surgical affection
TRANSCRIPT
AN ASSIGNMENT ON
INCIDENCE OF COMMON SURGICAL AFFECTIONSIN CATTLE & GOATS AT DIFFERENT AREAS OF
NILPHAMARI DISTRICT.
SUBMITTED TODEAN
&CHAIRMAN
INTERNSHIP IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE, 2011FACULTY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
SYLHET AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, SYLHET-3100.
SUBMITTED BYFACULTY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
SYLHET AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY , SYLHET- 3100.
APPROVED AS TO STYLE AND CONTENT BY
…………………………………………….SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
Dr. Animesh Chandra RoyLecturer
Department Of Medicine And SurgeryFaculty Of Veterinary and Animal Science
Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100.
CONTENTS
SL No
TOPICS PAGE
1 INTERODUCTION 2-3
2 RVIEW OF LITERATUR 4-6
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8-29
5 CONCLUSION 30
6 REFERENCES 31-34
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All the praise and proud are due to the “Allah-Subhanahu-wa-taa’la” the merciful, all-powerful and of forgiving, whose mercy absolutely helped me to pursue my study in veterinary science and to prepare my manuscript.The author deems a proud privilege to express his unfeigned qualification and sincere appreciation to his reverent teacher Dr. Animesh Chandra Roy, Lecturer, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal science, Sylhet Agricultural University for his scholastic guidance and cordial support for fruitful discussion and continuous interest during the assignment preparation. The author is greatly indebted to his support in taking part in the assignment; interpretation and painstaking help to a great extent to bring the assignment up to its present standardThe author would like to express his deepest sense of gratitude, sincere appreciation and profound regards to Dr. Mohammad Atiquzzaman, Assistant Professor & chairman, Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet agricultural University, Sylhet-3100: Dr. Md. Rezaul Karim, Upozilla Livestock officer, Nilphamari. Their encouragement and kind cooperation throughout the course of the Internship and assignment writing. The author explicit his gratefulness and cordial thanks to his teacher Professor Md. Motiar Rahman Hawlader ,Dean , Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100 for his cordial help and encouraging attitude in his study life.
Finally, the author is also extending his cordial thanks to all his friends and well wishers.
1
The author
Introduction
Surgery is a branch of medical science which deals with the treatment of injuries or diseases by manual procedures or operations with the hand. It is Synonymous with the word “Chirurgia” (Pronounced as: KI-RUR-JIA). The Greek word “Cheir” means hand; and “ergon” means work. Veterinary Surgery is surgery practiced on animals.
A considered numbers of cattle, calves and goats die every year due to surgical affections. Surgery diseases were very significantly associated with defects in the body of cattle, calves and goats and ultimately decrease the productive performances. Surgical affections in cattle include abscess, bloat, dystocia, fracture, hernia, actinomycosis, urolithiasis, wound, subcutaneous cyst, amputation of tail gangrene. Surgical affections in calves comprise both congenital and acquired disorders. In Bangladesh, umbilical hernia, dermoid cyst, non-functional limb joints, supernumerary limbs and atresia ani have been reported to occur in calves (Hossain et al., 1980 and 1986). The acquired surgical affection of calves may include umbilical abscess, navel ill, wound and complication of castration (Hossain et al.,1986). A mutant gene, chromosomal aberrations or an autosomal recessive gene have been claimed to be responsible for some congenital defects( Leipold et al., 1972, Saperstein et al., 1975). In Bangladesh, the calves frequently suffer from castration, navel ill, abscess, cyst, bloat, wound, fracture, urolithiasis, hernia etc. therefore, a comprehensive study is necessary to establish base line information for future study in this field. Surgical affections in goats include subcutaneous cyst, abscess, wound, fracture, over growth of hoof, Urolithiasis, bloat, gid disease, complication of castration, hematoma due to traumatic injury at the cornea, foot abscess etc (Hossain et al.,
2
1986). The incidence of gid disease in Bangladesh has been reported to be 5.2% (Hossain, 1991). The incidence of surgical affections in goats is well recognized in other countries.
