uncredited)[1]

Based on Scandal in Budapest1933 playby Sándor FaragóA Girl Who Dares1933 playAladar Laszlo[2]

Starring Fred AstaireGinger Rogers

Music by Irving Berlin (songs)Max Steiner (score)

Cinematography David Abel

Edited by William Hamilton

Top HatTop Hat is a 1935 American screwball musical comedy film in which

Fred Astaire plays an American dancer named Jerry Travers, who comes

to London to star in a show produced by Horace Hardwick (Edward

Everett Horton). He meets and attempts to impress Dale Tremont

(Ginger Rogers) to win her affection. The film also features Eric Blore as

Hardwick's valet Bates, Erik Rhodes as Alberto Beddini, a fashion

designer and rival for Dale's affections, and Helen Broderick as

Hardwick's long-suffering wife Madge.

The film was written by Allan Scott and Dwight Taylor. It was directed by

Mark Sandrich. The songs were written by Irving Berlin. "Top Hat,

White Tie and Tails" and "Cheek to Cheek" have become American song

classics. It has been nostalgically referred to — particularly its "Cheek to

Cheek" segment — in many films, including The Purple Rose of Cairo(1985) and The Green Mile (1999).

Top Hat was the most successful picture of Astaire and Rogers'

partnership (and Astaire's second most successful picture after EasterParade), achieving second place in worldwide box-office receipts for

1935.[6] While some dance critics maintain that Swing Time contained a

finer set of dances,[6][7] Top Hat remains, to this day, the partnership's

best-known work.[8]

PlotCastProduction

Script developmentMusical score and orchestrationSet designWardrobe: The "feathers" incident

Musical numbers and choreographyReception

Box officeCritical responseAwards and honors

In popular cultureGerman dubbed versionStage adaptationDVD releases

Contents

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Productioncompany

RKO Radio Pictures

Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures

Release date August 29, 1935(Premiere – NewYork City)[3]

September 6, 1935[4]

Running time 101 minutes

Country United States

Language English

Budget $609,000[5]

Box office $3.2 million[5]

External video Top Hat clips at TCM Movie

Database (http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2293/Top-Hat/videos.html)

Region 1Region 2

See alsoReferencesExternal links

An American dancer, Jerry

Travers (Fred Astaire) comes

to London to star in a show

produced by the bumbling

Horace Hardwick (Edward

Everett Horton). While

practicing a tap dance routine in

his hotel bedroom, he awakens

Dale Tremont (Ginger Rogers) on

the floor below. She storms

upstairs to complain, whereupon

Jerry falls hopelessly in love with

her and proceeds to pursue her all over London.

Dale mistakes Jerry for Horace, who is married to her friend Madge (Helen

Broderick). Following the success of Jerry's opening night in London, Jerry

follows Dale to Venice, where she is visiting Madge and modelling/promoting

the gowns created by Alberto Beddini (Erik Rhodes), a dandified Italian

fashion designer with a penchant for malapropisms.

Jerry proposes to Dale, who, while still believing that Jerry is Horace, is disgusted that her friend's husband could behave

in such a manner and agrees instead to marry Alberto. Fortunately, Bates (Eric Blore), Horace's meddling English valet,

disguises himself as a priest and conducts the ceremony; Horace had sent Bates to keep tabs on Dale.

On a trip in a gondola, Jerry manages to convince Dale and they return to the hotel where the previous confusion is rapidly

cleared up. The reconciled couple dance off into the Venetian sunset, to the tune of "The Piccolino".[9]

Fred Astaire as Jerry TraversGinger Rogers as Dale TremontEdward Everett Horton as HoraceHardwickErik Rhodes as Alberto BeddiniHelen Broderick as MadgeHardwickEric Blore as Bates

Notable bit parts:

Lucille Ball as Flower shop clerkGino Corrado as Venice hotel managerLeonard Mudie as flower salesmanDennis O'Keefe as Elevator passenger / DancerTom Ricketts as Nervous Thackeray Club waiter(uncredited)

Plot

Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire inTop Hat

Cast

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Top Hat began filming on April 1, 1935, and cost $620,000 to make. Shooting ended in June and the first public previews

were held in July. These led to cuts of approximately ten minutes, mainly in the last portion of the film: the carnival

sequence and the gondola parade which had been filmed to show off the huge set were heavily cut. A further four minutes

were cut[10] before its premiere at the Radio City Music Hall, where it broke all records, went on to gross $3 million on its

initial release, and became RKO's most profitable film of the 1930s.[11] After Mutiny on the Bounty, it made more money

than any other film released in 1935.[7]

