subwar 2050

BUBIMIR

THE UNDERWATER COMBAT SIMULATION

Technical Supplement for IBM PC Compatibles

TEe II :\ I C \ LSI P P L E " E ""

Contents Your S ub War 2050 pa cka ge should c ontain a Game M a nu a l , a cop y of

UnderCurrents, this T echnical Supplement , a Key Guide, a set of 3 .5" high den sity

disk s and a registration card .

Required Equipment

• Computer Sub War 2050 requires an mM PC AT or a computer 100% compatible with this model.

The computer must have a high den sity floppy disk drive and a hard disk.

Sub War 2050 r equires an 80386 processor and at least 1Mb RAM.

• Controls Although Sub War 2050 can b e run entirely from a standard or portable P C

keyboard, a mouse and joystick are strongly r ecommended .

• Display Sub War 2050 requires a color monitor with a VGA graphics system. If you are using

a compa tible graphics card/monitor, it must be 100% compatible with VGA systems.

• Disk Drives SubWar 2050 must b e installed onto a hard disk with 12Mb of free space .

• DOS

You must have Microsoft MS-DOS ver sion 5.0 or higher .

TEc:lI\lC\1. ~II'I'I.E'IE\T

Copy Protection Sub War 2050 has no dis k copy protec tion . However , the program as ks yo u a

manual-I'elated qu es tion . Use the manual to anSWel" the question . Mi croProse

l"egr ets that co ntinuing ca sual and organized software piracy requires that thi s

minimal form of copy protection is retained.

Installation An installation program is included on the SubWar 2050 Disk A.

Insert Disk A into your floppy drive (dl"ive A or B) a nd designate that dl"ive (b y

typing "A: [Return]" or " B : [Return],, ).

When the new prompt appears, type " INSTALL [Return]"

Please follow the on-screen text which appears.

The default (pI"e-set) installation routine places SubWar 2050 in a directo l"y named

C:\MP S\SUBW

Loading Instructions Switch on yO UI" machine and wait until the C: \> prompt appear s .

Type " CD MPS \ SUBW [Return]" and then type "SUBWAR [Return ]" to mn

the game.

No te : If yo u have installed SubWar 2050 to another directory, yo u must type "CD

[name of your directory]" first.

If the game fail s to load, r ead the Problem Section of this Technica l Supplement.

Sound SubWcu 2050 supports th e PC inte t'nal spea ke r , AdLib compatibl e cards ,

SoundBlaster compatible ca rds and the Roland LAPC-1 ca rd .

Operating Difficulties and Loading Problems

Q. Why can't I install the game to my hard disk?

1. You must check all system requirements, especiall y any mention of hard di sk

space required, listed in this Technical Supplement.

2. If you still have a pl'Oblem, you should make copies of the ol'iginal di sks and use

the duplica tes in place of the ot'iginals; sometimes you'U get a t'ead en-Ot' due to a

diffet'ence in head alignment.

3. If the game s till does n ' t work, make sure you are not l'lmning a compression

utility program on your hat"d disk .

4. Finally, tt"y installing the game on another machine to see if the problem recut's.

Q. How do I copy disks?

Fl'Om the C: \> pl'Ompt, use the DOS command DISKCOPY A: A: [Retum]. Follow

the on-sct"een pt'ompts.

Q. Why won't my game load?

You must have 612,096 b ytes (598K) of Conventional Memor'y and 10K UMB (Uppel"

Memor'y Block) or' 620 ,288 bytes (606K) Conventional Memo.·y and no UMB.

To c heck that you have allocated an uppe r' memot"y block, look fOI" the lin e DOS=UMB (MS-DOS 6) ot" DOS =HIGH , UMB (MS-DOS 5) in you,' PC's

CONFIG.SYS fil e.

Slow Running

If yo u al"e not I' unnin g ft'om a boot di s k , please e n s ut" e that yo u hav e

SMARTDRV.SYS or SMARTDRV.EXE load ed into yo ut" CONFIG.SYS or

AUTOEXEC.BAT.

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Conventional Memory

To check how much Conventional Memory is available, type MEM/C from the C: b prompt and press the R e turn key . Look for the Largest Executable Program

details . If there is not enough Conventional Memory , you may need a Boot Disk.

Q. What is a Boot Disk?

This is a Start Up disk for your computer which contains alternative start up files to

those on your hard disk. The Boot Disk will allow you more Conventional Memory.

Making a Boot Disk

Instructions for making an MS-DOS Boot Disk (a lso known as a System Disk) will

be found in your Microsoft manual.

U sing a Boot Disk

Inse rt the Boot Di sk into yO Ut' flopp y di sk drive A and th e n switc h on the

computer. You should leave the disk in the floppy drive during play.

Q. Can I run my game through Windows?

No, this is not r ecommended , unless specifically mentioned in the system requirements.

Q. Does my game run with DR DOS?

Success is not guaranteed. MicroProse games are currently designed to run with

MS-DOS 5 .0 or 100% compatible DOS .

TEC''''C\L ~I PPLE"E''''

Q. What is Base Memory?

Thi s i s th e original 1Mb ( 1024K) III yo ur ma chin e . It is divide d up into

Conventional Memory (640K) , wher e MS-DOS and all P C programs load and

Upper Memory (384K), wher e system driver s (such as the mouse driver ) reside.

In MS-DOS 5.0 the bulk of the operating sys tem and a ssociated driver s are

normall y loade d into U pp e r Me mor y. Oth e r drive r s h eld in th e area of

Conventional Memory will r educe your 640K available for the program .

Q. What is Extended Memory (XMS)?

Further memory, beyond the 1Mb of Base Memory on your PC is called Extended

Memory. XMS can be used to free more Conventional Memory so that bigger games

can be run . XMS can also be used to simulate Expanded Memory.

Q. What is Expanded Memory (EMS)?

EMS was originally designed to give the PC more memory to run programs. It has

been around far longer than XMS so most programs take advantage of it. Most

MicroProse games take advantage of EMS. The DOS command EMM386.EXE can

be used to turn XMS into EMS and should be in your CONFIG.SYS .

Remember that hard disk space is also measured in Megabytes (Mb). Don ' t confuse this with memory - the two are completely differ ent!

Technical Assistance If you have read through the Problems Section of this technical supplement and

still experience difficulties with the game, you may need some help from us. As we

receive many calls every day, we can deal with your inquiry more efficiently if you

have the following information available:

1. The correct name of the game

2. The type of computer you are running it on

3. Your DOS version

4 . How much conventional memory you have

5. The exact error message reported (if any)

6. The version # of the game

Call us at (410) 771-1151, Monday through Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST.

Have a pen and paper handy when you call. Alternately, you can write to Customer

Service at the address shown in this document.

Virus Be aware that a virus may have transferred into your hardware from another piece

of software . Pirated copies of games are an incredibly common source of virus

problems, it always pays to own original software.

Software Fau It In the unlikely event of a software fault please return the complete package, with

your receipt, to the place of purchase. MicroProse regrets that goods cannot be

replaced unless bought from the company directly.

The Read Me File The latest notes regarding this program can he found in a file named

README. TXT in the SUBWAR directory. These notes may be read by using

eith er standard DOS commands or the DOS 5.0 text editor (type EDIT

README. TXT).

TECII\IC\!. SII'I'I.E\lE\T

A 0 I v I s Ion 0 f S pee t rum Hoi 0 B Y t e ~ Inc .

180 Lakefront Drive, Hunt Valley, MD 21030 (410) 771-U51

Game Design and Program Copyright © 1994 Particle Systems

Documentation, Packaging and Logo Copyright ©1994 MicroProse

This documentation , accompanying man uals a nd Ooppy disks are copyrighted . The owner o[ this

prod uct is entitled to use this product for his or her personal use. Except [or back-u p copies o[ the disks

fo ,' per sona l use and the quoting of b"ief passages [or the purposes of reviews, no one may transfe,',

copy, back-up , give or sell any part of the manual or the information on the disks, or transmit in any

fOlom or by a n y means, e lectro n ic, m~ch a ni cal , photocopying, record_jng o r othe r"wise witho ullhe prior

pe"mission of the publisher. Any person or pC"sons r eprod ucing any part of this program , in any media ,

for any reason , sha ll be guilty of copyright violation and sha ll be subj ect to civil li ability at the

disc re tion of the copyright holder.

Made in the USA

Bua_A

THE UNDERWATER COMBAT SIMULATION

MicroProse , 180 Lakefront Drive, Hunt Valley , MD 21030 (410) 771-1151

Game Design and Program Copyright © 1994 Particle Systems Documentation, Packaging and Logo Copyright ©1994 MicroProse

This documentation , accompanying manual and floppy disks are copyrighted. The owner of this product is entitled to use this product for his o r her per sonal use. Except for back-up copies of the di sks for

per sonal use and the quoting of brief passages for the purposes of reviews , no one ma y transfer , copy, back-up , give or sell any p a rt of the manual or the information on the disks, or transmit in an y form or

by any means , electronic , mechanical , photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prio lo permission of the publisher . Any per son or persons r eproducing any part of this program , in any media ,

for any reason , shall be guilty of copyright violation and shall be subjec t to civil liability at the discretion of the copyright holder.

Made in the USA

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CREDITS Game Design & Programming Michael Powell for Particle Systems

3 -D Shape Design Saul Markese Michael Powell

Additional Shape Design Amanda Roberts Kevin Ayre

Graphics and Animations Mark Scott Eddie Garnier

Additional Graphics Martin Smillie

Mission Design Mike Brunton

Music and Sound Effects Matthew Walden

Quality Assurance Management P eter Woods

Quality Assurance Testing Andrew Luckett Darren Kirby J ames Hawkins Andrew Hiek e P eter Moreland

Matt Showalter J eff Dinger Destin Strader Brian Wilson

Documentation Kristian Ramsay-Jones

Packaging Design Julie Burness Sarah Warburton John Emory

Game Manual Design Sarah Kerr Joe Morel

Undercurrents Design Sarah Warburton

Managing Editor Alkis Alkiviades

Product Marketing Manager John Davis

Producer Tim Roberts

Publishers Paul Hibbard P eter Moreland

Special Thanks to P eter Hunter at the Institute of Oceanographic Studies for Under sea Topological Data.

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CONTENTS Quick Start ..... ... .......................................... ...................... ..... 5

Introduction ............ ...................... ..... .................... .. .................... . 9

The Manuals ............................... ........... ........... ..... ..... .. ......... 9

Controls ..... ... ..... .. .... .. ............................. .. ............... ..... ........ 10

The Controller . ........... . .... .. .......... ....... .... ......................... 10

The Selector ... .. ..... . ..... .. .... . ..................... ... .. ............... . ... 10

Getting Started ................... .. .... .. ..... .. ... ... ......... .......... ........... .. ... 11

Sorting the Materials .... ... ..... ....................... ..... .. ... ..... ... ........ 11

Installing/Loading Sub War 2050 ......................................... .. . 11

Copy Protection .... .. ..... .. ........... ..... .. .......... ........................ ... 11

The Command Center ...................... ....... ........... .. ................ ..... .. 12

New Campaign ............................ ...... ...... .. ... ................... .... .. 13

Quit ............ .............. ............. ................................... ............ 13

Game Options ................. ...... .... ....................... ........ .. ..... ..... . 14

Simulated Combat ...... ... ... .. ..... .. .............. .. ...... ....... .......... ..... 16

Pilot Roster ..... ..... ... ... ..... .. .......... ..................... .... ................ 16

Mission Briefing ....... ............. ... ... ....... ................................. .. 17

The Orders ....... . ................................ . ........................ .. ... 18

The Mission Map ... . .............. .. .... . ........................ . ... .. ........ 18

The 3-D Briefing .... . ........................................ . .... . ............ 19

Configure Subs ... ........ .. ................ ....................... ........ ..... .... 20

The Configuration Screen ...... . ..... .. ........ . ........ . .......... ..... .... 20

The Arming Screen . .. .. . ........... ....... .... ... ...... ...... . ....... . . . . . .... 21

Enter Mission .. ........................ ...... ....... .. .. ...... ..... ............ ...... 21

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CONTENTS The Mission ..... ............ ............ ..... .................................... .. ........ . 22

Piloting Your Submarine ............................... ... .. ... .... ... .. ... .... 22

Pt-inlary Controls ... . ............................... . .... . .................... . 22

The 3-D Displa y .... . .... .. . . ..... . ... .......... ....... ..... ... ... .. . ........... 23

The Head-Up Display ......... . ............. . ................ ... .............. 24

The Cockpit Disp lays ... . .... ... ................................ .............. 26

Full-Sct'een Disp lays ...... .... . .... ....................................... . .. . 30

Other Controls .................... . .... ...................................... .. 31

Views ...... ........ ................... ...... ........ ......... ............................ 32

Cockpit Views . . ........ .. .... . ........ ....... ..................... ...... ....... 32

External Views ................................................................. 32

Returning to the Sub Carrier ... .... ............. .. .......................... 33

Mission Debriefing ........... .. ......... ... ..... ... ... ....... .. ................. ....... 34

ElUIEIHYAA

Quick Start Training Missions Guide

1 Install and Load Sub War 2050 b y

referring to the Technical Supplement.

2 After the animated Intro , you ' ll be

taken to the Copy Protection screen.

Quit

Miss ion Briefing

3 Your fir s t mission will b e a

Training Mission.

• Mov e th e cur sor (using joy s tick ,

mous e or k eyboat-d) to th e top-left

of the sc r ee n. You will see

• Type in the answer from the manual

reference given and YO ll ' U be taken into

YO lll' sub carrier Command Center.

The Command Center

Game Options

Configure Subs

Enter Mission

< e w Campaign> hi ghlight e d in a

central message box.

• Select (press Joystick Fire Button ,

Left Mouse Button or R eturn Key) to

enter the Campaign Screen.

4 Move your c ur sor ove r th e top

button (the arrow sy mbol) and

select until you see <Training> under

the pilot's name.

• Select the second button to view a general

description of the Training scenario.

• Select the lowest button to r eturn to

the Command Center .

5 Move the cursor to the b ottom left.

Highlight <Pilot Rostei'> and select.

• Look at the Pilot Screen .

• Selec t the top left button , t yp e in

your name and press R eturn .

• Select the bottom left button to r eturn

to the Command Center .

