status of industrial environment in gujarat

4

Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 11

1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 11

1.2. Need and Approach ...................................................................................................................... 11

1.3. Objectives: ..................................................................................................................................... 12

1.4. Methodology and Database ......................................................................................................... 13

1.5. Scope and Limitation ................................................................................................................... 15

1.6. Synoptic overview of the report .................................................................................................. 15

2. Industrial Scenario in Gujarat ..................................................................... 16

2.1 Major Economic Sector in Gujarat- Current Status .................................................................... 16

2.2 Brief History of Industrialistion in Gujarat ................................................................................ 17

2.3 Structure of Industrial Sectors in Gujarat .................................................................................. 18

2.4 Industrial Development- Regional analysis ............................................................................... 21

2.4.1 Region wise MSME distribution .......................................................................................... 21

2.4.2 Large Scale Units: Regional Distribution ............................................................................. 23

2.4.3 District wise Distribution of Large Units ............................................................................. 23

2.3.4 Costal Industrialization ............................................................................................................ 24

3. Polluting Industries in Gujarat ................................................................... 31

3.1. Regional Distribution of Red, Orange and Green Units: ............................................................ 32

3.2. Critical districts ............................................................................................................................ 33

4. Industrial Pressure and Impact .................................................................. 35

4.1. Industrial Hazardous Waste Generation and Management ...................................................... 35

4.1.1 Inventory: ............................................................................................................................ 35

4.1.2 Generation .......................................................................................................................... 37

4.1.3 Sector Wise Contribution in the Generation of Hazardous Waste: .................................... 40

4.1.4 Treatment and Disposal Options ........................................................................................ 41

4.2. Status of Effluent Treatment in Gujarat ...................................................................................... 49

4.2.1 Quality of Treated Effluent (CETPs): ................................................................................... 57

4.3. Waste Management at Alang ....................................................................................................... 79

4.4. Critically Polluted Industrial Clusters/Areas- The Case Studies .............................................. 80

5

5. Gujarat State’s Response to Industrial Environment ............................. 86

5.1. Industrial Environmental Management Initiatives in Gujarat .................................................. 86

5.2. State level environmental initiatives: ......................................................................................... 87

5.2.1 Policy, Planning and Management initiatives by GIDC ........................................................ 87

5.2.2 Institutional Building ........................................................................................................... 88

5.2.3 Performance Monitoring by Regulatory Body .................................................................... 89

5.3. Industry level initiatives: ............................................................................................................. 90

5.4. Initiatives Taken for Cleaner Production ................................................................................... 95

5.5. Initiatives at Alang ..................................................................................................................... 100

6. Conclusion .....................................................................................................102

Selected Bibliography .......................................................................................106

6

List of Tables

Table 1-1 : Framework, Attributes, and Source of data/information ...................................................... 14Table 2-1 : Progress of Micro Small Medium Units in Gujarat, 2006 To 2010 ..................................... 18Table 2-2 : Progress of Large Scale Industries- 2007-2010 ......................................................................... 20Table 2-3 : Major Industries in Coastal Regions in Gujarat .......................................................................... 25Table 2-4 Proposed Special Investment Region in Coastal Region in Gujarat. .................................... 26Table 2-5 Ports in Gujarat under Gujarat Maritime Board ........................................................................... 27Table 2-6 No of Ships dismantled every year at Alang Ship Breaking Yard .......................................... 29Table 3-1 : Categorization of units in terms of Red, Orange and Green , In Gujarat 2006-07 to 2011-12 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 32Table 4-1 : Authorization Granted under Hazardous Waste Regulations as Amended from time to time ................................................................................................................................................................................ 36Table 4-2 : Total Hazardous Waste Generated in Gujarat ............................................................................ 37Table 4-3 : Category wise Hazardous Waste (MTAP) Generated in different Regions of Gujarat (2007), ................................................................................................................................................................................ 40Table 4-4 : Sector Wise Contribution in Generation of Hazardous Waste in Gujarat (2007) ........ 41Table 4-5 : Details of registered recyclers and Installed Capacity (2012) ............................................. 43Table 4-6 District wise TSDF in Gujarat as of 2012 ......................................................................................... 48Table 4-7 Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators in Gujarat (2012) ................................................... 48Table 4-8 Status of CETPs in Gujarat (As on March 2012) ........................................................................... 52Table 4-9 Discharge of Treated effluent from CETP - 2012 ......................................................................... 55Table 4-10 Discharge of Treated Effluents from Various Regions of Gujarat ...................................... 55Table 4-11 The CEPI Scores for Critically Polluted Industrial Areas / Clusters in Gujarat ........... 81Table 5-1 Industry level initiatives ........................................................................................................................ 91Table 5-2 Benefits to industrial units after CP demonstration ................................................................... 96Table 5-3 : Authorization Granted & RFMP Sanctioned at Alang over the years .............................. 100

7

List of Figures

Figure 2-1 : Type Wise Distribution of MSME, Gujarat, 2010 ..................................................................... 19Figure 2-2 Type wise distribution of LOI+ LOP+ IEM projects in Gujarat (up to 2009-10) ........... 21Figure 2-3 : Region Wise Progress of MSME Units Registration in Gujarat, 2006-07 To 2010 ..... 22Figure 2-4 : Percent Distribution of MSME in Major Districts .................................................................... 22Figure 2-5 : Region wise progress of Large Units in Gujarat, 2006-07 to 2010 .................................. 23Figure 2-6 : District wise Percent Distribution of Large Units ................................................................... 24Figure 3-1 Region Wise Percent Share of Red Industries ............................................................................ 32Figure 3-2 Concentration of Red Industrial Based on the Percent Distribution ................................. 32Figure 3-3 Region Wise Percent Share of Green Industries ......................................................................... 33Figure 3-4 : Region Wise Percent Share of Orange Industries .................................................................... 33Figure 3-5 District Wise Percent share of Red Industries ........................................................................... 34Figure 4-1: District wise Hazardous waste generating units – 2007 ....................................................... 37Figure 4-2 : Average waste Composition of Hazardous Waste for 2006-07 ......................................... 38Figure 4-3 : Total Hazardous Waste Generated in MMTPA for year 2007 ............................................ 39Figure 4-4 : District wise Generation of Hazardous Waste as on 2007 ................................................... 39Figure 4-5 : Composition of Hazardous Waste Generated in Gujarat ...................................................... 40Figure 4-6 Treatment and Disposal Options of Hazardous Waste ............................................................ 42Figure 4-7: Hazardous Waste Co-Processed in various Cement Plants in Gujarat ............................. 42Figure 4-8 : Authorized Recycling units and installed Capacity in Gujarat (2012) ............................ 43Figure:4-9 - Number of Recycling Units and Installed Capacity of recyclers of Non-Ferrous Hazardous Waste (2012) ........................................................................................................................................... 44Figure: 4-10 – Number of Recycling units & Installed Capacity of Recyclers of Waste/Used oil (2012) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 44Figure: 4-11 - Number of Recycling Units & Installed Capacity of recyclers of Lead based Hazardous Waste (2012) ........................................................................................................................................... 45Figure 4-12 : Hazardous Waste Treated & Disposed by TSDF over the Years .................................... 46Figure 4-13 – Common Incinerator at Kutch ..................................................................................................... 46Figure 4-14 TSDF at Bharuch ................................................................................................................................... 46Figure 4-15: Location of TSDFs in Gujarat as on March 2012 .................................................................... 47Figure 4-16 : Hazardous Waste Treated in different Districts of Gujarat for the year 2011-2012 (MTPA) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 47Figure 4-17 : CETP at Vatva (The Green Environment Services Co-op.Society Ltd.) ........................ 50Figure 4-18 : CETP at Odhav (Odhav Enviro Project Ltd.) ........................................................................... 51Figure 4-19: Location of Functioning CETPs in Gujarat (as on March 2012) ....................................... 53Figure 4-20 : Number of CETPs and Member Units in Gujarat & Total Capacity of CETPs in Gujarat ................................................................................................................................................................................ 54Figure 4-21: Total Treatment capacity & Total Members of CETPs in Gujarat (2012) .................... 54Figure 4-22 : Treated Effluent Discharged into Sea ........................................................................................ 56Figure 4-23 : Treated Effluent Discharged into River .................................................................................... 56Figure 4-24 : Total Numbers of ETPs in Gujarat ............................................................................................... 57Figure 4-25 : pH Level Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River ............................................ 58Figure 4-26 : pH Level of Outlet Discharge into River .................................................................................... 58Figure 4-27 : BOD Level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River .................................... 59Figure 4-28 : BOD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River ................................................................. 59

8

Figure 4-29 : COD Level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River .................................... 60Figure 4-30 : COD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River .................................................................. 60Figure 4-31 : TSS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River ....................................... 61Figure 4-32 : TSS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River ................................................................... 61Figure 4-33 : TDS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River ...................................... 62Figure 4-34 : TDS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Into River .................................................................. 62Figure 4-35 : NH-3 level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River .................................... 63Figure 4-36 : NH-3 (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River ................................................................ 63Figure: 4-37 – BOD Concentration in River Sabarmati near final discharge point ............................ 64Figure: 4-38 – COD Concentration in River Sabarmati near final discharge point ............................. 64Figure 4-39 : pH level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land ............................................ 65Figure 4-40 : pH Level of Outlet Discharge on Land ....................................................................................... 65Figure 4-41 : BOD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land ......................................... 66Figure 4-42 : BOD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land ..................................................................... 66Figure 4-43 : COD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land ......................................... 67Figure 4-44 : COD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land* ................................................................... 67Figure 4-45 : TSS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land ........................................... 68Figure 4-46 : TSS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land ....................................................................... 68Figure 4-47 : TDS level of Treated Effluent Of CETPs Discharging on Land ......................................... 69Figure 4-48 : TDS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land ...................................................................... 69Figure 4-49 : NH3 level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land ......................................... 70Figure 4-50 : NH3 (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land ..................................................................... 70Figure 4-51 : pH level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea 71Figure 4-52 : pH Level of Outlet Discharge into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea ........................................... 71Figure 4-53 : BOD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

............................................................................................................................................................................................... 72Figure 4-54 : BOD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea ......................... 72Figure 4-55 : COD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

............................................................................................................................................................................................... 73Figure 4-56 : COD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea ................................... 73Figure 4-57 : TSS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea 75Figure 4-58 : TSS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea .................................... 75Figure 4-59 : TDS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

............................................................................................................................................................................................... 76Figure 4-60 : TDS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea* ................................ 76Figure 4-61 : NH3 level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

............................................................................................................................................................................................... 77Figure 4-62 : NH3 (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea .................................. 78Figure 4-63 – Hazardous waste generated at Alang ....................................................................................... 80Figure 5-1 – Water Sampling Stations at Alang for the Study ................................................................... 101

9

Abbreviations

AEPS Ankleshwar Ecology Protection AERB Atomic Energy & Regulatory Board AIE Ankleshwar Industrial Estate APCM Air Pollution Control Management ATPA Ahemdabad Textile Processors Association BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CCA Consolidated Consents And Authorization System CEPI Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index CECB Chhattisgarh Environment Conservation Board CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant CIAPM Centre for Industrial Area Planning & Management COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CP Cleaner Production CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CRZ Costal regulation zone DISH Directorate of Industrial Safety & Health DMIC Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor DPMC Disaster Prevention Management Centre DPSIR Drivers, Pressure, Status, Impact And Response EOU Export Oriented Units ETP Effluent Treatment Plant GEC Gujarat Ecology Commission GERMI Gujarat Energy Research & Management Institute GIDC Gujarat Industrial Development Corporations GMB Gujarat Maritime Board GPCB Gujarat Pollution Control Board GSDP Gross State Domestic Product HW Hazardous Waste IEM Industrial Entrepreneurs Memorandum KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board KLA Kilo Liters per Annum LOI Letter Of Intent LOP Letter Of Permission LDT Light Displacement Tonnage MMTPA Million Metric Tons Per Annum MT Metric Tons MPCB Madhya Pradesh Control Board MTPA Metric Tons Per Annum MoEF Ministry Of Environment And Forest MSI Manufacture, Storage And Import MSME Micro, Small And Medium Enterprise

10

MSMED Micro, Small And Medium Enterprise Development NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change NCPC National Cleaner Production Center OSPCB Orissa State Pollution Control Board POP Persistent Organic Pollutants RFMP Recycling Facility Management Plan SIR Special Investments Regions SMB State Maritime Board SPCB State Pollution Control Board TDS Total Dissolved Solids TSDF Treatment, Storage And Disposal Facilities TSS Total Suspended Solids VMEMCL Vapi Waste and Effluent Management Co XGN Extended Green Node

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Introduction

1.1. Background

Gujarat is one of the most industrialised states in India. The industrial growth of the

state has not only been faster but is consistent over the last decade having utilised the

benefit of liberalisation and globalisation. The industrial investments have given good

results in attracting large business houses in recent times with big ticket projects such

as Tata Motors, Ford and Maruti-Suzuki in automobile industries. Large investment

with mega projects in petro-chemicals has been possible due to planned industrial

development at Dahej in Bharuch. More and more industrial investments are likely to

come to Gujarat, in view of taking advantage of proposed Delhi Mumbai Industrial

Corridor (DMIC) development project in near future. The government and corporate

initiatives have been planning to set up mega industrial complexes by proposing Special

Investments Regions (SIRs) in the state. Many of these mega industrial regions have

been planned and are likely to invite international proposal for investment. Dholera and

Aliabet SIR have been planned and negotiation is ongoing to attract the domestic and

foreign investments in heavy and light manufacturing industries and a huge

entertainment industry at both the SIRs respectively. Gujarat is the pioneering state to

enact the SIR laws which proposes the establishment of a Regional Development

Authority in each SIRs to take care of a balanced industrial development. However, the

rapid industrialisation may have environmental consequences in future as Gujarat is

also known for the environmental hotspot due to industrial development (MoEF, 2010-

11). The case of Ankeleswar Industrial Estate alongside the golden corridor of industrial

development in South Gujarat is a point of discussion in today’s context of

environmental degradation due to industrialisation. The focus of the study therefore, is

to understand the environmental aspects of industrial development in the state.

1.2. Need and Approach

There have been various attempts to prepare State of Environment Report by the State

of Gujarat in the past. The last such report published in 2005 attempted to bring out the

status of environment by examining the various sectors of economy as the major

drivers. It is realised that the rate of industrial growth has been faster during the last

12

decade, hence a rapid assessment of industrial sectors focusing environment

parameters would be worth reporting for the use of various stakeholders including the

people of Gujarat. The report would also be utilised for further investigation in

industrial environmental sector as it will prepare an essential data base and simple

logical explanation of linkages between industrial sector and environmental ecology in

the state. The study explores various dimensions of industrial development in the state

that has direct and indirect bearings on the environment. The earlier state of

environment report of Gujarat has followed Drivers, Pressure, Status, Impact and

Response (DPSIR) approach while dealing with sectoral issues. The present study has

tried to follow the DPSIR approach, however, it may look into the ecosystem approaches

and would identify the hotspots for further detailed investigations selecting few case

studies in Gujarat.

Ecosystems approach fundamentally focuses into the life support system for humans as

well as all other forms of life. Healthy ecosystems support human well being through

the provision of ecosystem services. These include the supply of food, fresh water, clean

air, fertile soil, and biological diversity in a given ecosystem. The balance in any

ecosystem is maintained and regulated through energy transfer and biogeochemical

cycles. The ability of ecosystems to function and provide these services is determined by

many factors including their biological diversity, ecological and evolutionary processes,

climatic inputs of energy and water, and anthropogenic impacts related to economic

activities. The balance in ecosystem gets disturbed due to the various changes brought

in environmental media of ecosystem. Industrial activities are likely to make negative

changes in any ecosystem, if not regulated. Therefore, environmental management tools

need to be applied to study the industrial environment whenever necessary during this

study.

