sustainable fisheries and aquaculture management · underlying fishery biology and exploitation...
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African Great Lakes Conference
2–5 May 2017Entebbe, Uganda
Sustainable Fisheries and
Aquaculture Management
Convenors:
Richard Ogutu-OhwayoIan G. Cowx
underlying fishery biology and exploitation
patterns
fishery management and fishing rights/tenure
livelihoods analysis and adaptation strategies
to future changes in the fisheries from
environmental and climate change;
linkages between fisheries and aquaculture
development;
the food security and nutritional contribution;
future management and adaptation strategies
Theme objectives
Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management
Handout
Can fisheries management in the Great
Lakes of Africa contribute to achieving the
UN Sustainable Development Goals?
Ian G. Cowx & Martin van der Knaap
Hull International Fisheries Institute & FAO, Ghana
Outline
• Inland fisheries and the UN
Sustainable Development
Goals
• Contribution of African Great
Lakes fisheries to society
• Pressures on African Great
Lakes fish and fisheries
• Management for sustainable
fisheries and aquaculture in
AGL
UN Sustainable Development goals
Appears that inland fisheries are largely ignored
SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
seas and marine resources for sustainable development
Aim: to end poverty, protect the planet and
ensure prosperity for all
Wild & cultured fish, InleLake, Shan State, Myanmar
Inland fisheries as an ecosystem service
• 11.2 – 41.1 million tonnes of fish caught
globally from inland waters : Provide 20%
of all global captured food fish
• 90 percent of global inland fisheries catch
from developing countries
• Fundamental to nutrition, food security,
livelihoods and societal well-being
• 60 million people directly involved in
small-scale inland fisheries (30 million of
which are women)
• 20 grams of a small river fish contains the
daily iron and zinc needs for a child.
Dependence on inland fish
90% of inland fish is caught in developing countries and
65% is caught in Low Income Food Deficient countries.
Source – Van der Graaf et al. (2012)
Contribution to GDP
Source: NEPAD/FAO - the Value of African Fisheries, 2014
Importance of Fisheries & Aquaculture in Africa
Gross value added
(million USD)
Contribution to GDP (%)
Total GDP African Countries
1,909,514
Total Fisheries and Aquaculture
24,030 1.26
Inland fisheries 6,275 0.33Artisanal fisheries 8,130 0.43Marine Industrial Fisheries
6,849 0.36
Total Aquaculture 2,776 0.15
Fisheries & Aquaculture contribute 6.2% to agriculture GDP
Employment by Subsector
Source: NEPAD/FAO - the value of African Fisheries, 2014
Importance of Fisheries & Aquaculture in Africa
Number of Employees
(Thousands)
Share subsector
(%)
% Female
Total Employment
12,269 27.3
Total Inland Fisheries
4,958 40.4 26.7
Marine Artisanal 4,041 32.9 23.8
Marine Industrial 2,350 19.2 43.5
Total Aquaculture 920 7.5 4.8
Inland fisheries as an ecosystem service
• Inland fisheries are a last
resort when primary
income sources fail:
– economic shifts
– conflicts
– natural disasters (floods)
• Places where consumption of
fish protein/animal protein
ratios greater than 20% are
also place with high
concentrations of rural poverty.
UN Sustainable Development goals
= sustainable fisheries
= fish for livelihoods and food security
= women in fisheries
= fisheries driving environmental quality
Contribution of fisheries in
the Great Lakes of Africa to
achieving SDGS
VICTORIANYASSA / MALAWI
TANGANYIKA KIVU EDWARD ALBERT
Fish diversity ~ 700 ~ 1,000 ~ 325 28 ~ 81 40-55
Fish yieldper year (t)
~ 1,000,000 ~116,000165,000-200,000
21,400 ~ 16, 900 ~ 172,000
Employment
200,000 fishers, 700,000 ancillary
56,000 fishers; 500,000 ancillary
100,000 fisheries-related
500,000 fisheries related
2100 fishers
35,420 fishers
Contributionto nutrition
Protein for 8,000,000
people
Food for 1.6 million people
25-40% of protein needs for 1,000,000
Source of quality animal protein to riparian communities
Fisheries of the African Great Lakes
• Estimated catch 1.5 million tonnes
• Employment for 2+ million people
• Much of the catch consumed directly by
households and locally, which does not
appear in national accounts
• Explosion of cage culture – but how
sustainable and equitable are the
ventures
• Support valuable ornamental
fisheries
Fisheries of the African Great Lakes
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Val
ue
of
exp
ort
ed o
rnam
enta
l fis
h (
USD
)
Nu
mb
er o
f fi
sh e
xpo
rted
fro
m M
alaw
i
Year
Number of fish exported Value of exports (USD)
Threats to AGL fisheries
Fisheries assessment & exploitation
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
19
59
19
61
19
63
19
65
19
67
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
20
10
Cat
ch (t
on
nes
x 1
00
0)
Other
Tilapias
Haplochromines
Dagaa
Nile perch
Year
Fisheries assessments suggest
declining fisheries or change in
species contribution to less valuable
species – but how reliable is the
information? Victoria
Malawi
Fisheries assessment & exploitation
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
No
of f
ishe
rs
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
No
of f
ishi
ng c
raft
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
No
of
fgil
lne
ts
Gillnets >5”
Gillnets <5”*
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
No
of lo
nglin
e ho
oks
Lake Victoria Frame Survey results
No of fishers No of fishing craft
No of gillnets No of longline hooks
External Pressures on AGL Fisheries
Hydropower
Mining
Deforestation
and land use
change
Conservation
Water quality
CLIMATE CHANGE
Agriculture Aquaculture
Population
growth
Invasive species
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
wa
ter
leve
l in
me
tre
s (
a.m
.s.l)
Year
Variation in water level, Lake Malawi
471.5
472
472.5
473
473.5
474
474.5
475
475.5
476
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
La
ke
leve
l in
me
tre
s (
a.m
.s.l.)