6 Mo ve th e c ur sor to <Mi ssion

Briefin g> (second from the le ft )

and select.

You'll see an outline of your fIrst training

mission . This is a Navigation test. You

must steer through 3 gr een triangular

mission marker s (called <W aypoints»

then back to the Sub Carrier.

Instruments

Targeting Display

Navigati on Display

• Selec t the second from th e bottom

butto n to look at a 3-D diagr a m of

yo ur propo se d mi ss ion. Don ' t

worry about configurin g your s ub

for now .

• Select the lowest button to r eturn to

the Command Center .

7 Move the cursor to <Begin Mission>

(bottom right) and Select ; to jump

into your cockpit.

In The Cockpit

8 You are advised to u se the Pause

fun ction as often as possible until

y ou ar e f a miliar with all th e s ub

control s. You ' ll b egin the mi ss ion

h aving b een launch ed from just b elow

the sub carrier .

• Press Key P to P a use the simulation.

Familiarize yourself with the cockpit

controls and look at the Game Manual

pages 18 to 3 0 if y ou want full

<Mission> details.

• Press Key P to Unpause the simulation.

Weapon Display

Sonar Cross Section (SCS)

Display

Damage Status

9 Make sure your Navigation Display

screen (on the left of the cockpit) is

not set to Map Mode but shows Waypoint 1

(Waypoints are navigation points to be

pa ssed through in the mission .) Press key M once, if it does show a Map

Thi s scree n will show ( in blue) th e

Waypoint numb e r (1), a co mpa ss

heading, the distance « Range» and its

d e pth . Mi ss ion Wa ypoints will b e

s h o wn a s Green Trian gles o n yo ur Head-Up Display.

1 0 Your fir s t aim in this Trainin g mission will b e to pass through

a ll three GI"een Triangles "Waypoints"

and th e n ba c k to th e s ub Carn e l" (marked by a fourth triangle) .

• Now , look a t the Instnlment Display ( the small sc r een on top of the main

display in the cockpit) .

This shows your current s tatus :

your compass heading in degrees small r e d le ft or ri ght arrows pointing you in the dil'ection of the first Waypoint

the sp eed of your s ub (in knots)

and your throttle setting your curt"ent depth

11 You ' r e not moving yet , so you ' re advised to increase your throttle .

• Press the Plus Key until the throttle is set to 50.

• Now, get used to your controller. Try to turn in the direction of the tiny red arrow.

• Look at the d epth of Waypoint l. Look at yOUI" depth.

Tr y to matc h the d epth of the fit" s t

Waypoint.

12 If yo u aim for th e co rrec t

headin g and ge t to the co rrec t

depth , you 'll eventually see a small green

triangle. This is your first Waypoint.

• Head for this triangle .

13 As yo u ge t clo se to the gr ee n

tl"iangle Waypoint, it will increase

in size and yo u must aim yo ur sub to

pass through it. If you fail , try again.

• Pa ss tht"o u gh the fir s t Waypoint. Look at th e In strument di splay. This

will now s how < Waypt 2 > , a n ew Compass Heading, range and dep th .

• R epeat the above procedure until yo u hav e pa sse d through th e 3 mi ss ion

Wa ypoints. You will th e n b e give n a

F ourth Wa ypoint. This is your t"oute ba c k to yO Ul" s ub carrieL When yo u

ha ve passed Wa ypoint 4 yo ur

Navigation Training miss ion is over.

You will b e returned to the catTier and be Debriefed with full mission details.

• Once back in the Command Cente r Scr'een, return to Mission Briefin g. You

will still be playing the Training Scenario.

14 Th e n ex t mi ss ion will b e a weapons test. You will have to go

t o Waypoint 3 and tor'p e d o three dumm y targe ts, then r e turn to ba se

(Wa ypoint 4). For mor e d e tail s o n weapons see the Game Manual page 21.

• R e pea t th e procedure followed in your' first mission and make your way

to Waypoint 3. When yo u have passed tht"ough the third gr een tl"i angle, stop

your engines (press Shift/ Minus Key - ) and look at"ound you (sta y in <Forward View> for now).

• Look at the dummy targets. If you are close enough they will be colored red on the HUD (Head-Up Display) with a line leading to the nearest thermal grid (fot· full d eta il s on thermal grids see th e Undet· Curr-ents Magazine) .

15 Th e object marked with a

diamond-shape is the current targe t. Other objects will b e in a boxsh ape. Other d e tail s appear on th e main central targeting displa y (see page 28 Game Manual for details) .

You can press the ReturnfEnter key to select each of the 3 objects in turn as targets.

• Press the Return key 3 times and the diamond will switch to all three objects .

• Look at the lowest r eading on th e large central display marked < Conf >. Thi s i s th e 'Confide n ce Fa c tor ' for hitting that diamond-shaped target. If it i s over a value of 100 - you are guaranteed a hit. Move the sub until yo u have a number over 100.

• Look at the W eapon Display (on the right of the cockpit). It will show <Torpedo 8> on the second line. IT it doesn't press BackSpace Key lmtil it does.

• Now, press the Space Bar to fire your torpedo. Watch it hit the target.

The next targe t will b e marked with a diamond.

• R epea t the above procedure for the next targeted contact.

• When you have destroyed all three objects, h ea d for Waypoint 4 (Your sub-ca rr-ier ). The mission will end when yo u pa ss through Waypoint 4. On ce again you will b e Debriefed (Look at the money you ' ve been allocated! ).

Tt'aining Missions continue in a similar style, but in the next mission you will b e put under pressure. Get in , shoot a robot sub and get out quickly!

Sonar Wh e n you b egin mi ssion s against anything that i s going to shoot back ,

yo u 'n have to get to grips with Sonar (Lower right on the Cockpit). Full details are to be found in the U nde r Curt'ents Magazine that came in your Sub War 2050 package (see page 6 Attack Tactics).

Basically , the quiete r yo u are the less chance ther e is of you being detected by the enemy. Key S cycles through Sonar Modes - Off - Passive - Active.

If you turn it Off yo u will not be able to detect targets.

If you set it for Passive, you won ' t give awa y your position to the enemy during high risk encountet·s.

IT you set it for Active yo u ' ll get the b est r es ult s but you'll b e in dan ge r of detection.

Th e yellow bar sca le indicates how ' noisy' you are. It will change color to r ed if you are being extremely noisy.

Extreme noise means early death!

16 Consult the "Read Me File" on the installed game for the ver y

lates t gameplay information b y u sing standard DOS commands .

For full ta c ti cal and background information cons ult the Under Currents Magazine.

For full gameplay information consult the Game Manual & Key Guide.

For full teclmical information consult the Teclmical Supplement.

INTRODUCTION S ubWar 2050 is a unique simulation . It combin es e le ments of s ubmarin e

warfare, fli ght s imulation and s trategy gam e; se t in a r ea li s ti c future

world scenario .

Yo u take the part of one of the new breed of submarine rs, piloting the la test in

m a rin e t ec hnology; th e fi ghte r sub. Working for huge co rporation s a s an

independent mel'cenary, ea ch mission you carry out is rewarded in hard cash .

One moment , yo u are battling using tactics which are drawn from air warfare . The

next , you are diving d eep to redu ce your cavitation and coming to a halt to r educe

your passive sonar visibility.

Va rie d mission s in fOUl' th eaters of war , simulated combat mod e and a full

complement of training missions make SubWar 2050 the d efinitive unde rwater

combat simulation.

The Manuals This manual is organized to help you stal't playing SubWar 2050 quickly: -

The section on The Command Cenlel' will introduce you to the diffe r ent levels of p lay in Sub War 2050.

The section on The Mission explains how to operate your sub 's control , navigation

and combat systems.

The sepal'a te UnderCurrents manual contains information which may be useful as

yo u get deeper into the game.

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Controls The Controller You can play SubWar 2050 using a combination of Keyboard , Mouse or Joystick.

For piloting submarines, it is recommended that you use a Joystick and for menu

selection it is r ecommended that you use a Mouse.

In this manual , which is applicable to all computer systems , these tht·ee devices a re

known as the Controller.

The Selector During the game, you ma y be asked to select from a list of options. You will be able

to use either the Keyboard Return/Enter key, the Left Mouse Button (abbreviated

to LMB) or the Joystick Fire Button.

In this manual , these devices are referred to a s the Selector .

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GETTING STARTED Sorting the Materials Your Sub War 2050 package contains this Manual , a copy of UnderCurrents , a T echnical Supplement , a Key Guide and a set of disk s to run the simulation.

Installing/Loading SubWar 2050 The Technical Supplement gives specific instructions fOI' installing and/or loading

Sub War 2050 for your particular computer.

Copy Protection M telo the op ening scr een s, you are taken to the Copy Protection scr een . Enter the

correct word fr om the manual using the reference given.

Whe n yo u have comple ted the Copy Pro tec tion , you are t r ansferred to The

Command Center , on board the sub carrier .

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THE COMMAND CENTER The Command Cente r is the central room of your sub calTi er. The Command

Cente l" sC l"een contains a numbe l" of option s which are a ccessed by moving the

CUI'SOI" ovel' an 'active' al"ea of the sceeen and pl"essing the Selector.

New Campaign

Quit---

Simulated Combat

Mission Briefing

Game Options

Whe n you move the CUI'SOI" ove l" an ' a c tive' al"ea of the Command Cente l" , its

fun ctio n is displayed in the b ox at the top center' of the SCl'een.

12

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New Campaign

Select 'New Campaign' to begin a new campaign. You may choose from:-

North Pacific

Antarctica

North Atlantic

South China Sea

- Training

- The Hot Cold War

- The Treasure Trove

- Trouble in Paradise

North Pacific/Sea of Japan - Small Insults, Big Business

The training campaign is r ecommended for rookie sub pilots. Each of the other

four scenarios have their own unique challenges and may be p layed in any order.

Click on the B icon to change the current campaign. You may change your

CUlTent campaign at any time; the position r ea ched in your previous campaign will be saved .

rr=I_ Click on the 1=.1

Click on the ~

Quit

icon to view the scenario briefing text.

icon to l-e turn to the Command Center.

Select ' Quit ' to exit Subwar 2050 and return to your computer's operating system.

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Game Options

Select ' Game Options' to make game configuration changes. T o change a particular

game option , click on the G Icon.

Click on the ~ icon at the bottom of the Game Options scr een to r eturn to the

Command Center .

Calibrate Joystick Select this option to calibra te an analogue joystick .

Control Mode - Mouse/Joystick/Keyboard Select this option to change the submarine control mode .

Terrain Shading - Textured/PlainlWireframe Select this option to change the 3-D terrain shading mode - fully textured terrain can slow the frame update rate significantly , es pecially on slower machines .

Object Shading - Textured/PlainlWireframe Select this option to change the 3-D object shading mode .

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Collisions - On/Off Selecting 'Collisions Off' prevents your submarine from su staining damage if it hits

the seabed or another submarine .

Selec ting ' Collisions On ' is more difficult to play, but will r es ult in a highe r

mISSIOn sco re.

Enemy Skill Level - HighfMediumfLow Th e e n em y skill le vel affec t s th e intelligen ce, agg r ess ive ness a nd numbe r of

opponents you en counter during a mission.

Playing on a high skill level will result in a higher mission score .

Screen Zoom - On/Off Select ' Scr een Zoom off' to turn off the zoom effect between scr eens.

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Simulated Combat Selecting ' Simulated Combat' puts you into a fighter sub simulator , in the middle of

a multi-sub underwater dogfight. 'Simulated Combat' allows yo u to p erfec t your

underwater combat technique without getting killed.

The score which you get at the end of a ' Simulated Combat' session is dependent on several fa ctors, including how many enemy subs you destro y and the number of

weapons it took to destroy them.

For more d e tail s on piloting submarines, see the sec tion of thi s manual on

' The Mission ' .

Pilot Roster

The Pilot Roster scr een allows you to select or cr eate a pilot.

If you wish to playa differ ent pilot , click on one of the eight number ed icons along

the bottom of the pilot status display. If the pilot is unavailable for action , they are listed as either ' KIA' (Killed In Action) , 'MIA' (Missing In Action) or 'Ca ptured'.

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If you want to create a new pilot , e1j ck on one of the eight numbered icons to select

the pilot yo u wish to delete, then click on the 8 icon. T yp e in the new pilot 's

name using the keyboard and press I Return I. The default campaign for new sub

pilots is ' Trailling'. Return to the Command Center and enter the 'New Campaign '

screen if you wish to select a differ ent campaign.

If you wish to change the face of the selected pilot, click on the ~ icon.

Click on the m icon to view the selected pilot's medals and awards.

Click on the ~ icon to r eturn to the Command Center.

Mission Briefing When you have cr eated or selected a pilot in the Pilot Roster and you have selected

a campaign , you are able to enter the Mission Briefing.

The Mission Briefin g consists of three screens:-

• the Order s - click on the ~ icon.

• the Mission Map - click on the m Icon.

• the 3-D Briefing - click on the ~ Icon .

Click on the ~ icon to return to the Command Center.

(; \ "E ,,\:\ I \ L

The Orders

The Order s scr een con sists of a brief d escription of the mission 's objectives, rules

of engagement and intelligen ce data on enemy activity . To view the next page of the

Mission Briefing , click on the B icon.

The Mission Map

The Mission Map is a top-down view of the mission area. You may also call up a

Mission Map when you are in the cockpit of your submarine.

(; \ \1 E \1 \ 'I \ L

The 3-D Briefmg

The 3-D Briefing augments the Mission Map by providing a 3-D view of the

mission area. Additional data is provided on this screen concerning the depth of the

mission waypoints.

The 3-D view may b e manipulated by using the ten icons in the top right of the 3-D

briefin g screen :-

Select the m or m icons to move the display W est or East.

Select the ~ or ffi icons to move the display Not·th or South.

Select the r!] or ~ icons to move the display up or down.

Select the ~ or ~ icons to rotate the display to the right or left.

Select the ~ or ffi icons to tilt the display fot'ward or backward.

Note: To cycle through the mission waypoints, press the [Spacebar I.

( ; \ \1 E \1 \ '\ I \ L

Configure Subs When you have completed your Mission Briefing, you may enter the ' Configure

Subs ' sc reens. This consists of two displays:-

• the Configuration Screen

• the Arming Scr een

The Configuration Screen

This is the first sc reen in the 'Configure Subs' section. It consists of a 3-D display

of the sub(s) you are taking on yoU!" mission and their payload , orders, type and

formation position.