Dwight Taylor was the principal screenwriter in this, the first screenplay written specially for Astaire and Rogers. Astaire

reacted negatively to the first drafts, complaining that "it is patterned too closely after The Gay Divorcee", and "I am cast

as ... a sort of objectionable young man without charm or sympathy or humour".[6] Allan Scott, for whom this movie

served as his first major project, and who would go on to serve on six of the Astaire-Rogers pictures, was hired by Sandrich

to do the rewrites and never actually worked with Taylor, with Sandrich acting as script editor and advisor throughout.[7]

The Hays Office insisted on only minor changes, including probably the most quoted line of dialogue from the film:

Beddini's motto: "For the women the kiss, for the men the sword" which originally ran: "For the men the sword, for the

women the whip."[7][12] Of his role in the creation of Top Hat, Taylor recalled that with Sandrich and Berlin he shared "a

kind of childlike excitement. The whole style of the picture can be summed up in the word inconsequentiality. When I left

RKO a year later, Mark said to me, 'You will never again see so much of yourself on the screen.'"[7][13] On the film's release,

the script was panned by many critics, who alleged it was merely a rewrite of The Gay Divorcee.[11]

This was composer Irving Berlin's first complete film score since 1930 and he negotiated a unique contract, retaining the

copyrights to the score with a guarantee of ten percent of the profits if the film earned in excess of $1,250,000.[11] Eight

songs from the original score were discarded as they were not considered to advance the film's plot.[11] One of these, "Get

Thee Behind Me, Satan", was also used in Follow the Fleet (1936). All five songs eventually selected became major hits

and, in the September 28, 1935 broadcast of Your Hit Parade, all five featured in the top fifteen songs selected for that

week.[11]

Astaire recalled how this success helped restore Berlin's flagging self-confidence. Astaire had never met Berlin before this

film, although he had danced on stage to some of his tunes as early as 1915. There ensued a lifelong friendship with Berlin

contributing to more Astaire films (six in total) than any other composer. Of his experience with Astaire in Top Hat Berlin

wrote: "He's a real inspiration for a writer. I'd never have written Top Hat without him. He makes you feel so secure."[6]

As Berlin could not read or write music, and could only pick out tunes on a specially designed piano that transposed keys

automatically, he required an assistant to make up his piano parts. Hal Borne – Astaire's rehearsal pianist – performed

this role in Top Hat and recalled working nights with him in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel: "Berlin went 'Heaven...' and I

went dah dah dee 'I'm in Heaven' (dah-dah-dee). He said, 'I love it, put it down.'"[7] These parts were subsequently

orchestrated by a team comprising Edward Powell, Maurice de Packh, Gene Rose, Eddie Sharp, and Arthur Knowlton who

worked under the overall supervision of Max Steiner.[6]

Berlin broke a number of the conventions of American songwriting in this film, especially in the songs "Top Hat, White Tie

and Tails" and "Cheek to Cheek",[14] and, according to Rogers, the film became the talk of Hollywood as a result of its

score.[14]

Production

Script development

Musical score and orchestration

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In an Astaire-Rogers picture, the Big White Set — as these Art Deco-inspired creations were known — took up the largest

share of the film's production costs, and Top Hat was no exception. A winding canal — spanned by two staircase bridges at

one end and a flat bridge on the other — was built across two adjoining sound stages. Astaire and Rogers dance across this

flat bridge in "Cheek to Cheek". Around the bend from this bridge was located the main piazza, a giant stage coated in red

bakelite and this was the location for "The Piccolino". This fantasy representation[15] of the Lido of Venice was on three

levels comprising dance floors, restaurants and terraces, all decorated in candy-cane colours, with the canal waters dyed

black. The vast Venetian interiors were similarly inauthentic, reflecting instead the latest Hollywood tastes.[16]

Carroll Clark, who worked under the general supervision of Van Nest Polglase, was the unit art director on all but one of

the Astaire-Rogers films and he managed the team of designers responsible for the scenery and furnishings of Top Hat.

Although Bernard Newman was nominally in charge of dressing the stars, Rogers was keenly interested in dress design

and make-up.[17] For the "Cheek to Cheek" routine, she was determined to use her own creation: "I was determined to

wear this dress, come hell or high water. And why not? It moved beautifully. Obviously, no one in the cast or crew was

willing to take sides, particularly not my side. This was all right with me. I'd had to stand alone before. At least my mother

was there to support me in the confrontation with the entire front office, plus Fred Astaire and Mark Sandrich."[18]

Due to the enormous labor involved in sewing each ostrich feather to the dress, Astaire — who normally approved his

partner's gowns and suggested modifications if necessary during rehearsals — saw the dress for the first time on the day of

the shoot,[19] and was horrified at the way it shed clouds of feathers at every twist and turn, recalling later: "It was like a

chicken attacked by a coyote, I never saw so many feathers in my life."[20][21] According to choreographer Hermes Pan,