(Mathews, 1999). In Bangladesh, a very few work has been conducted on the surgical affections in goats. Therefore, a comprehensive study is necessary to establish base line information for future study of surgical affections in goats.
Objective
The objectives of the present study are to observe and compare various surgical affections and to get findings of incidence rate with respect to age, sex and season.
The objectives of the studies are as follows:1. To find out the incidence of surgical affections at Nilphamari
region.2. To know which groups are more prone to this type of surgical
affections.
3
Review of Literature
Arch Pathol Lab Med. et al, (2011), Review Testicular
tumors –some new and a few perennial problems. They studied that
the histopathology of testicular tumors is presented, emphasizing new,
unusual, or underemphasized aspects. Within the category of seminoma
of the usual type, the recent literature has drawn attentive to the
presence in occasional tumors of solid or hollow tubules or spaces of
varying sizes and shape that may result in cribriform or microcystic
patterns, causing potential confusion with other neoplasm, most notably
Sertoli cell tumor or yolk sac tumor. Although regions of typical
neoplasia and awareness of this phenomenon usually will be diagnostic.
Abv Anat Pathol.el al.,(2011) Jan; The most common, clinically
significant misdiagnoses in testicular tumor pathology, and how to
avoid them. They described that testicular tumors are both increasing
in frequency and disproportionately occur in young men; furthermore,
different forms of neoplasm require different treatments. These
considerations make the accurate diagnosis of testicular tumors
especially important. Many of the critical distinctions involve the
differentiation of seminoma from one or more potential mimics because
seminoma is not only the most common testicular neoplasm but it is
also the only malignant testicular tumor that is commonly treated with
radiation, which is ineffective in other malignancies of the testis.
4
Uk Rima, NS JUyena, MA Hashim, FY Bari, Y Mohammad,
20-5, Surgical affections of Black Bengal goats in certain of
Bangladesh.
They conducted that the prevalence of surgical affections in
black Bengal goats was gid 25%, wound 19% urolithiasis 15%, bloat
14%, subcutaneous cyst 13%, fracture 8% and abscess 6%, Occurrence
of gid in goats was highest.
Ulbright TM.Mod Pathol -2005, Feb; 18, selective review
emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly Germ cell
tumors of the gonads: a appreciated, and controversial issues. They
conducted that gonadal germ cell tumors continue to be the cause of
diverse, diagnostically challenging issues for the pathologist and their
correct resolution often has major important therapeutic and prognostic
implications. They are academically interesting because of certain
neoplasms. The most dramatic examples of the latter are the frequency
of dermoid cyst in the ovary compared to the testis and the reverse
pertaining to embrayonal carcinoma.
Mod Pathol, 2005 Feb; 18; Sex cord-stromal tumors of the
ovary and testis: their similarties and differences with
consideration of selected problems. They studied that Gonadal sex
cord-stromal tumors contain some ot the most morphologically
interesting neoplasms of the gonads and these lead to many important
issues in differential diagnosis. The pathology of these tumors is
reviewed with emphasis on new information, similarities and
differences in the two gonads and diagnostic problems. Sertoli cell
tumors occur in both gonads being more common in the testis where
they usually exhibit a lobular pattern of hollow or solid tubules.
5
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1999; Review Treatment of
aggressive testicular tumors in four dogs. They conducted that the
incidence of testicular tumors in dogs is higher than in other species.
The main three types are: Sertoli cell tumors, and to a lesser extent
leydig cell tumor, are often associated with feminization, which occurs
in 19% and of cases, respectively. Seminomas are rarely associated
with feminization. Feminization seems to be the result of an excessive
oestrogen production by the tumor. In severe cases this may lead to
bone marrow depression. Atrophy of the contralateral testis is a
common finding.