Click on the m or ~ icons to select the next/previous sub . The selected sub

is highlighted with a pair of yellow brackets .

Click on the @ icon to enter the Arming Screen.

Note: The ~ icon and the ~ icon are only used 011 the Wingmen Orders Screen

(See page 31).

:W

(; \ \. E \. \ 1\ I \ L

The Arming Screen

Tot-pede- 2 F'CoO: ~ et..= ::::

-I'III~- -................ ~ -

Tt-:.ro.=pro~t- 2

--This scr een allows you to a djust the p ayload of your sub to suit you r particular

tactics or skill level. F or example, when you have become a proficient sub pilot you

might p r efer to take rockets on a mission instead of torpedoes .

Click on the m or ~ icons t o selec t the n ex t/previous weapon bay. The

selected weapon b ay is highlighted with a yellow box .

Click on the ~ icon to load more of the selected weapon onto your sub .

Click on the ffi icon to unload the selected weap on from your sub .

Click on the ~ icon to r eturn to the Command Center.

Enter Mission When you have configured your submarines, click on the bottom right-hand

monitor to begin your mission .

21

(;\\1": '1\,\1 \1,

THE MISSION Piloting Your Submarine You begin most missions under the submarine carrier, moments after launching.

Primary Controls Submarine controls are split into three different groups -

Directional Controls which allow yo u to turn , dive and climb.

Engine Controls which allow you to control your speed.

Ballast Tank Controls which provide additional control over depth. These con trols

may also be used when you are stationary, hiding from passive sonat".

Directional Controls

Joystick Keyboard Mouse

pitch down

roll right pitch down

roll left

(; \ \1 E \1 \ '\ I \ L

Press [I] to lock your submarine into single-plane maneuvering. With this function

on, moving the contl"Oller to the left or l'ight will make the sub turn in that direction

with no change in its roll angle. Single-plane maneuvering is useful when you are lining up on targets and when yo u are running on the surface .

Engine Controls

G 8 (Shift 18 CD CD (Shift 1 [iJ

Incr ease throttle

Decr ease throttle

Set throttle to minimum power

Set throttle to 1/3 power

Set throttle to 2/3 power Set throttle to maximum power

Ballast Tank Controls

Flood ballast tanks

Flood/blow ballast tanks to remain at current depth

Blow ballast tanks

Note: If you want to dive or climb really fa st , combine the dive controls with the

engine controls .

The 3·0 Display It is too dark to navigate a submarine visually at depths below about 200 feet. For

thi s r ea son a 3-D seafloor di splay, generated from seafloor survey data, is

projected onto the inside of your sub 's cockpit. This 'virtual world' display is also

used to show your opponents' submarines via active sonar imaging.

(; \ "E ,. \ \ ( \ L

The Head-Up Display The H ead-Up Display is overlaid on the 3-D display and shows the following d a ta: -

Artificial Horizon When your sub is not at a high nose-up or nose-down angle , you will be able to see

the at"tificial hodzon bar. This is displayed on the H UD as a sh ort (Oe d line,

allowing yo u to see if your sub is in a level attitude .

Waypoints When yo u reach a waypoint , it will b e displayed on your H UD as a gr een tria ngle .

If yo u fl y through the centre of this triangle, your sub 's na viga tion sys tem will

automatically switch to track the next mission waypoint.

Thermal Layers Thermal layer s are boundaries between warm and cool water which are set up by

ocean currents. They are very important to sub pilots because they reflect sonar

just like a mirror refl ec ts light. If yo u position your sub with a thermal layer

between it and the enemy, yo u will be in visible to their sonar.

Thermal layer boundaries may b e one of two types :-

From warm to cool water - displayed on your H UD as a gr een grid.

From coo l to warm water - displayed on your H UD as a red grid.

The rmal layer s are also useful to o ri entate yo urself. For exa mple, if you are

upside-down you will see red thermal layer s below you.

:! I

Waypoint marker

Artifi cial Horizon

(; \ "E ,,\, I \ L

Targeting When your sonar detects an object , it will mark it with a box on the HUDo The

currently targeted object is marked with a diamond-shaped box , all othero contacts

are maroked with square boxeso The HUD targe ting display a lso presents the

foUowing target information:-

• the object's distance from the nearest thermal boundaryo This is represented

by a line extending vertically from the sonar contact to the thermal boundaryo

If theroe is no theromal boundary nearby, this line will not be displayedo

• target type, which may b e one of the following:SUB - a submarine

BIO - a marine life form

SHP - a ship

HLI - a helij et

TRP - a torpedo or rocket

MNE - a mine or deptb charge

TRN - a transponder

Dey - a decoy

STR - a structure such as an underwater base

DBR - underwater debris

UNK - unknown

• ta rget rating, denoted b y the color of the tracking box:Blue - friendly object

R ed - enem y object

GtOeen - neutral or unknown object

The Head-Up Display may be toggled on or off by pressing lE)o

0)-_ 0)

(; \ 'I E 'I \ '\ I \ I.

The Cockpit Displays

Targeting Sonar Cross Display Section (SCS)

Display

Navigation Display

Damage Status

The cockpit display consists of four large screens, augmenting the 3-D display and

th e H U D . Th e r e are also two small di spla ys for in stant a ssessm ent of your

detectability and damage status.

(; \ 'I E \1 \ \ I \ L

Navigation Display

The Navigation Display has two modes ; Waypoint and Map. Press [E:TI to toggle

between these two modes.

In Waypoinl mode, the Navigation Display lists the following information:-

WAYPT

BEARING

RANGE

DEPTH

TIME

CLRNC

- waypoint currently being tracked by the navigation system.

- the bearing along which you must travel to reach the waypoint.

- the distance to the waypoint.

- the depth of the waypoint.

- the elapsed mission time (you will be told in the briefing if you

have a set time to complete the mission).

- the clearance between the seabed and your sub . If you get within

100 feet of the seabed, this readout will change from yellow to red.

In Map mode , the Navigation Display shows a map of the immediate terrain with

your sub in the centre. As on the HUD, all objects are color coded:-

Yellow - your sub Blue - friendly object

R ed - enemy object Green - neutral or unknown object

Instruments The Instruments consist of three rows of figures:-

The top line shows your current heading in degrees. The direction you must turn to

reach the currently selected waypoint is also shown, as arrows to either side of the

heading readout.

The second line shows the speed of your sub in knots, followed by your throttle

setting (between 0 and 120).

The last line shows your current depth in feet.

(; \ 'I E 'I \ '\ I \ L

Targeting Display The targeting display gives a readout of data concerning the currently targeted

sonar contact. T o change the currently targeted sonar contact , press I Return I. CONTACT

TYPE

RATING

BEARING

COURSE

SPEED

RANGE

CONF

- the numbe r of the currently tal"geted contact followed b y the

total number of sonar contacts.

- the type of contact (e .g. SUB - a submarine). This may change as

your sub gets closer to a contact and identifies it more positively.

- the target 's rating (friendly, enemy, unknown).

- the bearing which you must follow to reach the contact.

- the course which the contact is following.

- the sp eed at which the contact is travelling.

- the distance from your sub to the contact, in nautical miles.

- the confiden ce factor of your submarine's weapon systems in

hitting the targe t ed object with an a c tiv e homin g torpe do .

Confiden ce fa ctol"s are based on many separate conside rations

including the time the object has been tracked for and the amount

of noise it is makin g. Confidence fa ctors in excess of 100 are

required to guarantee a hit.

Note: if a torpedo is fired at you, it will be targeted automatically to give you the

maximum chance of avoiding it. By making maximum use of the external views, you

should b e able to anticipate the torpedo 's maneuver s and outsmart it.

(; \ \I E \I \ \ I \ L

Weapon Display The Weapon Display allows you to see what weapons you have selected and how

many are remaining.

The top line of the display shows which weapon bay is selec ted . To change the

selected weapon bay, press I Backspace I.

The second line of the display shows the weapon carried in the selected bay and

number of these weapons r emaining. To fire a weapon, press I Spacebar I.

The third line of the display is the weapon status. This can be one of the following:-

READY

ARMING

EMPTY

DAMAGED

- the selected weapon is ready to b e launched

- the selected weapon has just been launched and is arming itself

- the selected weapon bay is empty

- the weapon systems are damaged

The final line of the Weapon Display is the sonar status . Press ~ to change your

sub 's sonar mode. You may choose b etween: -

PASSIVE

ACTIVE - passive (listening) sonar on - active (echo) sonar on

If an enemy torpedo is launched at you ,press [QJ to release a decoy, then carry out a

hard turn. This should allow you to escap e unsca thed .

Sonar Cross-Section (SCS) Display The SCS Display is a bar scale running from left to right which allows you to see the

amount of noise you are making. If the display is black , you are completely silent.

If it is yellow, you are making some noise and you risk enemy detection . If it is red,

you are broadcasting your position to ever yone in the immediate vicinity. To keep your noise level down , you must run slowly and use active son a r with extreme ca l:e .

Damage Status The eight bars b elow the SCS Display represent the status of your sub 's primary

systems. The bar scale is entirely green if the sys tem is undamaged , yellow if partl y damaged , r ed if heavily damaged and black if destroyed. See Damage Status in the

next section for full details.

( ; \ "E ,,\ \ I \ L

Full Screen Displays Map Screen Press OJ to enter the mission map. This is similar to the Mission Map in the

Command Center, but has some additional functions :-

Click on the icon to increase the map magnification.

Click on the icon to decrease the map magnification.

Click on the ~ g icon s to toggle the auto-cente ring fun ction on or off.

Auto-centering keeps your sub at the center of the map display at all times .

Click on the ~ icon to r eturn to your sub 's cockpit.

Damage Status Screen Your sub is equipped with a complex network of damage assessment and automatic

repair sys tems. Press ~ to ente r the scr een which contr'ols these sys tems; the

Damage Status scr een .

The Damage Status screen allows you to assess your current damage status and modify

your sub 's automatic damage repair systems to repair important systems first.

In the bottom of the Damage Status screen , there is a list of your sub's primary systems.

These include such items as Hull Structure, Weapon Systems and Sensor Systems.

For each primary system, there is a display consisting of, from left to right: -

• the name of the system.

• a bar chart which shows the damage status. This is green if the system is fully operational , yellow if partly damaged , red if heavily damaged and black if

destroyed.

• a brief description of the repair state. This may be:-

OPERATIONAL UNDER REPAIR MINOR DAMAGE MAJOR DAMAGE DESTROYED

- the system is fully operational

- the system is under repair

- the system h as suffered minor damage

- the system has suffered major damage

- the system is beyond repair

;w

(; \ "E ,,\ '\ I \ I ,

To select a particular damage system , click on the m or ~ icons.

To make this system the priority system to r ep air , click on the m icon . R ep a irs

will now be made to this system before all other s.


Wingman Orders Screen You will need to give order s to your wingmen during missions . Press @] to display

the Wingman Order s Screen.

The Wingman Order s screen consists of a 3-D display of the sub(s) on your mission

and their typ e, damage status, order s and formation position .

Click on the m or [E] icons to select the next/previous sub . The selec ted

sub is highlighted with a pair of yellow brackets .

Click on the ~ icon to ch ange the highlighted sub 's position in the formation.

Click on the ~ icon to change the highlighted sub 's order s .

Click on the ~ icon to r eturn to your sub ' s cockpit.

Object Viewer Screen Press @] to enter the Object Viewe r ; a r efer ence library of 3-D images . You may

wish to consult this libr~~to r eview the shapes of enem y vessels befor e engaging

the enemy . Click on the l1J or the [E] icon to view the next/previous object.


Other Controls Press [Shift 1 ~ to activate yo ur submarine's ej ection capsule .

Press [Shift 10 to accelerate the passage of tinle .

Press ~ to pause the game.

Press [Shift 1 [Q) to either end or abort the current mission and return to the Control

Center.

Press [Escl to display the 'Game Options' sc r een , a llowing you to make ga me

configuration changes mid-mission

Press 0 to activate autopilot.

C; \ 'I E 'I \ '\ I \ L

VIEWS Cockpit Views When yo u are in the cockpit , you may move your viewpoint to the left , right , up

and down: -

GJ moves the view to the left

o moves the view to the right

G ['e-center s the view

CJ moves the viewpoint up or down , allowing you to see more or less of the 3-D world

m or QJ hides the cockpit completely, displaying full-scr een 3-D

External Views

Flypast Camera View - Press m • a station a ry viewpoint which tracks your sub as it goes past.

Chase Camera View - Press [ill • a view which follows your sub from just b ehind , allowing you to see all around

it. This view is ver y useful when maneuvering in a r estricted space.

Weapon Camera View - Press m • a view looking out of the nose of the las t weapon you fired.

Tactical View - P ress [ill • tracks the currently targeted sonar contact in the background with your sub in

the for egr ound and is a ver y useful view in underwater dogfigh ts.

(; \ "E \1 \ \ I \ L

Inverse Tactical View - Press m • tracks your sub in the background with the currently targeted sonar contact in

th e for eground and is u sefu l for seeing what the e n e m y is doing in an

underwater dogfight.

Current Contact View - Press [ill • a view through the nose of the cun-ently targeted sonar contact , allowing you

to see if it is lining up on you . This is a very useful view when you have targeted

a hostile torpedo .

Returning to the Sub Carrier When yo u want to land back aboard the sub carrier , you must bring yoU!" sub into

a p osi tion immediatel y b elow th e carrie r 's h a ngar . The carrie r 's automati c

docking system will then pilot your sub into its hangar bay. Press [Shift I [Q) to end

the mission.

(; \ "E 'I \ \ l \ L

MISSION DEBRIEFING Whe n yo u have compl e ted yo ur mi ssion , yo u will be tak e n to th e mi ss ion

debl"iefing sc t·een. The debriefin g presents a summary of the mission and you

are paid depending on your miss ion pe rformance.

If yo u achieve an outstanding I"esult in your lnission , you may qualify fOI" an awal"d

from eithel" the mercenary's union 0" the compan y who you are cUlTently wodcing fOI".

To get a mel"Cenary award , it is only neCeSSa l"y to score high points on the miss ion .