Astaire lost his temper and yelled at Rogers, who promptly burst into tears, whereupon her mother, Lela, "came charging

at him like a mother rhinoceros protecting her young."[22] An additional night's work by seamstresses resolved much of

the problem, however, careful examination of the dance on film reveals feathers floating around Astaire and Rogers and

lying on the dance floor.[6] Later, Astaire and Pan presented Rogers with a gold feather for her charm bracelet, and

serenaded her with a ditty parodying Berlin's tune:

Feathers — I hate feathers

And I hate them so that I can hardly speak

And I never find the happiness I seek

With those chicken feathers dancing

Cheek to Cheek[11][23]

Thereafter, Astaire nicknamed Rogers "Feathers" — also a title of one of the chapters in his autobiography — and parodied

his experience in a song and dance routine with Judy Garland in Easter Parade (1948).[6]

Astaire also chose and provided his own clothes. He is widely credited with influencing 20th century male fashion and,

according to Forbes male fashion editor, G. Bruce Boyer, the "Isn't It a Lovely Day?" routine: "shows Astaire dressed in the

style he would make famous: soft-shouldered tweed sports jacket, button-down shirt, bold striped tie, easy-cut gray

flannels, silk paisley pocket square, and suede shoes. It's an extraordinarily contemporary approach to nonchalant

elegance, a look Ralph Lauren and a dozen other designers still rely on more than six decades later. Astaire introduced a

new style of dress that broke step with the spats, celluloid collars, and homburgs worn by aristocratic European-molded

father-figure heroes."[24]

Set design

Wardrobe: The "feathers" incident

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The choreography, in which Astaire was assisted by Hermes Pan, is principally concerned throughout with the possibilities

of using taps to make as much noise as possible.[6] In the film, Astaire suffers from what Rogers terms an "affliction":

"Every once in a while I suddenly find myself dancing." Astaire introduces the film's tap motif when he blasts a tap barrage

at the somnolent members of a London Club.[6][25] There are eight musical numbers.

In the "Opening Sequence", after the RKO logo appears, Astaire, shown only from the waist down, dances onto a polished

stage floor, backed by a male chorus sporting canes. On pausing his name appears. Rogers then follows suit and the two

dance together as the picture dissolves to reveal a top hat. A similar concept was used in the opening sequence of TheBarkleys of Broadway (1949).

The second is "No Strings (I'm Fancy Free)". On retiring to his hotel suite, Horton advises him to get married. Astaire

declares his preference for bachelorhood and the song – this number was the brainchild of scriptwriter Dwight Taylor and

is found in his earliest drafts – emerges naturally and in mid-sentence. Astaire sings it through twice[26] and during the

last phrase leaps into a ballet jump, accompanied by leg beats, and launches into a short solo dance that builds in intensity

and volume progressing from tap shuffles sur place, via traveling patterns, to rapid-fire heel jabs finishing with a carefree

tour of the suite during which he beats on the furniture with his hands. On his return to the center of the room, where he

noisily concentrates his tap barrage, the camera cranes down to discover Rogers in bed, awake and irritated.[27] As she

makes her way upstairs, Horton fields telephone complaints from hotel management. Astaire incorporates this into his

routine, first startling him with a tap burst then escorting him ostentatiously to the telephone. As Horton leaves to

investigate, Astaire continues to hammer his way around the suite, during which he feigns horror at seeing his image in a

mirror – a reference to his belief that the camera was never kind to his face. The routine ends as Astaire, now dancing with

a statue, is interrupted by Rogers' entrance,[6] a scene which, as in The Gay Divorcee and Roberta, typifies the way in

which Astaire inadvertently incurs the hostility of Rogers, only to find her attractive and wear down her resistance.[8]

In "No Strings (reprise)", Rogers, after storming upstairs to complain, returns to her room at which point Astaire, still

intent on dancing, nominates himself her "sandman", sprinkling sand from a cuspidor and lulling her, Horton and

eventually himself to sleep with a soft and gentle sand dance, to a diminuendo reprise of the melody, in a scene which has

drawn considerable admiration from dance commentators,[28] and has been the subject of affectionate screen

parodies.[29]