B.R.Das and M.A. Hashim, 1996, Surgical affections in
calves. They studied that various surgical affections were diagnosed in
140 calves upto 6 months of age which constituted 16.28% the total
surfical cases recorded at the BAU veterinary clinic during 1992 to
1995. Umbilical hernia (47.19%) was the most common surgical
affection in calves while atresia ani (20%), knuckling of limbs (8.60%),
umbilical abscess (7.8%), navel ill (6.40%) and dermoid cyst( 5.70%)
occurred to a lesser extent.
Am J Surge Pathol. 1993 Nov,Germ cell neoplasm’s of the
testis. They studied that testicular germ cell neoplasia, a disease
predominantly of young men, is, for unknown reasons, increasing in
incidence. Cryptorchidism, a prior testicular germ cell tumor, a family
history of testicular germ cell tumors, and somatosexual ambiguity
syndromes remain well-established risk factors. Intratubular germ cell
neoplasia of the unclassified type represents the common precursor to
the great majority of testicular germ cell tumors and its identification in
testicular biopsies reliably identifies patients who will often progress to
an invasive lesion.
6
Material And Methods
To get information on surgical affections of cattle and goats, the data
were collected from zilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari and Upozilla
veterinary hospital, Nilphamari. The investigation was carried out during 1
January to 30 December 2011. The way of data collection was totally from
the daily patient surgical register book of upozilla veterinary hospital,
Nilphamari and District veterinary hospital, Nilphamari. The total number of
cattle 324 (including male and female) goats 327 were studied. Age, sex and
monthly data were recorded with date and time. Obtained data were grouped
for analysis on the basic of age, sex and month. Where the age is 0 to 1 year,
the animals were categorized as young and where above one year is adult.
Data were organized in the Microsoft excel spread sheet and analyzed for
calculating percentage of surgical affections on the basis of their distribution
among age, sex and month. An incidence rate was calculated. The pooled
percentages of occurrence of diseases from two hospitals was considered as
overall prevalence and were calculated by the following formula.
Total individual affections in two different hospitals
Overall incidence rate = ----------------------------------------x 100
Total surgical affections in two different hospitals
7
Results & Discussion
From upozilla and district veterinary hospital cattle,calves and goats
were investigated namely Nilphamari zilla and upazilla veterinary hospital,
Nilphamari. A total number of cases 324 cattle and 327 goats were taken in
this present study.
The overall incidence rate of most common surgical affections at
Nilphamari zilla and upozilla veterinary hospital , Nilphamari; is shown in
the following tables.
8
Table - 01
Overall incidence of surgical affection in both cattle and goat are shown bellow in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari.
Total number of diseases in cattle and
goat in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital,
Nilphamari
Total number of surgical affection in
zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital,
Nilphamari
Incidence rate (%)
1676 651 38.85
9
Table - 02
Overall incidence of surgical affection in cattle are shown bellow in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital in a year, Nilphamari .
Total number of diseases in cattle and
goat in a year
Total number of surgical affection in
cattle in a year
Incidence rate (%)
1676 324 19.33
10
Table - 03
Overall incidence in surgical affection of goat are shown bellow in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari.
Total number of diseases in cattle and
goat in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital,
Nilphamari
Total number of surgical affection in
goat in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital,
Nilphamari
Incidence rate (%)
1676 327 19.51
911
Table - 04
Overall incidence rate in a year in zilla and upozilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari are shown below.
Surgical affection Total no of cases
Overall incidence rate
Wound 93 14.285Abcess 59 9.062
Amputation of horn 58 8.9093Amputation tail 24 3.6866
Castration 213 32.7188Dystocia 10 1.5360
Gid disease 32 4.9155Bloat 15 2.3041
Subcutaneous cyst 80 12.2887Hernia 29 4.4546
Upper patellar fixation
7 1.0752
Fracture 31 4.7619
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
A B C D E F G H I J K L
Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in a year.
