Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

Supported by

Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab

Neelima Jerath Satnam Singh Ladhar Gurharminder Singh

PUNJABPUNJABPUNJABState of EnvironmentState of EnvironmentState of Environment

2014

2014

2014

PUNJABState of Environment

2014

State of EnvironmentPunjab - 2014

Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

Supported by

Department of Science, Technology & Environment,Government of PunjabVillage Pond at Kot Shamir, District Bathinda P

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Living well within our ENVIRONMENT Are We? Can We?

State of EnvironmentPunjab - 2014

Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

Supported by

Department of Science, Technology & Environment,Government of PunjabVillage Pond at Kot Shamir, District Bathinda P

ho

to C

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Living well within our ENVIRONMENT Are We? Can We?

© Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST), Chandigarh. All Rights Reserved 2014.• Any part of this publica�on may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmi�ed in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical or otherwise for educa�onal purposes only, provided that the same is duly cited.• Material from this publica�on can be used for commercial purposes only with the prior wri�en permission of PSCST.• PSCST would appreciate receiving a copy of the publica�on that uses this publica�on as source.

Published by Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, MGSIPA Complex, Sector 26, Chandigarh-160019, India Tel: 0172-2792325, 2793300 Fax: 0172-2793143 Website: www.pscst.gov.in

Authors Neelima Jerath, Satnam Singh Ladhar & Gurharminder Singh

Cita�on Jerath, Neelima; Ladhar, Satnam Singh; Singh, Gurhaminder; 2014. State of Environment, Punjab-2014, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, pp 126.

ISBN : 978-81-88362-37-0

Designing & Layout : Gurharminder Singh

Photo credits Mr. Gurharminder Singh, Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Dr. Sunil Mi�al and Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg

Cover Photo : Black Buck (Inset) by Dr. Arsh Rup Singh

DISCLAIMER : Earnest efforts have been made to make the informa�on furnished in the publica�on as accurate & updated as possible, but the authors or PSCST shall not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies or errors or omissions. All efforts were made to reference and credit the informa�on/data used in the publica�on, and lapse, if any, is purely inadvertent and inconsequen�al.

Printed by : BANSAL GRAPHICS, # 136-140/28, Industrial & Business Park, Phase I, Chandigarh. Tel : 98152 75760, 98152 64802

Foreword

As unsustainable pa�erns of consump�ons and produc�on threaten to deteriorate our natural resources,

governments are increasingly recognizing that moving to a green, clean and resilient development paradigm presents a

new set of challenges, and that GDPs of na�ons alone are not a sufficient measure of progress. Development needs to be

guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considera�ons, to make it sustainable. An assessment of the

progress achieved upto 2013 to realize the Millennium Development Goals set forth by the United Na�ons also indicates

an uneven progress across regions. The issue needs to be addressed on priority. Reliable and �mely informa�on can

ensure sound decisions for comprehensive environmental management and promo�on of ecologically sound

development.

Punjab is recognized as a classic example of fast developing economy with an agricultural base. However, the state's

natural ecosystems are facing an ecological backlash due to input-intensive agricultural prac�ces and over exploita�on of

natural resources, like soil and water, beyond the carrying capaci�es of natural ecosystems. The State of Environment

Reports (SoERs) are an important tool for raising awareness amongst the public, as well as, key policy and decision

makers. SoERs also provide an opportunity to monitor the performance of government policies viz-a-viz environmental

outcomes.

I congratulate the Punjab State Council for Science & Technology for having taken up the challenging task of bringing

out State of Environment Reports to highlight the major environmental concerns, trends and significant remedial ac�ons

being undertaken. The present Report (SoE-2014) is next in the series of the Reports brought out by the council in 1984,

1995, 2005 and 2007. I hope that the data presented in the report will help us to reflect on our past ac�ons and

achievements and trigger a thought process which will promote a posi�ve ac�on in future to achieve sustainable

development.