In "Isn't This a Lovely Day (to be Caught in the Rain)", while Rogers is out riding, a thunderstorm breaks[30] and she takes

shelter in a bandstand. Astaire follows her and a conversation about clouds and rainfall soon gives way to Astaire's

rendering of this, one of Berlin's most prized creations. Astaire sings to Rogers' back, but the audience can see that Rogers'

attitude towards him softens during the song, and the purpose of the ensuing dance is for her to communicate this change

to her partner.[6] The dance is one of flirtation and, according to Mueller, deploys two choreographic devices common to

the classical minuet: sequential imitation (one dancer performs a step and the other responds) and touching. Initially, the

imitation is mocking in character, then becomes more of a casual exchange, and ends in a spirit of true cooperation. Until

the last thirty seconds of this two and a half minute dance the pair appear to pull back from touching, then with a crook of

her elbow Rogers invites Astaire in.[31] The routine, at once comic and romantic, incorporates hopping steps, tap spins

with barrages, loping and dragging steps among its many innovative devices. The spirit of equality which pervades the

dance is reflected in the masculinity of Rogers' clothes and in the friendly handshake they exchange at the end.[6]

For "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails", probably Astaire's most celebrated[32] tap solo, the idea for the title song came from

Astaire who described to Berlin a routine he had created for the 1930 Ziegfeld Broadway flop Smiles called "Say, Young

Man of Manhattan," in which he gunned down a chorus of men – which included teenagers Bob Hope and Larry Adler[11]

– with his cane.[33] Berlin duly produced the song from his trunk and the concept of the film was then built around it. In

Musical numbers and choreography

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this number Astaire had to compromise on his one-take philosophy, as Sandrich acknowledged: "We went to huge lengths

to make the 'Top Hat' number look like one take, but actually it's several."[34] Astaire's remarkable ability to change the

tempo within a single dance phrase is extensively featured throughout this routine and taken to extremes – as when he

explodes into activity from a pose of complete quiet and vice versa.[6] This routine also marks Astaire's first use of a cane

as a prop in one of his filmed dances.[35] The number opens with a chorus strutting and lunging in front of a backdrop of a

Parisian street scene. They make way for Astaire who strides confidently to the front of the stage and delivers the song,

which features the famous line: "I'm stepping out, my dear, to breathe an atmosphere that simply reeks with class,"

trading the occasional tap barrage with the chorus as he sings.The dance begins with Astaire and chorus moving in step.

Astaire soon lashes out with a swirling tap step and the chorus responds timidly before leaving the stage in a sequence of

overlapping, direction-shifting, hitch steps and walks. In the first part of the solo which follows, Astaire embarks on a

circular tap movement, embellished with cane taps into which he mixes a series of unpredictable pauses. As the camera

retreats the lights dim and, in the misterioso passage which follows, Astaire mimes a series of stances, ranging from overt

friendliness, wariness, surprise to watchful readiness and jaunty confidence.[6] Jimmy Cagney attended the shooting of

this scene and advised Astaire, who claims to have ad-libbed much of this section.[36] The chorus then returns in a

threatening posture, and Astaire proceeds to dispatch them all, using an inventive series of actions miming the cane's use

as a gun, a submachine gun, a rifle and, finally, a bow and arrow.[37]

Astaire's first seduction of Rogers in "Isn't This a Lovely Day," falls foul of the

mistaken-identity theme of the plot, so he makes a second attempt,

encouraged by Broderick, in the number "Cheek to Cheek". As in "No Strings,"

the song emerges from Astaire's mid-sentence as he dances with the hesitant

Rogers on a crowded floor. Berlin wrote the words and music to this enduring

classic in one day, and, at 72 measures, it is the longest song he ever wrote.[11]

He was very appreciative of Astaire's treatment of the song: "The melody

keeps going up and up. He crept up there. It didn't make a damned bit of

difference. He made it."[6] As he navigates through this difficult material,

Rogers looks attracted and receptive and, at the end of the song, they dance

cheek to cheek across a bridge to a deserted ballroom area nearby. According

to Mueller's analysis, the duet that follows – easily the most famous of all the

Astaire-Rogers partnered dances[38] – reflects the complexity of the emotional

situation in which the pair find themselves. No longer flirting, as in "Isn't This

a Lovely Day?," the pair are now in love. But Rogers feels guilty and deceived

and would prefer to avoid Astaire's advances – in effect, fall out of love with

him. Therefore, Astaire's purpose here is to make her put aside her misgivings

(which are a mystery to him) and surrender completely to him. The

choreographic device introduced to reflect the progress of this seduction is the supported backbend, exploiting Rogers'

exceptionally flexible back. The main dance begins with the first of two brief passages which reuse the device of sequential

imitation introduced in "Isn't This a Lovely Day?". The pair spin and lean, dodging back and forth past each other before

moving into a standard ballroom position where the first hints of the supported backbend are introduced. The first

backbend occurs at the end of a sequence where Astaire sends Rogers into a spin, collects her upstage and maneuvers her

into a linked-arm stroll forward, repeats the spin but this time encircles her while she turns and then takes her in his arms.