A= Wound
B= Abcess
C= Amputation of horn
D= Amputation of tail
E= Castration
F= Dystocia
O ve ra ll
in ci de
nc
e ra te
of
su rg ic al
aff
ec tio
ns
Surgical Affection
G= Gid Diseases
H=Bloat
I= Subcutaneous Cyst
J= Hernia
K= Upper patellar fixation
L= Fracture
13
Table- 05
Overall incidence rate in year of common surgical Affection in different species (cattle & goat) are shown below in zilla, upozilla veterinary hospital Nilphamari.
Common surgical affection
Total no of cases
Species Incidence rate (%)Cattle Goat Cattle Goat
Wound 93 52 41 55.91 44.086Abcess 59 39 20 66.10 33.89Amputation of horn
58 58 0 100 0
Amputation of tail
24 24 0 100 0
Castration 213 40 173 18.77 81.22Dystocia 10 1 9 10 90Gid diseases 32 0 32 0 100Bloat 15 0 15 0 100Hernia 29 17 12 58.62 41.38Subcutaneous cyst
80 64 16 80 20
Upper patellar fixation
7 7 0 100 0
Fracture 31 22 9.00 70.96 29.032
14
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E F G H I J K L
CattleGoat
Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in two species(cattle & goat) in a year.
A= Wound
B= Abcess
C= Amputation of horn
D= Amputation of tail
E= Castration
F= Dystocia
Surgical Affection
G= Gid Diseases
H=Bloat
I= Hernia
J= Subcutaneous Cyst
K= Upper patellar fixation
L= Fracture
O ve ra ll
in ci de
nc
e ra te
of
su rg ic al
aff
ec tio
ns
15
Table- 06
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in Nilphamari sadar and Nilphamari zilla hospital in cattle according to age in a year.
Common affection
Total case
Age Incidence rate (%)
0-1 year >1 year 0-1 year >1 year
Castration 40 40 0 100 0Wound 52 20 32 38.47 61.53Abcess 39 16 23 41.025 58.9743Subcutaneous cyst
32 16 16 50 50
Wart 32 6 26 18.75 81.25Hernia 17 5 12 29.4117 70.588Amputation of tail
24 10 14 41.66 58.34
Amputation of horn
58 30 28 51.724 48.275
Fracture 22 4 18 18.18 81.81Dystocia 1 0 1 0 100Upper patellar fixation
7 0 7 0 100
16
Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in cattle according to their age in a year.
A= Castration
B= Wound
C= Abcess
D= Subcutaneous Cyst
E= Wart
F= Hernia
G= Amputation of tail
H= Amputation of horn
I= Fracture
J= Dystocia
K= Upper patellar fixation
O ve ra ll
in ci de
nc
e ra te
of
su rg ic al
af fe cti
on s
Surgical Affection
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E F G H I J K
0 to 1 year1 to 5 year
17
Table- 07
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in Nilphamari sadar upozilla and Nilphamari zilla hospital according to sex in a year in cattle.
Common affection
Total Sex Incidence rate (%)Male Female Male Female
Wound 50 30 20 60 40Abcess 41 30 11 73.17 26.83Wart &
cyst64 37 27 57.815 42.1875
Amputation of horn
58 39 19 67.25 32.75
Amputation of tail
24 5 19 20.84 79.16
Castration 40 40 0 100 0Upper
patellar fixation
7 5 2 71.43 28.58
Dystocia 1 0 1 0 100Fracture 22 15 7 68.1818 31.8181Hernia 17 10 7 58.823 41.18
18
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E F G H I J
MaleFemale
Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari cattle according to sex in a year.