Seema Jain

Seema Jain, IASSecretary to Government of Punjab

Department of Science, Technology & Environment

"We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children".

Harike Wetland

© Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST), Chandigarh. All Rights Reserved 2014.• Any part of this publica�on may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmi�ed in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical or otherwise for educa�onal purposes only, provided that the same is duly cited.• Material from this publica�on can be used for commercial purposes only with the prior wri�en permission of PSCST.• PSCST would appreciate receiving a copy of the publica�on that uses this publica�on as source.

Published by Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, MGSIPA Complex, Sector 26, Chandigarh-160019, India Tel: 0172-2792325, 2793300 Fax: 0172-2793143 Website: www.pscst.gov.in

Authors Neelima Jerath, Satnam Singh Ladhar & Gurharminder Singh

Cita�on Jerath, Neelima; Ladhar, Satnam Singh; Singh, Gurhaminder; 2014. State of Environment, Punjab-2014, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, pp 126.

ISBN : 978-81-88362-37-0

Designing & Layout : Gurharminder Singh

Photo credits Mr. Gurharminder Singh, Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Dr. Sunil Mi�al and Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg

Cover Photo : Black Buck (Inset) by Dr. Arsh Rup Singh

DISCLAIMER : Earnest efforts have been made to make the informa�on furnished in the publica�on as accurate & updated as possible, but the authors or PSCST shall not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies or errors or omissions. All efforts were made to reference and credit the informa�on/data used in the publica�on, and lapse, if any, is purely inadvertent and inconsequen�al.

Printed by : BANSAL GRAPHICS, # 136-140/28, Industrial & Business Park, Phase I, Chandigarh. Tel : 98152 75760, 98152 64802

Foreword

As unsustainable pa�erns of consump�ons and produc�on threaten to deteriorate our natural resources,

governments are increasingly recognizing that moving to a green, clean and resilient development paradigm presents a

new set of challenges, and that GDPs of na�ons alone are not a sufficient measure of progress. Development needs to be

guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considera�ons, to make it sustainable. An assessment of the

progress achieved upto 2013 to realize the Millennium Development Goals set forth by the United Na�ons also indicates

an uneven progress across regions. The issue needs to be addressed on priority. Reliable and �mely informa�on can

ensure sound decisions for comprehensive environmental management and promo�on of ecologically sound

development.

Punjab is recognized as a classic example of fast developing economy with an agricultural base. However, the state's

natural ecosystems are facing an ecological backlash due to input-intensive agricultural prac�ces and over exploita�on of

natural resources, like soil and water, beyond the carrying capaci�es of natural ecosystems. The State of Environment

Reports (SoERs) are an important tool for raising awareness amongst the public, as well as, key policy and decision

makers. SoERs also provide an opportunity to monitor the performance of government policies viz-a-viz environmental

outcomes.

I congratulate the Punjab State Council for Science & Technology for having taken up the challenging task of bringing

out State of Environment Reports to highlight the major environmental concerns, trends and significant remedial ac�ons

being undertaken. The present Report (SoE-2014) is next in the series of the Reports brought out by the council in 1984,

1995, 2005 and 2007. I hope that the data presented in the report will help us to reflect on our past ac�ons and

achievements and trigger a thought process which will promote a posi�ve ac�on in future to achieve sustainable

development.

Seema Jain

Seema Jain, IASSecretary to Government of Punjab

Department of Science, Technology & Environment

"We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children".

Harike Wetland

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. O

nka

r Si

ngh

Brr

aich

Nangal Wetland, District Rupnagar

Acknowledgements

We wish to place on record our sincere thanks to Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Punjab for providing financial assistance to publish State of Environment, Punjab-2014.

We are indebted to Ms. Seema Jain, IAS, Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab and Shri T.S Dhaliwal, IAS Special Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab for their overall guidance & constant support.

