SUBJECT INDEX

A B

Aa - range in semi-major axis ........... 159 B parameter ZHR curve ............. 195.301 A2 effect ..................................... 153,161 beading .............................................. 383 ablation ....................................... l10,481 beginning height ................ 183,280,299

metallic species concentration .... .482 distribution ................................... 184 secondary ............................. .399,427 Draconids ..................................... 146 vapor density ......................... 106, 111 increase with mass ....................... 185

accretion of dust.. ............................. .336 blob .................................................... 395 aerosol loading ................... 489,500,514 Boltzmann constant ......................... .420 aerothermochemistry ...... 65,79,425,454 brightness afterglow mid-IR ............................................ 86

leading edge descent. .... 407,409,420 optical ................................ 61,88,178 optical spectrum .................. ..407 ,411 buoyant air ....................................... .468 spatial structure .......................... ..407 temporal evolution ............... .416,423

C

airglow C - cosmic ......................................... 506 definition ...................................... 535 C 1 .................................................. 65.73 link with shower activity ...... 525,530 chondrite ....................................... 327 OH ......................................... 529,430 Cz ........................................... 66,73,145 optical intensity ............................ 536 C-H stretch vibration ........................ 452 sodium emission .................. .430,540 Ca 1. ........................................... 412-416 spectrum, near-IR ........................ 528 Ca 11 ..................................... 76,405,416 spectrum,optical ................... 432,540 CAl inclusions .................................. 339

air-meteoroid interaction ............. 99,116 camera pointing ................................. 239 air-vapor cloud (see vapor cloud) carbonaceous meteorites angular velocity ................................. 233 fraction of fall ......................... 60,327 aqueous alteration ............................. 343 carbonization ....................................... 72 ARIA .................................................. 3,7 Cf4 ............................................. 444,452 astrobiology (overview) ...................... 15 chalcophile ........................................ 340 atmospheric Chapman airglow mechanism ......... .480

ambient temperatures ................... 562 chondrite ............................................ 339 chemistry. induced ..... 65,79,425,454 melting point ............................... .331 conditions at 95 km ........................ 94 chondrules ......................................... 338 extinction model ................... 213,233 composition .................................. 339 heating .................................. .482,451 diameter ........................................ 341 pressure increase .......................... 482 cluster analysis .................................. 237 sciences (overview) ....................... 21 clustering in meteor incidence rate transmission in near-UV .............. 393 temporal « 1 second) .................. 237

atomic line emission CN .............................. 16,66,72,131,376 intensities ..................................... 420 abundance in meteor plasma ......... 77 Leonid meteor ............................. .404 spectrum at 387 nm ........................ 72

automated detection ...... 44,173.223,251

~ Earth, Moon and Planets 82--83: 599-606, 2000.

600 SUBJECT INDEX

co ..... _ ......................................... 65,451 D mid-IR emission ........................... 451 sub-mm emission ......................... 133

CO2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 448,452,487 mid-IR emission .......................... .450

collision model for vapor cloud Variable Hard Sphere .................... 97

comet color .............................................. 144 composition .............. 18,311,317,337 infl ux .............................................. 59 orbit 55Plrempel-Tuttle .............. 151 organic matter •.••.••••••.••••• 72,333,144 satellite model .............................. 149

comet dust boulders ................................. 343,583 density ................................... 319,328 mid-IR emission ........................... 440 outflow speed ........................ 150,320 polarization (optical) ..•................. 143 porosity .................................. 319,328

delivery of organics ............................ 65 density

comet dust .................................... 319 meteoroid, IDP ............................. 327

diffusion coefficient ......................... .484 dispersion of meteoroids ................... 153 distance to meteor .............. 216,233,310 diurnal variation

of atmospheric HCN .................... 134 drag coefficient ................................. 481 DSMC technique ......................... 96,114 dustball model... .......... l10,188,362,386

size distribution ............................ 363 dust trail

number density ...................... 205,270 cross section ................................. 191 ~s. of lar~st particle present ... 585 poSItion shift ................••..•...•.••••••. 205 width ............................. 202, 205,270

size distribution ............................ 145 E comet dust trail (see dust trail) comet individual