A= Wound
B= Abcess
C= Wart & Cyst
D= Amputation of horn
E= Amputation of tail
F=Castration
O ve ra ll
in ci de
nc
e ra te
of
su rg ic al
aff
ec tio
ns
Surgical Affection
G= Upper patellar fixation
H= Dystocia
I= Fracture
J= Hernia
19
Table- 08
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in cattle according to season in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari are shown bellow-
Name of affection
Total no of cases
Overall incidence
Summer May-July
Autum Aug-Oct
Winter Nov-Jan
Spring Feb- Apr
Castration 40 7.5%(3)
10%(4)
60%(24)
22.5%(9)
Wound 52 38.47%(20)
23.08%(12)
25%(13)
13.47%(7)
Abcess and Gangrene
39 15.52%(8)
48.79%(20)
24.40%(10)
2.5%(1)
Subcutaneous Cyst & Warts
64 37.5%(24)
21.88%(14)
31.25%(20)
9.37%(6)
Hernia 17 59.94%(9)
11.77%(2)
23.53%(4)
11.77%(2)
Amputation of tail
24 33.34%(8)
54.17%(13)
4.17%(1)
8.34%(2)
Amputation of horn
58 25% (13)
46.16%(24)
18.97%(11)
17.25%(10)
Fracture 22 36.37%(8)
13.64%(3)
31.82%(7)
18.19%(4)
Dystocia 1 00 100%(1)
00 00
Upper patellar fixation
7 28.58%(2)
42.86%(3)
14.29%(1)
14.29%(1)
20
Table – 09
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection according to sex in goat in a year.
Common affection
Total Age Incidence rate (%)
Male Female Male Female
Castration 173 173 0 100 0Wound 41 19 22 48.72 51.29Abcess 20 13 7 68.19 31.82
Dystocia 9 0 9 0 100Gid 32 18 14 56.25 43.75
Subcutaneous cyst
16 11 5 68.75 31.25
Bloat 15 10 5 66.67 33.34Fracture 9 6 3 66.67 33.34Hernia 12 7 5 58.34 41.67
21
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E F G H I
MaleFemale
Fig: Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in goat according to sex in a year.
A= Castration
B= Wound
C= Abcess
D= Dystocia
E= Gid diseases
F= Subcutaneous cyst
Surgical Affection
G= Bloat
H= Fracture
I= Hernia
O ve ra ll
in ci de
nc
e ra te
of
su rg ic al
aff
ec tio
ns
22
Table- 10
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in zilla and upozilla veterinary hospital, Nilphamari according to age in goat .
Common affection
Total Age Incidence rate (%)0 to 1 year
>1 year 0 to 1 year
>1 year
Castration 173 138 35 79.77 20.24Wound 41 17 24 41.47 58.54Abcess 20 6 14 30 70
Dystocia 9 0 9 0 100Gid diseases 32 3 29 9.38 90.63
Subcutaneous cyst
16 5 11 31.25 68.75
Bloat 15 3 12 20 80Fracture 9 3 6 33.34 66.66Hernia 12 7 5 58.34 41.67
23
Fig : Graphically representation Overall incidence rate in common surgical affection in Zilla and Upozilla Veterinary hospital, Nilphamari in goat according to age in a year.
A= Castration
B= Wound
C= Abcess
D= Dystocia
E= Gid diseases
F= Subcutaneous cyst
G= Bloat
H= Fracture
I= Hernia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
A B C D E F G H I
0 to 1 yearover 1 year
O ve ra ll
in ci de
nc
e ra te
of
su rg ic al
aff
ec tio
ns
Surgical Affection
24
Table- 11
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection in goat according to season in zilla & upozilla Veterinary Hospital, Nilphamari are shown bellow-
Name of affection
Total no of cases
Overall incidence
Summer May-July
Autum Aug-Oct
Winter Nov-Jan
Spring Feb- Apr
Castration 173 5.79%(10)
13.30%(23)
60.12%(104)
20.81%(36)
Wound 41 46.35%(19)
17.07%(7)
9.76%(4)
26.83%(11)
Abcess & Gangrene
20 15%(3)
45%(9)
10%(2)
30%(6)
Dystocia 9 44.45%(4)
00 33.34%(3)
22.23%(2)
Gid diseases 32 31.25%(10)
12.5%(4)
56.25%(18)
00
Subcutaneous Cyst
16 50%(8)
12.5%(2)
25%(4)
12.5%(2)
Bloat 15 20.43%(3)
41.85%(6)
20.43%(3)
20.43%(3)
Fracture 9 44.44%(4)
22.23%(2)
22.23%(2)
11.12%(1)
Hernia 12 25%(3)
33.34%(4)
16.67%(2)
25%(3)
25
Overall incidence of surgical affection in cattle and goat was 38.85% that are shown in table-1 and incidence of surgical affection according to species are shown in table-2 & 3, Where the incidence rate in cattle was 19.33% and incidence rate in goat was 19.51% Overall incidence rate of castration in year was (32.7168%) which was found to be the highest of the affection. Among the two species (cattle & goat) incidence rate is 18.77% in cattle and 81.22% in goat in a year.Incidence rate of Wound is 14.285% in a year and among the two species (cattle & goat) the incidence rate of wound is 55.91% and 44.086% in a year which was found to be the second highest affection in year.