We are also thankful to all officers of Economic & Sta�s�cal Organiza�on, Departments of Agriculture, Soil & Water Conserva�on, Hor�culture, Irriga�on, Animal Husbandry, Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on of Punjab, Punjab State Farmers Commission, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited, Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Punjab Biodiversity Board, Punjab Energy Development Agency and ENVIS Centre, PSCST for extending uns�nted support and help in providing data and requisite informa�on.

The contribu�ons of Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg and Dr. Sunil Mi�al for providing selected photographs for the publica�on are thankfully acknowledged.

We would also like to acknowledge the contribu�on of Dr. S. K Saxena, Principal Scien�fic Officer, PSCST; Ms. Ravleen, Sr. Program Officer, ENVIS Centre, PSCST and Ms. Rupali Bal, Scien�st, Punjab Biodiversity Board for providing valuable inputs in data analysis.

We also thank other officers and staff of Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab and PSCST for all the help provided in bringing out the publica�on and Mr. Baldev Pahwa & Ms. Parveen Lata for typing work.

Last but not the least, we wish to thank all those who could not be listed above but their direct or indirect involvement helped us in comple�ng this task.

Authors

Preface

Punjab is known for its endeavors and enterprise. It has achieved significant agricultural, industrial

and urban growth over the years. However, in the present developmental landscape, a state's long term

success is �ed not only to its economic well being but also to the well being of its natural resources, their

sustainable u�liza�on and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use. Several conserva�on

and management ini�a�ves have been taken up by the state government in response to the pressing

environmental challenges being faced by it. The availability of accurate and �mely informa�on plays a

crucial role in defining policies, designing response strategies, making people understand the problems

of their immediate environment and involving them in its protec�on. Realizing its importance the state

government has launched a scheme EE8 ”Status of Environment Repor�ng” under its Annual Plan to

bring out SoE Reports from �me to �me.

The SoE-2014 Report focuses on six major environmental parameters i.e Air, Water, Forests,

Biodiversity, Agriculture and Energy. The report a�empts to iden�fy trends that reflect the current

environmental situa�on of the state and highlights remedial ac�ons being taken up to ameliorate the

situa�on. It is hoped that data presented in SoE-2014 will help to achieve a healthy & vibrant

environment in the state through ecologically sound developmental decisions & policies and will

mo�vate stakeholders to take up concerted ac�ons for conserva�on of natural resources.

Authors

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. O

nka

r Si

ngh

Brr

aich

Nangal Wetland, District Rupnagar

Acknowledgements

We wish to place on record our sincere thanks to Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Punjab for providing financial assistance to publish State of Environment, Punjab-2014.

We are indebted to Ms. Seema Jain, IAS, Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab and Shri T.S Dhaliwal, IAS Special Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab for their overall guidance & constant support.

We are also thankful to all officers of Economic & Sta�s�cal Organiza�on, Departments of Agriculture, Soil & Water Conserva�on, Hor�culture, Irriga�on, Animal Husbandry, Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on of Punjab, Punjab State Farmers Commission, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited, Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Punjab Biodiversity Board, Punjab Energy Development Agency and ENVIS Centre, PSCST for extending uns�nted support and help in providing data and requisite informa�on.

The contribu�ons of Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg and Dr. Sunil Mi�al for providing selected photographs for the publica�on are thankfully acknowledged.

We would also like to acknowledge the contribu�on of Dr. S. K Saxena, Principal Scien�fic Officer, PSCST; Ms. Ravleen, Sr. Program Officer, ENVIS Centre, PSCST and Ms. Rupali Bal, Scien�st, Punjab Biodiversity Board for providing valuable inputs in data analysis.

We also thank other officers and staff of Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab and PSCST for all the help provided in bringing out the publica�on and Mr. Baldev Pahwa & Ms. Parveen Lata for typing work.

Last but not the least, we wish to thank all those who could not be listed above but their direct or indirect involvement helped us in comple�ng this task.

