states or countries, nations, stateless nations, and nation-states
TRANSCRIPT
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States or Countries,States or Countries,Nations, Stateless Nations, and Nations, Stateless Nations, and
Nation-StatesNation-States
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StateStateState – a politically organized territory with a permanent
population, a defined territory, and a government. To be a state, an entity must be recognized as such by other states. Exceptions: Colonies and Protectorates
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The StateThe State• A state provides services for
its citizens.• It demands taxes• It demands adherence to the
laws.• It demands military service• Periods of adversity can
increase a sense of nationalism-but can backfire
• A state is possible only if a national attitude or emotional attachment to the state develops.
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NationsNations• Nation – a culturally defined group of people with a
shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals.
• People construct nations to make sense of themselves.
• Nations are “imagined communities” -Benedict Anderson
• imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation
• community = you see yourself as part of it
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Stateless NationsStateless Nations• Sovereignty-complete control
over a territory’s political & military affairs. Some nations do not have their own state-this can lead to conflict.
• Palestinians are the most well known example-a stateless nation in conflict with Israel over territory.
• Kurds-about 20 million people live in Kurdistan-which covers 6 states-since the 1991 Iraq War-Kurdish Security Zone has been virtually independent.
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Multinational State – A state with more than one nation.Slobadan Milosevic, leader of Serbia launched 4 Balkan Wars that killed 250,000 & left 2.5 million homeless
The Former Yugoslavia
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Multistate Nation – Multistate Nation – A nation with more than one state.
Transylvania – homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians.
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Defining the Nation-StateDefining the Nation-State
• A Nation should have– A single language– A common history– A similar ethnic
background– Unity from a common
political system.
• Cultural homogeneity not as important as “national spirit” or emotional commitment to the state.
• A Nation-State has:– Clearly delineated
territory– Substantial population– Well-organized
government– Shared political and
cultural history– Emotional ties to
institutions or political systems or an ideology.
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European European Boundary Boundary ChangesChanges
Fig. 8-13: Twentieth-century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to 2003. Germany’s boundaries changed after each world war and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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Defining the Nation-StateDefining the Nation-State
• The Four Pillars of Nationalism;– A population that
considers itself a nation– A substantial and well-
defined territory– A well-developed
organization– A measure of economic,
political and military power.
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Origins and Diffusion of the Origins and Diffusion of the Modern StateModern State
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Nation-StateNation-State• Earliest rulers “regnum” ruled over a
group of followers-not fixed territories.
• Medieval concept of the Nation-State began with the Roman Catholic Church-that created “dominium” rule over a defined territory.
• Merovingian Kings 5th-8th cent. Called themselves “Kings of the Franks”, later Capetian Dynasty 10th - 14th cent. Called themselves “Kings of France”.
• Rise of the modern nation-state saw the development of distinctive territory.
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Rise of the Modern StateRise of the Modern State• European Model of the
state diffused from Ancient Greece & Rome.
• Middle Ages-fragmentation, on mainland, Dynastic rule & strong leaders led to greater national cohesion, Norman invasion ended the fragmentation of England.
• Muslim invasion repelled. New technology-horseshoe, stirrup, horse collar, wheel barrow & wind mill introduced.
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Rise of the Modern StateRise of the Modern State• Renaissance-political
nationalism & economic nationalism in the form of mercantilism developed-concept of diplomacy developed in Italy.
• Mercantilism-states should acquire wealth through-colonization, plunder, protection of home industries & markets, a favorable balance of trade.
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Rise of the Modern StateRise of the Modern State• Reformation-brought a
religious split Roman Catholic versus Protestant-led to a series of wars. Monarchies benefited from the Church’s loss of political power.
• Age of Absolutism-emerged with Louis XIV of France as a prime example. Monarchies became the focal point of national awareness-ended regionalism and aristocratic local control
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Rise of the Modern StateRise of the Modern State• Powerful dynasties-
Habsburgs, Bourbons, Tudors & Stuarts struggled for power.
• Thirty Years’ War began as a religious struggle-but ended as state & dynastic struggle for control of Europe.
• Peace of Westphalia 1648 ended the war-created defined boundaries & guarantees of security-Modern Europe emerged.
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The states we perceive as “natural” and “always existing” are relatively recent phenomena.
In 1648, Europe was divided into dozens of small territories.
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Rise of the Modern StateRise of the Modern State• The French Revolution of
1789 was the first major political upheaval in Europe.