To ge l a mOl" e valuable CO rpOl"at e Awa l"d , yo u mu s t carTY o ut the mi ss ion

objectives with maxi mum damage to the enemy and minimum damage to friendly

fOl"CeS , using the minimum amount of weapons (a nd ther efore money) .

Yo u may l"eview your medal s and awards by se lecting Pilot Ro s ter" tn th e

Command Center.

(; \ 'I E 'I \ '\ I \ L

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'----------~ :1(,

UNDERA CURRENTS

Contents World News

page 2

Improving Your Tactics

page 5

Me,"cenar y pilot 'Tige,"' Johnson describes the

tactics which ha ve lead to his noto,"iety

Subs of the World page 12

Our annual review describes the submarines and subsur-face weapons serving with the world 's major co'"pomte defence units

Underwater Warfare page 33

Alan Cl"Ockelt tt"aces the histot"y of the subma t"ine

f,"om its ot"igins ove r 400 yea rs ago to today's

sub carriers

One Day page 58

Corporate sub pilot Roberto Delad ra gives us an insight into life on an

Italian sub carrie."

CREDITS Editor : KrUtiara Ranuay-J_ Aaaoeiate Editor: AlIcia AIIriIIiades Admin: Julie Punerill

EI)ITC)HI \1 .

Unwelcome Intervention

As we predicted last issue, the Indonesian

government intervened to 'limit ' the underwater

conflict between Richteur International and

O 'Sullivan pic . Company property suffered extensive

damage, as is always the case when govenunent

forces get involved . The end result is that 0 'SuUivan,

which was already experiencing financial

difficulties ,has been forced out ofbusiness .

Wh y can ' t the

government

forces k eep

their noses out of our

a ffair s? Ours are private

conflicts, u sually

involving no collate ral

damage o r civilian

ca su alti es. The feeling

among the staff h e r e at

U nder C UlTents is tha t

government forces get

in volved in corporate

conflic ts to justify their

existen ce to the p ublic -

making u s out to b e the

bad gu ys, while their

p ropaga nda machines

turn them into he roes .

Desip and Typeeetting: Sarah Warbunma Sub moe: Martin Smillie and Anps FisItlIwrue

Let us no t for get the

lessons of the 20th

century; ever y

war in which

government for ces

were involved

r esulted in heavy

civilian casu alties

and almost total

destruction of wha t

they wer e m eant to

b e d efending!

If an y government

officials are reading,

ta ke this ad vice - leave

corpora te d efense to

the professionals.

Computer Graphics: Mark Sco" Desip and Typesetting of Game Manual: Sarah Kt!rr Art Director: Julie Burne ..

All photographs in this manual a re Crown Copyright, ltnperia l War Mu-seum. Courtesy of the Trustees of the lrnperiaJ War Museum, London.

\\ OHLI) :\ E\\ ~

Pacific Coastal Mining Rights:-

All Allderson owned 'Tornado 'figh.ter sub

SUB WAR LOOMS As we went to press, the war of words

between the Ame r ican Anderson

Co rporation and J apanese Industrial

Giant Hideyoshi was taking a new turn.

Almost 20 years ago ,

Hideyoshi agr eed b y

treaty not to mine

within 50 miles of the

US West Coast. Over

the last year , Hideyoshi

has b een establishing

mines closer to the W est

Coast of the USA and

the latest mine, the

Ohka fa cility , is just

within the 50 mile limit.

Hideyoshi officials state

that this is due to

' adver se conditions

when operating far out

at sea ', but Ander son

officials insist that

ARCTIC CONFLICT DRAWS CLOSER In early March , Deeping-Drew Inc acquired the

prosp ecting rights to the sought-after Sector 27 in

the Ar ctic Qua drant P x223 . This pitch ed them

right n ext to the Nicholson Extraction Corp ,

who has b een mining Secto r 26 for the last six

months. I gnoring warnings issu ed b y DD , Nicholson

vehicles h ave fr equently enter ed Sector 27 and

Hideyoshi is ' way out of

line' in their mining

operations . An armed

conflict seems inevit

able . Ander son and

Hideyoshi have sub

stantial fighter sub

forces of their own , but

both have approached

mer cenary sub fighter

organiza tions, openly

offering large sums of

money for the hottest

sub pilots .

raids b y DD fighter

subs have claimed

two Nicholson ' Floor

Crawler ' prosp ec ting

vehicles . DD is moving

three Enterprise class

sub carrier s into the

r egion , and it seems that

this situation will be

resolved with a corpor ate

war very soon.

\\(11(1 , 11 \E\\~

New Freelance Sub Fighter Organization Founded As the Tokyo Sub Expo '50 opens, so too does a

new Japan - based mercenary sub

fighter organization.

The Sword and Shield r eputable and wealthy

Society has b een set up employer s' . The Society

to cater for 'elite sub has a stric t rule of

pilots who excel at their presenting member s

craft and wish to work with only the most

for only the most demanding contracts .

BSS DISCOVER NEW LUDINUM

90 SEAM Our SOUl'ces inform us

that a fresh seam of

Ludinum 90 has b een

discovered by the

Berger-Smith-Scott Corp

'somewhet'e in the South

Atlantic ' . This rumour

has sent BSS stocks

soaring in markets

across the world but has

yet to be confirmed

b y Under sea Mining

Federation auditors.

" Jimbo" Ramsay, BSS

Chief Executive , has

r efused to comment.

"limbo" Ramsay

0

•

New Sub Carrier

Revealed T yler Underwater Ship

yards has revealed their

new sub carrier

for 2051 , at the Tokyo

Sub Expo ' 50. The

craft , known as the

Constella tion class , is

capable of carrying and

ser vicing 12 fighter subs

and has more leisure

fa cilities than your local

mega complex . It t'etails

at a cool $2825 million .

Any takers?

"()HI, I) l\ E" S

MOD2 STANDARD LIGHTNING AVAILABLE The other big news of

the show is the latest

version of the popular

American Lightning class

light-weight fighter sub.

As we know, when

Ferrara produced the

excellent Mk96 torpedo ,

it would only function

correctly when fired from

the Ferrara Aquila class

fighter sub. This boosted

sales of the Aquila , but

did not help most of us;

the Lightning was already

being used b y over 80%

of freelance fighter s.

SubAm has now modified

the design of the

Lightning's torp tubes, so

she can fire the Mk96

without any problems. The

mod2 Lightning remains at

German U-boat Discovery: FURTHER REVELATIONS Esp amarine SA h as refused to comment on the latest

rumours surrounding the IIO-yea r old German

U-boat discover ed last month in the Eastern Atlantic

quadrant Nm527. W e know that the sub was fleeing to

Brazil when it was caught b y a British anti-sub plane

and sunk , but the story does not end ther e . Our

sources have discover ed that the U-boat Captain

ca rried with him, stored in airtight container s, some

of the fines t works of art owned by Germany.

Presumably these wer e to b e sold in Brazil .

the same price ($38

million) as the modI ,

anyone still operating the

modI can have it upgraded

by SubAm to mod2

standard for just $7700.

It is p lanned th a t the

sub will b e raised and

preserved as a

centrepiece in the lobby

of the Atlantic Mining

Corporation head

quarter s at Atlantic

T ower , New York. Wh a t

will h appen to the

p riceless a rtefacts in the

sub is yet to b e

uncovet'ed. Esp amarine

deep r ecover y vehicles

are known to b e moving

into position right now.

Improving Your Tactics

So you've just spent your last miUion on

the latest in fighter sub technology and

you're there - 2000 feet down at 80 knots

with the underwater world displayed in

glorious 3-D aU around you. Your briefed

target approaches; a transport - should be

an easy kiU. You go active, lock a torpedo

on and BOOM; you're hit by a rear

quarter attack you didn't even see coming.

You didn't check your most vulnerable

zone - behind you, in your 'baffles '.

During my I." Now that I'm retiring

5 years as a as a mere pilot, it's a

mercenary good time to put down

pilot, it amazed me on paper the rules that

that so few meres I've been following

knew any tactics at since my first under-

all. There were a water engagements.

handful who could All sub tactics are pull off a few based around stealth. good tricks under You will be more

pressure, but I only effective if you manage

met two pilots who to keep the element of

I thought were surprise. The section

really good. of this article on

BY Chris 'Tiger' Johnson

Avoiding Detection gives you details on

how to achieve this.

When it comes to sub versus sub fights, there are two tactics; attack and defense. You've got to know when to switch between attack and defense and you shouldn't press home a poorly planned attack; you'll end up dead. ..

"lit It 0 \I \ (; .. 0 I It T \ C TIC S

Attack Tactics

Active Sonar sends out a

high-pitched 'ping' noise

and listens to the echo.

The data from

this sound profile is

projected onto the inside

I 'sil/g ,t('lil '(' SOl/ar

of the submarine's

cockpit, enclosing the

pilot within a 3-D image

of the surrounding

underwater world.

If you are in a high-

threat environment, you

. should avoid using active

sonar; it broadcasts your

presence to the enemy

and may be used to

pinpoint your sub.

'ping'

~ f~sT ~

Passive sonar is simply an underwater microphone, listening out for the sound

of impellers or even the sound of turbulent water around the hull of a moving

submarine.

Passive sonar is less

effective than active

sonar, but does not

give away your

position to the enemy .

My personal pref

erence is to stick with

passive sonar 90% of

the time, only 'going

active' when I am sure

that I am safe from

attack .

Attack Tactics EXfJloilillf.( 1/'(' '/'(""'(lill

To set up an ambush, use

underwater rock or ice

for~ations to hide from

active sonar. Lie still and

use your passive sonar to

detect the enemy. Attack

while stationary and

watch the result of your

attack - don ' t move

unless you are fired on;

you ' ll give yourself away

and you may miss the

A good firing position

is one which strikes a

balance between

escaping enemy detec-

tion and being close

enough to minimize

the chances of the

enemy avoiding your

torpedo. If the enemy

has no towed sonar

array, then it is always

best to attack from

behind.

chance to carry out a

follow-up attack.

It is important to select

an appropriate weapon

system and fire at an

optimum time. Don't

waste torpedoes on

short-range shots when

rockets would be better .

flit (I II (''' l'(' r; 1If.(

If your opponent d etects

you , a close-range

maneuvering battle could

take place. I have always

tried to avoid these, since

they are usually very

hard work and any slight

mistake will leave you

dead. One of my

colleagues described sub

vs . sub dogfights as being

like a 'knife fight in a

telephone booth'.

lIidd('1I EII(,IIIi(' . .;

Enemies who are hiding

from passive sonar by

lying 'dead in the water'

may be scared into

moving by firing a

homing torpedo ' blindly'

in their general

direction. Avoid 'going

active' yourself; this will

almost certainly result in

the enemy launching a

torpedo at you.

If you get into a

maneuvering battle, try

to get into your

opponent's'six-o-clock'

(immediately b ehind)

and match speed and

maneuvers exactly.

Don' t forget to keep

your wits about you;

another suh could easily

move into your 'six'

while you are pursuing

your target.

"II' H 0' PU; \ 0 I H T \ C TIC ~

Defensive Tactics Defensive tactics are last resort measures which are carried out to

prevent your sub from being destroyed.

netllruillg Fin'

Firing a homing torpedo

down the bearing of a

running enemy torpedo

will often find a target.

Even if it does not, it will

delay the enemy sub's

follow-up attack while they

attempt to outmaneuver

your torpedo.

I

I

I I

U,'iillg } 'ollr Strellgth ...

If you are piloting a deep

sea sub , dive out of the

enemy's range; yo u ca n

turn around and shoot

him from below. If you

are piloting a really fa st

fighter, turn around and

speed off in the opposite

direction to the enemy.

Every sub has unique

features which you could

use to your advantage; it' s

up to you to exploit them .

Turning very tight in

the water generates a

pocket of turbulen ce

which can confuse

the active sonar of

homing torpedoes.

This pocket of

turbulent water is

known among fighter

sub cr ews as a

' knuckle'.

I"!'HO'I\(; 'Of H T\CTIC~

Defensive Tactics Defensive tactics are last resort measures which are carried out to

prevent your sub from being destroyed.

lIip:" ."lfJ""t1 I~ l'fl ... il'" 1I till" II I'" ,..~

After creating a

' knuckle ' or dropping a

decoy or noisema ker,

you should turn away

from the torpedo.

11.'iillp: /)('t'oy ... tllUl

S"i ... "IIHlJ.·,'r ...

These should only b e

used as a las t r esort

counterm easure and are

most effec tive if

r eleased approxima tely

1 to 2 seconds before

torpedo impact.

Torpedo evasion technique

1. An enemy acti ve homing torpe~d ® has acqujred yo ur submarine . It is less tha n fi ve seconds _

'\ f.·om impact. "" ...... -, , , ,

.~ . 2. T he torpedo It'acks your sub until yo u release a decoy. The torpedo then aC{lwres the decoy and homes onto that instead .

3. You turn awa y from the tOl'ped o, taking care t hat it ca nnot r e-acqujre you if it does not d etonate when it reaches the

decoy.

'.",.~

I" PH 0' I \ (; "0 I H T \ C TI C ~

Avoiding Detection Avoiding detection is more important than any other

consideration. If the enemy sees you before you see them, the chances are that you will lose the fight.

Thermal layers are the

boundaries which are

set up by ocean

currents between the

sunlight-heated surface

water and the cooler

d eep water.

When sonar first came

into u se, submarine

crews discovered that if

they dived deep enough ,

ship-based sonar

suddenly reached a point

where it could not detect

them at all. The

submarine had

disappear ed from sonar

beneath a thet·mal layer.

Because sound travels

slower in dense cold

water , the sonar signal

was being r eflected back

up to the lowet' density

warm water , Submarines

have been using the ocean's

thermal layer s to hide

from sonar ever since ,

Thermal layer s are

displayed on your fighter

sub 's 3-D cockpit display

as a grid of either r ed or

gr een. A red grid denotes

a thet'mallayer from

lower to higher

temperature water , a

gr een grid is a thermal

layer from higher to

lower temperature water.