1.3. Objectives:

The followings are the major objectives of the study:

1. To examine the environment pressure and possible impacts due to recent

industrial development in Gujarat;

2. To identify the various initiatives in terms of industrial response to reduce or

and eliminate the negative environmental externalities and

13

3. To understand the policy implication on industrial environment with respect to

above objectives.

1.4. Methodology and Database

In order to make a rapid assessment of industrial sector in Gujarat, the overall pattern

of industrialisation taking district as unit has been analysed for half a decade period i.e.

during 2005-06 and 2009-10 based on the secondary data available at Industry

Commissionarate, Department of Industries and Mines, Government of Gujarat. This

would provide better idea of the types of industries that have come up in the state

during recent past. It is important to see the structure and concentration of industries

by their types such as polluting and non-polluting industries at regional and district

level. The spatial distribution of various types of industries (those registered with

GPCB) categorized as Red, Orange and Green, on the basis of their respective pollution

potentials have also been assessed at the district level.

Critical districts have been identified with the help of spatial distribution of Red, Orange

and Green industries at regional level. This has helped identifying the hotspot of

industrial environment to prepare detailed case studies of couple of industrial locations

for urgent policy implications. The impact of industrialisation on environment has been

assessed, based on the information of generation and management of industrial waste

and their resultant pollution.

Status of hazardous waste and effluent of industries and their treatment capacity have

been assessed in the study. An attempt has also been made to capture the entire gamut

of state’s responses, whatsoever in regards to environmental protection and

management. Table 1.1 presents a synoptic overview of framework, attributes and their

respective sources of database.

14

Table 1-1 : Framework, Attributes, and Source of data/information

Analysis Attributes and Parameters

Data Sources

(Drivers)

Growth of Industrial Sector

GSDP Contribution from Industrial Sector

Socio, economic review Gujarat 2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-20010,

(Drivers and Industrial Status)

Structure and Regional pattern of industry

• Progress of MSME, Large units

• Employment and investment for time period of 2006 to 2011.

• GIDC Annual report 2009,

• Industries in Gujarat, Statistical information 2010 and 2009, Industries Commissionerate, Director Industrial Safety and Health, Labor & Employment Department, Government of Gujarat, FDI synopsis report on Gujarat, RBI’s Regional Office – Ahmedabad) 2009-10

(Pressure)

Distribution of polluting ,non-polluting industries , Concentration of polluting industries

• Trend and distribution of Red, Orange and Green category industries at state, regional and district level for the period of 2007 to 2012

• Industries in Gujarat, Statistical information 2010 and 2009, Industries Commissionerate, Gujarat Pollution Control Board , 2012 .

(Possible Impact)

Levels of industrial pollution in selected Estates

• Region wise distribution of waste and effluent generation

• Distribution and capacity of CETP , TSDF and incinerators for the year 2012

• Annual Report GPCB 2005, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10,11,12

• CPCB 2005, MoEF 2011-12

(Response)

Government and industry initiatives

• State level responses

• Industrial Estate level responses and/ unit level responses

• MOEF Annual Report-2004-05 and 2010-11,

• GIDC, GCPC, and Others

• Environmental Protections Sustains Development: Some Initiatives in Gujarat GPCB, (2011).

• Environmental Management-Gujarat

15

Response and Initiatives GPCB, (2011).

1.5. Scope and Limitation

The study focuses on bringing out status of industrial environment in terms of

industrial pressures and its related impacts. State’s response to environmental

protection has also been captured to assess the role of other stakeholders in responding

to various negative consequences of industrial development in terms of environmental

contamination and pollution. One of the limitations of this study is that it does not

attempt to provide any information of industrial emission that goes to air environment.

A separate chapter in this regards is being compiled for this SoER, 2012.

1.6. Synoptic overview of the report

Section one of this report introduces the study with background, need of the study, aims

and objectives along with prescribed methodology and database. It also highlights the

scope and limitation of the study. Industrial profile in terms of sector contribution,

structure and pattern of industrial development in recent times viz-a-viz units,

investment and employment has been presented in the section two. Section three deals

with consequences of the industrial development in terms of industrial pressure in

detail. The status of industrial pollution in terms of generation of hazardous waste and

industrial effluents has been critically analysed in the section four, while section five

tries to capture the various responses so far undertaken in environmental protections

and management by the various stakeholders including the Government of Gujarat.

Section six brings out a conclusion of the study.

16

2. Industrial Scenario in Gujarat

2.1 Major Economic Sector in Gujarat- Current Status

Gujarat’s economic growth has been faster in recent years while sustaining a double

digit growth for a considerable period of time. Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of

Gujarat at constant (2004-05) prices in 2009-10 has been estimated at Rs. 3.32 Lakh

crore as against Rs. 3.0 Lakh crore in 2008-09, registering a growth of 10.2 percent in a

year. As per quick estimates, GSDP at current prices in 2009-10 has been estimated at

Rs. 4.23 Lakh crore as against Rs. 3.6 Lakh crore in 2008-09, registering a growth of

16.8 percent compared to last year (Socio-Economic Review 2009-10). Industrial sector

has been a major contributor to state economy in recent decades. The higher growth in

the economy during the year 2009-10 can be mainly attributed to manufacturing,

electricity, construction and communication sectors, which have contributed to the tune

of 11.0 to 34.6 percent growth during the year 2009-10 at constant (2004-05) prices

(Socio-Economic Review 2009-10).The share of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors

in GSDP at constant prices was recorded at 14.2 per cent, 38.6 per cent and 47.2 per

cent respectively in the year 2009-10 at 2004-05 base year.

It is the tertiary sector that has been contributing to Gujarat economy the most followed

by secondary and primary sector, which is comparable to Indian economy on overall

contributions from these major sectors. One may infer that Gujarat’s strong and

sustained economic base has been supported by secondary sector especially by

Manufacturing Sector as well as Tertiary Sector. Recent data shows that Manufacturing

Sector contributes 27 percent to the overall GSDP. The share of manufacturing sector in

the state has remained almost constant following economic crises of 2008-09 in recent

years, due to its open industrial policy which also depends on the external economic

environment globally, (Kumar and Subramanian, 2012).

17

2.2 Brief History of Industrialistion in Gujarat

Gujarat has diversified its industrial base substantially over a period of 60 years ever

since it has acquired Statehood from the erstwhile Bombay State. Textiles and Auxiliary

sectors were the major contributor to industrial economy of the state during 1960s. The

industrial spectrum has completely transformed in the span of over 50 years. At present

12 major industry groups together account for 86 percent of factories, 96 percent of

fixed capital investment, 94 percent of value of output and 95 percent of value addition

in the states industrial economy. Recently, refined petroleum products has emerged as

one of the largest industrial groups having 33 percent share, followed by chemicals

having 21 percent share of entire industrial sectors (Industries Commissionerate,

2012).

Gujarat has also succeeded in spreading its industrial base spatially covering almost

every part of the state. During 1960s, the industrial development was confined only to

four major cities namely Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat and Rajkot and some isolated

locations such as Mithapur and Valsad. At present almost all the districts of the state

have witnessed industrial development in varying degrees. Such a massive scale

of industrial development has been possible on account of judicious exploitation of

natural resources, such as minerals, oil and gas, marine resources, agriculture and

animal wealth. The discovery of oil and gas in Gujarat in the decade of 60s has played an

important role in setting up of petroleum refineries, fertilizer plants and petrochemical

complexes in the state at suitable locations. The state government has also established a

strong institutional network i.e. Gujarat Industrial Development Corporations (GIDC), in

1960s which oversees industrial estates in the state (Sukhadia, 1997). GIDC’s major

responsibility is to providing developed plots and built-up sheds to industries.

Institutions were also set up to provide term finance, assistance for purchase of raw

materials, plant and equipment and marketing of products. Later, District Industries

Centres (DICs) were set up in all the districts to provide assistance in the form

of support services in setting up industrial units.

18

These early initiatives have determined the present regional distribution of industrial

sectors in the state. It has also influenced the basic structure of industries in terms of

size and potential to create employment at regional level.

2.3 Structure of Industrial Sectors in Gujarat This section presents structure and pattern of industrialization in the state in terms of

size and type of the various industrial sectors. The purpose is to also see the growth

trends of various industrial sectors in terms of number of units, total investment, and

employment during the last five years in order to understand the impact of the open

industrial policies adopted in Gujarat.

2.3.1 Development and trends of MSME

Government of India has introduced Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development

(MSMED) Act, 2006 which has been implemented in Gujarat. As per the recent data

Gujarat has 4130 micro, small and medium enterprise registered in 2006-07. This has

increased to 55170 by 2010 with a total investment of Rs 28793.7crore and a total

employment of 7.72 Lakh. (see Table 2.1).

Table 2-1 : Progress of Micro Small Medium Units in Gujarat, 2006 To 2010

Period

No. of Units Investment (Rs. In Crore)

Employment

Registered Growth Rate

Growth Rate

Growth Rate

2006 to 2007 4130 3044.52 76097 2007 to 2008 13184 68.67 8323.91 63.42 197329 61.44 2008 to 2009 17869 26.20 8236.15 -1.07 251911 21.67 2009 to 2010 19987 10.64 9189.12 10.37 246989 -1.99 Total 55170 28793.7 772326

Source: Industries in Gujarat, Statistical information 2010, Industries Commissionerate

19

The growth rate shows declining trends in units, investment and employment in MSMEs

during 2006-07 and 2009-10. This indicates a decelerated growth rate in the MSME

sector in Gujarat during the same period.

Looking at the performance of MSME during the last 5 years in terms of investment

employment ratio, there is a decline in per unit employment ratio from 18 persons/unit

to 12 person/unit during 2006-07 to 2009-10 (see Annexure-I). MSMEs in Gujarat have

been dominated by textile, machinery, apparel and dyeing and chemicals and chemical

products.

2.3.2 Industrial Sectors under MSME Among different industrial sectors MSME has witnessed impressive development in

textile which contributes 36 percent of total MSME units, followed by other sectors like

machinery and metal products (14 percent), apparel products (11 percent) and

chemical & chemical products (10 percent). Rest others are fabrication and basic metals

and food processing industries till 2010(see Figure 2.1)


Figure 2-1 : Type Wise Distribution of MSME, Gujarat, 2010

20

2.3.3 Large Scale Units

All industrial units other than MSME’s are considered as medium and large industries.

Since 1991 Gujarat has received 10,457 Industrial Approvals comprising of 9,481

Industrial Entrepreneurs Memorandum (IEM) Acknowledgements, Letter of Permission

(LOP) for 100 percent Export Oriented Units (EOUs) and Letter of Intent (LOI)

(Industrial commissionerate, 2011).

Table 2-2 : Progress of Large Scale Industries- 2007-2010 Progress as on 30, 2010 No. of Units Investment

(in cr) Employment

Projects implemented 5384 169512 907535 (169) Projects under implementation 2483 502754 523937 (210) Progress as on 09.2007 Projects implemented 5067 145110 827258 (163) Projects under implementation 1890 191150 318175 (168)


As on 2007, 5067 large projects were being implemented with an overall investment of

Rs. 1.45 lakh crores. Out of this 37 percent projects were under implementation

contributing Rs. 1.91 lakh crores of investment. The total large scale units being

implemented have increased to 5384 with an investment of Rs. 1.70 lakh crores.

However the percentage of projects under implementation were increased to 46

percent in 2010 from 37 percent in 2007 with four fold increase in the total investment

amounting to Rs. 5.03 lakh crores, during the same period. There has not been any

significant changes in the per unit employment during the same period implying that

large industries in the state are of capital intensive. The large industrial sector is

dominated by chemical & petrochemical and textile industries.

21

Figure 2-2 Type wise distribution of LOI+ LOP+ IEM projects in Gujarat (up to 2009-10)


The group-wise analysis of large scale projects under implementation indicates that

chemical and petrochemicals sector put together accounts for 30 percent of total

investment. The other important sectors having investment in Gujarat include textile

(20 percent), engineering (7 percent), metallurgical industry (6 percent), food

processing (6 percent) and others having (31 percent) till March 2010.

Large industrial sector consists of 84 pharmaceutical units, 57 dyes and intermediate,

49 pulp & paper units and 23 cement units, which falls under most polluting category of

industries as indentified by CPCB (see Annexure 2). These industries have very high

potential for adverse environment implications on air, water and land and will have

deleterious impact in the long run if not properly regulated at both local and regional

level.

2.4 Industrial Development- Regional analysis

2.4.1 Region wise MSME distribution

It is observed from Figure 2.3 that South Gujarat region has registered highest number

of MSME units followed by Central Gujarat during 2006 to 2010. Number of MSME

registration have increased from 1958 to 30,305 in South Gujarat, while it has increased

22

from 1548 to 24,995 in Central Gujarat during the same period. Kutch has registered

lowest MSME registration during 2006 to 2010 followed by Saurashtra and North

Gujarat.

Figure 2-3 : Region Wise Progress of MSME Units Registration in Gujarat, 2006-07 To 2010


Percentage share of MSME- District level 2006-07 to 2010

MSMEs are concentrated in specific cluster or districts, it is important to see the district

wise share of MSMEs units in the state. The major 5 districts such as Surat, Ahmedabad,

Rajkot and Baroda and Valsad alone consists of more than 75 percent of total MSME

units in the state as per the latest data available with Industries Commissionarate 2010

(see Figure 2.4).

Figure 2-4 : Percent Distribution of MSME in Major Districts


23

2.4.2 Large Scale Units: Regional Distribution Figure 2.5 shows the distribution of the large scale industries across the regions of

Gujarat during 2006 and 2010. Till 2006, South Gujarat was leading in having large

scale industry share with 683 units, followed by Central Gujarat with 596 units and

North Gujarat with 553 units, while in 2010 the pattern has changed. Central Gujarat

appeared to have maximum number of large industry, consisting 8872 large scale

industrial units, which is 29 percent of total share of the state, followed by South Gujarat

with 791 units comprising 25 percent of total large scale industries.

Figure 2-5 : Region wise progress of Large Units in Gujarat, 2006-07 to 2010


2.4.3 District wise Distribution of Large Units Figure 2.6 shows district wise distribution of large scale units in the state during 2006

and 2010. It is observed that top ten districts- Surat, Kutch, Bharuch, Valsad,

Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot , Jamnagar, Mehsana and Godhra together accounts for

more than 90 percent of the total large scale units in the state in 2010. However, there

has not been any significant change during 2006 and 2010 as far as their respective

share is concerned. Surat, Kutch, and Bharuch have consistently high share of large

units among all the other districts during the last 5 years.

24

Figure 2-6 : District wise Percent Distribution of Large Units

As far as district wise distribution of industries in the state is concerned, Surat,

Ahemdabad, Rajkot, Kutch, Bharuch have maximum concentration of MSME and Large

Scale units as evident from the above discussion. There is an urgent need to identify

critically polluted areas among these districts. One needs to also understand industrial

pressures and identify the related negative impacts in terms of Industrial

contaminations and pollutions. A significant number of industrial units both MSMEs and

Large Scale are also being concentrated along the large coastal regions of the state. A

brief account of industrialization in coastal areas has been given below in order to

understand the expected environmental pressure on coastal and marine ecosystem.