As the music becomes more energetic, the dancers flow across the floor and Rogers, moving against the music, suddenly

falls into a deeper backbend, which is then repeated, only deeper still. The music now transitions to a quiet recapitulation

of the main melody during which the pair engage in a muted and tender partnering, and here the second passage involving

sequential imitation appears. With the music reaching its grand climax Astaire and Rogers rush toward the camera, then

away in a series of bold, dramatic manoeuvers culminating in three ballroom lifts which showcase Rogers' dress[39] before

abruptly coming to a halt in a final, deepest backbend, maintained as the music approaches its closing bars. They rise, and

The final supported backbend –Astaire and Rogers in the climax to"Cheek to Cheek"

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after a couple of turns dancing cheek to cheek for the first time since the dance began, come to rest next to a wall. Rogers,

having conducted the dance in a state of dreamlike abandon now glances uneasily at Astaire before walking away, as if

reminded that their relationship cannot proceed.[8][40]

By now, Rogers has learned Astaire's true identity although neither of them yet know that her impulsive marriage to

Rhodes is null and void. Dining together during carnival night in Venice, and to help assuage her guilt, Astaire declares:

"Let's eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we have to face him," which serves as the cue for the music of "The Piccolino",

the film's big production number. A gondola parade is followed by the entry of a dancing chorus who perform a series of

ballroom poses and rippling-pattern routines choroeographed by Hermes Pan. Berlin, who lavished a great deal of effort

on the song[41] designed it as a pastiche of "The Carioca" from Flying Down to Rio (1933) and "The Continental" from TheGay Divorcee (1934),[42] and the lyric communicates its fake origin: "It was written by a Latin/A gondolier who sat in/his

home out in Brooklyn/and gazed at the stars."[7] It is a song about a song[43] and Rogers sings it to Astaire[44] after which

an off-camera chorus repeats it while the dance ensemble is photographed, Busby Berkeley-style, from above. The camera

then switches to Rogers and Astaire who bound down to the stage to perform a two-minute dance, all shot in one take,

with the Astaire-Pan choreography separately referencing the basic melody and the Latin vamp in the accompaniment.[6]

They dance to the accompaniment as they descend the steps and glide along the dance floor, then, when the melody

enters, they halt and perform the Piccolino step, which involves the feet darting out to the side of the body. The rest of the

dance involves repetitions and variations of the Piccolino step and the hopping steps associated with the vamp, leading to

some complex amalgamations of the two. On the vamp melody's final appearance, the dancers perform a highly

embellished form of the Piccolino step as they travel sideways back to their table, sinking back into their chairs and lifting

their glasses in a toast.[6]

"The Piccolino (reprise)": After the various parties confront each other in the bridal suite, with Rogers' "marriage" to

Rhodes revealed as performed by a fake clergyman, the scene is set for Astaire and Rogers to dance into the sunset, which

they duly do, in this fragment of a much longer duet – the original was cut after the July 1935 previews – but not before

they parade across the Venetian set and reprise the Piccolino step.

The film opened at Radio City Music Hall in New York on August 29, 1935[45] and set a house record with a gross of

$134,800 in its first week.[46] 25 policeman were deployed to control the crowds.[47] In its 3 weeks at the Music Hall, it

grossed $350,000.[48] Overall, the film earned rentals of $1,782,000 in the US and Canada and $1,420,000 elsewhere.

RKO made a profit of $1,325,000, making it the studio's most profitable film of the 1930s.[5]

It was the 4th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36.[49]

Reviews for Top Hat were mainly positive. The Los Angeles Evening Herald Express praised the film, exclaiming "TopHat is the tops! With Fred Astaire dancing and singing Irving Berlin tunes! Well, one (in his right mind) couldn't ask for

much more — unless, of course, it could be a couple of encores." The New York Times praised the film's musical numbers,

but criticized the story line, describing it as "a little on the thin side," but also stating that "it is sprightly enough to plug

those inevitable gaps between the shimmeringly gay dances."Top Hat" is worth standing in line for. From the appearance

of the lobby yesterday afternoon, you probably will have to."[50]

Reception

Box office

Critical response

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Variety also singled out the story line as well as the cast, stating "the danger sign is in the story and cast. Substitute Alice

Brady for Helen Broderick and it's the same lineup of players as was in The Gay Divorcée. Besides which the situations in

the two scripts parallel each other closely". Nevertheless, it concluded that Top Hat was a film "one can't miss".[51]

Writing for The Spectator in 1935, Graham Greene gave the film a generally positive review, describing the film as "a

vehicle for Fred Astaire's genius", and noting that Astaire's performance eliminated any concern over the fact that "the

music and lyrics are bad" or that Astaire "has to act with human beings [that cannot match] his freedom, lightness, and

happiness".[52]