Authors

Preface

Punjab is known for its endeavors and enterprise. It has achieved significant agricultural, industrial

and urban growth over the years. However, in the present developmental landscape, a state's long term

success is �ed not only to its economic well being but also to the well being of its natural resources, their

sustainable u�liza�on and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use. Several conserva�on

and management ini�a�ves have been taken up by the state government in response to the pressing

environmental challenges being faced by it. The availability of accurate and �mely informa�on plays a

crucial role in defining policies, designing response strategies, making people understand the problems

of their immediate environment and involving them in its protec�on. Realizing its importance the state

government has launched a scheme EE8 ”Status of Environment Repor�ng” under its Annual Plan to

bring out SoE Reports from �me to �me.

The SoE-2014 Report focuses on six major environmental parameters i.e Air, Water, Forests,

Biodiversity, Agriculture and Energy. The report a�empts to iden�fy trends that reflect the current

environmental situa�on of the state and highlights remedial ac�ons being taken up to ameliorate the

situa�on. It is hoped that data presented in SoE-2014 will help to achieve a healthy & vibrant

environment in the state through ecologically sound developmental decisions & policies and will

mo�vate stakeholders to take up concerted ac�ons for conserva�on of natural resources.

Authors

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Preface

Introduc�on

Air

Water

Forests

Biodiversity

Agriculture Energy

References

Abbrevia�ons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

v

vi

vii

01

13

25

45

63

87 111

123

125

Farm worker storing wheat fodder at Banga, Dis�. S.B.S. Nagar

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Preface

Introduc�on

Air

Water

Forests

Biodiversity

Agriculture Energy

References

Abbrevia�ons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

v

vi

vii

01

13

25

45

63

87 111

123

125

Farm worker storing wheat fodder at Banga, Dis�. S.B.S. Nagar

INTRODUCTION1

unjab, located in the north west of PI nd ia , i s one o f the mos t

prosperous states of India. It occupies

only 1.54% (50, 362 sq. km) of the Total

Geographical Area of India extending

from 29.30° North to 32.32° North

latitude and 73.55° East to 76.50° East

longitude. It is a part of Indo- Gangetic

plains formed due to alluvial deposits

by rivers and tributaries. Historically,

the five rivers Sutlej, Beas, Ravi,

Chenab and Jhelum gave it its name

‘Punj-ab' or the ‘land of five waters'.

“I do not want to protect the environment. I want to create a world

where the environment does not need protecting”.

The State of Punjab was re-organised in 1966 with the forma�on of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Thus

the present Punjab came into existence on November 1, 1966. A�er the state's par��on first in 1947, and subsequently its

re-organisa�on in 1966, the State has been le� with only three rivers namely Beas, Sutlej and Ravi. These three rivers divide

the state into three regions: Majha, Doaba and Malwa.

Administra�ve Units & Physiography

Source: Jerath et. al., 2014

Land forms of Punjab

Figure 1.1 Area(%) under different land forms of Punjab

Hills

Piedmont Plain

Alluvial Plain

Sand Dunes

Flood Plains

70%

12%

7% 3%8%

Source : Tiwana et al.,2007

Map 1.2 Land Forms of Punjab

Source: Dep�. of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab

SHIVALIK HILLS

PIEDMONT PLAINS

ALLUVIAL PLAINS

TERRACES, SAND DUNES

FLOOD PLAINS

Introduction State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Map 1.1 Districts and Physiographic Regions of Punjab

Divisions : 5 Jalandhar, Pa�ala, Firozpur, Rupnagar and Faridkot

Districts : 22

Tehsils : 81

Sub-Tehsils : 86

Blocks : 145

Inhabited Villages : 12581

Source : Economic Survey of Punjab 2012-13

DOABADOABADOABA

MAJHAMAJHAMAJHA

MALWAMALWAMALWA

Average eleva�on : 300 m above sea level

Range : 180-500 meters

Semi-Arid : South West

Shiwalik hills : North East

|< 2 3 >

Shiwalik Hills, Dis�. Pathankot

The State of Punjab was re-organised in 1966 with the forma�on of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Thus

the present Punjab came into existence on November 1, 1966. A�er the state's par��on first in 1947, and subsequently its

re-organisa�on in 1966, the State has been le� with only three rivers namely Beas, Sutlej and Ravi. These three rivers divide

the state into three regions: Majha, Doaba and Malwa.