IPlIIaley ................................ 318,518 19P1Borrelly ................................. 319 21PlGiacobini-Zinner ........... 141,321 55Ptrempel-Tuttle ................ 321,440 lOOP/Swift-Tuttle ........................ 518 Cll995 01 Hale-Bopp ................. 320

cometesimals ..................................... 342 communications ............................... 8,41 composition principal components .. 332

carbon bearing ferromagn ........... 333 carbonaceous ................................ 333 ferromagnesiosilica ...................... 333

condensation experiments ............... .497 continuous flow ................................. l11

onset at altitude ............................ 111 continuum radiation

mid-IR .......................................... 453 optical ........................................... 409

control center Leonid MAC ................. 9 counting 1001 ..................................... 192 CrI ..................................................... 405

Earth limb distance to .................................... 310

echo duration ..................................... 267 Einstein coefficients ......................... 420 ejection speed (see comet outflow) electrophonic noise ........................... 545 ELF - extremely low frequency ....... 546 ELFNLF detections ......................... 549 elves

definition ........................................ 15 seen from ARIA ............................. 13 seen from FISTA ........................... 14

ending height ...................... 183,280,299 change with mass ......................... 185

energy emitted by +0 magn. meteor ........ 178 excitation ...................................... 405 per unit area reaching Earth. •••.•..• 581 transfer during impact .................. 1 12

evaporation rate ................................. ll1 excitation energy ..••••.••...•••..•.••..•.•.•..• 405 exobiology (overview) ........................ 15

crater sizes ......................................... 585 cumulative flux (see flux) CVF .................................................•. 441

exposure to interplanetary space •••••••••• 366,52O

extinction, atmospheric .............. 232,213

SUBJECT INDEX 601

F

F - skew parameter ..•..••••••.•••..••••.••.•.• 356 fm - mean anomaly factor .................. 158 false detection rate ............................ 175 Fe I. ..................................... 405,434,480 FeO (persistent train) ......... 425,434,480

Fe(OlI)2.······ ..... · ..... ·· .... ·· ... ····.···········482 Filament (see Leonid Filament) fireball

all-sky image 1998 ....................... 287 classification ......................... 327,342

FISTA ................................................. 3,7 flight path ...................................... 4,5,49 flow:field ........................................ 63,96

mean free path .............................. lll near meteoroid ..................... 111,121 number density .............. 100,102,114 wake temperatures ............ 62,99,108

flux (see also rate, mass influx): 1997 .............................................. 311 1998 fireballs ........................ 288,293 1999 storm .•••...• 19,195,237,262,181 I-minute counts ............................ 195 comparison ground-airborne •••.... 216 function of azimuth ...................... 241 function of elevation ..... 219,236,243 function of magnitude •..•. 20,258,272 function of mass ................... .186,254 height dependent (radar) .............. 568 modeling ....................................... 230 near real time reporting ...• 10,39,169 peak: time ......... 160,181,194,262,568 profile shape .......................... 163,200 second peak (1866 trailet) ........... 197 temporal variations ....... 226,237,568

forward meteor scatter •••••••••••••.••••.••• 257 fragmentation

grain sizes ..................................... 362 meteor ............................ 362,382,345 meteorite ....................................... 345

free molecular flow ........................... ll1

G

glue .......•.................................... 360.387 grain model ...................................... 315 green line ....... 408.432,483.373,410,426 GSM .................................................... 45

H

H 1... ..•....•.....•••...•.....• 16,72,125,406,533 HaO ............................................. 452,487

atmosphere ..............•..... 137,452,487 comet ..................................... 318,320 mid-IR emission .......................... .452 submillimeter observations .......... 137

HALOE ............................................. 137 HCN .................................................. 131

atmospheric abundance ............... 132 influx .................... , ....................... 136 spectroscopic parameters ............. 132

heat of sublimation .. ~ ....................... .482 heat transfer coefficient .................... 482 heating .................................. 97,110,451 height

mass dependence meteors ........ : .. 186 distribution .........•......................... 183

heliocentric distance of ecliptic crossing ........................................ 150

High-Definition TV ....................... 8,371 HPS - high pressure sodium ............ .435

I

ICCD ................................................. 210 photon counting mode (UV) ....... 393 quantum efficiency ............... 372,393

IDP .................................................... 331 images (see meteor images) impacts on the Moon (see Moon) influx (see flux) initial radius .................. 63,102,107,113 INMARSAT .......................................... 9 intense evaporation ........................... 111 intensity of a line .............................. 420 interplanetary dust particle (lDP)

(see also meteoroid) aggregate IDP .............................. 337 annal influx ............................... 59,67 bulk composition ......................... 337 cluster IDP ................................... 337 definition ...................................... 331 density .......................................... 328 porosity ......................................... 328

interstellar dust model ............................................ 315 organic mantle material ............... 315