2.3.4 Costal Industrialization Gujarat state has longest coastline of 1,600 km (one third of the total Indian Coastline of

4,800 km) among all the maritime states of the country, which makes it strategically

serving as natural gateway to India. The Gujarat coast extends from Western Ghats in

Valsad to Kori creek on the coast of Kutch in north. According to Gujarat Coastal Salinity

Prevention Cell- a joint initiative of local NGOs and Government of Gujarat, out of 26

districts of Gujarat, 12 districts fall under costal region, which is given below in Table

2.3. Gujarat’s coastal regions can be divided in to three zones, namely, Kutch, Saurashtra

and Mainland Gujarat. There are 6 coastal Blocks (Talukas) in Kutch, 20 in

Saurashtra and 16 coastal Blocks in Mainland Gujarat, bringing the total to 42. All the

three regions differ in terms of physiography, geology, geo-hydrology and

geomorphology and, their agro climatic conditions.


25

Table 2-3 : Major Industries in Coastal Regions in Gujarat Coastal

region

Districts under

coastal region

Major type of industries

located in the district/s

Agro climatic

Environmental

Conditions

Kutch Kutch Port lead infrastructure

projects, metallurgical, textiles,

chemicals, cement etc.

Average annual rainfall

of 250-500mm;

Sandy and saline soils;

Cultivated and grass

land.

Saurastra Jamnagar, Rajkot,

Bhavnagar,

Amreli, Junagadh

Engineering, Textiles &

apparels, Chemicals &

Petrochemicals

Port & Infrastructure, ship

breaking , cement etc.


of 400-700.

medium black soil

Cultivated and grass

land.

Mainland Ahmedabad,

Kheda, Bharuch,

Surat, Valsad, and

Vadodara

Dyestuff, Manufacturing and

engineering, Textiles,

Chemicals & Petrochemicals,

Pharmaceuticals, Ports & Ship

building, diamond processing

etc.


of 800-1000.

Deep black, medium

black to loamy sand

(Goradu) soils.

Most of the area

cultivated some area

non-Cultivated under

fallow and pasture

forest. Source: compiled from Industries Commissionerate and Agriculture &Co-operation Department, GoG

Major Industries in Coastal Districts

Table 2.3 shows type of industries in the coastal regions of Gujarat. Among all the costal

districts Ahemdbad, Surat , Vadodara and Rajkot are the traditional industrial center.

But in last decade Bharuch and Kutch has become big industrial hub in terms of large

scale industries. Two major industrial groups in Kutch are Chemical &Petro Chemical

industries (93 units) and Engineering industries (79 units), which almost accounts for

50 per cent of all the units in the district. Other major sectors present in the district are

26

Electrical and Electronics (35 units), Metallurgical Industries (34 units), Glass, Ceramics,

Cement (32) and Food processing (29 units) (Industries Commissionerate, 2010).

Kutch is the leading district as compared to others for having maximum number of salt

producing units. It accounts for 34 percent of total production of salt in the state. It

employs 19500 workers which are around 29 percent of total salt workers in the state

(Industries Commissionerate, 2006-07). Apart from Kutch, other major salt producing

districts are Jamnagar, Surendranagar, Bhavnagar, Rajkot and Bharuch.

Baruch, Ahemdabad, Surat, and Vadodara ( falling under Mainland Coastal Region) is

located on the 300 km long corridor referred to as the golden corridor have the

maximum concentration of chemical and textile industries. Bharuch has large chemical

estate at Ankleshwar, Panoli, Jhagadia, Vilayat and Dahej. Over 11,500 units of small and

medium enterprises of different sectors, such as chemicals and petrochemicals, textiles

etc. are present in the district (Industrial Comissionerate 2011). Significant

development of large-scale industries has also taken place in Surat in recent years, and a

number of units manufacturing chemicals and plastics have come up. Some of the major

industries that have come up in and around Surat due to establishment of major port at

Hazira are petro-chemical refinery, natural gas, cement, steel plant etc.

Mega Industrial Clustering at Coastal Districts (SEZ and SIR)

Gujarat has been at the forefront of SEZ led industrial development in the country.

Asia’s first EPZ was set up in Kandla in 1965 and Gujarat has established 2 SEZ in Surat

prior to SEZ Act of 2005. Under 2005 SEZ Notification, 11 SEZ has been notified in

Gujarat. The Government of Gujarat enacted SIR Act, 2009 in its initiative to create

large size investment regions / industrial areas and develop them as global hubs for

economic activity supported by world class infrastructure. Table 2.4 shows list of

proposed SIR with potential industrial sectors in the state.

Table 2-4 Proposed Special Investment Region in Coastal Region in Gujarat. Region SIR Potential Industrial Sectors

Kutch Anjar Port and port based industries,

mineral, agro based and

27

engineering

Saurastra Pipavav , Simar, Okha, Navlakhi Logistics based industries, pre-cast

structure, spinning, Engineering,

energy, port & port related

activities, pharmaceutical, CRO,

biotechnology.

South Gujarat PCPIR, Aliyabet, Entertainment, aquaculture,

marine engineering, Refinery

downstream, high performance

chemicals, Source: Gujarat Industrial Development Center, 2011

Gujarat is the only state in India to have enacted a Special Investment Regions Act, 2009.

As mentioned above 11 SIR have been proposed in the state; out of which seven of them

have been proposed in coastal region. Saurastra has four SIR falling under districts of

Bhavangara, Junagadh, Jamanagar and Rajakot, followed by Bharuch (2) and Kutch (1).

Major and Minor Ports in Coastal Gujarat

Gujarat is a principal maritime State endowed with favourable strategic port locations.

There are 41 ports, of which Kandla is a major port. Out of the remaining 40 ports, 11

are intermediate ports and 29 are minor ports under the control of Gujarat Maritime

Board- a subsidiary of Government of Gujarat.

Further the State ports are organized into 10 major groups. The individual group detail

of these ports is given in the Table 2.5.

Table 2-5 Ports in Gujarat under Gujarat Maritime Board Region Individual group No. of ports

Kutch Mandvi Group, Navlakhi Group 4

Saurastra Bedi Group, Okha Group, Porbandar Group,

Veraval Group, Pipavav Group, Bhavnagar Group,

13

South Gujarat Bharuch Group , Magdalla Group 14

Source: Gujarat Maritime Board, http://www.gmbports.org/showpage.aspx?contentid=1266 accessed on 1st July 2012

http://www.gmbports.org/showpage.aspx?contentid=1266�

28

The state’s ports are geographically dispersed across South Gujarat (14), Saurashtra

(13) and Kutch (4). In 2009-10, Gujarat ports handled cargo traffic of 205.51 MMT

compared to a total traffic of 108 MMT handled for the year of 2005-06. Now Gujarat

maritime board is aiming to create total port capacity 557 million tonnes at the end of

fiscal year 2013-14 (GMB, 2011). Port lead industrial development in the state is likely

to put greater environment pressure on coastal and marine ecosystem. These activities

need appropriate planning and regulatory measures for a sustainable and better

industrial development in coastal region.

Shipbreaking Yard at Alang

The ship breaking yard at Alang is located in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat off the

Gulf of Cambay. It was set up in 1983 on a small scale basis along a 10-km stretch of

sandy beach. The tidal, geographical, and climatic features make Alang an ideal ship

breaking location. Coastal waters of Alang are connected with Bhavnagar coast on one

side and Dahej coast on other side. The Alang and Sosia Ship- Breaking Yard (ASSBY) is

the largest ship-breaking yard in World. More than 90 per cent of the ship dismantling

in India is done at the Alang yard.

On an average 200 ships are scrapped down every year, churning out 2.6 million tonne

of scrap steel and large quantity of other waste in terms of broken wood, rubber,

insulation materials, paper, metals, glass, ceramics, plastics, leather, paints, thermocol,

sponge, ash etc. (NIO, 2011). There are currently 169 plots (after merging to form

larger plots), which have been developed along the coast out of which 132 plots are

working. These plots possess valid Authorization and Approved RFMP plan for ship

recycling (GPCB, 2012).

Ship breaking represents an important source of raw material supply and provides jobs

to tens of thousands of people. The practice is inherently sustainable, given that over 95

per cent of a ship can be recycled: steel is re-rolled and used in construction; machinery

and equipment are reused; and oils and fuels are reused or recycled. In principle the

recycling of vessels constitutes the best option for ships that have reached the end of

their operating life. (UN, 2010)

The ship breaking activities are carried out by engaging large number of contracted

labour/workers who are specialized in job like oil removal, insulating material

29

removals etc. For dismantling of one ship, around 100-125 workers are required

(National Institute of Oceanography, 2011). According to figures provided by GMB,

5,052 vessels have been dismantled by the year 2010 in Alang since 1982. Some 60,000

workers are employed in the yards when the industry works at full force. In addition,

over 500,000 workers are employed in associated downstream industries, such as re-

rolling mills, foundries, scrap-handling yards, local goods stores and other small

businesses. (UN, 2010) Details of number of ships recycled and total tonnage is given in

Table 2.6.

Table 2-6 No of Ships dismantled every year at Alang Ship Breaking Yard Year No. of Ships LDT 10000MT

1982-83 5 2.4716 1983-84 51 25.9387 1984-85 42 22.8237 1985-86 84 51.6602 1986-87 61 39.5139 1986-88 38 24.4776 1988-89 48 25.3991 1989-90 82 45.1243 1990-91 86 57.7124 1991-92 104 56.3568 1992-93 137 94.2601 1993-94 175 125.6077 1994-95 301 217.3249 1995-96 183 125.2809 1996-97 348 263.583 1997-98 347 245.2019 1998-99 361 303.7882 1999-00 296 275.2414 2000-01 295 193.4825 2001-02 333 272.7735 2002-03 300 242.0724 2003-04 294 198.6123 2004-05 196 93.8976 2005-06 101 48.0361 2006-07 136 76.08 2007-08 136 64.3437 2008-09 264 194.554 2009-10 348 295.7225 2010-11 357 351.3784

Source: Gujarat Maritime Board (December 2011) obtained from GPCB 2012

30

The Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB)is the main nodal agency of the shipbreaking yards

of Alang/Sosiya. GMB presently grants permission for utilizing ship recycling plots as

per the provisions of “The Gujarat Maritime Board (Conditions and Procedures for

Granting Permission for Utilising Ship Recycling Plots) Regulation, 2006 and

amendments therein made in June2008. As a nodal agency, GMB provides links between

central and local government agencies, such as the Gujarat Pollution Control Board

(GPCB), the Custom Department, and the Directorate of Industrial Safety and Health

(DISH), and the ship breaking industry.

Industrial pressure in Coastal Regions

Groups of chemical, petrochemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals and textile industries

are concentrated on the coastal districts of Bharuch and Surat. These industries

contribute significantly towards water pollution causing environmental pressure on

marine and coastal ecosystem. The world’s largest ship recycling yard at Alang, in

Bhavnagar is located in Gulf of Khambhat coast. Engine oil and other non-degradable

toxic compounds flow into the protected waters of the Gulf of Kachch from where tides

wash them into neighbouring creeks and mangrove swamps. Consequently, mangroves

in the region are so degraded that they cannot be regenerated (Gadhvi, 2010).

As per the report published by GEC, 2004, the following summary explains the status of

coastal pollution in Gujarat due to industrial and human activities in the hinterland.

A recent measure of setting up common effluent treatment plants (CETP) for the industrial units is

an emerging threat. CETP’s cannot treat certain types of pollutants like heavy metals, mercury and

POPs. The disposal of hazardous waste and technical capability to measure the emission level need

urgent attention. The coastal waters of Gujarat can be expected to receive 606 Mm3 domestic

sewage and 215 Mm3 industrial effluents every year. In addition, about 14000 tonnes of domestic

solid wastes are dumped into the sea. Coastal industries generate five million tonnes of solid

wastes. There are no estimates made for agricultural runoff into the sea with increasing levels of

pesticides and fertilizers from the districts of Kutch, Kheda, Surat and Valsad that are likely to

contribute excess nutrient. Pollution of estuaries and downstream rivers has affected the livelihood

of the local fishermen.

31

3. Polluting Industries in Gujarat

Environmental contamination and pollution emanating from the polluting industries in

Gujarat have been in the news in recent time as many critically polluting industrial

estates /areas have attracted the attention of regulatory body and government together.

CPCB has identified 2301 medium and large-scale polluting units under 17 highly

polluting industrial categories in India. Out of these, 283 units are located in Gujarat.

The state stands second in the position amongst the other states in India having most

polluting industrial units in 2004 (see Annexure V). However, 273 industries have

complied with the CPCB guidelines for reducing the potential pollution and 10 units has

been closed down.

Taking clue from the above scenario, an analysis of the distribution of Red, Orange and

Green industries in Gujarat has been done with help of last five years data from 2007 to

2012 provided by the GPCB. In addition to this, the study tried to capture the status of

waste generation and its possible impacts across various regions in Gujarat for the same

period. This has helped in understanding the overall industrial pressure on

environment across different regions and districts in Gujarat.

Table 3.1 shows the categories of industries in Red, Orange and Green based on the total

quantity and characteristics of different types of hazardous wastes generated, and type

of production in industrial units. These are the followings

• Red- highly polluting industries

• Orange- moderately polluting industries

• Green – non polluting industries

Out of the total industries registered during 2011-12 under GPCB, more than 60

percent of industries fall under Red Category, while Orange and Green Category

industrial units accounts for 23 and 17 percent respectively during the same period

(see Table 3.1).

32

There are 16,770 (Red Category) industrial units registered under highly polluting

industry category in Gujarat, which has increased by more than three times during 2006

and 2012 (see Table 3.1). Similarly the Orange category industrial units have also

increased three fold during the same period. However, one observes that it is the Green

Category industrial units that have registered much faster growth. It has increased from

merely 828 units in 2006-07 to 4654 units in 2011-12 indicating more than five times

increase in a period of five years duration (see Table 3.1). This indicates a positive sign

towards having green industrial development in the state.

Table 3-1 : Categorization of units in terms of Red, Orange and Green , In Gujarat 2006-07 to 2011-12

Year Red Orange Green Total 2006-07 5163 2022 828 8013 2011-12 16770 6468 4654 27892 Source: Gujarat pollution control board report 2011 and, Hazardous waste inventory,2007, GPCB

3.1. Regional Distribution of Red, Orange and Green Units:

Almost 74 percent of the total Red Category units are located in Saurastra and Central

Gujarat region in 2011-12. The remaining is distributed among South Gujarat (18

percent), North Gujarat (5percent) and Kutch (3percent). Saurastra has registered a

significant increase in the Red Category industries during last 5 years (see Figure 3-1)

Figure 3-1 Region Wise Percent Share of Red Industries

Figure 3-2 Concentration of Red Industrial Based on the Percent Distribution

33

Source: Gujarat pollution control board repoer 2011 and, Hazardous waste inventory,2007, GPCB

There are 6468 industrial units in the Orange Category in 2012. Almost 65 percent of

Orange Category industry falls in Central Gujarat and Saurastra. Figure 3.4 shows

that apart from Saurastra and North Gujarat all the other regions have shown

declined in percentage share of Orange Category industries during 2007 and 2012.

Same trend has been observed in the percentage share of Green Category industry

across the regions. This indicates a clear shift in the location of Red Category industries

toward Saurashtra particularly in Rajkot and Jamnagar districts. In terms of Green

Category industry, Central Gujarat had 60 per cent of the total registered Green

industries in Gujarat in the year 2007 however, it has declined to 46 per cent in the year

2012.