Administra�ve Units & Physiography

Source: Jerath et. al., 2014

Land forms of Punjab

Figure 1.1 Area(%) under different land forms of Punjab

Hills

Piedmont Plain

Alluvial Plain

Sand Dunes

Flood Plains

70%

12%

7% 3%8%

Source : Tiwana et al.,2007

Map 1.2 Land Forms of Punjab

Source: Dep�. of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab

SHIVALIK HILLS

PIEDMONT PLAINS

ALLUVIAL PLAINS

TERRACES, SAND DUNES

FLOOD PLAINS

Introduction State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Map 1.1 Districts and Physiographic Regions of Punjab

Divisions : 5 Jalandhar, Pa�ala, Firozpur, Rupnagar and Faridkot

Districts : 22

Tehsils : 81

Sub-Tehsils : 86

Blocks : 145

Inhabited Villages : 12581

Source : Economic Survey of Punjab 2012-13

DOABADOABADOABA

MAJHAMAJHAMAJHA

MALWAMALWAMALWA

Average eleva�on : 300 m above sea level

Range : 180-500 meters

Semi-Arid : South West

Shiwalik hills : North East

|< 2 3 >

Shiwalik Hills, Dis�. Pathankot

700

800

(mm

)

100

200

300

400

500

600

nn

ual

Ave

rage

Rai

nfa

ll

01970 1980 1990 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

An

Year

Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab

Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011

Figure 1.3 Percentage departure of rainfall in mm between 1901 and 2011 in Punjab with respect to the corresponding Long Period Average (LPA)

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1901

1906

1911

1916

1921

1926

1931

1936

1941

1946

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

2011

Source: Jerath et al.,2014

Figure 1.4 Land use Pa�ern in Punjab 2010-11

Non Agriculture Use9%

Barren & uncultureable

0.6%

Forests 6%

Fallow Land1%

Cultural waste, Pastures, land under misc.

tree 0.4%

Net Sown Area 83%

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

LESS HOT (Sub Humid)SUB HUMID (Dry Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Sub Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Dry to Sub Moist)ARID (Dry) & HOT ZONE

Land Use Pa�ern

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 4 5 >

Climate

Map 1.3 Climate of Punjab Figure 1.2 Annual Average Rainfall in Punjab (mm), 1970-2010

Analysis of inter-annual variability of seasonal monsoon rainfall expressed as the percentage departures from long period

average (LPA) for the period 1901-2011 for Punjab indicates that during the period 1901 -2011, the lowest and second

lowest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in 1911 (-51.0%) and in 1987 (-67.6%) respec�vely. Highest and second

highest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in the year 1950 (+ 91.2%) and in 1988 (+ 119.1%).

Introduction

700

800

(mm

)

100

200

300

400

500

600

nn

ual

Ave

rage

Rai

nfa

ll

01970 1980 1990 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

An

Year

Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab

Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011

Figure 1.3 Percentage departure of rainfall in mm between 1901 and 2011 in Punjab with respect to the corresponding Long Period Average (LPA)

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1901

1906

1911

1916

1921

1926

1931

1936

1941

1946

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

2011

Source: Jerath et al.,2014

Figure 1.4 Land use Pa�ern in Punjab 2010-11

Non Agriculture Use9%

Barren & uncultureable

0.6%

Forests 6%

Fallow Land1%

Cultural waste, Pastures, land under misc.

tree 0.4%

Net Sown Area 83%

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

LESS HOT (Sub Humid)SUB HUMID (Dry Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Sub Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Dry to Sub Moist)ARID (Dry) & HOT ZONE