If you position your sub

so that there is a thermal

layer between you and

the enemy, neither sub

will be able to see each

other. This is an excellent

defensive tactic,

In ge neral , it is bes t to

sta y close to the

thermalla yer s a t all

times and stealthily

attack the en emy b efore

they get the ch a n ce to

r eturn fire ,

opposite sides of a Thermal Layel' are

invisible to each other

Avoiding Detection Avoiding detection is more important than any other

consideration. If the enemy sees you before you see them, the chances are that you will lose the fight.

I.,yi III-f '/)('(1(/ ill

lilt' H (11('1"

This must only be carried

out if the enemy is

uncertain of your exact

position. Remaining

motionless reduces your

passive sonar emissions

to zero , forcing the

enemy to 'go active' and

give away their position

to you . This allows you to

lock and launch a

torpedo at them .

Cavitation noise is the

sound made by air

bubbles forming as a

result of water boiling at

the tips of a sub 's

propeller/impeller blades .

It can reveal your

submarine's position to

the enemy even if they are

using only passive sonar.

The propulsion units of

modern fighter subs are

designed to minimize

Summary You don ' t need to

r emember every detail

of the tactics outlined

above, but a broad

unde rstanding of them

could give you the edge

which lead s to victory

in battles.

Even if yo u gain nothing

else from this article,

remember this:- your

'six-o-clock' is your most

vulnerable zone. I killed

more fighter subs by

shooting them in the

back than any other

way. If you want to

survive out there, you 've

got to remember to

'ch eck six '.

cavitation, but will still

cavitate when running at

shallow depths and high

RPM. Old subs are most

susceptible to cavitation

due to their high RPM

'open' props.

To suppress your

cavitation noise you

must either r educe

your sp eed or dive to

the highe r pressure

d eep water.

(

Sl BS .)F TIlE \\.)HI,I)

Subs of heWD

Since our first Sub review of May 2041, we have

established ourselves as the leader in gathering

information on modern sub-surface weapon systems. - , All the entries in this review are both in prolluction

and freely available througho t the world.

Subs which are only availp,ble to go ernmen

large corporations are not included.

Last year aw several nology has not The emphasis these

new systems come advanced signifi- days seems to be on

into service including cantly, however, upgrading and irn-

one completely new with only one major proving existing

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Submarine tech- last two years. submarines .

!'il B!'i OF TilE \\OH!.!)

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DEFENSE & SENSOR SYSTEMS

Noisemakers Decoys

Active and passive sonar

Sidescan sonar Surface radar

Surface RWR

QV-82 airborne drones

Mk96 underwater drones

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Sf BS CtF TilE \\CtHI , lt

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8 fighter subs

10 cruise missiles

6 torpedo tubes

DEFENSE & SENSOR SYSTEMS Noisemakers Decoys


Sidescan sonar

Surface radar Surface RWR

QV-82 airborne drones

Mk96 underwater drones

Sl BS OF TilE \\OHLD

Tornado Class

-Heavy Fighter Sub-PRICE

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Fusion nuclear powered

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4 torpedo tubes

Particle Beam Rocket System

Mine-laying capability


Noisemakers Decoys


Sidescan sonar

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2043

DISPLACEMENT

120 tons

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65 ft

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Fusion nuclear powered with electromagnetic/ d ucted impeller drive

MAX. SPEED

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2000 ft

ARMAMENT

2 torpedo tubes


Noisemakers

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Sidescan sonar

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Typhoon Class

-Heavy Fighter Sub-

PRICE

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IN-SERVICE DATE

2048

DISPLACEMENT

210 tons

LENGTH

92 ft

PROPULSION

Fusion nuclear powered with electromagnetic/ducted impeller dl'ive

MAX. SPEED

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4200 ft

ARMAMENT

4 torpedo tubes

Mine-laying capability


Noisemakers

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Sidescan sonar

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PRICE

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DISPLACEMENT

140 tons

LENGTH

69 ft

PROPULSION

Fusion nuclea r powered with electromagnetic/ducted impeller drive

MAX. SPEED

90 kts

MAX. DIVING DEPTH

1800 ft

ARMAMENT

3 torpedo tubes


Noisemaker s

Decoys


Sidescan sonar

Sl BS C)F TilE "C)HI , I)

Trieste Class

-Ultra-Deep Sub-PRICE

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IN-SERVICE DATE

2042

DISPLACEMENT

1,400 tons

LENGTH

251 ft

PROPULSION

Gas turbine/electric powered with ducted impeller drive

MAX. SPEED

30 kts

MAX. DIVING DEPTH

12500 ft

ARMAMENT

2 torpedo tubes


Noisemakers

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Sidescan sonar

--

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Whirlwind Class

-Ultra-Deep Sub-PRICE

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DISPLACEMENT

1,200 tons

LENGTH

287 ft

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Gas turbine/electric powered with conventional screw drive

MAX. SPEED

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MAX. DIVING DEPTH

11000 ft

ARMAMENT

4 torpedo tubes


Noisemakers

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Sidescan sonar

~(B~ C»F TIlE \\C»HI , I»

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400 tons

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160 ft

PROPULSION

Gas turbine/electric power ed with ducted impeller drive

MAX. SPEED

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MAX. DIVING DEPTH

5500 ft

ARMAMENT

None


Noisemakers

Decoys


Sidescan sonar

Surface radar

Surface RWR

21

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Thunderbolt Class

-Reconnaissance Sub-

PRICE

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IN-SERVICE DATE

2045

DISPLACEMENT

330 tons

LENGTH

147 ft

PROPULSION

Gas turbine/electric powe red with ducted impeller drive

MAX. SPEED

MAX. DIVING DEPTH

5200 ft

ARMAMENT

None


Noisemakers

Decoys

Sidescan sonar


Surface radar

Surface RWR

Mk96 underwate r drones cn= 40kts

~I B~ OF TilE \\OHLI)

Endurance Class

-Refueller Sub-PRICE

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12 ,000 tons

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Gas turbine/electric powered with conventional scr ew drive

MAX. SPEED

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MAX. DIVING DEPTH

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--

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150 tons

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101 ft

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Gas turbine/electric power ed

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4500 ft

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30 troops



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Sl BS OF TilE \\Olttl)

Type 25

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38,000 tons

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2800 ft

ARMAMENT

None



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Revenge Class

-Heavy Missile Sub-PRICE

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15,000 tons

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Fusion nuclear powered with ducted impeller drive

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3500 ft

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6 torpedo tubes

24 ballistic missiles


Noisemakers

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~I B~ C_F TilE \\C_HI , I_

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PRICE

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4 torpedo tubes

28 ballistic missiles


Noisemaker s

Decoys


Sidescan sonar

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Mk96 Torpedo

The Mk96 is the most

widely used torpedo in

the world and is capable

of h-avelling in excess of

100 kts _ The sta ndard

Mk96 is fitted with an

active sonar seeker head

but ma y b e modified to

accept passive sonal- or

thermal homing heads_

M704 Rocket

The M704 rocket is more

effective than a torpedo

at short range because,

even though it is

unguided , it is very fa st.

The M704 may be fired

f,-om standard diameter

torpedo tubes_

Mk90 Anti-Torpedo

Torpedo

The Mk90 is a small

wal-head torpedo which

is very fast and

maneuverable_ It is

op timised to destt-oy

p e

o m

n s

hostile tOl-pedoes, but

ma y be used to inflict

minor damage on subs _

Mk97 Cluster

Rocket Torpedo

The Mk97 is a standard

torpedo with an armor

piercing warhead which

contains multiple short

range l"Ockets _ This

allows it to destroy even

the thickest skinned

submal"ines_

UGM-167 Cruise

Missile

The UGM-167 has been in

use for over 10 years and

is still the world's

principal long-range

surface attack missile_ It is

launched from a

submarine, surfaces, then

deploys wings and cruises

at high speed and low level

to the target. It is suitable

fOl- use against any ship or

land-based installation_

:~ u

UIM-194 Sur/ace

to-Air Missile

H elijets and heli copte l-s

equipped with dipping

sonar can pre ent a

signifi cant threa t to

submarines_

The UIM-194 allows an

underwater sub to

des troy any ail-borne

threat.

Particle Beam

Rocket System

(PBRS)

Th e PBRS short range

charged particle

pulse/rocke t weapon

wa s d eveloped to allow

submarin es to s trike

und e rwate r tal-ge ts

with the a ccu ra cy and

fir epower of airborne

weapons_

It function s by

tra n smittin g an

ex tremely high e ne rgy

pul se whic h vaporizes

a cy linder of wate r to

th e targe t. An armor

pie r c ing roc ke t is the n

in s tan taneo u s l y fir ed

a t Ma ch 2 thl"Ou gh

th is tube_

Sensor Systems Active Sonar

Active sonar is a sound

transmission and analysis

device which uses sound

echoes to visualise the

underwater world.

Passive Sonar

Passive sonar is a sound

analysis device which is

used to track under

water objects from their

noise signature.

Side-Scan Active

Sonar

Side-scan active sonar is

short-ranged active

sonar which enables a

submarine to sen se

nearby subsea terrain.

Periscope

Fibre-optic video peri

scopes have replaced

optical periscopes in all

but the oldest submarines.

The risk of detection by

enemy surface radar is

gr eatly reduced with the

fibt'e-optic periscope.

Sl BS 4.'" TilE \\4.HI , I.

Satellite Imaging

Infra-red data on ocean

currents, salinity , etc.

gathered b y satellites can

sometimes detect sub

marines at shallow depths.

Magnetic Anomaly

Detector (MAD)

MAD devices are used to

locate older steel-hulled

vessels b y detecting the

effect they have on the

earth 's magnetic field .

Surface Radar

Radar is a radio wave

transmission and

analysis device . It may

be used to detect

airborne enemies when

you are submer ged at

p eriscope depth.

Swface Radnr Warning

Receiver (RWR)

A RWR is a radar

analysis device . It may

b e u sed to detect enemy

radar emissions when

yo u are submerged at

p eriscope depth.

QV-82 Airborne Drone

The QV -82 is a pilotless

vertical take - off/

;~ I

landing aircraft used for

r econnaissance.

Mk96 Undenvater

Drone

The underwater drone

ver sion of the ubiquitous

Mk96 torpedo is

equipped with multiple

r econnaissance sensors

in place of the warhead.

Defense Systems Noisemaker

The noisemaker is a

small bubble-generating

device which can

temporarily blind a

hostile active sonar

homing torpedo.

Decoy

Decoys are larger than

noi semaker s, but ar e

more effective since they

actually imitate the

sonar reflection of your

sub , attracting enemy

active sonar homing

torpedoes.

Surface VHF Radio

Ver y High Frequen cy

radio : used for long

range communication

when the sub is

surfaced .

ELF Radio

Extremely Low Freq

uency radio : used to

r eceive long-range

transmissions when the

sub is submer ged.

~l B~ OF TilE \\nHLI)

Communication Systems Blue-Green Laser

Satellites may u se this to

r elay messages if the

submarine's position is

known. Subs operating

together underwater

can also use this at

close range to inter

communicate .

Acoustic Phone

This h as b een in u se for

over a century . It

operates b y trans

mitting audible sounds

at close range, but is

seldom u sed today due

to the risk of enemy

d etec tion. •

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The Pioneers The first underwater vessels were openended barrels lowered from ships by a rope, these became known as 'diving bells '.

The principle of the

diving bell is simple:

an empty cup forced into a

bowl of water upside down

will not fill , air is trapped

inside the cup. The diving

bell was basically a huge

cupful of air which could

be breathed for a limited

period of time by an

underwater explorer. As eady as 320 BC,

Alexander the Great

descended into the sea in a

diving bell to observe

underwater life. The

diving bell is not a true

submarine, however ,

because it can only travel

up and down , like an

elevator.

The first submarine was

an tmderwater boat built

in 1620 for the English

King James I by

Dutchman Cornelius van

Drebbel. The submarine

was made from grease-

oaked leather stretched

onto a wooden frame.

Twelve oars protruded

through watertight holes

in the leather , and twelve

oarsmen sat inside to

pl'Ovide propulsive power.

But no matter how hard

the oarsmen rowed ,

Drebbel's submarine

could not dive and only

managed to plunge down

to about fifteen feet.

One and a half centuries

later , David Bushness in

the USA designed a

submarine for attacking

British ships. This tiny

craft, named Turtle, had

two man-powered

propellers, one for going

forwards or backwards

and one for ascending or

descending. On

September 6th 1776,

Turtle came very close to

sinking the British man

of-war Eagle, but failed to

attach an explosive device

due to the tough , metal

sheathed hull of the Eagle.

The Turtle continued

trying to sink British

ships, but was eventually

destroyed.

Another American ,

Robert Fulton, designed a

submarine in 1800 for

Napoleon. This vessel was

the first submarine to

carry the name Nautilus.

It had many of the

features found on

modern submarines

including water ballast

tanks (used to dive and

surface) and a conning

tower (for the captain

to navigate the sub when

on the surface). It

generated considerahle

interest among the French

military, especially when

Fulton sank an old French

schooner as a demon

stration. Napoleon 's

admirals were not

impressed however ; they

felt that the submarine

was an ungentlemanly

weapon and persuaded

Napoleon to stick to using

surface warships. One of

Napoleon's officer's wrote

'This type of warfare

carries with it an

objection: those who

tmdertake it, and also

(\I)EI(\\ \TEI( \\ \I(F\I(E _

those against whom it is

launched , will all perish.

And this cannot be called

a gallant death. '

Fulton approached the

British and American

govel·nments, but interest

was limited due to the

perception of the

submarine as an

' underhand' weapon. He

went on to design the first

commercially successful

paddle steamer, but never

forgot his submarines. He

spent all of his paddle

stearnel· pl"Ofits on building

an 80 foot armored

submarine called Mute,

but died before she could

be launched.

During the American Civil War, the Confederate

forces built an

experimental submarine;

the CSS Hunley. This

little man-powered sub

was capable of true

underwater travel, but

drowned several crews in

training including Captain

H.L. Hunley himself.

Finally, the Confederate

forces decided to take the

Hunley into action and on

February 17th 1864, the

brand new Federal steam

sloop USS Housatonic

was attacked. The weapon

used by the Hunley was a

nose spar filled with 90

pounds of explosives. This

was jabbed into the side of

the Housatonic, a huge

explosion followed and the

enemy ship immediately

started sinking.

Unfortunately the Hunley

and her crew were

dragged down with the

sinking Housatonic.

