sustainable waste management : case study
TRANSCRIPT
SUSTAINABLE WASTE
MANAGEMENT : CASE STUDY
Jayant Joshi
Waste Classification
Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Waste
Medical Waste
Domestic Waste
Bio-Degradable
Kitchen Waste
Vegetables,
Peels,
Garden Waste
(Tree Leaves)
Non-Bio-Degradable
Recyclable
Plastic,
Glass,
Metal Paper,
Non-Recyclable
Thermacoal,
Sanitary Napkins,
Diapers
Vegetable Market Waste
Construction Waste
Composition of MSW
~51% of Domestic Waste is Compostable
50
.89
51
.91
50
.41
52
.38
53
.41
50
.41
16
.28
19
.23
21
.44
16
.78
17
.02
21
.44
32
.82
28
.86
28
.15
30
.85
29
.57
28
.15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Metro OtherCities
East India NorthIndia
South IndiaWest India
Com
po
sition
of
MSW
Region/City
Composition of MSW in India & Regional Variation
Compostable (%)
Recyclables (%)
Inerts (%)
MSWM Comparison
Domestic Waste Generation
Mixing in House
Unsegregated Waste Collection
Collected by Municipal
Corporation (Trucks)
Transportation
Open Dumping AND/OR Burning
Segregation at Source
Sanitary Landfill
Or Incineration
Recyclable
Recycling Plant
Non-Bio-Degradable
Existing MSWM System Proposed MSWM System
Bio-Degradable
Composting At Source
Vermin-Compost Aerobic
Compost
Anaerobic
Biogas
India: Overview
~920m tons of MSW landfill or 843m tons Open Dump (91% of Total Waste Generated)
Inefficient handling of waste by municipalities
(50-60%) Receive Treatment : 10% of the collected waste
Scientific Disposal in Landfill: ~ 0%
No segregation, unsafe disposal
Discarded Composting Rejects : 60%
Utilized Mixed Waste : Only 6-7%
Non-organics and heavy metals reduced efficiency
Calorific Value of MSW-India: NOT suitable for Energy Generation Although LFG recovery reduces overall GHG emissions
Opportunity to produce 3.6m tons of waste compost
Produces 33.1 m TPY of RDF in the form of composting rejects
Insufficient information on performance of MSW composting facilities
Average Expenditure on SWM : 15 -20% of Total Budget
75% Salaries , 20% Transportation, Rest on other O&M costs
24.3.1 Prohibition Against Littering the Streets, Deposition of Solid Waste on
the Streets, Open Defecation, etc.
No person shall litter public streets or public places or deposit or cause or permit to be deposited or thrown upon or along any public street, public place, land belonging to the local body, State or Central Government or any unoccupied land or on the bank of a water-body any solid waste except in the receptacles
specified in 2, 6 and 8 above or resort to open defecation.
Mumbai: Existing Scenario
Population : ~1.3Crore
Budget for Waste Disposal: 2300 Crore/yr
Waste Generate: 11,000 TPD (2014-15 BMC Report)
~630 gm/per Family /Day
15-20% Waste remains uncollected
Almost 0% Gets Scientific Treatment
>80% of Domestic Waste is Bio-degradable
Waste is dumped on Deonar ,it’s capacity is ended 25 years
back,Hari om nagar Mulund it’s closer is declared ,the third is at
Kanjur it is not yet stared fully because of litigations.
The height of the waste tower at Deonar has reached about 55
meters or 165 feet equivalent , as against the 35-metre cap
mandated by the Airports Authority of India.
Kalyan Dombivali Corporation scenario
No scientific dumping ground allocated
Last two years all the new Housing projects are being
rejected
Unauthorized construction are in full swing
200 crore revenue loss
Day by day MSW quantity is on increase
Dirtiest city in India
24 Hrs garbage heaps are left burning
Thane and Mumbai are also on the same Path
SIT inquiry for 4087Cr.Rs And 4408
Cr Rs irregularities .