3.2. Critical districts A district level analysis of share of Red Category industrial units during 2007 and 2012

indicates that the relative share of polluting industries (Red Category) are reducing in

the so called “Golden Corridor” comprising of Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Surat and Vasad

districts, except for the Vadodara district where the share has increase in 2012

compared to 2007 period (see Figure 3.1). However, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Mehsana and

Gandhinagar districts have registered increasing share of Red Category industries

during the same period. This does not mean that the relative number of Red Category


Figure 3-4 : Region Wise Percent Share of Orange Industries

Figure 3-3 Region Wise Percent Share of Green Industries

34

industries in the “Goldern Corridor” districts is less compared to other districts in 2012.

In a nutshell, it indicates that Saurashtra and North Gujarat are the new destinations for

the Red Category (Polluting) industrial units in the state in recent times. These two

regions are ecologically fragile in terms of prevailing arid conditions and unique bio-

diversity and will have more deleterious impact on the environment due to polluting

industries compared to other regions.


The sudden jump in the share of Red Category industries in Rajkot, Vadodara and

Jamnagar from 2007 to 2012 is a point to ponder as far as sustainable industries

development in state is concerned. In terms of actual pressure on environment due to

the industrial pollution loads, the study attempted to make an assessment of industrial

waste generations and its management at regional level.

Figure 3-5 District Wise Percent share of Red Industries

35

4. Industrial Pressure and Impact

While increasing industrialization has lead to increase in waste generation,

environmental pressures and impacts are observed in different magnitudes across the

state. Hence this section presents the status and resulting pressure caused by industrial

hazardous and liquid waste along different key components of waste value chain

namely generation/capture, collection (storage and transport), treatment and disposal.

The responses have been discussed in terms of institutional, financial, technology and

promotion/awareness measures undertaken by different stakeholders in the next

section.

4.1. Industrial Hazardous Waste Generation and Management

According to Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989 under the

Environment (Protection) Act 1986: Hazardous Waste is defined in the Rule as any

waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,

explosive or corrosive characteristics, causes danger or is likely to cause danger to

health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or

substances. Hazardous waste residue of production process may cause significant

damage to environment and human health and / or environment unless handled,

stored, transported, treated and disposed off scientifically using environmentally sound

technologies.

4.1.1 Inventory:

As per the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement)

Rules, 20081

1 These rules supersede . The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules , 1989 and amendments therein.

every person engaged in generation, processing, treatment, package,

storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, offering for sale, transfer of the

36

hazardous waste or occupier of the facility shall get authorization from the State

Pollution Control Board. A record of Authorization granted by the Gujarat Pollution

Control Board over the Years is given in Table 4.1.

Table 4-1 : Authorization Granted under Hazardous Waste Regulations as Amended from time to time

SR. No. Year Authorization Granted (including renewals)

1 1990-91 2

2 1991-92 163

3 1992-93

478

4 1993-94 249

5 1994-95 112

6 1995-96 203 7 1996-97 383 8 1997-98 604

9 1998-99 518

10 1999-2000 241

11 2000-01 221

12 2001-02 105

13 2002-03 1133

14 2003-04 995

15 2004-05 3517*

16 2005-06 1563*

17 2006-07 ** 635*

18 2007-08** 464 19 2008-09** 359

20 2009-10** 403

21 2010-2011** 593 Source: Hazardous Waste Inventory as on 31.08.2007 – Gujarat State by GPCB

NOTE: * From the year 2004-05, GPCB introduced the system of consolidated consents and authorization system (CCA)

which provided the facility of application, processing and clearance of the consents under Water Act, Air Act and

Authorization under Hazardous Waste Rules in one go granted for a period of 5 years and the same is reflected in

sudden increase in number of authorizations granted

** Source: GPCB Annual Reports

37

Looking at distribution of the industrial units producing hazardous wastes in Gujarat,

72 percent of the total industrial units contributing to hazardous wastes come from 5

districts, Ahmedabad (24 percent), Surat (16 percent), Valsad (13 percent), Bharuch (10

percent) and Vadodara (7 percent). These districts also house about 80 percent of the

Red Category units in the state. For district wise details refer Annexure VI.

Figure 4-1: District wise Hazardous waste generating units – 2007

Source: Hazardous Waste Inventory as on 31.08.2007 – Gujarat State by GPCB

4.1.2 Generation

Hazardous waste can be broadly classified into three categories, Incinerable, Recyclable

and Landfillabe. Table 4-2 shows that as in 2007 total Hazardous Waste generated in

the State of Gujarat amounts to 1.767 Million Metric Tonne/Annum. Out of which 64

percent of waste was landfillable, 30 percent was recyclable and meager 6 percent was

incinerable.

Table 4-2 : Total Hazardous Waste Generated in Gujarat

2006 2007

No. of units generating HW 5739

Total HW generation in MMTPA 1.276 1.767

Incinerable in MMTPA 0.106 (9per cent) 0.106 (6per cent)

Recyclable in MMTPA 0.375 (29per cent) 0.524 (30per cent)

Landfillable in MMTPA 0.795 (62per cent) 1.137 (64per cent) Source: Hazardous Waste Inventory as on 31.08.2007 – Gujarat State by GPCB

38

District wise figures of hazardous waste generation suggest that for the year 2007, out

of total hazardous waste generated, 70 percent was contributed by four districts,

Bharuch (26 percent), Ahmedabad (19 percent), Kutch (15 percent) and Vadodara

(10per cent).


Region wise analysis shows that Central Gujarat contributes maximum to the extent of

62 percent of total hazardous waste generated for the year 2007, followed by Kutch and

Saurashtra with 15 percent and 14 percent share respectively. Saurashtra and North

Gujarat have insignificant share of 5 percent and 4 percent of contribution respectively.

For the details of total hazardous waste generated in different districts of Gujarat see

Annexure VII.

Figure 4-2 : Average waste Composition of Hazardous Waste

39

Figure 4-3 : Total Hazardous Waste Generated in MMTPA for year 2007


Looking at the district wise & category wise generation, it becomes clear that districts

located in the golden corridor (Ahmedabad to Valsad) having maximum industrial

activities have much higher waste generation than other districts (see Figure 4.3). For

district wise details of category of hazardous waste generation in Gujarat (see Annexure

VIII).

Figure 4-4 : District wise Generation of Hazardous Waste as on 2007


40

Waste generated in Central Gujarat South Gujarat and Kutch is mainly landfillable in

nature, whereas Saurashtra and North Gujarat have higher proportion of recyclable

waste.

Table 4-3 : Category wise Hazardous Waste (MTAP) Generated in different Regions of Gujarat (2007),

Region Landfillable Recyclable Incinerable TOTAL

Central Gujarat 630057.19 (57) 377844.22 (35) 89709.42 (8) 1097610.85 Kutch 252998.5 (97) 5339.77 (2) 1394.5 (1) 259732.856 North Gujarat 32749.33 (44) 39438.65 (53) 2268.38 (3) 74456.374 Saurashtra 25620.36 (32) 51849.05 (64) 3433.97 (4) 80903.385 South Gujarat 195648.11 (77) 49755.14 (20) 9702.52 (3) 255105.786 Total 1137073.50 (64) 524226.85 (30) 106508.88 (6) 1767809.253 Source: Hazardous Waste Inventory as on 31.08.2007 – Gujarat State by GPCB Note: Figures in parenthesis are percentage to total in each region

Figure 4-5 : Composition of Hazardous Waste Generated in Gujarat


4.1.3 Sector Wise Contribution in the Generation of Hazardous Waste:

About one third of the hazardous waste generated in the State comes from

miscellaneous sources and cannot be classified by industrial sector. However Dye, Dye

Intermediate and Pigment is the single sector that contributes most in terms of

generation i.e. 26 percent, followed by Engineering and Metallurgical sector which

41

contributes almost 8 percent. Other significant contributors are Pesticides, Textiles,

Solvents, Petrochemicals and Oil Refineries.

Table 4-4 : Sector Wise Contribution in Generation of Hazardous Waste in Gujarat (2007)

Sr No Sector Hazardous Waste Generation MTPA, 2007

per cent Hazardous Waste Generation MTPA, 2007

1 Miscellaneous 564501.91 31.92 2 Dyes / Dye- Intermediates & Pigment 454459.59 25.70 3 Engineering & Metallurgical 135221.36 7.65 4 Drugs / Pharmaceuticals 119352.53 6.75 5 Pesticides 108940.77 6.16 6 Textile 96620.53 5.46 7 Production / use of solvents 85382.26 4.83 8 Petrochemicals / Oil refining / Processing 85021.98 4.81 9 Metal Surface Treatment 32111.02 1.82 10 Glues / Resins/ Paints / Plastic 24125.76 1.36 11 Chlor Alkalies 21059.79 1.19 12 Pulp & Paper 19761.04 1.12 13 Acid Production 12782.37 0.72 14 Fertilizer 4871.46 0.28 15 Asbestos or ACM 2882.15 0.16 16 Electronics Industries 1432.88 0.08 17 Leather tanneries* 1.86 0.00 18 Phenol 0.00 0.00

Total 1768529.25 100.00 Source: Hazardous Waste Inventory as on 31.08.2007 – Gujarat State by GPCB *As in 2012 there are no functional leather tanneries in Gujarat

4.1.4 Treatment and Disposal Options

Recycling, Treatment and/or Disposal of Hazardous Waste can be broadly classified into

four categories as depicted in figure 4-6. The description of each category is as follows:

42

In – House recycling/ recycling by

Registered Recyclers: If an industrial

unit plans to recycle the hazardous waste

either in house or as a recycler, as per the

Hazardous Wastes (Management,

Handling and Transboundary Movement)

Rules, 2008 items listed in schedule IV

are allowed to be recycled. Every person

desirous of recycling or reprocessing the

hazardous waste specified in Schedule – IV should make an application in the Form V

accompanied with Consent to Establish by GPCB, Certificate of registration issued by

District Industries Center or any other Government agency authorised, proof of installed

capacity of the plant and machinery issued by district industries center, and in case of

renewal, certificate of compliance of effluent from the GPCB or Zonal office of CPCB. The

authorization granted is valid up to five years. The details of registered recyclers are

presented in following sections.

Co-processing: It is a concept in

which hazardous waste generator /

Facility operator and Cement/Steel

Industry can use waste as an

alternative fuel/raw material in

environmentally sound manner. In

recent years there have been efforts of

co-processing in cement industries

and substantial increase is seen in

quantity of waste being co-processed.

Recycling by registered recyclers:

Figure 4-6 Treatment and Disposal Options of Hazardous Waste

Figure 4-7: Hazardous Waste Co-Processed in various Cement Plants in Gujarat

Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012

43

As on March, 2012 a total number of 117 recycling units were granted authorization

under the Hazardous Waste (Handling, Management & Transboundary) Rules, 2008 in

the state of Gujarat. Out of total units, 62 per cent units are recyclers of non-ferrous

hazardous waste, 26 percent are of waste/used oil and rest units are recycling lead

based wastes.

Table 4-5 : Details of registered recyclers and Installed Capacity (2012)

Sr.No.

Type of waste recycled

Total Number of Authorized Units

Installed Treatment Capacity

1 Non Ferrous (MTPA) 73 247090

2 Waste/Used Oil (KLA) 30 173238

3 Lead based (MTPA) 14 51090 Total 117


Figure 4-8 : Authorized Recycling units and installed Capacity in Gujarat (2012)


Looking at non-ferrous recycling units, Jamnagar district has maximum registered

recyclers (28 units) which accounts for 25 per cent of total recycling capacity for non-

ferrous hazardous waste in the state. (see Figure 4-9)

44

Figure:4-9 - Number of Recycling Units and Installed Capacity of recyclers of Non-Ferrous Hazardous Waste (2012)


For recycling of waste/used oil, total 30 units across the state are granted authorization

with total installed capacity of 1.73 lack kilo liters per annum (KLA). Ahmedabad

district houses 42 per cent of the total installed capacity with 17 units, followed by

Bhavnagar district with 14 per cent and Vadodara district with 14 percent of total

installed capacity. (see Figure 4-10)

Figure: 4-10 – Number of Recycling units & Installed Capacity of Recyclers of Waste/Used oil (2012)

Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board. 2012

45

While, in case of recycling of lead based hazardous waste, Vapi district has a major share

of 37 percent of total installed recycling capacity followed by Rajkot (20 per cent),

Jamnagar (14 per cent), and Surat (10 per cent). (see Figure 4-10)

Figure: 4-11 - Number of Recycling Units & Installed Capacity of recyclers of Lead based Hazardous Waste (2012)


As per available details from the year 2008 to 2012, a total of 1.06 lakh tones of

hazardous waste has been recycled. For the last year (2011-12) total waste recycled in

different categories are: non-ferrous waste 5405.286 MT, lead based hazardous waste

932.396 MT and around 33480.79 KL of waste/used oil. For details of installed capacity

and waste recycled over the last four years, refer Annexure IX.

Treatment storage and disposal facility

As per the Section 18 of the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and

Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008, The State Government, Occupier, or Operator

of a facility or association of occupiers shall identify sites for establishing the facility for

treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes in the state. The operator of

Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) shall maintain the records of

hazardous wastes handled by the facility the same is discussed in following sections.

TSDF (Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility) is a centralized unit facilitating member

units to dispose off their waste. While land filling is generally practiced at TSDFs,

Incinerators are being used to treat the waste which is incinerable in nature. There are a

46

few industrial units having captive hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility

which consists either or both of the storage and disposal facility and incinerators. List of

Common TSDFs with their capacity and type of waste received is given in Annexure X.

Figure 4-12 : Hazardous Waste Treated & Disposed by TSDF over the Years


From 2008-09 to 2011-12, a total of 22.64 lakh Metric Tonnes of hazardous waste was

treated/disposed out of which almost 92per cent was landfillable and 6.6per cent was

incinerable, while 0.9per cent was landfillable after treatment and 0.6per cent was co-

processed. (GPCB, 2012). Besides co-processing at TSDFs, there is co-processing

happening in cement industries. Chemical gypsum generated from neutralization

process in chemical industries is widely used as raw material in cement industry which

otherwise used to get landfillled in TSDFs. This gets reflected in stagnation in

landfillable waste in last two years as shown in the Figure 4-12.

Figure 4-13 – Common Incinerator at Kutch Figure 4-14 TSDF at Bharuch

47

Source: GPCB, 2012

Figure 4-15: Location of TSDFs in Gujarat as on March 2012


Figure 4-16 : Hazardous Waste Treated in different Districts of Gujarat for the year 2011-2012 (MTPA)


48

As the Figures 4.16 shows that co-processing is done at the TSDF situated in Surat ,

which amounts to 18092 Metric Tonnes for the year 2011-12, while in majority of

TSDF, waste received and treated is of landfillable nature, and the same is reflected in

time series data given in Annexure X.

Table 4-6 District wise TSDF in Gujarat as of 2012

District No of TSDFs

Capacity 2011-12

Incinerable Co -Processing

LAT* Landfillable

Ahmedabad 2 1998535.00 0 0 0 150793.65 Vadodara 1 425000.00 1426.60 0 0 30498.99 Bharuch 1 2301404.00 18033.19 ---- 0 175954.49 Surat 1 3500000.00 17772.00 18092.00 71 37154.00 Vapi 1 654300.00 0 0 0 139894.75 Bhavnagar 1 61000.00 ** 0 6194.505 56.17 Kutch 1 128000.00 10815.25 0 0 42153.96 Total 8 9068239.00 48047.05.93 18092.00 6265.51 576506.02

66139.05


*=Landfillable After Treatment (Treatment = stabilization of the semi liquid hazardous waste into Solid ) **=TSDF at Bhavnagar does not have incinerator. It receives 792.59 MTPA hazardous waste of incinerable nature and sends it to other incinerator for its treatment.