Year
Variation in water level, Lake Tanganyika
Tanganyika
Malawi
1133.00
1133.50
1134.00
1134.50
1135.00
1135.50
1136.00
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
La
ke
leve
l in
me
tre
s (
a.m
.s.l)
Year
Water level variation in Lake Victoria
Victoria
Lake level variability
Standardized annual yield
(kg/ha) against seasonal
relative lake level for lakes
and reservoirs (Source Kolding
et al. 2012)
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
wa
ter
leve
l in
me
tre
s (
a.m
.s.l)
Year
Variation in water level, Lake Malawi
471.5
472
472.5
473
473.5
474
474.5
475
475.5
476
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
La
ke
leve
l in
me
tre
s (
a.m
.s.l.)
Year
Variation in water level, Lake Tanganyika
Tanganyika
Malawi
1133.00
1133.50
1134.00
1134.50
1135.00
1135.50
1136.00
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
La
ke
leve
l in
me
tre
s (
a.m
.s.l)
Year
Water level variation in Lake Victoria
Victoria
Lake level variability
Water level management
River Nile Outflow
Link between poverty and ecosystem degradation
Natural resource
degradation
Affluence
Poverty
Access to
resourcesTechnology
Culture and
values
Over-
consumption
Pollution,
resource loss Short-term
decisions
Wrong
technology
Low achievements:
education and health
Sense of insecurity
Voicelessness &
powerlessness
Shocks &
vulnerability
Bad governance
Lack of
income
Affluence v Poverty
Protein replacement – Lake Victoria
• Livestock has high water cost (98% for feed production).
• Increased livestock production would lead to pasture
degradation, soil erosion and carbon release.
• Replacement protein sources not as high in micronutrients
• Dietary transition and increased dependence on energy rich
food
Land replacement Kcalories protein
Potential solutions/strategies?
24562720
Fisheries management interventions
Regulatory technique
Stock size Broodstock protection
Undisturbed spawning
Free migration
Fish welfare
Closed areas
* * *
Close season
* * * *
Catch limit * Fishing pressure
* *
Type of gear
*
Size of fish * * *
Regulation of exploitation and protection of fisheries
Fisheries management tools
Position of inland fisheries
Multiple uses of aquatic resources
Agriculture,
aquaculture
industry and
urban wastes
Geological,
geographical
and climatic
conditions
Agriculture,
forestry, land
use and civil
works
Quality, quantity and
seasonality of water
resources
Construction of dams
and barrages for
hydropower, irrigation,
Water use for
industrial processes
Urban water supplies
Aquatic plant
and animal
resources
Urban development, navigation
and flood management
Biodiversity and
conservation
Amenity,
sport and
recreational
fishing
Exploitable
fishery
Nutritional
and
economic
benefits
Sustainable
exploitation
of fisheriesMining and resource
extraction
farming
Distribution of benefits
Governance/power relationships
Hydropower
Individuals Key players
Context settersCrowd
Mining
Forestry
Fisheries
Conservation
Low
Low
High
High
Aquaculture
Perceived value
Position of inland fisheries
Future scenarios
CLIMATE CHANGE
FIRST recognise development will occur to meet societal demands
for energy, food security and improved livelihoods
But how to minimise impact?
Sustainability as a process
Biological Sustainability
Economic Sustainability
Social Sustainability
Institutional Sustainability
Sources: Charles (1994); Costanza & Patten (1995); Arlinghaus,Mehner & Cowx (2002)
A sustainable system persits in the long-
term!
– Fish Population sustainability
– Conservation of biodiversity
– Socially just and fair
– Economically/institutionally
efficient
Need to integrate ecological and economic objectives of fisheries within political frameworks
Ecology and environment
Economic and social
domain
Political and institutional
domain
Integrating ecological and economic objectives
Ecology and environment
Economic and social
domain
Political and institutional
domain
Maximise positive interaction
Minimise negative interactions
Requires aquatic resource knowledge system
Allows the opportunity to promote the concept of Ecosystem Services to
achieve SDGs
Need to understand motives and drivers of each sector
• Shift fisheries science from data-driven outputs to engage with policy and development needs
• Fisheries management is just one tool in a suite of measures to support fisheries
• Acknowledgement that developments (including cage farming) will go ahead - focus research on optimisation of resource use
• Improve mechanisms to communicate importance of fish conservation and fisheries to livelihoods, local economies and food security (and to SDGs) and influence decision making – use ecosystem services approach
Summary