Carelessness of the citizens
Unscientific way of handling the waste
All the Rivers are polluted
Our all the water resources are polluted and not giving potable water
Mumbai –Malad beach is full of garbage thrown in the deep sea
,came back with high tide
Holy water to immerse Flower
Hazards of open dumping
Open Burning of Solid Wastes and Landfill Fires Emit 22,000 TPY
of pollutants
CO, HC,H2S , NOx , SOx, SO2 , dioxins, furans
Particulate Matter
Burning at Ground Levels
Upper Respiratory tract Disorders to the Locals
Mix Waste Compost Samples Fall Below QC standards
Exceeded Quantities of Heavy Metals
Soil, Air, Water Pollution
Physically Challenged Next Generation
Agenda
Understating Municipal Waste
Existing Methods of composting
Merits and Demerits
Case Studies
Proposed Solution
De-Centralization of Waste
Summary
Conclusion
Next Steps
Deonar Fire
Deonar:
Largest Garbage Dump in Mumbai, (possibly India)
132-Hectare Site Receives ~4000 to 5000Tons of waste/Day
Home to Thousands of Scavengers
Open Pit Toilet Leading to Health Hazards
Rs. 3,700-Crore contract for partial closure of dump and building an integrated waste management facility given to United Phosphorous (2009)
Disputes ->No Compost Plant Yet
Caught Severe Fire on Jan 28. 2016
Severity: Visible even from Space
Thick Smoke (Acrid smoke)That Bloated Out the Sun
Severe Threat to the health of those who live nearby
Fire lasted for more than four days
Possible Causes:
Self combustion of methane inside the dump
Misconduct ?
Irresponsibility ?
• http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/05/asia/mumbai-giant-garbage-dump-fire/
• http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/a-fire-mumbai-finds-hard-to-douse/
Piles of Trash in Deonar ~30m Tall
9 Story Building..!! -NASA
NASA
Swacchs Bharat Abhiyan
Current Mentality
People’s Attitude
Innocence
Ignorance
Arrogance
Education on paper
The civic administration, in its 2014-15 budget,
has allocated around Rs 44 crore to increase
awareness among citizens regarding waste
management, to improve civic sense and also
streamline the role played by NGOs in this
process.
Decentralization :Experts opinion
The BMC needs to draw up a policy to micro-
manage organic waste,” said Dr.Shyam
Asolekar, professor, centre for science and
engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-
Bombay.
Estimates suggest that the Garbage treatment is
Rs 60,000-crore industry has the potential to grow
at 10-15 per cent a year
ComparisonMethods Merits Demerits
Recycle• Integral part of SWM
• Robust Collection and supply chain in large cities
• Informal Sectored,
• Successful only if segregation at source
follow ed
• Only ~20% to 35% Available in India
Aerobic Composting
• Suitable for Organic Waste (51%-India)
• Significant Reduction in Transportation Cost
• Fast and Cheap
• Low Space ,No Odor ,Most Eco-Friendly
• Proved to be the best if decentralized
• 100 Nitrogen is recovered
• Possibility of heavy metals entering into food
chain if used as Mixed .
• If it is done on centralized way it is costly affair
Small Scale
Bio-Gas/ Methanization
• High position on hierarchy of SWM
• Divert waste from landfills
• Only successful at small scale
• Low Efficiency
• Excessive Water Required
• Medium Space Required
• Slushy Slurry as bi-product
Vermi Compost • Gets good quality manure • Not advisable for Kitchen waste
• Slow process failure chances are more
Refuse Derived Fuel
(RDF)
• Potential Substitute for Coal
• Divert waste from landfills
• 5plants
• Many failures from case studies
• Severe problems during operation
• Lack of funding, logistics and
Waste to Energy
Combustion
(WTE)
• Potential Substitute for Coal
• Recommended after all possible recycling and
composting
• Low Efficiency due to lower Cal. Value
• GHG Emissions
• Inert Organic Bi-products
• Flyash is another waste generated
Segregation at Manchester
Segregation in UK At Food Joint
Key Concepts: Waste Reduction
National Level
Law must be implemented very strictly
promotion of consumer awareness.
promotion of producer responsibility for post-consumer wastes.