602 SUBJECT INDEX

J

jet-like features .......................... 380,383

K

K I... ..................... .411,414,418,555,560 Knudsen number ................................. 94

L

LEOC ........................................... 36,169 Leonid Filament... .............. 199,302,306 Leonid MAC

coordination ground observations.48 definition .......................................... 2 flight trajectory ...................... ..4,5,49 layout of instruments ....................... 6 participants ....................................... 6

Leonid mass ............................... 179,253 Leonid meteoroids

in cosmic dust catalogs ................ 515 Leonid shower history

1974 (impacts on Moon) ............. 576 Leonids - individual

00:37:15 UT beading ................... 383 01:31:16 UT, Nov. 17 1998 ...... ..473 02:09:26 UT ................................... 75 02:36:40 UT ................................... 75 03:08:48 UT jets ......................... .384 03:24:40 UT ................................. 372 03:30:33 UT train ........................ 431 04:00:29 UT .................. 401,443,457

trajectory ......................... .401,462 lightcurve ......................... 402.459

10:05 UT train IR ......................... 446 12:26 UT train IR ......................... 446 17:47:06 UT, Nov. 17 1998 .......... 61 17:54:08 UT, Nov. 17 1998 .......... 85 18:08:47 UT, Nov. 17 1998 .......... 61 20:24:40 UT, Nov. 171998 .......... 86

Leonid spectrum ................................. 76 near-UV .......................................... 76 mid-IR ............................................ 90 optical .............................. 61,374,404 Very Low Frequency ................... 549

lidar altitude profiles ............................ 558 K-trail density .............................. 559 meteor trail altitude ...................... 558

lidar neutral Fe-layer 1998 ..................... 17 neutral K-Iayer density profiles ... 560

light curve ..................... 87,259,351,402 classical ....................................... .352 function of height.. ......................... 87 sodium emission .......................... 360 symmetry ..................................... .354

lightning discharge VLF spectrum .............................. 549

limiting meteoroid mass ................... 179 line population ................................. .420

non-equilibrium ...................... 63,422 Liquid Mirror Telescope ................... 250 lithification processes ....................... 330 lithophile .......................................... .340 Lorentz profile ........................... 162,200 Low-Light Level TV camera ............ 210 luminous efficiency

optical emission Moon impacts ... 58I optical emission of meteors ......... 178

luminous region (meteor) size ..................................... 63,79,102

lunar (see also Moon) area subject to impacts ................. 588 impact light flashes ............... 575,579

Lunar A mission ............................... 586 Lunar Meteor Search program ......... 577

M

Mach number ...................................... 94 magnitude

determination ............................... 177 magnitude distribution index

(see also mass distribution) 1999 .......................... 20,258,252,235 1998 frreballs ............................... 293 1997 .............................................. 310 1995-1999 (forward radio MS) ... 274

magnitude loss due to angular velocity ................ 233 due to distance ............................. 233 due to extinction .................. 232,213

MALC ................................................. 4O mass of a Leonid meteoroid

+6.5 ................................ 178,253,581 as function of magnitude ............. 179

SUBJECT INDEX 603

mass distribution index (see magnitude distribution index) definition ...................................... 582 1999 ................. 250,255,260,272,582 1998 .............................................. 260 1997 .............................................. 311 1995-1999 .................................... 274 from echo duration ....................... 272

mass influx ......................................... 67 current annual ................................ 59

MDS (Meteor Detection Site) ........... .42 mean anomaly factor ........................ 158 mean free path ................................... l11 meridional wind ................................ 569 mesosphere ........................................ 567 Meteor Alert Center ............................ 40 Meteor Detection Sites ...................... .42 meteor (also see Leonid)

definition ........................................ 58 meteor count (see flux)

end points only ............................. 225 meteor detection software

.................................. 44,173,251,223 meteor flux (see flux) meteor height (see beginning height;

and see ending height) meteor image

in mid-lR ................................... 85,86 in near-UV ................................... 395 in visible ................................ 371,383

meteor outburst duration ................................. 162,200

meteor rate (see flux) meteor shower - individual

Draconids ............... 141,353,491,518 eta Aquarids .......................... 490,518 Leonids (see Leonids) 0ri0nids ................................. 518.490 Perseids .................... 61.352,490.518

meteor storm ....................................... 10 meteor trail

neutral atom debris ...................... 555 visible on sky. record .•.••...••••..••.•. 227

meteor train (see persistent train) meteor wake (see wake) meteoric debris ................... 489,499.505

mean radius .................................. 500 settling rate •••••.••••••..•••••.•••••••..••..•• 503

meteorite chemical subtypes ........................ 329 composition .................................. 337 fragmentation ............................... 345 influx .............................................. 59 micro ............................................ 327

meteoroid (see interplanetary dust particle)

meteoroid stream model. ........................................... 158

MeteorScan ....................................... 173 meter-sized meteoroids

annual influx .................................. 60 MetRec ................................................ 41 MgI ........................................................ .