As of June 30, 2019, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film had a score of 100% "fresh"

approval rating based on 38 reviews with an average rating of 8.61/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A

glamorous and enthralling depression-era diversion, Top Hat is nearly flawless, with acrobatics by Fred Astaire and

Ginger Rogers that make the hardest physical stunts seem light as air."[53]

The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, as well as Art Direction (Carroll Clark and Van Nest

Polglase), Original Song (Irving Berlin for "Cheek to Cheek"), and Dance Direction (Hermes Pan for "Piccolino" and "Top

Hat").[54] In 1990, Top Hat was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of

Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[55] The film ranked number 15 on the 2006

American Film Institute's list of best musicals.[56]

Top Hat has been nostalgically referenced — particularly its "Cheek to Cheek" segment — in many films, including ThePurple Rose of Cairo (1985),[57] The English Patient (1996),[58] The Green Mile (1999),[59]La La Land (2016).[60] and the

animated film The Boss Baby (2017)

In 1950 a German version of the film entitled "Ich tanz' mich in Dein Herz hinein" (I dance my way into your heart) was

produced and released in Germany by RKO Synchron Abteilung Berlin. In it, the actors' speaking and singing voices were

completely dubbed by German voice actors. For Fred Astaire two voices were used, those of actor Harry Giese for the

dialogue and popular vocalist Rudi Schuricke for the songs.[61]

The film has been adapted into a stage musical that began touring the UK during late 2011. The cast included Summer

Strallen as Dale, Tom Chambers as Jerry and Martin Ball as Horace. The show opened at Milton Keynes Theatre on

August 19, 2011 before touring to other UK regional theatres including Leeds, Birmingham and Edinburgh. The

production transferred to the West End's Aldwych Theatre on April 19, 2012, opening on May 9, 2012.[62] It won three

Olivier Awards in 2013, including for Best New Musical.

Awards and honors

In popular culture

German dubbed version

Stage adaptation

DVD releases

Region 1

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Since 2005, a digitally restored version of Top Hat is available separately and as part of The Astaire & Rogers Collection,Vol.1 from Warner Home Video. In both cases, the film features a commentary by Astaire's daughter, Ava Astaire

McKenzie, and Larry Billman, author of Fred Astaire, a Bio-bibliography.[63]

Since 2003, a digitally restored version of Top Hat (not the same as the US restoration) is available separately, and as part

of The Fred and Ginger Collection, Vol. 1 from Universal Studios, which controls the rights to the RKO Astaire-Rogers

pictures in the UK. In both releases, the film features an introduction by Ava Astaire McKenzie.

List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website

1. Evans (2011), p.62. "Lost in Translation – The History of Adaptations, 1930-39 - Seventh Sanctum Codex" (http://codex.seventhsanctum.c

om/2015/02/28/lost-in-translation-the-history-of-adaptations-1930-39/). codex.seventhsanctum.com.3. Brown, Gene (1995). Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the

Present. New York: Macmillan. p. 124. ISBN 0-02-860429-6. In New York, the film premiered at Radio City Music Hall.4. "Top Hat: Detail View" (http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=6707). American Film

Institute. Retrieved April 10, 2014.5. Jewel, Richard. "RKO Film Grosses: 1931–1951" in Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television, Vol 14 No 1, 1994

p556. Mueller (1986), pp.76–877. Croce (1972), pp.54–798. Hyam (2007)9. Adapted from Billman(1997)

10. Cut scenes included one where Blore poses as a gondolier and insults an Italian policeman – this scene is restored insome prints. cf. Croce (1972), p.78

11. Billman (1997), pp.88–9012. reviewing the film in England, author Graham Greene was pleased to find the film "quite earnestly bawdy" and took

satisfaction in how this had escaped the British censor. cf Mueller (1986), p.80.13. The claims that Top Hat was adapted by Karl Noti from A Scandal in Budapest by Aladar Laszlo and Alexander

Farago have been examined and dismissed by Arlene Croce, cf. Croce (1972), p.70; however, they are supported byTurner Classic Movies, cf. "Top Hat: Screenplay info" (http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2293/Top-Hat/screenplay-info.html) TCM.com, and by Evans (2011), p.6

14. Green, Benny (1989). Let's Face the Music: The Golden Age of Popular Song. London: Pavilion-Michael Joseph.p. 171. ISBN 1-85145-489-6.

15. Croce (1972), p.56: "Venice as a celestial powder room"16. Descriptions adapted from Croce (1972), p.7617. Rogers' preoccupation lost on the Variety critic who wrote: "she is again badly dressed, while her facial make-up and

various coiffeurs give her a hard appearance", cf. Billman (1997), p.90. Croce (1972), p.66, disagrees.18. Rogers, Ginger (1991). Ginger, My Story. New York: Harper Collins. p. 143. ISBN 0-06-018308-X.19. Astaire had approved the costume sketch. cf. Billman (1997), p.89.20. Astaire, Fred (1959). Steps in Time. London: Heinemann. pp. 205–211. ISBN 0-241-11749-6.