The Overall incidence rate of abcess was 9.062% amputation of horn was 8.9093%, amputation of tail is 3.6866% dystocia 1.5360% , gid is 4.9155%, bloat 2.3041% , subcutaneous cyst and wart was 12.2887% which was found to be the third highest of the affection hernia was 4.4546%, upper patellar fixation was 1.0752% and fracture was 4.7619%
the third highest affection was subcutaneous cyst , among two species the incidence rate was in cattle 80% and in goat 20%.
Among two species the incidence rate of abcess, amputation of horn, amputation of tail, dystocia, gid, bloat, hernia, upper patellar fixation and fracture was shown in above table 5.
The data on the effect of sex, age and month on the surgical affection of sex, age and month furnished in table, According to age cattle are categorized into two section 0 to 1 year and above 1 year to 5 year and in goat they are categorized also in two section 0 to 1 year and over 1 year of age. Surgical affection of age on the surgical affection cattle and goats were furnished in table –6,10.
Overall incidence rate of common surgical affection according to sex are shown in table- 7,9.
Seasonal incidence of surgical affection are shown in table- 08,11. On the basis of season, in cattle the incidence rate of castration highest in winter season (60%), Hernia in summer season (59.94%), Amputation of tail in Autum season (54.34%) and upper patellar fixation in autum season (42.86%), that are mention the above table-08.
26
According to season, incidence rate of surgical affection in goat are shown in table-11, where castration was highest in winter season (60.12%), Wound in summer season (46.35%), dystocia in summer season (44.45%), Gid diseases in winter season (56.25%), Hernia in autum season (33.34%).
Fig: Hernia Operation in Goat
Fig: Hernia Operation in Cattle
26
27
Fig: Umbilical Hernia Operation in Calve
Fig: Tumor in Calve Showing above Picture
28
Fig: Removing the Particales of Tumor
6029
Conclusion
Although cattle, calves and goats are very valuable domestic animals in our country, they are more or less susceptible to different surgical affections. Among these surgical affections (which are discussed above) some occur greatly in male and some are in female. Some are restricted in different ages. The seasonal variation of the surgical affections is also found in the study. In this study we saw that castration occurred in highest percentage in domestic animals (cattle, calves and goats). But in case of goats castration was mostly found. In case of calves abscess was highest. Whereas other affections were highest in adults. In case of cattle dystocia were mostly found and specially found in adults females. Castration was restricted in male and dystocia in females. Both castration and gid were mostly found in winter season. So all surgical cases, specially castration and gid (as found more) Should be handled properly to avoid any complications. All measurement (e.g. pre and post operative care) should be taken to make a successful surgery. If we can overcome this surgical condition successfully and if we can provide proper care during surgical affection, Affected cattle and goats will become more famous to the people than present status. And people will be encouraged to rear cattle, calves and goats. So a comprehensive study is necessary to establish base line information for future study of surgical affections in cattle and goat.
30
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