...... 61,125,337.375,380,404,412,436 MgeS-3p) line ................................... 432 micrometeorites

definition ...................................... 326 microwave measurements ................ 129 Midcourse Space Experiment. .......... 306 MILSTAR ............................................. 9 minerals ............................................. 332 MIRIS .......................................... 82,441 MM .................................................... 326 momentum transfer ........................... 118 MONACO ........................................... 97 Moon ................................................. 574

brightness of night side ................ 591 sodium atmosphere ...................... 576

Moon impacts detectability ........................... 587,594 detection rate annual showers ..... 592 telescope sensitivity threshold ..... 595

MS-Track IT .......................................... 9

N

N 1. ........................................ 61,375,404 NIT ............................................. 405,406 Na 1... ...... 360.375,405,415,416,432.535

early release ................................. 360 neutral atom debris layer ............. 542 persistent trains ............. 433,480,426

NaIIC03 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 482 nanometeoroids ................................. 331 narrow band imaging ......... 381,353,392 NASA Cosmic Dust Program .......... 507

604 SUBJECT INDEX

nebulosity .......................................... 383 neutral atom debris layer .................. 560 NH ..................................................... l44 NH2· .. ···· ...... · .. · .. ·· .. · .. · .. · ...... · ...... · ........ 144 N02 •••• .. ••••••••••• .. ••••• .. • .. • .... ••• .. ·····.425,436 number density (see flux)

o 01... ................. 62,125,405,410,431,483

777.4 nm line emission .................. 63 forbidden line emission

(see green line) O2 ...................................................... 483

singlet-delta line .......................... .531 0 3

persistent train depletion ............. .480 submillimeter observations .......... 137

observability function ....................... 267 observation sites individual

Canada .......................................... 167 Georgia ........................................ .489 Germany ....................................... 565 Hawaii ................................... 129,167 Israel... ....... .47,172,357,391,545,535 Italy ............................................... 265 New Mexico ................................. 249 Scandinavia .................................. 565 Slovak Republic 1998 ........... 265,285 Spain ................................ 39,209.277 Tenerife ................................. 167,555 UK (1998) ................................... .471

observations hybrid visual/video ...................... 191 optimal pointing ........................... 239 space based ................................... 305

OH hydroxyl radical ................. .433.525 airglow layer altitude ................... 533 variation during shower ............... 530

Olympus satellite ................................ 30 Operational Monitoring Program ....... 33 OPlan ................................................... 32 optical thickness vapor cloud ........... 115 orange arc FeO emission .................. 434 orbits

1998 Leonids video ..................... 295 1999 storm photographic ............. 277

organic carbon delivery to early Earth ...... 65,78,129 mass fraction in cometary dust

........................ 72,78,317,318,337 mass influx ..................................... 67

origin of life ................................... 15,58 outflow velocity (see comet dust)

p

p -parameter ...................................... 159 P55/Tempel-Tuttle (see comets)

recovery .......................................... 47 particle (see interplanetary dust)

beam model. ................................. 112 peak time (see flux) penetrating fluence .............................. 31 persistent train

3-D structure ................................ 462 99 Leonid MAC, list of trains ....... 12 billowing .............................. .462,479 chemistry (optical luminosity) .. ..480 Chippenham train ........................ .473 cross-section ................................. 485 dark center ............................ .481 ,484 drift by horizontal winds ........... ..464 expansion velocity ...................... .476 initial decay of emission ............. .478 initial radial expansion ............... .477 mid-IR emissions ........................ .439 model ........................................... .480 morpho10gy ................................. .474 of 04:00:29 UT fireball... ............. 460 optical spectrum ............ 410,424,433 separation of walls ................ 477,482 temperature .................................. 482 tubular - thickness walls .............. 477 vertical motion ............................ .468 Y2K train ............. 11,12,399,443,457

photodissociation ............................ ..485 photometric mass .............................. 178

as function of magnitude ............. 179 photometry ......................... 489,536,590 planetary sciences (overview) ............ 18 plate constants approach ................... 176 pointing direction .............................. 239

time variation on aircraft ............. 224 recommendations ......................... 239