All the 4 common incinerators available are located within TSDFs as listed below. Out of

four common incinerators, one incinerator at Palsana is closed since year 2010 and

stores the incinerable waste and treats some in co-processing units. For time series

data of waste received & treated in common incinerators refer Annexure XI.

Table 4-7 Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators in Gujarat (2012)

Sr No. Common Incinerator Name

2011-12

No of Members

(Waste Received) Incinerable / Co-processing

1 Nandesari Environment Control Limited 377 1426.604 2 Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure ltd 335 18033.19

3 M/s. Gujarat Eco Textile Park, Palsana, Surat Gujarat Enviro Protection & Infrastructure

92 17772.00 / 18092.00

49

Ltd. Gabheni, Surat, (at present Closed)

4 Saurashtra Enviro Projects Pvt. Ltd 464 10815.25 Total 1268 66139.05

Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012 Apart from Common TSDFs, there are total 16 Captive Hazardous Waste Treatment and

Disposal Facilities and 72 Captive Incinerators in Gujarat. The breakup of captive

incinerators is as under:-

(1) Organic chemicals industries =45

(2) Pharmaceutical = 11

(3) Pesticides Sector=16.Groundwater Quality near Treatment Storage Disposal

Facilities

CPCB carried out ground water quality monitoring in and around two TSDF sites located

in Gujarat in order to assess the status of groundwater quality. The groundwater quality

studies at TSDF GEPIL, Surat reveals highest COD and TDS values as 164 mg/l and

37962 mg/l respectively.

The groundwater quality at TSDF BEIL, Ankleshwar reflects maximum concentration of

COD, TDS and hardness as 22 mg/l, 1910 mg/l and 523 mg/l respectively. The

concentration of other parameters viz. TKN, NO3-N, and NH3-N were also found elevated

in the ground water. The COD value measured in the leachate wells of BEIL TSDF,

Ankleshwar was as high as 20794 mg/lit, however this leachate is being collected and

treated at Common Effluent Treatment Plant. (CPCB, 2008-09)

4.2. Status of Effluent Treatment in Gujarat In view of the key role played by SSI units and the constraints in complying with

pollution control norms individually by these units, the Ministry of Environment and

Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India initiated a technical and financial support scheme to

promote common facilities for treatment of effluents generated from SSI units located in

industrial clusters (CPCB, 2005). Till 1990, only one CETP at Jeedimetla, Hyderabad was

in operation. The report further elaborates that under the Common Effluent Treatment

Plant (CETP) financial assistance scheme, 50per cent subsidy on project capital cost,

50

25per cent share each of Central and State Governments was provided. For the rest 50

percent, provision was made so as the units can raise loan up to 30 percent of the

project cost and rest 20per cent of the project capital cost was borne by SMEs.

As a result, 88 CETPs having total capacity of 560 MLD have been set up throughout

India covering more than 10000 polluting industries. In the year of 2005 State of

Gujarat had 16 numbers of CETPs amounting to 18.2per cent of total CETPs available in

the country, where as combined capacity as percentage of total capacity amounted to

28.2 percent; which was highest in the country (CPCB, 2005).

As per the latest figures available there are total 28 operational CETPs in Gujarat with

total treatment capacity of 490.85 MLD with 5636 member units2

. Treatment schemes

of almost all the CETPs employ primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary

(filter) system is also employed in most of the schemes. (CPCB, 2005)

Figure 4-17 : CETP at Vatva (The Green Environment Services Co-op.Society Ltd.)

Source: http://gescsl.com/?page_id=13

2 The volume of wastewater generated and treated by industrial units which are not members of CETPs and the industrial units which have captive ETPs is not available.

51

Figure 4-18 : CETP at Odhav (Odhav Enviro Project Ltd.)

Source : http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/newsletter/etp-nov-2000/nov2000some.htm

Table 4-8 Status of CETPs in Gujarat (As on March 2012)

Sr No District No of CETPs No of Members Total Installed Capacity (MLD)

Daily Input (MLD)

Mode of reception of effluent

Discharge Point

1 Ahmedabad 11 1423 27.25 24.1

Network Of Pipeline (7), Tankers & Pipeline (2), Tankers (2)

River Sabarmati after mixing with sewage(6), Land (2), Reused(2), Evaporated (1)

2 Surat 5 401 310.500 250.25

Network Of Pipeline (4), Tanker(1)

Kadodara Khadi, Bhedwad Khadi, Khadi, Estuary of River Mindhola (2)

3 Rajkot 4 1319 7.15 7.073 Open Drains (2), Tankers (2) Land

4 Bharuch 3 1358 62.800 42.4

Tankers (2), Network of Pipeline (1) Deep Sea

5 Vadodara 2 266 7.750 3.34 Tankers (2) Estuary of River Mahi (2)

6 Gandhinagar 1 47 0.400 0.12 Tankers and Pipeline Land

7 Junagadh 1 68 5.000 1 Network of Pipeline Sea Creeks

8 Valsad 1 754 70.000 60 Network of Pipeline

Estuary of River Damanganga

Total 28 5636 490.85 388.28 Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012

Discharge points of CETPs are river, estuary, deep sea, sea creeks and open land. It is

observed that there is a gap between the total installed capacity of CETPs and daily

input reaching the plants and thus CETPs are not fully utilized as per their installed

capacity. This can be attributed to provision of higher designed capacity to

accommodate future requirements. Member units are not operating at full capacity or

member units are treating effluents within premises moreover few industries are

having their captive effluent treatment plants.

Figure 4-19: Location of Functioning CETPs in Gujarat (as on March 2012)

Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012 Note: Refer Annexure XII for Number & Address of CETPs Trend over last four years suggest that total numbers of CETPs , member units and

treatment capacity has increased steadily (see Figure 4.19). In the year 2012 total

capacity has increased to 1.5 times of that in year 2011. The increase in capacity can be

attributed to addition of 3 new CETPs, 1 in Ahmedabad and 2 in Surat with total

capacity of 161.05 MLD. Whereas the increase in CETP capacity during 2008 to2011

was mainly due to augmentation or expansion of existing CETPs and marginally due to

new CETPs.

54

Figure 4-20 : Number of CETPs and Member Units in Gujarat & Total Capacity of CETPs in Gujarat

Source: GPCB, 2012 Regional analysis shows that almost 78 percent of total treatment capacity in year 2012

is located within South Gujarat, followed by 20 percent in Central Gujarat and 2 percent

in the Saurashtra. Kutch and North Gujarat do not have any presence of CETPs.

Figure 4-21: Total Treatment capacity & Total Members of CETPs in Gujarat (2012)

Source: GPCB Annual Report 2010-2011 Out of total 5636 units connected with all the 28 CETPs across Gujarat in the year 2012,

majority of the units are from Central Gujarat, with a share of 55per cent, followed by

Saurashtra with 25per cent share and South Gujarat with remaining 20per cent.

This could be attributed to more than half of small scale industries of state located in

central Gujarat.

55

Total inflow in the above CETPs amounts to 388.28 MLD. Details of Discharge Locations

of all the CETPs mentioned above are as follows:

Table 4-9 Discharge of Treated effluent from CETP - 2012

Discharge Locations Quantity (in MLD) Quantity in Percentage

Discharge into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea

356.99 91.94

Discharge in river after mixing with sewage*

22.30 5.74

Discharge on Land 8.27 2.13 Reuse/ Self Consumption 0.55 0.19 Evaporated 0.17 Total 388.28 100

Source: Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012 *Total discharge from CETPs along with effluent from industrial units in Narol which are not members of CETP amounting to around 100 MLD gets mixed with treated sewage of about 1075 MLD and after dilution, finally gets discharged into river Sabarmati, GPCB 2012

As shown in the Table 4.9, out of total discharge 91.94 per cent is disposed into

Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea, almost 5.74 percent into River (after mixing with sewage)

and 2.13 per cent on land. Evaporation and/or Self consumption as reuse constitutes

insignificant amount of mere 0.19 per cent of total treated effluent discharged. Also,

over last five years quantity of wastewater discharged into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea

has doubled. Refer Annexure XII for details. About 80per cent of the total treated

effluent is discharged from South Gujarat, followed by Central Gujarat (18 percent), and

Saurashtra (2 percent). Details of the same are shown in Table 4.10.

Table 4-10 Discharge of Treated Effluents from Various Regions of Gujarat

Region Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea

River Land Evaporated /Self Consumed

Total

Saurashtra 1.00 0.00 7.07 0.00 8.07 Central Gujarat 45.73 22.30 1.20 0.73 69.96 South Gujarat 310.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 310.25 Total 356.99 22.30 8.27 0.73 388.28


56

Looking at the receptors, South Gujarat as well as Central Gujarat discharge treated

effluents into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea. South Gujarat discharges almost 70 percent of

the total treated effluent from CETPs into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea, while Central

Gujarat discharges almost 65 percent of the total treated effluents from CETPs into

Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea. A total of 8.27 MLD of treated effluents are discharged in

open land, 85 percent of which are being discharged from CETPs of Saurashtra region

and rest in Central Gujarat.


Apart from CETPs, there are significant numbers of industrial units having their own

treatment facilities, i.e. Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs). Recent figures suggest that the

total number of effluent treatment plants installed and commissioned up to March 2012

is 6813. There has been an increasing trend in ETPs during 2008 and 2012. A total of

1240 ETPs have been installed in Gujarat within a span of five years (see Figure 4.24). It

will be useful to maintain state level database of treatment capacity and treatment

quality for these ETPs to get an idea about total wastewater generated and treated by

the state.

Figure 4-22 : Treated Effluent Discharged into Sea

Figure 4-23 : Treated Effluent Discharged into River

57

Figure 4-24 : Total Numbers of ETPs in Gujarat

Source: GPCB Annual Reports (2007-08 to 2010-11)

4.2.1 Quality of Treated Effluent (CETPs):

Part A of the Schedule VI of the Environment Protection Rules, 1986 laid down general

standards for discharge of Effluents. Standards are laid down separately according to

the receiving bodies like Inland Surface Water, Public Sewers, Land for Irrigation and

Marine Coastal Environment. (see Annexure XIII for the standards).

CPCB conducted a survey in 2005 for performance evaluation of all the CETPs across

India, which covered 15 CETPs of Gujarat. Out of 15 CETPs none were able to meet

the prescribed limits for general parameters of pH, BOD, COD, TSS & TDS, While 2

CETPs were found in compliance with pH, BOD, COD and TSS but not complying

TDS Standards. (CPCB, 2005)

The quality of the effluent discharged from various CETPs varies over a period of time.

Six parameters namely, pH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD & NH3 are analysed over the period of

past 3 years. Out of 28 functional CETPs, data regarding outlet effluent quality (yearly

average of parameters) are available for 21 CETPs only. Out of these 21 CETPs, one

CETP at Changodar has no discharge as they self consume the effluent and one at

Pandesara, Surat has been operational since 2011 and the data trend is not available.

Hence performance of 19 CETPs has been presented below. These CETPs are grouped

according to their discharge points. They are further categorized into Green, Orange and

58

Red for analysis purpose. Green Category means value of parameter of treated effluent

is maintained well within the prescribed limit for all the three consecutive years, while

performance category ‘Orange’ means, respective CETP has failed to maintain value of

outlet parameters for 1 or 2 years out of three and performance category ‘Red’ means,

CETP has failed to maintain outlet standard for all the three consecutive years.

CETPs Discharging into River

Figure 4-25 : pH Level Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River

Figure 4-26 : pH Level of Outlet Discharge into River

All the six CETPs discharging into river are maintaining pH of treated effluent well

within the prescribed limits for last three years.

CETP ID: 1. The Green Environment Services Co-op.Society Ltd. 244-251, Phase II, GIDC Vatva Ahmedabad

59

2. Odhav Enviro Project Ltd.,25, GIDC Odhav, Ahmedabad 3. Gujarat Vepari Maha Mandal Sahkari Udhyogik Vasahat Ltd., 181, GVMMS Industrial Estate,

Odhav, Ahmedabad 4. Odhav Green Enviro Project Association, 394, GIDC Odhav, Ahmedabad 5. Naroda Enviro Projects Ltd., 512-515, Phase I,GIDC Naroda,Ahmedabad 6. Narol Dyestuff Enviro Society, 1083 Near Vishal Textile Mill, B/h Narol-Court, Narol, Ahmedabad

CETPs Discharging into River Figure 4-27 : BOD Level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River

Figure 4-28 : BOD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River

All the six CETPs discharging into river fall into performance category ‘Red’ as far as BOD Levels of the treated effluent is concerned CETPs Discharging into River

60

Figure 4-29 : COD Level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River

Figure 4-30 : COD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River

COD levels in the treated effluent of all the six CETPs discharging into river fall into performance category ‘Red’.

61

CETPs Discharging into River Figure 4-31 : TSS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River

Figure 4-32 : TSS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River

CETP 2 (Odhav Enviro Project ) falls in the Green category and CETP 6 (Narol Dyestuff

Enviro Society )falls into Orange category as far as TSS levels in the treated effluent are

concerned. Rest falls within the red category, indicating that they have failed to

62

maintain TSS levels in treated effluent within the prescribed limit for all the three

consecutive years

CETPs Discharging into River Figure 4-33 : TDS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River

Figure 4-34 : TDS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Into River

All the Six CETPs discharging into river fail to maintain TDS levels in the treated effluent

within the prescribed limit for all the three consecutive years.

63

CETPs Discharging into River Figure 4-35 : NH-3 level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into River

Figure 4-36 : NH-3 (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into River

Three out of six CETPs (2,4 and 6) discharging into river have maintained NH3-N level in the treated effluent well within the prescribed limit.

64

As discussed earlier the discharge from CETPs and other non member units from Narol

is mixed with sewage before final discharge into river Sabarmati. Results of the samples

taken from 100 meter downstream of the final discharge point in the river Sabarmati (at

Miroli) indicates that concentration of BOD and COD has been considerably brought

down from their earlier levels at final CETP outlet after dilution with 1075 MLD of

sewage.

Figure: 4-37 – BOD Concentration in River Sabarmati near final discharge point

Mixing with sewage ensured

concentration level of BOD well

within the limit (100 mg/l)

except for the year 2009 as

evident in figure 4.37. Mixing

with the sewage has helped

achieve percent reduction of BOD

levels to almost 90 per cent on

an average.

Figure: 4-38 – COD Concentration in River Sabarmati near final discharge point

A reduction of 91 per cent had

been achieved over the years

because of dilution with sewage,

which ensured the COD

concentration at final discharge

point into river Sabarmati well

within the prescribed limit of

250 mg/l.



65

CETPs Discharging on Land Figure 4-39 : pH level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land

Figure 4-40 : pH Level of Outlet Discharge on Land

All the three CETPs discharging on land are maintaining pH of treated effluent well

within the limit.

CETP ID:

7. Bavla Eco Project. Sr No: 1440/P,Opp : Ganpati Boil Centre Ta. Bavla,Ahmedabad.

8. Vinayak Jal Sudhikaran Co.op. Soc. Ltd. C/o . Tirupati Agro Ind. At Bavla, Ahmedabad.

9. Kalol GIDC Industries Association, 65/66, GIDC Estate Kalol, Gandhinagar

66

CETPs Discharging on Land Figure 4-41 : BOD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land

Figure 4-42 : BOD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land

Out of three CETPs discharging on land, two are falling into performance category

‘Green’, and one in Kalol is falling in performance category ‘Red’, as far as BOD levels of

treated effluent is concerned.

67

CETPs Discharging on Land Figure 4-43 : COD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land

Figure 4-44 : COD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land*

* Discharge Standard not specified Though COD standards for discharge on Land for Irrigation/Plantation is not specified

in the rules, but taking the COD discharge standard for river to compare the variation,

COD levels in One CETP at Kalol falls into ‘Red’ category.