In 1888, the first

submersible torpedo boat,

Gymnote was launched in

France. This vessel was

powered by a combination

of a petrol engine when on

the surface and batteries

when underwater. The

French soon found that

the petrol engine was not

ideal for submarine

operations because it gave

off poisonous vapors and

was inefficient in

operation. In contrast, the

batteries were ideal for

submarine use; allowing

the submarine to run

underwater for extended

periods of time. As well as

an advanced propulsion

system , Gymnote was

armed with the latest in

sub weapon technology;

the torpedo. Designed by

Robert Whitehead in

1868, the torpedo carried

an explosive warhead on a

steady course at a

predetermined depth ,

making it deadly when

used against surface ships.

In 1904, the French

launched the Aigrette

which was the first sub to

be powered by a

revolutionary new engine

designed in Germany by

Rudolf Diesel. The Diesel

engine burned oil without

a spark, which meant

that it did not give off the

poisonous vapors of the

petrol engine and was far

more efficient. However

the early Diesel engines

were unreliable, and the

French continued to use

the steam engine in most

of their early submarines.

As the Diesel engine was

improved it did gradually

appear in service and

was eventually used to

power German sub-

marines in 1912. •

I \BEH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

World War I At the outbreak of World War I , the

submarine was still very much in its infancy.

The types of submarine

operated by different

countries varied widely

and more than half of all

the submarines in the

world were still the

inefficient, dangerous

petrol-engined variety.

Without a doubt , the

most formidable

submarines of World

Walo I were the German

Unterseeboote (undersea

boats), known to the

Allies as 'U -boa ts ' . It

should be noted that

submarines are known to

sailors as ' boats' and

never as 'ships'.

The first success for the

U-boat came with the

sinking of a British

cruiser on September 5 ,

1914. Shortly after this,

on September 22, a single

U-boat sank three

armored cruiser s in less

than a quarter of an

hour. These events

proved that the

The crew of a World War 1 Royal Navy submarine preparing to dive.

submarine was truly a

force to be reckoned

with. From now on , all

cruisers were forced to

operate with a destroyer

escort to detect and deter

U-boats. Allied ships

were soon fitted with

' bulges ' : light casings

filled with air and wa ter

compartments to absorb

the impact of torpedoes.

U-boats started to make

their presence felt by

targeting Britain 's food

supply. The British

fishing fleet was attacked

in the North Sea, but it

was in the Atlantic that

the U-boats did most

damage. The convoys

carrying supplies from

America to Britain soon

started to suffer heavy

losses . One of the most

tragic events of World

War I was the sinking of

the British passenger

liner Lusitania by a

U-boat , resulting in the

loss of 1,198 passengers

and crew.

British submarines did

not have as many targets

as the U-boats, but still

managed to inflict heavy

I '\ I) E H \\ \ T E H \\ \ H F \ H E

losses. Patrols in the

North Sea sank German

fishing vessels and V-boats

were tracked down by

British hunter-killer

subs. During one raid in

the Mediterranean , the

ten year old British

submarine B-ll

penetrated five rows of

mines and sank the

Turkish battleship

Messoudieh .

In 1916, Allied destroyers

were fitted with the

' hydrophone', a device

for finding the position of

a V-boat from the noise

made by its propellers.

This device is still in use

today, as ' passive sonar' .

At the same time as

receiving the hydrophone,

Allied d estroyer s wer e

issued with the first

depth charges . A depth

charge is basically a

drum of explosive fitted

with a h ydrostatic valve

to detonate it at a pre

set depth.

The conditions for the

crews of World War I

submarines wer e

primitive when compared

to the surface ships. The

lack of proper Instead of concentrating

ventilation led to a build- on improving existing

up of condensation which V-boats, Germany was

not only made food working on several new

mouldy and b edding wet designs at once; from

but also caused electrical huge 'V-cruisers' to

system faults . The early small , quick-build 'UB-

diesel engines were dirty boa ts ' . Although this

and unreliable and led to technologically

engine room cr ews would advanced subs, it also

soon be covered in grime meant that less boats

when working. The low could be produced. The

power output from the German navy was denied

batteries used in these submarines when they

subs meant that their most needed them. As the

underwater endurance Allied armies advanced

was limited and they through Europe, the

sp ent most of their time V-boats lost their bases

r unning under diesel on the French coast

power , on the surface. and their effectiveness

dropped dramatically. •

A German Navy 'U-139' class U-Cruiser running unde r diesel p ower O ft the surJace.

I 'I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

When Germany surr

endered in 1918, U-boats

had sunk more than

5,000 Allied ships.

Although 199 U-boats

had been lost , the

Gel'man Navy still had

138 left. Even in these

pioneet'ing days of

inefficient powel' sources

and cramped conditions,

the submarine had

pl"Oved to b e a

formidable huntel". • 'U-35', an ea rly Type VlI U-Boat , ntnlling on the surface.

Post-World War I By the end of World War I, the submarine

had acquired a bad reputation among the

general public.

T he sinking of

merchant shipping

was seen as morally wrong

and popular sentiment

was for banning

submarines altogether.

In 1922 , America ,

Britain and Japan

signed the London Naval

Treaty agreeing not to

perform unrestricted

submarine warfare on

mer chant ships. In the

meantime , Germany was

b eing forced to limit its

armed forces to

t'elatively low levels .

German submarine

research continued ,

however.

In 1935, the US

launched the first of an

advanced n ew type of

submarine, the ' P ' class.

This boat had a

lightweight diesel engine

and a high-performance

batte r y. This made the

. :~ a

'P' class faster and more

maneuverable than

other comparable

submarines . An air

conditioning sys tem took

ca re of the condensation

problems which plagued

ea rlier submarines and a

Torpedo Data Computet·

(TDC) made torpedoes

much more accurate.

In 1937 , Germany

launched a very

powerful submarine; the

type VII U-boat. The

type VII had a

submerged displacement

of 871 tons, a maximum

speed of 17 kts surfaced

and 8 kts submerged

and was armed with

l \I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

14 torpedoes. The crew

of 44 could sta y at sea

for 20 days , allowing the

type VII to operate deep

into the Atlantic from

bases in France .

Sonar was deemed useful

enough to be fitted to

destroyers, but early

models suffered b y

being short-ranged and

easily confused . •

One of the main

advances in post-World

War I naval technology

was SONAR (SOund

Navigation And

Ranging). This was a

device which used sound

to find the position of

submarines, tt'ansmitting

a loud 'ping' and

listening for the echo . A Germ.an. Navy T ype VII V -Boat in drydock.

World War II By 1939, submarines were starting to evolve into very sophisticated fighting machines.

M st World War II

ubmarines had a

diesel engine for use on

the surface, with an

electric motor for use

while submerged.

The batteries which

powered the electric motor

were charged from the

diesel engine while the sub

was on the surface. The

batteries allowed the sub

to travel for about an hour

when submerged at

maximum speed . Because

of the inefficiency of

early batteries, all

World War II subs had

a higher maximum speed

when surfaced than

when submerged .

The maximum diving

depth of most

World War II subs was

around 400 feet. In most

conditions this would

allow the submarine to

dive below the cold water

layer. Cold water , being

denser , reflected the

probing sonar waves of

enemy sub hunters.

Early in the war, torpedoes

were powered by a steam

turbine. Unfortunately, the

fuel burnt to produce this

steam left a trail of

bubbles in the wake of the

torpedo, 'pointing' back to

the firing submarine. Later

in the war, electric

torpedoes like the American

Mk18 of 1944 put an end

to this problem. •

t ")EI(" \TEI(" \I(F\I(E

The War in the Atlantic At the beginning of World War II the

Germans had 56 submarines to Britain ~

57. But while the German V-boats had

thousands of freighters as targets, the

British submarines could not attack

German food supplies which arrived

by rail, not sea.

Germa[)y picked up

where it had left off

in 1918. The Atlantic was

soon littered with the

wreckage of Allied

merchant ships, and the

Allies started desperately

searching for ways to

counter the ever present

German threat. Destroyer

escorts offered some

protection to the cruisers,

but the first year of the

Atlantic war belonged to

the U-boat. Sonar was

used on Allied destroyers,

but was not very effective

due to its limited range.

The T ype IX U- Boat 'U-383 , takenjrom an attack ing RAF 'S underland' flyillg boat .

I :\ I) E It \\ \ T E It \\ \ It F \ It E

V-boatcorrunanders The introduction of radar destroyers were not as

perfected the tactic of onto Allied destroyers in easy to hit as the

operating several late 1940 was the first merchant ships, so

submarines together , in real step toward defeating Allied shipping losses

groups known as ' wolf the V-boats, allowing the inunediately started

packs ' . These generally Allies to catch them on to decline.

operated at night and by the surface. When the During World War II, sharing information on V-boats dived to escape, British submarines the position of Allied ships the short-ranged Allied joined forces with the V-boats could engage sonar could pinpoint the refugee submarines from many merchantmen as V-boat and an effective all over Europe and they passed by. As many depth charge attack could ventured as far as as twenty V-boats could be carried out. Iceland and Norway in be in a single 'wolf pack' . To counter the Allied search of V-boats.

Learning from their sonar , V-boats sometimes Norwegian freighter s

earlier mistakes, the used Pillenwerfer , (pill carrying iron ore for

Germans concentrated thrower) which consisted Germany were raided by

resources on building of a perforated canister Allied subs but German

one class of V-boat, the containing a chemical dive bombers and mines

type VII. These subs saw rrrixture . WhenPillen- hampered operations in

extensive service initially werfer was released, it these waters.

in coastal waters , but as would react with the The most successful raids

the pressure from Allied water and generate a by British subs were in

coastal escorts and air huge cloud of fine the Mediterranean Sea.

patrols increased they bubbles to confuse German and Italian ships

were forced to search for Allied sonar. bound for Mrica were at

targets further into the By 1941, the most sea for just one or two

Atlantic . Shore-based experienced V-boat crews days, and would travel in

anti-sub aircraft from had been killed and the small convoys at high

both Britain and the V-boats were ordered to speed. Even with these

VSA could not reach the change tactics . They were odds stacked against

mid-Atlantic and this told to hit the destroyers them , British submarines

region soon became first , and pick off accounted for 450/0 of all

known among Allied the merchant shipping German ships lost in the

merchant crews as ' The when this threat had Mediterranean.

Black Gap'. been eliminated. The

I \I)EI(\\ \TEI( \\ \I(I-'\I(E

A Hoyal Navy'/" Class submarine. Fifty three of these submarines fonned I.he backbone of the Hoyal Navy submarine.fleet during World War II.

Throughout the war,

midget submarines wel'e

used extensively by the

British, Italians and

Germans. "Midgets" were

used to raid coastal

shipping, and a notable

success was the damaging

of the buge Gel'man

battleship Tirpitz at ABen

Fjord in Norway by the

British midget subs. A

typical midget sub was the

15 ton Gemlan Seehund

class with 2 torpedoes, 2

CI'ew, a maximwn speed of

6 kts and a range of just

500 miles. In January

1945, several of these

midget subs were operating

vel'y close to the British

shore, just off Margate and

in the Thames Estuary.

Meanwhile in the

Atlantic, the shipyards of

Britain , Canada and the

USA were producing ships

faster than the U-boats

could sink them. The

introduction of the

centimetric wave l'adal'

on Allied COI'vettes in

May 1941 gave the Allies

the ability to detect the

periscope of a U-boat

from a grea t distance.

Within a couple of years,

Allied anti-sub aircraft

were using radar to

detect U-boats and were

even Cal'fying out attacks

at night.

The U-boats tarted using

a new weapon in 1943; the

acoustic homing torpedo.

This weapon accounted

for several Allied ships,

lmtil the Allies l'ealised

what was happening and

bought 'Kangol' petrol

driven hammel'S and

fitted them to floats,

towing them behind theil'

ships. The strongel'

acoustic signal from the

hammer attracted the

Genna" Navy 'Seehull.d' midget subs (£t their base ill. occupied Europe.

I :!

(\I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

torpedo and it detonated

harmlessly , far away from

its intended target.

The Allies were still

having problems with

their sonar systems. They

were fmding that a slight

disturbance in the sea

would dl'amatically

reduce the effectiveness of

their sonar. This meant

that, due to the waves to

the side and r ear of a

destroyer, sonar was only

effective when the

destroyer was facing a

V-boat . The Allies

decided to put sonar onto

buoys, floating still in the

water, in 1944. This

device would radio the

position of submerged

vessels back to Allied

destroyers or anti-sub

aircraft. Depth charges

could then be placed with

deadly accuracy. The

sonar buoy came to be

known as the 'sonobuoy '

and is still in use today.

In 1944, Allied radar

forced V-boats to start

using a device called a

Schnorkel. This allowed

them to run their diesel

engines while submerged

at periscope depth. The

Schnorkel was basically

a pipe, similar to the

'Snorkel ' used by divers,

but with the addition of

a valve to close off the

pipe when it went under

the water.

Towal·d the end of the

war, V-boats we I'e fitted

with the formidable

Schnee-Orgel10-tube

torpedo launcher , which

sent a heavy battery of

torpedoes at the target.

This was highly effective

when it was used , but the

system did not come into

widespread use before the

end of the war .

The ultimate V-boat was

the type XXI, which

implemented all the

lessons learned from

early V-boats. The

improvements included a

streamlined hull,

improved battery power

output, a Schnorkel and

a rapid-reloading system

for the torpedoes.

V2511 , the first type XXI

V-boat, was launched in

1945, one week before the

German surrender . It went

on to evade several sub

hunting vessels and made

an undetected dununy

attack on a British cruiser

before surrendering. The

history books were closed

for the V-boat, but the

type XXI heavily

influenced the design of all

future submarines. •

The Type (XC V-Boat 'V505' being boarded by a party from the VSS Guada.lcall.(/.l. This subm.arine is now all. pll.blic display in Ch.icago.

I '\I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

The Pacific War The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

on December 7, 1941 marned the oulbreak of

the war in the Pacific. The submarine was to be

one of the most important weapons of this war.

I t was involved right at

the start when the

J apanese sent five midget

submarines to P earl

Harbor , to attack any

survivors of the air raid.

Even though they

managed to penetrate

some harbor defenses, all

five midgets were

destroyed and no more

US ships were attacked.