SUBJECT INDEX 605

polarization phase dependence ........................ 143

population index (see magnitude) prediction ........................................... 22

2000-2007 .................................... 160 2000-2002 .................................... 206 models for meteor activity .... 159,200

proto-CI ............................................. 343

Q

quenching .......................................... 513

R

r-factor (see magnitude distribution index)

radar ............................................ 170,566 interferometer spacing ................. 171 synthetic aperture radar ................ .48

radial pressure regular .......................................... 152

radiant 1999 .............................................. 282 1998 ....................................... 289,300 1997 .............................................. 308 mass dependence - 1998 .............. 300 structure ................................. 283,30 1

radiation force ................................... 152 radiation pressure .............................. 151

precession of particle spin axis ... 157 radio spectrum (model) ..................... 134 rate (see flux) rate of evaporation ............. 101,105,116 ratio of radiation press. to gravity .... 152 Rayleigh scattering ........................... 498

coefficient. ............................. 214,499 recondensed meteoric vapor ........ 17,497 resonant structure .............................. 303 rubble pile ......................................... 330

S

satellite impact hazard ........... 27,40,249 overview ......................................... 19

scattering of radiation non-isotropic ................................ 154 scattering cross section ............... .498

screening ........................................... 113 Selene mission .................................. 586

settling rates of dust.. ................. 514,502 shape factor ....................................... 481 shock wave ................................... 58,406 shower components ................... 194,302 Si 11 ............................................. 404,405 SiO

10 micron feature .................... 15,455 siderophile ......................................... 340 silicate melting temperatures ............ 518 silicate spheres .................................. 508

chemical groups .................... 509,520 efficiency of production .............. 512

size ofluminous area ............. 63,79,123 skew parameter ................................. 356 sky photometry ......................... .489,536 Smart 1 mission ................................ 586 sonic boom ........................................ 474 spatial correlation .............................. 239 spectral sensitivity curve

HD-TV ......................................... 372 sporadic K layer ................................ 561 sprites

definition ........................................ 15 storm component (1998) ................... 164 stratospheric dust particles (see

micrometeorites) submillimeter observations ............... 129 surface area

effectively observed .............. 216,230

T

TCA ................................................... 507 TCN ................................................... 507 TDRSS .................................................. 9 temperature

adiabatic stagnation ....................... 99 background neutral atom debris .. 562 bounceback .................................. 100 definition ........................................ 99 decay in afterglow ....................... .423 evaporation ................................... 146 flash heating ................................. 331 limit to optical thickness .............. 112 measured chemical equilibrium .... 62 melting ................................... 331,518 metal atom lines ...................... 63,375 meteor head plasma ................ 66,405

606 SUBJECT INDEX

temperature v persistent train ...................... .451,482 rotational ............................... l03,104 translational ......... 64,99,103,104,107 wake ........................................ 63,104

thermal alteration ....................................... 330 continuum ............................. 409,445 equilibrium ................................... 420

tidal wind ........................................... 570 time constant

ionisation of K ............................ .564

vapor cloud ........................................ 111 density distribution ....... 106,111,119 effects of radiation ....................... 122 energy transfer ............................. 117 optical thickness ........................... 115 peak temperature ..................... 66,405 size ................................................ 115

VLF - very low frequency ................ 546 VHS collision model .......................... 97 volume mixing ratio .......................... 131

persistent train intensity decay ... .478 W timing (also see flux - peak time)

distant encounters of trailets ........ 162 trace air compounds .......................... 450 trailet. .................................................. 18

pattern shift .................................. 205 trail radius (see initial trail radius) train (see persistent train) tubular structure ............................... .471

breakdown ................................... .479 turbulence .......................................... 482 twilight

wake .............................. 63,104,123,482 diameter ........................... 64,107,482 density ............. 101,102,104,105,106 radial proftle .......................... 106,107 temperature ............................. 63,104

water vapor ......................... 318,452,487 wind ............................................ 460,569

shear ............................................. 475 vertical scale length .............. 468,573

WO - Wise Observatory .................... .49

curve ............................................. 492 y enhancement during showers ..... .490 polarization .................................. 490 sounding ....................................... 490

Y2K train .................. 11,12,399,443,4S7 Yarkovsky effect

diurnal .......................................... 155 U seasonal ........................................ 155

upcoming encounters ........................ 164 Z upper atmosphere (overview) ............. 21 UV magnitude of stars ...................... 396 UVISI ................................................ 306

ZHR ................................................... 212 Zenith Hourly Rate ........................... 212 zonal wind ......................................... S69