Required Change In Packing Material
Local Level
At Source Segregation .
recovery of materials from mixed waste.
Implementation of Three R
support of home composting, either centralized or small-scale.
Composting Levels
L1• Individual
• Inside Our House
L2• Small-Sized Groups
• 10-15 families prepare their own composting pit
L3
• Mid-Sized Groups
• A society of 100 members waste management. So that it will require mechanized mixing , sifting et.
Organic Discards:
Contribution to Greenhouse Gasses
GHG
Emission
Decomposition
Domestic Waste Organic Discards
Natural Aerobic Decomposition
CO2 Emission
No Methane
Not Considered in GHG
Computations
Anaerobic Environment
High Carbohydrates
CH4 Emission 21 times more dangerous than CO2
High in Nitrogen (Food Scrap,
Manure, Glass)
N2O 300Times
more dangerous than CO2
Fish Bone diagram
People are not cultured
People are to be educated
Corporaters are inefficient
Dry and wet Garbage is
not segregated at source
There is no enough
space for composting
Metropolitan cities
are growing
uncontrolled
There is no
punishment for
misbehavior
No enough funds
Dumping ground is the
only solution of this
problem
City garbage
problem is going
out of control
Sustainable solution Composting basket
L1: Kitchen Kompost
Compost Basket
It converts all the kitchen waste in to good compost inside the kitchen
without any smell
Gives good quality compost useful for organic Garden
Very Economical, Last for many years
No recurring cost
Makes the citizen aware of their duties
Converts Food waste ,Fruit waste , Flowers
Tea powder, Fish bones ,Prawn , Egg shells
in to compost
Very fast and Robust
L1 Scaled to L2
Common box made up of M.S mesh with Netlon inside of 2X3X2 size of 325 Lts capacity
Easily assembled, Good mobility
Highly recommended for 15-20 families , hotels , Canteens and Garden waste
Can be kept open no civil structure is required
Low Capital cost or running cost
No emission of Methane .
Useful for about 25 kg waste /day
L2 Example: Up’Grade- Bangalore Self Sustaining Zero Waste Community
In-house Bulk Composting Solution
Up’Grade Mix + Food Waste = Compost (25-30 Days)
Primary Segregation into Dry and Wet by Residents
~78kg of wet waste /day/complex 780Kg/month
Beneficial Microbes Isolated from Tropical Agricultural Soils
Blended with Coco peat as Carrier Material
Enhance Aerobic Decomposition
Low Cost
Shredder (Rs. 30,000) + Crates (Rs.400/unit) by Society
Worm Free and Odor Free
Case Studies
White Coal (RDF/WTE)
Gorai Dumping Ground Closure
First Housing Society: No Waste to Landfills
White Coal
Converting Fallen Trees Into White Coal ( Briquettes )
Cheaper than firewood and black coal
Replaces traditional coal, lignite, gas etc.
Application: Boiler Fuel in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan
India : Leading Manufacturer and Consumer -Wikipedia
Not the Ideal Way
Wastage of Biomass (Organic Material)
Required Infrastructure consumes more energy than the
Need to convert into compost for efficient utilization
Emits Co2 ,which is trapped by Plants
Zero garbage Society in Parel :
No Waste to Landfills
Marathon Era Co HSC- Parel, Mumbai
36 Storey Complex
236 flats Generate 300kg/day
No Impact on Environment
1500sqft Waste Sorting Area
Section 1: Bio-degradable or wet Waste is Composted
Wet Waste, Kitchen Refuse
Section 2: Recycle 9 Categories
(Plastic, Glass, Paper, Electronics)
Awareness in Residents..!!