68

CETPs Discharging on Land Figure 4-45 : TSS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land

Figure 4-46 : TSS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land

All the three CETPs discharging their treated effluent on land are maintaining TSS limit

well below the prescribed limit.

69

CETPs Discharging on Land Figure 4-47 : TDS level of Treated Effluent Of CETPs Discharging on Land

Figure 4-48 : TDS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land

None of the CETPs discharging on land are meeting the standards as prescribed as far as

level of TDS in treated effluent is concerned and CETP No. 9 (Kalol) registers

exceptionally high values for all the three years.

70

CETPs Discharging on Land Figure 4-49 : NH3 level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging on Land

Figure 4-50 : NH3 (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge on Land

* Discharge Standard not specified

As far as level of Ammoniacal Nitrogen in treated effluent is concerned, discharge

standard of NH3-N for land are not prescribed but the figures show that it is well within

the level prescribed for discharge into surface water.

71

CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea Figure 4-51 : pH level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

Figure 4-52 : pH Level of Outlet Discharge into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

All the ten CETPs discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea are maintaining pH of

treated effluent well within the limit.

CETP ID: 10. Globe Enviro Care Ltd. [chemical units], PP 1, Off road no. 2, B/h Kay Tex Mills, GIDC Estate, Sachin, Surat 11. Sachin Enviro Infra Ltd., [process houses] P/2, GIDC Sachin, Surat 12. Palsana Enviro Protection Ltd., Kadodara, Surat 13. Enviro Infrastructure Co. Ltd. ECP Canal road, Umraya, Ta. Padra , Vadodara 14. Nandesari Environment Control Ltd., 519/P, GIDC Nandesari, Vadodara 15. Panoli Enviro Technology Ltd. 619, GIDC Estate, Panoli, Bharuch 16. Bharuch Eco-Aqua Infrastructure Ltd., (BEAIL), Ankleshwar 17. Enviro Technology Ltd., 2413/2414, GIDC Estate, Ankleshwar, Bharuch 18. Vapi Waste & Effluent Management Co. Ltd., 4807, Phase IV, GIDC Vapi, Valsad 19. Gujarat Eco textile park Pvt ltd, S.No 479,480, village Baleshwar, Ta. Palsana, Surat

72

CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea

Figure 4-53 : BOD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

Figure 4-54 : BOD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

Out of ten CETPs discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea , two (No. 10 and 11) are

falling into performance category ‘Orange’, four are falling into performance category

‘Red’(15,16,17 &18) and rest four ( 12,13,14,19) CETPs are in ‘Green’ category, as far

as BOD levels in the treated effluent is concerned.

73

CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea Figure 4-55 : COD level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

Figure 4-56 : COD (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

74

As far as the level of COD in treated effluent is concerned, all the CETPs discharging into

Sea fail to maintain the level except CETP No. 14 (Nandesari Environment Control).

Other CETPs are in Orange or Red categories as can be seen from the Figure 4.56.

75

CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea Figure 4-57 : TSS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

Figure 4-58 : TSS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

76

As far as the level of TSS in treated effluent is concerned, out of ten CETPs

discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea, one CETP No. 14 (Nandesari Environment

Control) had maintained TSS level well within the prescribed limit for all the three

consecutive years. Other CETPs are in red or orange category as can be seen from the

Figure 4.60.

CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea Figure 4-59 : TDS level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

Figure 4-60 : TDS (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea*

* Discharge Standard not specified; Standard for surface water discharge is taken.

77

Except for CETP No. 12 (Palsana Enviro Protection) and 19(Gujarat Eco-Textile) all units have TDS values far above the prescribed discharge standards. CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ Sea Figure 4-61 : NH3 level of Treated Effluent of CETPs Discharging into Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

78

Figure 4-62 : NH3 (mg/l) Level of Outlet Discharge Creek/Gulf/Estuary/ Sea

As far as level of Ammoniacal Nitrogen in treated effluent is concerned, four out of

ten CETPs discharging into Sea fail to achieve proper discharge standard while CETP

with No. 10 (Globe Enviro Care) falls into orange category and two CETPs 14

(Nandesari Environment Control) and 13 (Enviro Infrastructure) maintain NH3-N

level well within the prescribed limit. For rest of the CETPS, it is either not applicable

due to absence of Ammoniacal source or data is not available.

For Gujarat which is one of the most industrialized states with leading position in

waste generation and treatment infrastructure it is imperative to look at quality of

water with respect to other states. At a National level, Gujarat shows lower

percentage of violations with respect to parameters for water quality of Aquatic

Resources i.e. rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and ground water. The monitoring results

obtained during 2010 for all States and Union Territories were published by the

Central Pollution Control Board in its report “Status of water quality in India-2010”.

The analysis given in the above report in terms of violation (state with highest

violation has ranked one and so on) suggests that:

For the parameter Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in surface water, the position of Gujarat is

at number 13 with 6 per cent violation and for rivers Gujarat ranks 14th with per cent

violation of 4.3.

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With respect to the parameter pH, Gujarat is at the top along with other eleven states

with 0% violation in surface water and 1.2 % violation in rivers, indicating that the

critical parameter of pH is maintained throughout though there are large numbers of

complex chemical manufacturing clusters.

For the parameter BOD Gujarat stands at 16th position in surface water and 18th

position in Rivers with per cent violation of 25 and 19 respectively. In the case of

fecal coliforms and total coliforms state scores 9th with per cent violation of 11 and

19 respectively for surface water. Same is the case with rivers.

As far as water quality of the lakes is concerned, for the parameter Dissolved Oxygen

and pH Gujarat stands at number 10 with per cent violation of only 4, and 7

respectively. For parameter of BOD also, Gujarat ranks 10th with per cent violation of

24 per cent. For Fecal coliform and Total coliform, Gujarat scores 6th and 5th place

with 4 percent and 5 percent violation respectively.

4.3. Waste Management at Alang When the ship comes to Alang for demolition purpose, no hazardous materials in

loose form are allowed on-board, recyclable and hazardous wastes are expected to be

generated while dismantling. For the temporary storage of solid wastes

(Hazardous./Non-Hazardous.), separate storage rooms are provided at ship recycling

yard /plot. The recyclable wastes are sold out by the ship breaking units to the

registered recyclers while non-recyclable and hazardous wastes are disposed into

TSDF of G.M.B. at Alang which is currently operated by GEPIL. Similarly, the bilge

water waste is disposed at the GEPIL TSDF at Alang which in turn is transported to

GEPL facility at Surat for final treatment of the same. Upgradation of existing

Infrastructure is ongoing for (1) Expansion and up gradation of existing TSDF facility

(2) New Incineration plant with capacity of 5 MT/Day (3) New Bilge Water

Treatment Plant with capacity of 10 KLPD.

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Figure 4-63 – Hazardous waste generated at Alang

Infrastructure: Waste Management

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Upto Dec-11Waste Disposal MT

SLF Disposal Solidification/ Stabilisation Sent to Surat

3064.572

40.87

898.8620.05

265.32 917.305

Sent to Surat 5206.958 MTBILGE WATER

OILY RAGS

PAINT SLUDGE

PAINT CHIPS

RUBBER

THERMOCOL

Source: Gujarat Maritime Board (December 2011), Obtained from GPCB, 2012

Due to hazardous health effects of Asbestos its management is outsourced to

Industrial Hygiene Services (IHS), Baroda which is carrying Asbestos handling as per

National and International Guidelines. Since June-2010, IHS is anchoring and

managing asbestos containing material removal , handling , scrapping and packing

jobs for ships which are dismantled at Alang Ship Breaking Yard. The oil removal

process and its recovery and recycling is done by registered recyclers with GPCB.

4.4. Critically Polluted Industrial Clusters/Areas- The Case Studies

Ministry of Environment and Forest in 2010 has adopted a Comprehensive

Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) system evolved by the CPCB, for carrying out

and environmental assessment of 88 Industrial Clusters. The clusters are

characterized by the environmental quality at a given location following the

algorithm of source, pathway and receptor and aggregated CEPI. The CEPI indicates

severe adverse effects on environment and is also an indication of large percent of

population experiencing health hazards. On the CEPI scale, 43 such industrial

clusters, having CEPI greater than 70 on a scale of zero to 100, have been identified

as critically polluted based on the parameters related to incidence of pollution in

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water, land, ground water, and air. Among these 43 industrial clusters there are 6

industrial clusters which belong to Gujarat, in which Ankleshwer in Bharuch district

is most polluted industrial cluster among 88 industrial clusters which has been

assessed by CPCB (see Table 4.11).

Table 4-11 The CEPI Scores for Critically Polluted Industrial Areas / Clusters in Gujarat

AIR WATER LAND CEPI Ankleshwar 72 72.75 75.75 88.5 Vapi 74 74.5 72 88.09 Ahmedabad 62.75 58 58 75.28 Vatva 60 62 56 74.77 Bhavnagar 54.5 57.5 57.75 70.99 Junagarh 53.25 52.5 59.5 70.82

Source: Annual report , MoEF and CPCB, 2010 Two case studies namely Ankleswar and Vapi Industrial Estate has been presented in

the BOX- 1 & 2 respectively in order to understand the state of industrial

environment in terms of pressure, status, impacts and response of all the

stakeholders in improving the environmental quality of these clusters in recent

times.

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Box 1

A case study of Ankleshwar Industrial Estate (AIE) Ankleshwar Industrial Estate (AIE) is the largest chemical estate in Asia, covering an area of 16 square kilometers and housing nearly 700 units of industries manufacturing chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, bulk drugs, petroleum products, textiles, plastics, etc. It is situated on the Bombay-Delhi rail-road links taking full advantage of industrial infrastructure in terms of accessibility to market and raw materials. Status Out of 671 industrial units in AIE more than 98 percent are SSIs, and remaining are medium and large units(see Table 1). The plants in Ankleshwar process large quantities of basic chemicals, solvents, acids, and fuels to manufacture more than 25percent of Gujarat’s (5percent of India’s) output of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, pesticides, dyes, and intermediaries. Assuming the share of pollution is commensurate, AIE may be producing 5percent of India’s total chemical pollution in just 16 square kilometers (Vinish Kathuria and Thomas Sterner, 2005). Table 1:Distribution of Industries in Ankleshwar Industrial Estate (AIE) Large Medium Small Total

31 26 614 671

Source: Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Abatement Action Plan, GPCB, 2010 Pressure: According to latest report of CPCB(MoEF 2009-10), Ankleshwar has categorized as most polluted industrial cluster in Gujarat as well as in India (See Table 2). Among total industries 42 percent units are in highly polluting category and 68percent units fall under Red Category. Table 2: Highly Polluting Industries in Ankleshwar Industrial Estate (AIE) (17 Most Polluting Industrial Categories) Sector Large Medium Small Total Total 51 17 227 295 Source: Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Abatement Action Plan, GPCB, 2010 AIE has estimated that its members generate 45 MLD of liquid waste and 42,500 tonnes per annum of solid waste respectively (Jani, 2001). According to Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Abatement Action Plan, GPCB, 2010 initial treatment capacity of CETP in AIE was 1 MLD of raw effluent, and the current capacity of this CETP is 1.8MLD (in 2010). Table 3: Red Category Industries Ankleshwar Industrial Estate (AIE) (54 Red Categories) Category Large Medium Small Total Red 25 17 436 478 Source: Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Abatement Action Plan, GPCB, 2010 Even if we take effluent generation estimation of 2001(Jani, 2001) and capacity of CEPT in 2010 (GPCB, 2010), it is much lesser then needed. This shows urgent action on expansion and up -gradation of existing CETP. The immediate response of all the stakeholders is to augment the effluent treatment capacity in AIE.

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Impact: The impact of industrial pollution in AIE has been reported in a study of Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi and published in the Down to Earth edition of May 31, 2008. According to this report: “Groundwater in AIE is highly contaminated. The contamination is a result of more than 3,000 industrial units in the estate. Around 270 million liters of liquid waste and 50,000 tonnes of solid waste are generated annually. This often becomes a problem for people living in villages around the industrial estate because they depend on groundwater to meet their daily needs. Even crops growing on contaminated soil absorb the pollutants. The highest concentration of molybdenum was found 2,760 (ppb), whereas the WHO standard is 70 ppb. High concentration of chromium was linked to the pigment and pharmaceutical industry; lead was linked to fertilizer and paint industry and the highway (NH-8). Amla Khadi was among the major sources of the heavy metals. Other sources included effluent-laden channels, oil field areas and highways.” Response: There have been a lot of initiatives undertaken by state government and industrial association for creating better environmental infrastructure and educational facilities including the awareness programme in AIE in recent times. Following are some of the examples of such response so far in AIE: • Enviro Technology Limited – a CETP was established in 1986 having 1.8 MLD capacities and EC is obtained to increase the capacity to 3.5 MLD. According to Business Standards, Ahemdabad 8 August addition: the Carbon Oxygen Demand (COD) has been brought down significantly from 500 COD to the permissible limit of 250 COD. • Common incinerator of 2.5 MT/Hr capacity was erected in 2004 near TSDF site. • Closed pipeline conveyance from FETP to deep sea was completed in 2006. The capacity of FETP is of 60 MLD. • Disaster Prevention Management Centre (DPMC) which does many activities including running of prescribed courses of Industrial Safety and Environment Protection was established. • Ankleshwar Research & Analytical Infrastructure Limited was established in 2008. • AEPS ecology centre was established in 2009. • Library at United Phosphours Limited provides valuable research facilities and educational materials for industrial research and actions. Conclusion: State of environmental affairs is at cross road in the Ankeleshwar Industrial Estate in Gujarat. The environmental pollution into air, water and land has reached beyond critical limits and has impacted the natural resource base and human health negatively, as reported above. The small scale units are huge in number with potentially polluting industries. They are unable to take care of industrial pollution coming out of their respective units due to lack of financial and technical knowledge individually. However, there have been a few initiatives towards improving the environmental condition at AIE through active participation of industrial association of AIE, government agencies and other inter-governmental bodies. The AIE association can take a lead in mobilizing the resources and support system with the help of the other stakeholders. The Eco-city initiative of Kawasaki Industrial Estate in Japan is an example of environmental improvement in 1970s. One can adopt the similar process and proceed towards achieving the goals of eco-city and industrial symbiosis in this coastal city of Gujatrat.

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BOX -2

A case study of Vapi Industrial Estate (VIE) Vapi Industries Estate came into existence in 1967. There are around 759 industrial units covering an area of 1140 hectares. About 70 per cent of the industries are manufacturing chemicals such as dyes and dyes intermediates, pigments, pesticides, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The remaining 30 per cent are paper mills, packaging, engineering, plastic, textiles, food processing, printing ink and many other products’s manufacturing units. Industrial Break-up:

Type

Red Orange Green

Large 50 0 1 Medium 38 3 0 Small-scale 482 115 70 Total 570 118 71 Grand Total 759 Source: Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Abatement Action Plan, GPCB, 2010 About 75% industries are falling under Red Category (high pollution potential) and 15% industries under Orange Category (moderately polluted). Most of these industries are chemical and dyes and dyes intermediates small scale units. Impact In 2007 Blacksmith Institute’s report declared Vapi as one of the most polluted industrial places in the world. According to this report more than 50 industrial estates discharge heavy metals, pesticides, and chemical waste. Mercury in the groundwater is 96 times higher than WHO standards. Very high incidences of cancer and birth complications have been reported in the area. According to a report published in Down to Earth (2012), wherein CPCB in its interim assessment report 2012 has prepared CEPI for 82 industrial clusters in the country. CEPI of Vapi industrial estate has increased from 88.37 in 2009 to 90.75 in 2012. The CEPI levels of ambient air and water quality in Vapi industrial cluster have also increased. The CEPI level of ambient air has increased from 74 in 2009 to 76.50 in 2012 while that of water has increased from 74.50 in 2009 to 79.50 in 2012. However, the CEPI score for land has improved from 72.00 in 2009 to 71.75 in 2012. This is mainly because of the clearance of illegal dumps of solid hazardous waste by Vapi Waste Effluent Management Corporation Limited. Response

• A technical committee has been formed by GPCB that constitutes Board members and outside experts to discuss and decide upon the cases of the change of product mix and some typical applications from critically polluted areas.