The Japanese had more

than just midget subs,

however . The main

Japanese submarines were

known to the Allies as

' I-boats', and their design

was heavily influenced b y

the German U-cruiser s of

World War I. The

Japanese even built a

submarine which

displaced 5000 tons and

could operate 3 seaplanes

from its deck. Heavily

armored , it was not a

practical vessel because it

was slow to dive and

clumsy to handle.

While Japanese

submarines did manage to

sink a number of US

carrier s they were not

used as effectively as the

German submarines in the

Atlantic . The Japanese

tended to use their subs

defensively, keeping them

close to surface vessels

and never fully exploiting

their offensive potential.

The Americans were

learning from the Atlantic

war, and US Navy

submarines in the Pacific

borrowed German tactics.

US subs experimented

with 'wolf packs' and

eventually settled on using

three boat 'wolf packs' . As well as simply attacking

ships, American subs also

shadowed the main

Japanese battle fleets,

reporting their movements

to other US forces .

When US submarines

attacked a Japanese

convoy, they would target

the larger cargo vessels

first and dive to escape the

inevitable depth charges

which followed . This was

the same tactic as that

used by the U-boats

during the first years of

the Atlantic war. It was

very effective against the

J apan ese supply lines.

In 1941 the first Gato class

submarine was launched .

The Gato class was the

b asis for all other US fleet

subs built during World

War II. This meant that

American shipyards were

able to concentrate on

refining this design

throughout the Wal". The

Gato class subs were 50%

biggel" than their Bdtish

equivalent, the 'T ' class,

because the US submarines

had to be larger for long

Pacific patrols.

The Gato class had a


of 2415 tons, a maximum

I \I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

The Japanese I-Boat '1-17' during its launching ceremony at Yokosuka on the 19th July 1939.

speed of 20 kts surfaced fitted to US submarines had developed the steam

and 10 kts submerged and had a maximum range of powered Mk14 torpedo

was armed with 24 just over 9 miles, allowing with a magnetic proximity

torpedoes. The crew of 80 it to be used well beyond detonator, designed to

could stay at sea for 60 visual range during day or explode beneath a ship

days before the Gato night. The Japanese and break its keel. In

needed to be refuelled. forces did not install service, however, the

November 1942 saw the radar until July 1944, but Mk14 was found to be

introduction of surface by then it was too late. highly unreliable.

radar into US Navy The Pacific war was not Eventually, in 1943, it was

submarines. Radar without problems for found that torpedoes

supplemented the existing American submarines. which were striking the

sonar and visual sighting The main problem was not sides of enemy vessels at

techniques, allowing a sub with their excellent Gato angles were detonating,

to track enemy shipping class subs, but with their while those hitting

from afar. The first radar torpedoes. The US Navy 'straight on' were not.

I ;)

I 'I)EI(\\ \TEI( \\ \I(F\HE

The US Navy investigated midget subs into Kaiten would change course.

and found a design flaw one man suicide subs . After 3 hours of high

with the contact exploder , This machine was not speed pursuit she did.

which was actually being successful against US Archerfish cut in ahead

damaged when the shipping because it of Shinano , dived and

torpedo hit the target lacked long-range fired 6 torpedoes. Ever y

vessel, preventing the detection gear and had a torpedo struck home but

torpedo from detonating. ver y low performance. the huge Shinano still

Once this design fault had The design of the Kaiten took seven hours to sink .

been corrected , the Mk14 could not be improved Shinano was both the

was found to be highly for the simple r eason largest warship ever sunk

effective. The Mk14 was that its crew could not by a submarine and the

used throughout the rest r eturn to say what had youngest ; downed before

of the war and was even gone wrong. a single aircraft had

used by many sub Toward the end of 1944,

flown from her deck .

captains in preference to the USS Archerfish was P er sistent attacks b y US

the electric (but slower) on patrol just off Tokyo submarines, minelaying

Mk18 of 1944. Bay. For 29 days she aircraft and fast carrier

In 1944, the US Navy in found nothing, then one attack forces eventually the Pacific was ordered to night in Novemher an wiped ou t the J apanese destroy Japan 's war- enormous radar contact naval air arm . Once making capability. Now, appea red on her scr eens. Japanese fightel' cover when US submarines Ar cherfish gave chase. had been eliminated , US sighted a convoy they The r adar contact turned bombers could attack the ta rgeted the destroyer's out to be the last hope of remnants of the Japanese first. As well as cargo the Japanese Fleet Ail' fleet , but even with its vessels, US Navy subs Arm, the 59,000 ton armed forces in tattel'S, began to sink some of the super carrier Shinano. the Japanese kept on most powerful ships in She had j ust been fighting. The nuclea r the Japanese Navy , launched and was on her bombs unleashed on including the 30,000 ton way to be fitted with Hiroshima and Nagasaki a ircraft carriel' Shokaku, catapults and planes. on 6th and 9th of August in June 1944. Arched"ish was moving 1945 mal·ked the end of

Desperate a t the failure much slower than the World War II and the

of their submarines, the Japanese carrier , but hel' beginning of a new era . •

J apanese modified their Captain hoped Shinano

I :\ I) E It \\ \ T E It \\ \ It F \ It E

THE FIRST POST-WAR SUBMARINES

During the post-war In 1948 the US initiated The post-war movement

years, Germany and the Greater Underwater towards streamlined hulls

Japan were prevented Propulsive Power (GUPPY) started to make

program. This updated submarines capable of from producing current US Navy sub- higher speeds when military hardware. marines with the latest submerged than when

This left the USA, developments from such surfaced. All that was

France, Britain and vessels as the type XXI needed now was a power

the USSR as the only U-boat. The GUPPY source which could be

modifications kept the used underwater for nations developing diesels of the 40's in ser- extended periods of time.

new submarines. vice for the next 30 years. •

I '\I)E((\\ \TEH \\ \((«'\HE

The End of the Cold War The 1980 ~ saw the last period of accelerated development of the nuclear

submarine, which slowed down when the Cold War came to an end in 1990.

In 1981 the US launched

the 560 foot USS Ohio.

Carrying 24 Trident

ballistic missiles, each

with 12 150 kiloton

nuclear warheads, Ohio

class subs wer e over

3 times as powerful as

their predecessors, the

Benjamin Franklin class.

Ohio class subs had a


of 18,750 tons and a

maximum speed of 20 kts

on the surface and 30 kts

submerged . It was armed

with 24 Trident ballistic

nuclear missiles and

4 torpedo tubes. Ohio

had an endurance of

9 years, but the 155 crew

generally stayed at sea

for no more than about

70 days at a time.

Ohio was not the only

560 foot submarine at sea

in the 1980's, however.

On 23rd September 1980,

a sub was launched at

Severodvinsk in the

USSR which was large

even by today's

The Royal Navy nuclear powered attack sub HMS 'Collquer.or', accompanied by thefrigate HMS ~rgonaut'. The 'Conqueror' became thefirst lIuclear sub to sink an enemy vessel in action when it sallk the Argelltine 'General Belgrano' in 1982.

standards. Tipping the

scales at 26,500 tons and

carrying 20 multiple

nuclear warhead ballistic

missiles , the Typhoon

class was talked about in

hushed tones around the

offices of the P entagon

during the early 80 's .

The Typhoon class also

became the inspiration

for a book, The Hunt for

Red October , in which

writer Tom Clancy

foresees the silent drive

units which we take for

.1 H

granted today . As well as

the heaviest submarine of

the 20th century, the

Russians also built the

fastest ; the Alfa class.

With a titanium alloy

hull and nuclear power ,

the 260 foot Alfa was

capable of a maximum

submerged speed of

45 kts . As well as

travelling fast , Alfa could

also dive to 2,500 feet ,

over twice as deep as

most subs of

the time.

( \I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

THE 21 ST CENTURY

LD-12 loading rooots in the docking bay oj a modern submarille ca.rrier.

By the end of the

20th century,

Russian submarine

technology was at least

10 years ahead of the

USA. Submarines had

been using ac tive sonar

absorbing surface

coatings since the early

1980's, but the search

was on for a way of

propelling a submarine

without a noisy exposed

propelle r. Russian

scientists concentrated

their research efforts on

d eveloping a prac tical

electromagne tic drive.

An electromagne tic drive

fWIc tions by taking in

wate r , charging it with

negative ions and then

accelerating the charged

wate r by using a circular

electromagne t array.

Tlus high speed wate r is

then passed out of an

exhaust , propelling the

submarine forward. An

electromagne tic drive

has no moving parts ; it is

silent in ope ration.

The prototype electro

magne tic ' Sile nt Drive'

Ulut was given its first

sea trial in 2002 , on a

modified Russian Alfa

class nuclear sub. The

Alfa escaped passive

sonar d e tection at ranges

as close as 200m but had

one problem; the silent

drive used power at an

alarming rate and the

Alfa could go no faste r

than 25kts .

Even though the electro

magne tic drive degraded

- .) . ) -

pe rformance , the

Russian navy went ahead

with produc tion of an

operational silent drive

sub, the Akula III class

of 2004 . When the

Russo-American

technology sharing

agreem ent of 2005 was

signed , silent drive

research data was

immediately made

available to US scientists.

Work started in the USA

on finding a way of

improving the powe r

output from an

electromagne tic drive .

US scientists spent two

years modifying magne t

po wer outputs and

finding alte rnative ways

of introducing negative

ions into wate r , but to

no avail. The

breakthrough came

when Eddy Sowleski , a

talented ae ro propulsion

engineer , proposed the

ElectroMagne tic-Ducted

Impelle r (EMDI) drive.

The prototy pe EMDI

drive c onsis te d of a

s tandard e lec tro

magnetic dri ve

e xhaus ting throug h a

I \I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

tube containing a

32-blade fan. While

the EMDI drive was

not totally sil e nt , tes ts

proved that it was

t e rrifically powerful.

The d esign was

r e fined and soon it

was r ead y to be given

its fir s t sea trial.

The attack sub USS

Minneapolis-Saint Paul

was chosen to be fitted

with the prototype

EMDI d'l"ive. This sub

promptly set up a new

world submarine speed

r ecord of 59 kts on

May 31st 2008, during

the first EMDI sea trial.

The first production

EMDI sub, the 19,800

ton Nevada class of

2007 was also the first

EMDI sub to be fitted

with a variable pitch

fan. By stopping the fan

and rotating its blades

to align with the flow

through the impeller,

the Nevada could run in

total sile nce at speeds

up to 21 kts. Unde r full

EMDI power , Nevada

could run safely at up

to 57 kts. •

The First Advanced Technology Submarines ~ s silent drive subs

J-i.hecame more wide

spread, pioneering

engineers a t Legendre

Sous-Marins (LSM) in

France began work on

a new concept in

submarines. They

realised that, as well as

being stealthy , a

submarine needs to be

fast and maneuverable.

They established that the

main cause of drag on a

submarine was turbulence

close to the surface of

the hull . To get rid of this,

the new sub would be

coated with a very rough

skin, the texture of which

was inspired by the skin

of sharks.

With very large dive

planes for increased

maneuverability , power

from a lightweight fusion

reactor linked to a

standard EMDI drive and

all-composite structure,

the new sub promised

unrivalled performance.

Construction began on a

prototype to test these

new theories . To further

emphasise the advanced

design of this sub , LSM

named it Na utilus.

The Na utilus was

launched at Chel"bourg

on January 21 , 2014,

exactly 60 years after the

USA launched their

nuclear Nautilus. The

new sub was as much of a

revelation as its 1954

nuclear namesake and

went on to raise the

tmderwatel' speed record

to 63 kts. More

importantly, its advanced

design allowed it to

outmaneuver any torpedo

then in existence.

The design of the Nautilus

was used as the basis for

the Requin Tigre class of

2017 which was produced

in very large numbers

and sold b y LSM to,

among others, Russia

and America . •

I '\I)EH\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

Corporate Wars A number of inter- success could be achieved

national companies DurIIt6 1M early through the use of force.

established underwater """of •• J,, Even though corporate

prospecting teams ee,.,.",.,aIae wars were forbidd en b y

to gather seafloor goHrrtlINrdI o/.1Ie international law , sec ret

manganese and it was II1Of'Id tNre wars went on, especially

not long b efore these be ...... lo0d0pt in the poorer regions of

companies started to a MOre aolerGld the world where payoffs

undertake full-scale auiIade IOIMrd or the threat of a run

underwater mining. each oIIactr. "tar on the currency had

Seafloor mining com- belu1Hla f:...,.,rie. more influence.

plexes such as the t«U bece1lllnt1 rore and after alae .".rW In 2024, the Chinese

Australian Neptune were upre .. ,. 01 alae government passed a

built, housing over 300

workers, 1800 feet under 90i baubae .. ruling that all

the sea . During the late bepra 10 ftourith. corporate wars should

b e r egis ter ed , allowing 2010's, the advances in

companies to legally underwater mining submarines to strike a battle in China's techniques were leading pipeline owned by the te rritoria l waters. to some companies Chinese state-owned The Chinese stated reaping huge benefits for conglomerate Norinco in that the r esolution relatively little outlay. the South China Sea. would "p rotec t inn-This slowly led to the The situation degraded ocent civilians by under sea mining into a conflict , but at the forcin g corporations companies becoming end of it all ConDyn to follow government more economically owned the right to mine guidelines" , but the powedul than any others an ex tra 80,000 square economic pressure on the planet. miles of territory . put on China by

In 2021 , a dispute over The progress of this ConDyn Inte rnational

mining telTitory led conflict was followed and SubAm Inc h elped

ConDyn International to closely b y other mining in pushing the

use its security fleet of companies. The r esult resolution through .

two Requin Tigre class proved that economic

;) I

I '\I)I-:H\\ \TEH \\ \HF\HE

The Chinese resolution of business life. They are tyrannical multi-nationals.

was condemned by many less violent than the The establishment of the

of the world 's govern- national wars of the 20th Mercenaries Union in

ments, but over the next century because civilian July 2026 redressed the

year sever e economic casualties and collateral balance and ensured that

pressure from several damage is rare. Mter all, any company had access

oil-producing a company which has been to an effective defense

multinationals forced bled to death in a war is force. Mercenary pilots

these countries to follow useless to the victor.