600kg of ‘Organic Fertilizer’ per month
Manure is used in society garden
Excess is distributed among residents
Bio-Digester: Green Project by BMC
(Bio-Methanization)
Parel-Mumbai, Mumbai University Canteen
Wet Garbage, Cow dung, non-potable Water
Peels, Vegetables ,Waste/ Extra food
Biogas
Cost 25000/Rs
5kg Waste ,4 hours supply of gas
1m3 in 24 hours
Residue is used as Organic manure in the Garden
Remains slushy
Requires a lot of water and space
Low Efficiency
Effective
But
NOT
IDEAL
Merits and Demerits L1 composting
Your own Property
Simple Maintenance
The out put of this is valuable
compost for your garden.
This will eliminate the waste
transportation from
Kitchen to dumping ground
Being aerobic process it is
faster.
Very Economical
You have to pay from your
own pocket
It occupies space in your
house
If the user is not willing to
follow the procedure the
process fails .
Its very difficult to change the
mindset of person .NIMBY
syndrome
Merits Demerits
Merits And Demerits of L2 composting
Less Space
Very Economical
No Odor
Significant Reduction in
Transportation Cost
Easy Maintenance
Fast Conversion
Aerobic Decomposition
No GHG
Require Cooperation of all
No Control Over Team
Members
Everyone Need to be Aware
Shared Responsibility
System Fails if anyone Fails
to segregate at source
If not operated properly
Anaerobic decomposition
GHG
Merits Demerits
How do organic discards contribute to greenhouse gases?
By definition, all organic discards contain carbon. When they
decompose naturally under aerobic conditions the CO2 they
give off is part of the natural short-term carbon cycle6. Since
this is part of the natural flux of CO2 it is not considered in
GHG computations. However, when those organic discards are
placed in an anaerobic environment the decomposers will
convert and release the carbon as methane and other volatile
organic compounds which can contribute to global climate
change. Organic discards that are high in nitrogen, such as
food scraps, manures and grass clippings, under wet and
oxygen-limited conditions, can also produce N2O during
decomposition, roughly 300 times worse than carbon dioxide.
Gorai Dumpsite Closure
19.6 Hectare : 2200TPD since 1972
Total Waste ~2.34 million tons (26m high)
Scientific Closure on July 25, 2009 by United Phosphorus
Covering of Reformed Slopes with Soil
Relocation and Reformation of Existing Waste
Landscaping and Compound Wall Construction
Systems Installed Include
Landfill Gas Collection and Venting system
Leachate collection system
Flaring System
Incinerate the Landfill Gasses
Flare Burner with 12m High Chimney
Maintenance Period 15years
Power Generation from Methane : for 10 years..!!
Toxins are still seeping into the ocean
Fish are getting infected
Inherently WE are consuming toxins via Fish
Original Proposal - Dr. S. R. Maley
Only 3 Crore
Proposed Step 1 : Sanitization using Bacteria and flies
Essentially Composting..!!
Proposal was Denied and Given to United Phosphorous..!!
Dr. Maley Recommends Segregation @ Source
Low Cost
Composting : Naturally Recommended (90%)
Gain :90L Ton of Compost for Organic Farming
Equivalent to Rs. 27,000 crore per year
Can make baron land fertile
90L ton food in India.!!!
Healthy Food and NO MORE Rejects from EU/ UK
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/eu-rejects-indian-grapes-290
Promote Organic Farming
Recycle -> ReUSE
Recyclable
Waste
Recycling of even pet bottle waste
In India recycle of PET material is not used.
In USA bottle is made of 50% recycle bottle.
Recycle -> Reuse
Dr.John Bryer Nobel Laureate
Dr.John Bryer Nobel Laureate
Dr.John Bryer’s Students
“Paryavaran Mitra” Award from TJSB
Vocational Excellence Award from Rotary
Last but not the least
Everybody Blames
Somebody When Nobody
Does It
What Anybody can Do it