• It was followed by the Napoleonic Wars that spread the Enlightenment ideas of equality and the French concept of nationalism.
• 1830 and 1848 another wave of revolutions swept over Europe
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European Colonialism & the European Colonialism & the Diffusion of the Nation-State ModelDiffusion of the Nation-State Model
• Colonialism -a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own.
Two Waves of European Colonialism:
1500 - 1825
1825 - 1975
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Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550-1950
This map shows the dominant influence, as some places were colonized by more than one power in this time period.
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Geographic Characteristics of Geographic Characteristics of StatesStates
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Geographic Characteristics of StatesGeographic Characteristics of StatesStates vary greatly in………• Size-some huge like Russia 6.6 m. sq. miles, others large
with 3 m. sq. miles like US, China, Brazil, Canada-some are microstates-Vatican, Monaco, Andorra, Grenada.
• Shape-some are compact while other are elongated or fragmented.
• Demography-some have huge populations like China’s 1.3 billion or tiny like Iceland with 250,000.
• Organization-monarchy, democratic, dictatorship, theocratic.
• Resources-natural and skilled population• Development-subsistence to tertiary• Power-both economic and military
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Territory Territory MorphologyMorphology
• Territorial Morphology-shape, size & relative location of a state.
• Compact-distance from the geographic center does not vary greatly.
• Fragmented-consisting of 2 or more separate pieces divided by water or other territory.
• Elongated-long & thin states.
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• Prorupted-states that are nearly compact, but have a narrow extension.
• Perforated-having another state lie within ones territory.
• Exclave-an outlier of a state located within another.
• Enclave-the counterpart of exclave-it lies within a country and is independent or ruled by another country.
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India: The Tin Bigha CorridorIndia: The Tin Bigha Corridor
Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.
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Landlocked CountriesLandlocked Countries• Landlocked states have a serious disadvantage in trade and
access to resources.• Africa has more landlocked states than any other continent.
Sahel is poorly linked to the coastal ports; Uganda linked by rail; Zimbabwe access via South African and Mozambique ports; Rwanda & Burundi the world’s most isolated states; Zambia & Malawi have poor connections.
• Asia-Mongolia & Nepal are landlocked with rough terrain, great distances and limited communication, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia & Georgia.
• South America-Bolivia and Paraguay-lost coastline in war• Europe-Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Moldova, Belarus and Bosnia
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Landlocked StatesLandlocked States
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Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated.
African African StatesStates
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Land BoundariesLand Boundaries• Not just a line, but also a
vertical plane that cuts through subsoil, rocks and the airspace above-coal, gas & oil reserves often cross these lines.
• Belgium, Germany & Netherlands argued over coal seams & natural gas reserves.
• Kuwait Oil drilling prompted the 1991 Gulf War (Rumaylah Reserve)
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Land BoundariesLand Boundaries
• 3 Stage Evolution of Boundaries:
• definition-a document is created that indicates exact landmarks;
• delimitation-cartographers place the boundary on the map;
• demarcation-boundary markers such as steel posts or concrete pillars, fences or wall marks the boundary
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Types of BoundariesTypes of Boundaries• Geometric-straight line
boundary such as US-Canada or many in Africa.
• Physical or Natural-Political Boundary-river, crest of a mountain range or some other physical landmark
• Cultural or Anthro-Geographic Boundary-breaks in the human landscape, such as most of Europe’s boundaries
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Aozou Strip: A Geometric BoundaryAozou Strip: A Geometric Boundary
Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.
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Left-the Demilitarized Zone between North Korea & South Korea is heavily defended by both sidesBottom left-the US-Canadian border is the longest undefended border in the world.Bottom right-the Rio Grande forms the border between Mexico and the United States which is porous enough to allow million of illegal immigrants.
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Genetic Boundary ClassificationGenetic Boundary Classification• Richard Hartshorne, a leading political geographer
developed this classification system;• Antecedent Boundary-physical landscape defined the
boundary well before human habitation-Malaysia-Indonesian boundary on Borneo is sparsely settled.
• Subsequent Boundary-Vietnam-China border results from a long period of modification.
• Superimposed-forcibly drawn boundary that cuts across a unified cultural boundary-New Guinea-Indonesia West Irian & Papua New Guinea in the East.
• Relict boundary no longer serves its purpose, but the imprint is still evident in the landscape-Vietnam-North South boundary, West and East Germany boundary, especially in Berlin.
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