• For vigorous and surprise monitoring, a specific vigilance teams has been formed under the leadership of senior officer of GPCB.

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• Industrial units are directed to set up multi effect evaporator for their concentrated waste water.

• Third Party monitoring of the entire industrial estate and CETP. • Board of Vapi Waste and Effluent Management Co Limited (VWEMCL) is taken over by the

State Government (GIDC). • Professional chief executive officer is appointed for VWEMCL. • VWEMCL has constituted a technical, disciplinary and audit committees for day to day

functioning. • Trial run for technological innovations at CETP to meet with discharge norms are going on. • Treatment units at CETP are upgraded.

Largest community waste exchange facility for segregation and collection of spent acid supply as raw material to different industries has been set up where Saleable Gypsum production on neutralization 300 tonnes/day is produced. FACCO technology is adopted for treating majority of refractive COD molecules. FACCO plant of 300 KL/day capacity is commissioned at CETP in January 2010. VWEMCL approached Environmental Genomics Division of NEERI, Nagpur for availability of bacterial cultures capable of improving the assimilatory capacity. And NEERI pilot plant is aimed to degrade the non-biodegradable COD and ammonical nitrogen through using NEERI - EGU consortia. Conclusion: It is evident from above discussion that though Vapi has figured in one of the most polluting industrial estate in India, along with Ankeleshwar, its recent effort has resulted in reducing land pollution. With the support of GCPC and other stakeholders working as network, it is likely that other environmental parameters would improve in due course of time. The various responses towards the environmental protection listed above are note worthy and will ensure better industrial environment in and around the estate.

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5. Gujarat State’s Response to Industrial Environment

The state of industrial environment in Gujarat has critically been perceived by the

scientific community, regulatory body and civil society members including

community at local, national and international level in recent times. This is because

of rapid industrialization policy adopted by the state in order to sustain high

economic growth of double digit and attracting foreign direct investment. Rapid

industrialization has also provided employment to large section of the society

thereby helped the state in reducing poverty to some extent in recent time. However,

it has also resulted in environmental pollution in certain critical locations which

needs immediate attentions of policy maker and planner to take corrective measures.

The previous section on industrial waste management has elaborately dealt with the

various environmental implications of hazards waste and industrial effluent due to

industrial activities. The recent trends of industrial investment leading to overall

growth of the sector, has also helped in taking certain industrial environmental

protections measures, however, there is a tremendous need and requirement of

industrial environment facilities and proper management control from all the

concerned stakeholders in the state. Few such initiatives towards industrial

environmental improvement adopted and initiated by the industries groups with the

help of Government of Gujarat and other bilateral agencies, have been taken up in the

state .

5.1. Industrial Environmental Management Initiatives in Gujarat

The Government of Gujarat has started promoting sustanaible environment

condition by reforming industrial policies. During 1980s and 1990s in order to

accelerate the industrial growth, industries availed with sales tax benefits under

various fiscal incentives. Pioneer units in the backward area were given capital

investment subsidy particularly to small and tiny industries, which has promoted the

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growth of SSI units in state. Some of the crucial things were added in subsequent

industrial policy, where technology up gradation and environment prevention were

promoted. Promotion of specific industries though private players for establishment

of industrial parks were given priority. Industrial Policy, 2009 has put more

emphasis on improving environmental infrastructure, promoting holistic

development, responding to changing domestic and global environment, which

added complete new dimension in sustainable industrial development in the state in

recent time.

5.2. State level environmental initiatives:

5.2.1 Policy, Planning and Management initiatives by GIDC Besides policy reforms the state government has undertaken planning and

management initiatives in industrial estates in the following ways.

• General development control regulation has been developed specially for SIR

regions, along with the detailed master plan.

• Regional development authority has been established in each SIR to look after

the physical planning and environmental issues through master plan and

zoning regulation.

• Common facilities to be provided in each industrial estate with separate

parking facility in up to 10 percent of the total area of GIDC estates.

• Environment Impact Assessment is made compulsory for upcoming industrial

estate.

• Tree plantation has been made compulsory for upcoming GIDC industrial

estates

• Recycle of waste for large industries is now mandatory

• Initiatives like road expansion, utility corridors improvement, provision of

drainage system have been taken for infrastructure improvement in old GIDC

estates.

• Initiatives for environment management improvement by increasing green

belt, providing solar systems in old GIDC has been undertaken.

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5.2.2 Institutional Building

Gujarat Cleaner Production Board (GCPB)

GCPB was established by Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) in

association with National Cleaner Production Center (NCPC) in 1998. Also,

Government took lead in setting up local Cleaner Production centre by CETP

companies, which would be networking with GCPC. Such centers are already

established at Naroda, Vapi and Vatva, and others are being considered to cater to

the need of their member units with respect to dissemination of information.

• Industrial Policy, 2009 announces financial assistance scheme for

implementing cleaner production measures.

• CP award has been instituted to encourage, appreciate and motivate

industries.

• GCPC is also functioning as Environment Information System on the subject

area of CP and industrial technology under World Bank assisted Environment

Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance project.

• Other environment benefits were also achieved though CP implementation

like water and energy, reduction in gaseous emission, elimination in

generation of spent acid, elimination of hazardous waste generation,

substitution of hazardous material into non hazardous material, improvement

in the working environment.(Jain B., 2009)

Department of Climate Change – Government of Gujarat

Gujarat has established a separate Department for Climate Change in year 2009

which is directly governed by the Chief Ministers’ Office. It is the 4th State Province

in the World to have a Department for Climate Change. This is a pioneering initiative

by Government of Gujarat that reflects that the issues of climate change are at the

forefront of governmental agenda. The department initiated preparation of a

comprehensive State Action Plan for Climate Change, under the National Action Plan

on Climate Change (NAPCC). Main objective of this initiatives is to give a human face

to environmental issues; empower people to become active agents of sustainable

development; promote an understanding that communities are pivotal to changing

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attitudes towards environmental issues; and advocate partnership, which will ensure

all citizens and people in Gujarat to enjoy a safer and more prosperous future.

Gujarat Energy Research & Management Institute (GERMI)

Gujarat Energy Research & Management Institute was established in 2010. The

objective is to carry research in the field of renewable energy and environment and it

also has an excellence in industrial learning. The institute has set up to develop

human resource assets to cater the petroleum sector, allied energy sectors as well as

other industry sector. It also aims to improve the knowledge base of policy makers

and technologists by offering intense research in various environment and energy

sector.

Centre for Industrial Area Planning & Management

In view of the rapid industrialization in the state, CEPT University in the year 2008,

with the support from Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC),

established a Centre for Industrial Area Planning & Management (CIAPM). The center

facilitates in imparting academic knowledge and skill development in the area of

industrial development, planning and management.

The Centre is envisioned to act as an important player/ stakeholder in the

development of industrial areas of Gujarat to ensure proper planning with requisite

infrastructure along with appropriate industrial environmental management. It shall

also function as a think tank to carry out research and documentation, impart

education and training and act as a consultative group so as to become state

Resource Centre in Industrial Development for Gujarat.

5.2.3 Performance Monitoring by Regulatory Body

Industrial environmental regulation and monitoring is carried out primarily by GPCP

along with the support of CPCB and other research organization established by

MoEF. However, due to huge industrial pressure monitoring to each and every

individual unit in the state becomes difficult as the numbers of industrial units

registered to GPCB are very large. A study conducted by CSE, 2009 reports that an

average number of inspections to industrial units carried by the technical staff in

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Gujarat is 35655 during 2001 and 2006. The report further elaborates that the

average inspection per year per industry in Gujarat works out to be only two while

average inspection per technical staff per year is reported to 380. This performance

itself indicates a heavy work load on the technical staff of the GPCP as compared to

other state pollution boards such as KSPCB, MPCB, OSPCB and CECB, as reported in

the above mentioned study. Regarding the inspection schedule provided by the

CPCB, the report further reveals that state boards have either an unrealistic or too

lenient inspection schedule, for example the ‘Red’ category industries are inspected

once in a month in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu while it is once in two years in West

Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.

Action against illegal dumping of hazardous waste

As reported in State of Annual Report, 2005, GPCB identified 22 illegal hazardous

waste dumping sites and had shifted 34,395.44 MT of hazardous waste lying on those

sites to various TSDFs. The only dumpsite which remains to be remediated i.e. ‘Hema

Chemicals’ in Vadodara city wherein chromium residue is accumulated/dumped

adjacent to the plant premises. However, at present due to rapid urbanization

numbers of resident colonies and commercial complexes are coming up in and

around those areas. GPCB has issued closure directives under section -5 of EPA-1986

for the closure of the unit and sealed the premises.

There have been 96 notices and 157 closure directions issued between 2008 and

2012 to defaulter industrial units under Environment Protection Act, 1986 by GPCB.

As per report published in Times of India, Ahmedabad edition dated 17th May, as

many as 1680 industrial units have been served closure notices while 2118 industrial

units have been given show cause notices for violation of Air, Water & Environment

Protection Acts in the state till date. Among these both closure and show because

notices issued, maximum number of show cause and closure notices were served to

the industries located in Ahmedabad.

5.3. Industry level initiatives: Industrial groups and major players have been able to initiate many industrial

environmental protection measures towards ensuring the cleaner production and

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sustainable industrial development in the state. The Table 5-2 summarises all such

initiatives undertaken by industrial units, with support from state government and

other bi-lateral agencies in the state. However these are not exhaustive list, there are

many examples of such industrial responses to pollution control measure undertaken

by various stakeholders, which might not yet documented or are not available with

the authors at the time of writing this report.

Table 5-1 Industry level initiatives

Initiatives Areas

Project Details Salient Features

Waste minimization waste management

Tracking Hazadous waste through XGN

• Module has developed IN eXtented Green node(XGN) regarding sysmtum though on line data. • List of registered industry and daily quantity by all TSDF being generated though XGN

Waste minimization at through co processing

• CPCB has developed guidelines 2010 for co processing of hazards waste in cement kilns. • During 2009-2010 approximately 13000 MT of waste has been co processed in the cement industries.

Waste minimization Ambuja Nagar:

• A liquid AFR handing, storage and feeding system has planted in Ambuja nagar, at Kodinar.

• Helps various type of liquid waste in cement kiln and substitute the consumption of fossil fuel.

Initiatives at Vatva

• Establishment of CETP with capacity of 16000 MLD, with biological process supplemented by electro- oxidation. • Establishment of common secure landfill facility, capacity of 11000 MT which is certified for ISO 9001:2008, 14001:2004

Waste water conveyance- ECP-first facility in India

• Establishment of Effluent Channel with of conveying capacity of 90,000 M3/day of treated water over distance of 55 Km in Gulf of Cambay.

Vapi- strides towards better

• The anaerobic treatment system has been commissioned,

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environment

• implement the pipeline project on treated effluent discharge • divert domestic effluent from Bil Khadi to CETP for further treatment

Achieving excellence in textile effluent treatment

• A power co-generation plant generating 35 MW power and stream for processing using Naphtha as fuel is set up. • Objective of this setup is to minimizing water consumption by recycling almost entire effluent.

Utilization of Ammonium Carbonate (Scrubber effluent) from CPC Blue Industry in MgCO3 Manufacturing Industry

• Initially, 17 CPC Blue manufacturing unit located at Vapi, Ankleshwar and Vatva cluster are consider for case-study. • Scrubbed Effluent generated i.e Ammonium Carbonate solution in this 17 units is @ 14390 MTA & it is required to be treated separately by them conventionally. • Magnesium Carbonate manufacturing unit are using Spent Ammonia as raw material and there are 30 nos of Magnesium Carbonate Manufacturing Units situated in Chitra cluster of Bhavnagar. • The Ammonium Chloride generated by MgCO3 manufacturing industry at Chitra Cluster is utilized by Soda Ash Industries for the recovery of Ammonia. • Approximately 21000 to 24000 nm3 /day Bio-gas(containing 60 – 62 % Methane) is produced daily.

Waste-to-Energy power Generation project, Kanoria Chemicals Industries Ltd, Ankleshwar

• Waste Heat Recovery System ( W.H.R.U.) has also been installed and about1700 Kg/hr (at 10Kg/Cm2 pressure ) steam generation takes place daily. • The Power plant is working since on average 68.5 to 72.3 PLF having average monthly generation of 1005000 units.

Hazardous Waste Management at Alang Sosia Ship Breaking Yard

GMB created a “ Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility” (TSDF) particularly for ship breaking sites, which is authorized by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board under the Hazardous Waste( Management & Handling) Rules.

Technology & process

Integrated APCM for Cupla

• Air Pollution Control System has been installed in 150 foundries of Ahmedabad.

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innovation and technology up gradation

base Foundries • 81-90per cent reduction in particular matter concentration. • 62-68per cent reduction in the temperature of flue gas • 12- 15per cent energy saving

Monitoring management planning

3Xtended Green Node supporting E governance

AhmedabadTextile processors association – working towards a better tomorrow

• Timely acceptance & disposal of industries & hospitals application • Monitoring and online live tracking of

transportation of hazards waste.

• Ahmedabad textile processors association (ATPA) has drawn out plans to check air and water pollution. • installation of bag filters in textile units and air pollution control measures and Effluent Treatment Plants(ESPs)

Environment management (Environmental Conservations & green initiatives)

Bio remediation of oily sludge by ONGC Mehsana:

Reforestation and plantation practices at Kovaya limestone mine:

• Remediation of 1500 tonnes of oil contaminated soil.

• After competition of the project hydrocarbon content in soil and other heavy metal content was in permissible limit.

• Out of total mining area of 953 hectares, 104

hectares is covered under plantation and other 20 hectares has been rehabilited through water storage.

• About 12 Lac CUM of rain water has been collected and utilized for dust suppression on haul roads & for plantation inside the mines.

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Sustainable environment management –The BEAIL story:

Greening efforts at reliance industries, Jamnagar:

Paryavaran Mandir, Naroda

Gas distribution project

• The pipeline assisted environmentally safe

disposal of treated water deep into sea keeping Narmada Astuarine zone and nearby area free of pollution.

• About 2200 acres of total area has been

covered by tree plantation. • On average 2595 trees per hectare has

planted against the statutory requirement of 1500 to 2000 trees per hectare.

• A waste Museum – a first kind in the country has also been established, which encourage industrial symbiosis to reduce dumping of waste.

• Reduction of 23,165,722 tCO2 emission by reducing fossil fuels through use of 57 MMSCMD gas in industrial sector(as on 2009)

Training and Awareness

Awareness Programme on “Environment & Hazard Management in Pharmaceuticals & Bulk Drug Industry” GPCB –Bulletin Awareness Programmes on Energy Efficiency. Training on Integration of Environment

• To bring in awareness and sensitize the pharmaceuticals sector on various aspects of environment , hazard management and technical know-how to the pharmaceuticals & bulk drug industry in identifying problems and gaps leading to a way forward in terms of implementation of solutions to reduce the associated environmental risks

• GPCB -Bulletin (Gujarat Pollution Control

Board) – Quarterly bulletin in Gujarati and English on pollution prevention and control

• To update industries with new technologies

and services relevant to Energy Efficiency. Knowledge about new funding mechanisms, financing structures and how to develop bankable energy efficiency projects is also given.