Region 2

See also

References

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21. David Niven attended the shoot in the company of Astaire's wife, Phyllis, who suffered from a speech impediment. Herecalled her verdict: "she looks like a wooster", cf. Billman (1997), p.89

22. Thomas, Bob (1985). Astaire, the Man, the Dancer. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 112. ISBN 0-297-78402-1.23. Since Astaire and Pan had to create a tap track to accompany the routine, they also created a joke version, replete

with melodramatic female sighs and creaking sounds to accompany backbends for Rogers' amusement. cf. Mueller(1986), p.86

24. Boyer, G. Bruce (2005). Fred Astaire Style. Assouline. pp. 10–11. ISBN 2-84323-677-0.25. Croce (1972), p.57: "the dance technique is an element in the characterization. Jerry Travers is literally footloose, he's

bumptious, he's a disturber of the peace." Also Mueller (1986), p.78: "this urge becomes a motif in the film asAstaire's dancing feet, usually irritating somebody or other, send the plot skittering along."

26. As Mueller notes, repeating a song was extremely unusual for Astaire, who by way of variation, mixes two drinksduring the repetition

27. Described by Croce (1972), p.59 as "rising from her satin pillows, like an angry naiad from the foam.". This scene isalso referenced in Bernardo Bertolucci's 2003 film The Dreamers.

28. Mueller (1986), p.80: "at once tender and erotic...This scene is one of the most memorable in Astaire's career," andCroce (1972), p.59: "in the movie's sexiest scene, dances...with caressive little strokes."

29. In his 1936 comedy short Grand Slam Opera Buster Keaton parodies the entire "No Strings" number30. The script originally called for a scene in a zoo, but as Berlin provided this song, the script was adapted accordingly.

cf. Mueller (1986), p.8031. Croce (1972), p.62: "that ecstatic embrace when they pivot together in a wide circle all around the stage...a shining

moment in the history of the musical film."32. Hyam (2007), p.104: "It epitomises the elegance and sophistication that are synonymous with his name."33. Astaire recounts how he got the idea at 4.00 a.m. and woke his sister Adele as he cavorted around his bedroom with

an umbrella. After explaining to his awakened sister that he had just had an idea for the Manhattan number, shereplied: "Well, hang on to it, baby — you're going to need it in this turkey." cf. Astaire, p.184

34. Satchell, Tim (1987). Astaire – The biography. London: Hutchinson. p. 128. ISBN 0-09-173736-2.35. Mueller (1986), p.16: "Trudy Wellman, a secretary who worked on Top Hat recalls: 'He gets very annoyed with

himself, just himself....He would take that cane and he would break it across his knee, just like that, and, of course,we were all shocked because we knew we only had 13 canes....It was a good thing we had that 13th cane becausethat was the take we printed.'"

36. Astaire, p.210: "Jimmy watched and whispered to me after about the third take, 'Don't shoot it again, kid — you got iton the second take. You'll never top that one.' I insisted on one more, but Jimmy was right. Next morning when I sawthe rushes, that second take was the one."

37. This sequence was parodied in a scene in Mel Brooks' Young Frankenstein.38. This did not dissuade Croce from describing it as "a bit too ritzy, a bit too consciously "poised"." For a comparison of

critical opinions see Hyam (2007), pp.205,20739. Hyam (2007), p.205: "Rogers' feathered dress creates dazzling spirals of white."40. Dance description principally condensed and adapted from Mueller (1986), pp.83–8641. Mueller (1986), p.87: "I love it, the way you love a child that you've had trouble with. I worked harder on 'Piccolino'

than I did on the whole Top Hat score."42. Unlike its predecessors, "The Piccolino" never became a national craze. cf. Mueller (1986), p.8643. Croce (1972), p.75: "When Pan objected that Berlin's lyric was about a song rather than a dance ('Come to the

Casino/ And hear them play the Piccolino'), Berlin suggested that the dance could be called 'The Lido,' and then thelyric could run 'Come and do the Lido / It's very good for your libido.'"

44. Hyam (2007), p.121: "a thoroughly appealing performance, lively and expressive without any suspicion ofexaggeration." Also Mueller (1986), p.86: "a lively rendition"

45. " 'Diamond Jim' A $45,000 Sparkle on B'way, State Leaps for $35,000" (http://www.archive.org/stream/variety119-1935-08#page/n200/mode/1up). Variety. August 28, 1935. p. 9. Retrieved April 24, 2019.