China 's lead. now make up over 60%

By 2026, the smaller of the world 's corporate

Corporate wars soon companies wer e suffering defen se sub crews. • became an accepted part at the hands of the

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIGHTER SUBMARINE

In 2025 the first true gleaned from these was unsuitable for long

fi ghter sub , the Eagle sensors was projected journeys . Modified

was launched. It was within the two-cr ew transport ships were

similar in appearance to cockpit u sing a 3-D soon in widespread use

the Requin Tigr e class, projection system taken as a b ase for several

but while the French sub straight out of a flight Eagle class fightel·s .

was designed for simulator. During the Gulf War of

government fOl'ces, Within a month of its

2028-29, however , all the

Eagle was purely for launch , it had set an

sub carrier ships in the

corporate defense units. underwater sp eed r ecord

r egion wer e targeted and

This meant that Eagle of 68 kts and had the

sunk in the first hour of

weighed just 324 tons maneuverability to

the war . Warfare had compared to the 1225

match. Eagle was soon grown too sophisticated

ton Requin Tigre . The being sold to mer cenary

for surface vessels to

Eagle was also fitted with pilots, and was even

survive . The Eagle

the latest sensor systems adopted by some

continued to be used for

to enable it to carry out government forces .

short-range defen se

a complete engagement work , but it lack ed the

of the enemy with total Due to the cramped endurance to be used as

stealth. Information cockpit of the Eagle, it an effective weapon. • .) .)

I :\HEI(\\ \TEI( \\ \I(F\I(E

The First Sub Carriers S ubAm Inc, who had

the largest under

water mining operation in the

world , was finding that their

sub carrier ships we I'e poor

operating platforms for such

a potentially effective

sabotage weapon. In 2032 ,

they stal·ted work on a very

ambitious project; the

construction of a submarine

which would CatTY fighter

subs into action. By 2038, the

project had taken SubAm to

the bl'ink of bankruptcy but,

just as the company was

selling off their last mine, the

or'ders began to flood in fOI'

the new vessel. SubAm was

catapulted to the forefront of

sub manufacture, and has

not looked back. Today , they

offer a complete range of

subs including the fastest

pl"Oduction sub in the wodd.

The launch of the first

60,000 ton Enterprise class

sul) catTier took place on

October 1 2039, heralding a

new era in submarine

warfare. Capable of carrying

up to 6 Eagle class fighter

subs, it could take them to

trouble spots anywhet'e in

the world and operate them

indefinitely. As well as the

fighter subs, Enterprise

carried an al'senal of 20

cruise missiles, making it

a complete offensive

weapons system.

Upgl'ades to the

Enterprise class now allow it

to opel'ate ten fighter

submal'ines and even though

the Tsunami class has stolen

some sales from SubAm , the

Enterprise is still the world 's

most popular submarine

catTier . The Entel-prise has

only one fault - the price tag

of $2360 million puts it out of

I'each of all but the very

richest buyers. •

EuroMil ... Tomorrow's ..

*Weapons Today +:

* ~ * *

STRIKE FAST

STRIKE HARD

The Particle Beam Rocket System

(PBRS) is the newest weapon in

underwater warfare.

The PBRS uses a high energy

particle beam pulse to vaporise a

cylinder of water, then fires Mach 2

armor-piercing rockets along

this cylinder; neutralising any

underwater threat.

"MiJaro , as one of the

largest companies in

Italy, has been forced

to operate Submarine

Carrier s to protect our

marine facilities

against attack from

hostile companies . Our

two American built

Enterprise class sub

carriers are equipped

with a wide variety

of weapons to deter

any aggressor.

O\E \)\,

• • • • • on board the

I n the second of our 'One Day '

series, we look at a typical day

in the life of Captain Roberto

Deladra , a fighter sub pilot on the

Enterprise class sub carrr,er

Verona, operated by Milaro Inc.

Our main armament

con sists of ten Italian-

made Aquila class

fighter subs, which

are comfortable and

handle b ea utifull y. I

was one of a team

of Italian pilots

who evaluated the

American Lightning

class back in 2046 and

even though the

Am erican sub is faster,

I prefer the Aquila .

The Vel"Ona normally

patrols the ocean on its

own. The Roma, our

sister ship , will usually

be a t port while we al'e at

sea, but she may be

called to assist us in time

of emergency.

O!\E 1)\'

Sub Carrier Verona

A sonar visualisation of Verona at 3600 feet taken from Captain Deladra's Aquila.

My day begins with the slept. Shifts run 14 hours spacious and comfortable

gentle sound of classical on and 10 hours off and quarters to get some

music, normally Vivaldi, are organized so that breakfast. The canteen is

from my alarm, the lights Verona always has well equipped, but serves

in my quarters slowly get qualified personnel at fish far too often. When I

brighter and soon I am every battle station. am at sea, I prefer to stick

awake. The time I get up Mter washing and to eating vege-meat with

is governed by when I last dressing, I leave my pasta, rather than fish .•

• When I come on

duty, I report to the

briefin g room for

updates on the tactical

situation. How I sp end

the I:esl of the day is

de te rmined by thi s

briefing.

If the t'e is no

threat , I will either

sp e nd the time sorting

out any cr ew problems

in my role a s an

officer, or I might be

sch eduled to take an

Aquila out for a

training miss ion . Most

of my non-combat time

is sp ent in the crew

room , wher e we have

the fines t entertain

ment sys tems available

toda y. As well as

holographic TV, we

have the lates t

inte ra ctive video

sys tem s . The software

from an Aquila

simulator is linked to

the inte t'ac tive video

()"' E I) \ ,

ONE DAY ... on board the Sub Carrier Verona

Iholo TV, and this gets

a lot of use from

the pilots .

If we are in a time

of tension , I may have

to crew one of two

' Ready Alert' subs,

fu11y at' med and ready

to launch within 90

seconds of r eceiving

the call. Strapped in

for 5 hours at a time ,

the cosy cockpit of the

Aquila is essential for

R eady Alert duties .

If we are in a full

scale battle, I will brief

and fly missions with

both corporate and

mer cenary fighter

crews . During battle

ope rations over my last

two yea r s with Milaro ,

I have claimed six

enemy subs including

two fighter subs.

I come off duty

afte r 14 hout·s of

operations. I might

ca tc h a movie in the

cinema , go to the

swimming pool or even

go fOl" a walk around

the 3 miles of corridor s

on the Verona before

r etiring to my quarter s

and going to sleep .

The pay as a Milaro

fighter sub cr ewman is

pretty good . I earn as

much as a senior

executive, but of

course I am frequently

in very dangerous

situations, so it is not

unrea sonable to expect

a d ecent salary.

Mer cenary fighter s can

earn even more, but

it 's a tough life . For

u s, a conflict may last

a week or two and

we' ve never been

involved in more than

two a year. The

freelance guys are

almost always at war

and I haven ' t met a

mer e who 's survived

the business more than

a couple of years .

Overall , working as

a fighter sub pilot is

r ewarding, well paid

and can b e very

d emanding . I know

that I could neve r

r eturn to a d esk job ,

but it doesn ' t matter .

E ven if my contract

with Milaro is

terminated I know

ther e's plenty of work

available for me a s an

experien ced fighter

sub pilot. "

Our thanks to

Captain Deladra and

Milaro for their help

in the preparation of

this article. •

The Verona returns to its home port of Naples at the end of a 3 month cruise.

\I'I'OI,\T)lE\T~

CLASSIFICATION 2-G TRANSPORT SUB CAPTAINS

(experience of Jumbo class transport subs preferable).

CLASSIFICATION 77-M (or equivalent)

DRILLING MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS

CLASSIFICATION 59-S (3) GEOPHYSICISTS

CLASSIFICATION 1-M HEAVY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

ENGINEERS

Applications should be made to:

Atlantic Mining Corp.

Undersea Division, Atlantic Tower, New York, NY, USA

ATLANTIC 111111 Mining Corporation

~ITI \l'IO\~' \C \ \,1

Worldwide underwater employment opportunities.

Send now for FREE details. McKinley Mining Cor poration , Norfolk Virginia 804-328-7448-MKMC.

Ge t out of the water!

Sub Fighter Pilots wanted as tacticians/advisors for new me,·cena r y Anti-Sub Outfit. We' ve just bought three exUS Navy Boeing 777 Anti-

Sub Warfare (ASW) j ets and we' r e r eady for action! Contact Deathwatch ASW, Tenerife on 0267-297302-DASW.

' I' Qualified Fighter Suh Instructors Required.

Training syllabus includes general ops, combat maneuvers and operating high speed subs at depth . Experience in T ornado or Lightning class essential , experience in T yphoon , Hurricane, Bataan or Asrin

class useful. Contact Richteur Inte rnationa l on 0473-572921-RICH.

Wanted: Fighte r Suh Pilot

for highly paid site defense work. We're not going to the mercs - they've ripped us off once too of Len. Contact Box No. 7535 , c/o UnderCurrents.

~ITI \TIO\~" \\')'1-.1)

Experienced, Transport Suh Pilot, captain on UST-23D commercial subs, seeking other opportunities preferably in the corporate defence sector . Replies to Box No. 2730, c/o Under Currents.

Classification 2-E Reconnaissance Sub Pilot

Classification 39-H Undersea Tractor Drivers

Classification 35-K Computer Programmers Send details to:

Pacific Undersea Mining Corp. , The Queen Mary Building, Long Beach, Los Angeles, CA, USA

'JOICE !'IT!' \\ \\TEII

Classification 'B' Sub Pilot, with over 8 ,000 hOll r s on Dragon class hi gh -s peed r eco n s ub s and th e r e flexe s of a fight e r s llb pi lot. Seeking wOl'k in me rc e nar y /commercia l d efe n ce T e l 0430-750309-KRIS.

Su b P il o t Avail a ble, A, C and W q u a lifi ed, ex p e ri e n ce of Ligh t ning class fi ghte r s, 11 month s co rpol' ate se rvi ce, looking for a way out of the 9 to 5 grind. R ep lies to Box No. 2517, c/o Unde.'Currents.

~EC:TIO\

CLASSIFICATION 24-M PIPELINE MAINTENANCE SPECIALISTS

CLASSIFICATION 105-M SUBMARINE OVERHAUL CREW

Details should be sent to :

North Sea Underwater Mining pic 10-15 longthorne Street, london,

England, Europe

......... -......... ----~-~®[RluOO ~rn& Underwater Mining pic

BUBWAJA

D Primary Controls

SUBMARINE CONTROL GUIDE FOR IBM PC COMPATIBLES

Mouse Controls Single plane maneuver mode on/off Mouse forward

Mouse hackward

Mouse left

Pitch down

Pitch up

Roll/yaw left Keyboard Controls [!J Pitch down

0 Pitch up

[B Roll/yaw left

El Roll/yaw right

Joystick Controls Joystick forward

Joystick backward

Joystick left

Joystick right

Fire button 1

Fire button 2

Pitch down

Pitch up

Roll/yaw left

Roll/yaw right

Fire selected weapon

Select weapon

Mouse right Rolllyaw right

Left Mouse Button Fire selected weapon

Right Mouse Button Select weapon

Engine Controls

G G [Sh iftlG

OJ [I] [shiftlG

Increase throttle

Decrease throttle

Set throttle to maximum power

Set throttle to 2/3 power

Set throttle to 113 power

Set throttle to minimum power

•• ....... ~PROSE .. -_-...-. ~~~~ --------A Dlvilion 01 Spectrum HoleByt. _ Inc.

Copyright © 1993 by MicroProse, all rights reserved.

Ballast Tank Controls Flood ballast tanks

Floodlblow ballast tanks to current depth

Blow ballast tanks

Sonar Systems Sonar mode - passive/active

Target next sonar contact

Weapon Systems I Backspace]

I Spacebar ]

@)

Select weapon

Fire selected weapon

Release decoy

Cockpit Displays Head-Up Display on/off

Navigation Display mode - waypoint/map

Display last waypoint

Full-Screen Cockpit Displays

ITl @

~ @] @)

039500005 0194

Mission Map

Damage Status

Wingman Orders

Object Viewer

View Mision Orders

Views Cockpit Views

[IT] [ill or 0

o CD G CJ

Cockpit view

Full screen 3-D view

Look left

Look right

Re-center cockpit view

Move viewpoint up/down

External Views

o [ill (ill

m m (ill

Flypast view

Chase vie~

Weapon view

Tactical view

Inverse tactical view

Current contact view

Game Controls

IEl IShift]0

I Shift ]@J I Shift ]1Il lEse]

llil

Pause game

Accelerated time on/off

Quit/end game

Activate ejection capsule

Display in-game options screen

Toggle terrain detail between wire-frame,

plain or textured

Auto Pilot

TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT FOR MICRO PROSE CD ROM TITLES

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS All MicroProse CD ROM titles require the following: DOS 5.0 or higher, a hard drive, a CD ROM drive, the Microsoft CD ROM Extension (MSCDEX) version 2.1 or higher, 2 MB of Expanded RAM, and a VGA Graphics Card. Each product will call for different hardware configurations. Reference the box label for specific hardware details. Enhanced CD ROM titles such as F-14 Fleet Defender and BloodNet may require a Sound Blaster compatible sound card for certain game features.

INSTALLATION The installation of MicroProse CD products is very simple. Just follow the instructions below, and you'll soon be playing one of the coolest games known to mankind.

• Turn on your computer, making sure that the Microsoft CD ROM Extension is loaded. • Place the CD in the CD ROM drive. • Make that drive the current drive. (Type the letter of that drive [usually OJ, followed by a colon,

then press [Enter].) • Type the word INSTALL and press [Enter]. • Follow the on-screen instructions.

Several MicroProse titles will copy files to your hard drive. These are only the files that are absolutely necessary to play the game and take up a minimum amount of hard disk space. Some MicroProse CD titles, such as World Circuit, will allow you to decide how many files you want the installation program to copy to your hard drive.

Many MicroProse CD ROM products will temporarily use expanded memory and hard disk space to cache information. This "caching" process will take a few moments but will allow scenes to play much faster and will enhance your gaming experience.

RUNNING THE GAMES After the installation is complete, the install program will instruct you how to start each game or game pack. Simply repeat those instructions each time you wish to replay the game.

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE For customer service and technical support, call MicroProse at 410-771-1151 between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday .

034800004 0894

... ··~~PROSE® ---~. --_ .. =~==~~~

ENTERTAINMENT. SOFTWARE

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