suza dds 04 gender and development show
TRANSCRIPT
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (DDS 111)
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Compiled by Mr. Nahoda, A.M
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GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Definitions of the basic concepts
Gender agents
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
Definitions of the basic concepts
Gender is the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men.
Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender division of labour
refers to the classification
and allocation of tasks for
women and men in
managing domestic and
community activities.
Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender stereotyping These are one-sided and exaggerated images of men and women which are deployed repeatedly in everyday life.
• The term ‘stereotyping’ implies making unwarranted generalisations from sex differences and making too much of them.
SubmissiveDependentEmotionalReceptiveIntuitiveWeakTimidContentPassiveCooperativeSensitiveFaithfulGossipclean
DominantIndependentRationalAssertiveAnalyticalStrongBraveAmbitiousActiveCompetitiveInsensitiveCheater
Gender stereotype
Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender equality refers to
equal and fair treatment of women and men members of a community in provision and access to goods and services required to meet their social needs
Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender equality entails the concept that all human
beings, both men and women, are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles, or prejudices. Gender equality means that the different behaviours, aspirations and needs of women and men are considered, valued and favoured equally. It does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female
Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender Equity is synonymous with fair opportunity in access to social services. Gender equity therefore means fair opportunity and access to social services for both women and men.
Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender blind : This is a conscious or unconscious way of doing or saying things without recognizing or considering differences in position, needs and feelings based on gender
Definitions of the basic concepts
• Gender bias:
occurs when there are gender
disparities and differential
treatments given to people on
the basis of sex such as
resources and opportunities
for better life.
Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender oppression is a
result of imbalance of power between women and men. Gender oppression occurs when one sex is treated in cruel, harsh manner or made to feel uncomfortable or unhappy in socio-economic and political life.
Definitions of the basic concepts• Gender violence refers to any act, omission or
conduct by means of which physical, sexual or mental suffering is inflicted directly or indirectly, through threat, coercion, or any other means on any person with the purpose of intimidating, punishing, humiliating, maintaining sex stereotyped roles, undermining the security of a person, self respect or diminishing physical or mental capacities
GENDER AGENTS• Gender socialization is the process of educating and
instructing potential males and females as to the norms, behaviors, values, etc. of group membership
• Gender agent include : families, schools, peer groups, mass media, religious institutions, work place etc.
• These agent provide both formal and informal “training”
GENDER AGENTS• Gender role socialization
is the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four main agents of socialization:
• families, schools, peers, and media.
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FAMILIES• Social learning theory suggests
that the babies and children learn behaviors and meanings through social interaction and internalize the expectations of those around them.
FAMILIES• Through close interaction with parents and small number
of others, child: Learns to think and speak Internalizes norms, beliefs, and values Learns gender roles Develops capacity for intimate and personal relationships• Cross-culturally, it is okay for girls to choose boy toys, but
not vice versa.
• Schools also socialize children into their gender roles.
• For instance, research shows that teachers treat boys and girls differently.
• This may teach children that there are different expectations of them, based on their sex.
SCHOOLS
• Adjust children to their social order
• Build character through formal curriculum and Informal teaching that helps ensure students’ integration into society
• Reinforce gender roles*
PEER GROUPS• Peer group: Individuals usually of
same age who enjoy approximately equal status
Only agent of socialization in childhood and youth not controlled mainly by adults…*
In childhood, formed largely by accident of association. Later in life, tend to choose peer groups based on certain criteria
THE MASS MEDIA• May inadvertently
perpetuate stereotypes
• May teach individuals to become obedient consumers
• Media affect people image of themselves and of the world around them
GENDER MAINSTREAMING• Gender mainstreaming is a strategy/means for
achieving gender equality. • The approach seeks to reorganize and restructure
policies, institutions, and social programs by taking women’s and men’s perspectives, experiences, and needs into consideration.
• Gender mainstreaming does not replace, but supplements, specific targeted interventions to address gender inequality such as affirmative action.
Why do we need Gender Mainstreaming?
Gender Inequlity
Gender differentiated needs, interests, etc.
Gender differentiated division of labour
Society and family’s gender differentiated expectations
Gender mainstreaming strategies• The mainstreaming strategy seeks to ensure that gender
considerations are routinely included in the assessment of policy issues, options and impacts, along with other considerations such as socio-economic dimensions.
• It also routinely seeks increased gender equality as one of the policy outcomes, along with growth, efficiency, poverty reduction, and sustainability.
• This requires the inclusion of gender perspectives at several points in the policy process.
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• Tanzania has signed various international
human rights instruments such as: 1979- CEDAW1989- Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC); 1995- Beijing Platform of Action 1998-SADC Declaration on Gender and
Development, 2003- African Charter of Human and Peoples
Rights etc
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• The signing of conventions bind Tanzania morally, and legally to adhere to equity policies and non discriminatory policies in the development process.
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• GOT has ratified ILO Declaration on the
Fundamental Principles and Human Rights at work. These instruments bind the government morally and legally to pursue non- discriminatory policies and development programmes and processes.
• GOT vision (2025), which has been operationalisedthrough PRSP I and II (MKUKUTA), has addressed gender in the key outcomes areas and targets.
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• In 1990 The Ministry of Community Development,
Gender and Children was established as the national machinery for spearheading gender development in the country.
• In 2000 and 2004 the Government amended the 1977 Constitution among other things, to increase women’s participation in the National Parliament and Local Authorities.
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• The Government also formulated the Women and
Gender Development Policy (2000) to put more emphasis on the Women in Development Policy (WID) (1992) in line with the Beijing Platform for Action.
• GOT formulated a National Strategy for Gender Development (NSGD) to ensure effective implementation of the Women and Gender Development Policy, and to promote gender equality and equity
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
• Legal frame work: GOT has established the Human Rights and Good Governance Commission, amended the Public Leadership Code of Ethics
• GOT has passed laws to protect women, girls and children. These are:
The Sexual Offences (Special Provisions) Act No. 8 of 1998,
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania
the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999. Other laws are being reviewed.
These include the Marriage Act No. 5 of 1971, Succession and Inheritance Laws and laws relating to children.
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• Government reform Programmes taken
gender as one of the components. For instance, the civil service reforms education etc. Other specific gender programmes in the education, health, water, agricultural sectors and TACAIDS.
Gender mainstreaming in Tanzania• GOT has adopted the Gender Budgeting
Initiative (GBI) and including gender in budget guidelines, It is also involving CSOs in the engendering of budget
• There is collaborative efforts between CSOs actors and individual Government sectors e.g. Campaign promoting women and girls right