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Bibliography

Billman, Larry (1997). Fred Astaire – A Bio-bibliography. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29010-5.Croce, Arlene (1972). The Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Book. London: W.H. Allen. ISBN 0-491-00159-2.Evans, Peter William (2011). Top Hat (https://books.google.com/books?id=CqvgN-obebAC&pg=PA6). John Wiley andSons. p. 6. ISBN 9781444351705. Retrieved December 16, 2012.Hyam, Hannah (2007). Fred and Ginger – The Astaire-Rogers Partnership 1934–1938. Brighton: Pen PressPublications. ISBN 978-1-905621-96-5.Mueller, John (1986). Astaire Dancing – The Musical Films. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-11749-6.

46. " 'Hat' Quits M.H. with $345,000, 3d. Week $95,000" (http://www.archive.org/stream/variety119-1935-09#page/n136/mode/1up). Variety. September 18, 1935. p. 9. Retrieved April 24, 2019.

47. "Holiday Ram Helps Set B'way Records" (http://www.archive.org/stream/variety119-1935-09#page/n8/mode/1up).Variety. September 4, 1935. p. 9. Retrieved April 24, 2019.

48. Top Hat (https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/6707) at the American Film Institute Catalog49. "The Film Business in the United States and Britain during the 1930s" by John Sedgwick and Michael Pokorny, The

Economic History ReviewNew Series, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Feb. 2005), pp.9750. Sennwald, Andre (August 30, 1935). "Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in Their New Song and Dance Show, 'Top Hat,'

at the Music Hall" (http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9800EFD91E39E33ABC4850DFBE66838E629EDE). The New York Times. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

51. Staff (January 1, 1935). "Top Hat" (http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117795802.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0).Variety. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

52. Greene, Graham (October 25, 1935). "Joan of Arc/Turn of the Tide/Top Hat/She". The Spectator. (reprinted in: JohnRussel, Taylor, ed. (1980). The Pleasure Dome. pp. 30–32. ISBN 0192812866.)

53. "Top Hat" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/top_hat/). Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 30, 2019.54. "Top Hat" (http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1446728804434). Academy of

Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved November 9, 2012.55. "Films Selected to The National Film Registry, Library of Congress 1989–2009 (National Film Preservation Board,

Library of Congress)" (https://www.loc.gov/film/titles.html). Loc.gov. Retrieved November 8, 2012.56. "AFI's Hundred Years of Musicals" (http://www.afi.com/100years/musicals.aspx). American Film Institute. 2006.

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130114195037/http://www.afi.com/100Years/musicals.aspx) from the originalon January 14, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2012.

57. Deacy, Christopher (2005). Faith in film: religious themes in contemporary cinema. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate.p. 53. ISBN 0-7546-5158-4.

58. Laing, Heather (February 9, 2007). "The Narrative Soundtrack" (https://books.google.es/books?id=oN1h9xCk3BsC&pg=PA89). Gabriel Yared's The English Patient: A Film Score Guide (https://books.google.es/books?id=oN1h9xCk3BsC&pg=PA109). Scarecrow Press. p. 109. ISBN 9781461658818.

59. Magistrale, Tony (2003). Hollywood's Stephen King. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 144. ISBN 0-312-29320-8.

60. Harris, Aisha (December 13, 2016). "La La Land's Many References to Classic Movies: A Guide" (http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/12/13/la_la_land_s_many_references_to_classic_movies_from_singin_in_the_rain_to.html).Slate. Retrieved May 13, 2017.

61. "Ich tanz' mich in Dein Herz hinein" (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ich_tanz%E2%80%99_mich_in_dein_Herz_hinein).Retrieved August 26, 2019.

62. Dan Bacalzo (November 11, 2011). "Tom Chambers, Summer Strallen to Star in West End Transfer of Top Hat" (http://www.theatermania.com/london/news/11-2011/tom-chambers-summer-strallen-to-star-in-west-end-t_44667.html).TheaterMania.com. Retrieved April 19, 2016.

63. "Top Hat" (http://www.dvdjournal.com/quickreviews/t/tophat.q.shtml). The DVD Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120305091858/http://dvdjournal.com/quickreviews/t/tophat.q.shtml) from the original on March 5, 2012.Retrieved December 16, 2012.

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Top Hat (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027125/) on IMDbTop Hat (https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v50447) at AllMovieTop Hat (http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/title.jsp?stid=2293) at the TCM Movie DatabaseTop Hat (https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/6707) at the American Film Institute CatalogTop Hat (https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/top_hat) at Rotten Tomatoeshttps://web.archive.org/web/20060908142809/https://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/history/bi/hstaa365/Contemporaneous reviews and other material related to Top Hat housed at the University of Washington LibrariesReview by Roger Ebert (http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051023/REVIEWS08/510230301/1004)

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