• FICCI and disaster management institute of

Bhopal. Occurrence of chemical accidents and probability of their manifesting in a chemical

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Planning with Chemical Disaster Risk Reduction & Preparedness Safety and Training Institute being run in Alang by GMB

disaster remains a cause of concern. Unlike emergencies caused due to natural disasters, which are difficult to prevent, chemical accidents can be prevented and their impacts minimized by better planning, preparedness and response.

• Safety Training and Labour Welfare Institute has set by GMB at Alang in 2003, which has so far trained more than 15,000 labour involved in all profiles of jobs in ship recycling. The training, undertaken by experts, covers fire-fighting, handling hazardous wastes and asbestos wastes, use and wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE) and others.

Source: Adopted form GOG, (2011) and Modi, (2007)

5.4. Initiatives Taken for Cleaner Production Energy Conservation Awareness Programmes

Energy Conservation Awareness Program have been conducted by GCPC at industrial

estates namely in Ahmedabad, Ankleshwar, Vapi, Rajkot and Surat. GCPC was

supported by Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) and Energy

Development Authority (GEDA) for this programme. A three day training program

was conducted at above industrial region, where industries were introduced to the

details of policies and tools for energy conservation and energy audit. An

understanding of scope of utilizing renewable energy was also identified during the

training programme.

Cluster Project

GCPC has helped ‘Dyes and Dye-intermediate’ cluster of Naroda GIDC in applying

certain cleaner production options under the Scheme for Assistance to Cluster

Development”. The results of this program are as follow.

• Technology up-gradation options for filteration, drying, sulphonation, and

reduction in COD.

• Fluid coupling to improve energy efficiency in industrial motors.

• Rainwater harvesting has been installed in several industrial units.

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• Common facility for cluster has been provided, which include spent sulfuric

acid concentration and reuse, gypsum recovery, common drying, R&D and

laboratory facility and electric workshop for cluster.

CP Demonstration Project

GCPC has carried out cleaner production demonstration projects for Pulp and

Paper industry, Electroplating, Hospital and Hotel. Under this program various CP

options are being suggested to industries. The implementation of CP solution

resulted in both financial and environmental benefits. Details of these benefits are

given in Table 5.2.

Table 5-2 Benefits to industrial units after CP demonstration

Type Of Industry Proposed Financial Benefits

Environmental Benefits

Pulp & Paper Sector

Investment(One time): Rs. 5.38 crores Saving: Rs.1.22 crores year

• Reduction in wastage of final product, which will be benefited in conservation of water, raw material, energy, time etc.

• Reduction in BOD, TSS & toxicity of wastewater, which reduces treatment costs.

• Reduction in quantity of effluent and so the cost of treatment.

• Plastic waste can be sold for recycling.

Electroplating Sector

Investment (One time) : Rs. 11.84 lakh Saving: Rs.11.42 lakh /year

• Reduction in pollution load, which reduces treatment costs.

• Reduction in ETP load, which reduces treatment costs.

• Recycle/Reuse of treated water in the process areas.

• Improvement in working environment.

Hospital Sector

Investment(One time) : Rs.1.1 crores Saving: Rs.56 lakh /year

• Reduces energy, water, & waste disposal costs.

• Reduction in air emissions which results in air quality improvement.

• Reduction in pollution and ETP load which reduces treatment costs.

• Improved health and safety. Hotel Sector

Investment: Rs. 94 lakh

• Quality of water improves. • Elimination of CO2, avoids

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97

Co-Processing of Waste

Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) has granted Authorization / Permission to M/s

Ambuja Cement, M/s Ultratech Cement, M/s Sanghi Cement Ltd. and M/s. Lafarge India

(P) limited Chhattisgarh for co-processing of different type of Hazardous Wastes in line

with regular permission accorded by CPCB. Approximately up to March 2012, 83000 MT

of Hazardous and Non Hazardous waste have been co-processed in the cement

Industries.

Sr No Name of Cement Plant

Waste Co-processed in Various Cement Plants in Metric Tons

2009-2010

2010-2011

2011-2012

1 Ambuja Cement Limited Kodinar Junagadh 1834.46 2710.675 10536.789

2 Ultratech Cement Limited - Kovaya 11742 16425 11153

3 Ultratech Cement limited Narmada - Jafrabad 2116.395 3208.16 3140

4 Gujarat Sidhee Cement Limited 0 0 16743

Total 15692.855 22343.835 41572.789 Besides, GPCB has also accorded Interstate NOC for Co-processing of Hazardous Waste at

Lafarge Cement Limited Chhatishgarh from M/s. Gujarat Narmada valley Fertilizers

Corporation Limited, Bharuch and M/s. Gujarat Enviro Projects Infrastructures Limited,

Surat for which regular permission is accorded by CPCB and about 7265.185 MT of waste

is Co-Processed in the Cement Plant.

Saving: Rs.55 lakh /year

stringent law implications. • Reduces disposal problems of food

waste.

98

Utilization of Ammonium Carbonate (Scrubber effluent) from CPC Blue Industry

in MgCO3 Manufacturing Industry

• 17 CPC Blue manufacturing unit located at Vapi, Ankleshwar and Vatva cluster were taken up for pilot.

• Scrubbed Effluent ( Ammonium Carbonate solution) generated in this 17 units is @ 14390 MTA & it is required to be treated separately by them conventionally.

• Magnesium Carbonate manufacturing unit use Spent Ammonia as raw material and there are 30 Magnesium Carbonate Manufacturing units situated in Chitra cluster of Bhavnagar.

• The Ammonium Chloride generated by MgCO3 manufacturing industry at Chitra Cluster is utilized by Soda Ash Industries for the recovery of Ammonia.

CPC Blue Industry (Ammonium Carbonate)

Scrubbed solution

Soda Ash Industry

Effluent Treatment Plant

MgCO3

Manufacturing Industry

(Raw material) replacement of Sea -

Beasten

Effluent Treatment Plant

Ammonium Chloride

Ammonium Chloride

Recovery of Liquor Ammonia

Triple stage Effluent Recycling System

Recycling System of CPC Blue, MgCO3 and Soda-Ash Industry

Source: GPCB, 2012

99

Spent Acid Bank and Gypsum washery Project at a Glance M/s. Novel Spent Acid Management Vatva, Ahmedabad

• Innovative concept of waste exchange.

• Comprehensive treatment of residual Effluent and generation of Gypsum

• Treatment of spent acid 1500 m3 per day for the cluster of Ahmedabad Region.

• Treated Spent Acid is sold to end users; more than 20per cent acid is being sold to the chemical industries, like H-Acid, FC-Acid and other Industries for reuse in productions and in textile industries leading to saving on the virgin acid.

• Segregation of saleable gypsum is sold to the • Cement Industry and thereby illegal Disposal /movement of Spent acid is avoided.


100

5.5. Initiatives at Alang

Comprehensive waste management plan is not prepared till now however, individual

plot holders have to statutorily submit Recycling Facility Management Plan (RFMP)

which includes management of waste disposal method to protect the environment

and safety measures for the workers prior to issue of Consolidated Consent and

Authorization. Details of number of authorization granted to individual plot holders

and number of RFMP sanctioned by GPCB are as follows:

Table 5-3 : Authorization Granted & RFMP Sanctioned at Alang over the years

Particulars 2006 2007 2208 2009 2010 2011 Total

No. of units Granted Authorization.

- 1 83 44 2 2 132

No. of units Granted RFMP - - - 131 - 1 132


It is expected that the ship breaking activities would cause environmental impacts,

the intensity of which would vary depending on several factors such as the quality

and quantity of wastes, the digestive capacity of receiving near shore seawater and

degree of ecological sensitivity of marine area. In response to that GPCB carried out a

study entitled ‘Impact of Ship Breaking Activities on Marine Ecology of the Coastal

Water of Alang’ in May, 2011 with technical assistance from National Institute of

Oceanography, Goa. The objectives of the study were to assess prevailing status of

water quality; sediment quality and flora and fauna of project area; to assess the

impact of pollution due to ship breaking activities on the coastal ecology of Alang;

and to estimate bioaccumulation of selected trace metals in the tissues of fishes

prevailing in the region.

101

Figure 5-1 – Water Sampling Stations at Alang for the Study

Source: (National Institute of Oceanography, 2011)

The coastal water of Alang was monitored in the pre-decided grid covering an area of

about 200 km2 at 25 stations including 3 stations for temporal assessment (12 hours)

and water samples were obtained from the surface as well as bottom, for depth

exceeding 3m, to analyze parameters like temperature, salinity, suspended solids

(SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, petroleum

hydrocarbons (PHc) and phenols. Apart from water sampling, sediment quality, flora

and fauna and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of fishes and prawns

prevailing in the region were studied.

The study concluded that in general the ecology of coastal water of Alang is seen

similar to that of surrounding area of Bhavnagar and Dahej. The adverse impact of

ship breaking activities on water quality, sediment quality and biological

characteristics was not significant except a certain intertidal region showing high

concentration of PHc and some metals. The results of bioaccumulation suggest that

the concentration of Hg was well below the permissible level. To confirm the impact

of ship breaking activities on the ecology of Alang, a long term monitoring is

essential. For details refer report number NIO/SP-41/2010 (SSP 2007) by National

Institute of Oceanography Goa.

102

6. Conclusion

Industrial development in Gujarat has been looked very critically, despite the state

being one of the fastest growing states in India. Manufacturing sector is not only

growing faster than other industrial and primary sectors, but has also been

contributing substantially (about 1/3rd) to the state economy in recent times. Recent

trends of structure and pattern of industrial development show that the state has a

biased preference towards large scale and mega industrial cluster development. The

new destinations for such industrial expansions are undertaken in the most fragile

environmental or ecologically critical areas of state such as Saurashta, Kutch and

North Gujarat. Suarashtra now joins the league of most polluting industries group list

with South and Central Gujarat. The recent trend in location of Red Category

industries shows substantial increase in Saushtra’s share compared to other regions,

however, Green Category industry are also being registered in high proportion in this

region in recent past. One can infer that industrial pressure on environment is likely

to increase in these (Saurashtra and Kutch) regions like that of the entire Golden

Corridor of South and Central Gujarat.

The rapid industrialisation process has resulted in environment degradation at few

selected locations due to lack of technical know-how, financial constraints and a

weak institutional mechanism promoting the cleaner productions in the state (CSE,

2009). Environmental burden due to industrial externalities in terms of industrial

waste- hazardous, solid and liquid waste has reported to be at elevated levels in the

few locations in the state. Some of the industrial estates are being critically polluted

and joins the most polluted industrial areas in India (MoEF, 2011).

The hazardous waste inventory for Gujarat state will be prepared in 2012 as per the

Supreme court guidelines, till then the latest available information is for year 2007

(Refer GPCB, 2007). As reported in CPCB, 2009 Gujarat generated about 11.07 Lakh

TPA of hazardous waste out of which about 43 percent (4.8 lakh TPA) is treated,

stored, disposed by 8 TSDFs and 4 Incinerators. Thus there was a deficit in the waste

handling capacity to the tune of 60 per cent (6.6 lakh TPA).

103

Gujarat also generates maximum quantity of hazardous waste which is about 28.76 per

cent of the total hazardous waste generation being generated in the country. It also

contributes maximum towards land disposable waste at about 40.58 per cent of the total

land disposable waste in the country (CPCB, 2009). This calls for a step towards

reduction in land disposable waste in the state by encouraging recycling and co-

processing. Efforts have been initiated in this direction and the last three years have seen

substantial capacity addition in co-processing to the tune of about 18092 TPA. However

this is just about 2.8 percent of the total hazardous waste treated capacity in the state and

needs further leapfrog augmentation.

It is observed from the summary of results shown in previous sections that of the

total 19 CETPs studied, None of the 6 CETPs discharging into river Sabarmati

complied with the prescribed limits for general BOD, COD, TSS, TDS for all the three

years3

. For 3 CETPs discharging on land only Kalol CETP does not comply with

prescribed limits for BOD, COD and TDS. Whereas out of 10 CETPs discharging into

Creek/Gulf /Estuary/ only 4 comply consistently with the prescribed limits for BOD

and only 1 for COD ,TSS, TDS and 2 Ammonical Nitrogen.

The treatment efficiency (percentage reduction in pollution load at outlet of CETP as

compared to inlet of CETP) varies from 3.7 to 97.3 per cent (see Annexure III), the

compliance with respect to prescribed limits is low, this could be attributed to high

level of pollution load at the inlet itself and inability of CETPs to take care of these

high loads. As CPCB 2005 study points out this could be attributed to various

shortfalls right from designing stage to operational stage of CETPs. Influent

characteristics and hydraulic load are not representative of actual design criteria.

This has happened mainly due to improper database and industries were not

responsive in database preparation at design stage of CETP. Also frequent change of

product particularly in small-scale sector is another serious problem in maintaining

influent characteristics as per design criteria of CETP. Lack of proper treatability

study of influent and absence of modular design for proper handling of variable

hydraulic load in some CETPs are some of the reasons for such a state of

environment near CETPs site.

3 After dilution with sewage these are within prescribed limits as discussed in section 4.2.1

104

The state so far has been responding to environmental burden resulting out of the

industrial pressure, however, a comprehensive industrial environmental protections

plan containing various strategies to link the industrial environment into economic

development may be formulated in the state. Such initiative has been undertaken in

China recently under their Circular Economy concepts integrating environmental

protections with industrial and economic development. Circular Economic Policy in

China aims to integrate economic, environmental, and social strategies to achieve

high resource efficiency as a way of sustaining improvement in quality of life within

given natural and economic constraints. It focuses on resource-use efficiency and

integrates cleaner production and industrial ecology in a broader system

encompassing industrial firms, networks or chains of firms, eco-industrial parks etc.

It also aims for optimum production, optimized consumption, and minimum waste

generation in a given economy.

Some of the pioneering initiatives have been undertaken by the state in

environmental protections by means of combating and reducing the industrial

pressure in terms of handling industrial waste and promoting green initiatives at

industrial estate and unit levels. Promotion of Cleaner Production through

establishment of Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre by the GIDC has been a

noteworthy initiative ensuring clean production process in the state. The regional

and local Cleaner Production Centres are also encouraging small and medium scale

industrial units to adapt to the environmental compliance (Rathi, 2004). The state

environment regulatory body should focus more on the MSMEs for better complains

and monitoring which will helped reduce and eliminate pollution burden in the state.

Such initiative has been undertaken in Philippines wherein its European Chamber of

Commerce is organizing the first Philippine Energy Efficiency Forum together with

the Department of Environment in July 2010. A special program “SMART SMART

Cebu” designed to assist SMEs in the production of eco-friendly home and lifestyle

products by promoting clean production. Financial supports in terms of Bank loans

are being provided to private sector including SMEs aiming to significantly reduce

consumption of primary sources of energy (diesel, coal, and gas) and direct GHG

105

emissions, thereby contributing to mitigation while at the same time increasing the

competitiveness of companies/SMEs through resource efficiency.

Environmental awareness, capacity building through skill up-gradation, technical

and financial support etc must be the focus areas in the overall policy framework

aiming for industrial environment improvement in the state. Ensuring participation

of all the stakeholders should become the priority of the state government and

another nodal agencies working in the industrial environmental sectors in the state.

106

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