Land Use Pa�ern

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 4 5 >

Climate

Map 1.3 Climate of Punjab Figure 1.2 Annual Average Rainfall in Punjab (mm), 1970-2010

Analysis of inter-annual variability of seasonal monsoon rainfall expressed as the percentage departures from long period

average (LPA) for the period 1901-2011 for Punjab indicates that during the period 1901 -2011, the lowest and second

lowest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in 1911 (-51.0%) and in 1987 (-67.6%) respec�vely. Highest and second

highest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in the year 1950 (+ 91.2%) and in 1988 (+ 119.1%).

Introduction

Table 1.1 Changes in land u�liza�on pa�ern in Punjab (Thousand Hectare)

Category 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11% change between 1980-81 to 2010-11

Forests

Barren and unculturable land

Non Agricultural land use

Culturable waste land

Permanent pasture & grazing land

Land under miscellaneous tree crops

Fallow Land (Current fallow + other fallow)

Net sown area

Total Geographic area

216

96

436

41

4

4

45

4191

5033

222

83

343

35

10

12

110

4218

5033

280

28

410

15

4

3

43

4250

5033

294

24

508

4

4

4

37

4158

5033

36.1

-75.0

16.5

-90.2

0

0

-17.8

-0.8

-

Source: Jerath et. al., 2014

Demography

Table 1.2 Demographic parameters of Punjab vs India

Demographic parameters India Punjab

Total popula�on

Decadal increase (%)

Sex ra�o

Literacy rate(%)

Male literacy rate(%)

Female literacy rate(%)

Density per sq. km

Rural popula�on (%)

Urban popula�on

1,210,193,422

17.64

940

74.04%.

82.1

65.5

327

68.84

31.16

27,704, 236

13.73

895

75.84

81.5

71.3

550

62.52

37.48

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 1.5 Popula�on of Punjab Figure 1.6 Rural vs Urban popula�on of Punjab

30000000

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

20112001

Total Male Female

RuralUrban

62.52%

37.48%

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 1.7 District wise popula�on in Punjab

4000000

3500000

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

Po

pu

la�

on

District

Lud

hia

na

Am

rits

ar

Jala

nd

har

Pa�

ala

San

gru

r

Gu

rdas

pu

r

Ho

shia

rpu

r

Bat

hin

da

Tarn

Tar

an

Fazi

lka

Fero

zep

ur

Mo

ga

S.A

.S. N

agar

Shri

Mu

ktsa

r Sa

hib

Kap

urt

hal

a

Man

sa

Ru

pn

agar

Path

anko

t

Fari

dko

t

S.B

.S. N

agar

Fate

hga

rh S

ahib

Bar

nal

a

34

98

73

9

24

90

65

6

21

93

59

0

18

95

68

6

16

55

16

9

16

21

72

5

15

86

62

5

13

88

52

5

11

19

62

7

10

26

20

0

10

02

87

4

99

57

46

99

46

28

90

18

96

81

51

68

76

97

51

68

46

27

67

65

98

61

75

08

61

23

10

60

01

63

59

55

27

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 6 7 >

Introduction

Table 1.1 Changes in land u�liza�on pa�ern in Punjab (Thousand Hectare)

Category 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11% change between 1980-81 to 2010-11

Forests

Barren and unculturable land

Non Agricultural land use

Culturable waste land

Permanent pasture & grazing land

Land under miscellaneous tree crops

Fallow Land (Current fallow + other fallow)

Net sown area

Total Geographic area

216

96

436

41

4

4

45

4191

5033

222

83

343

35

10

12

110

4218

5033

280

28

410

15

4

3

43

4250

5033

294

24

508

4

4

4

37

4158

5033

36.1

-75.0

16.5

-90.2

0

0

-17.8

-0.8

-

Source: Jerath et. al., 2014

Demography

Table 1.2 Demographic parameters of Punjab vs India

Demographic parameters India Punjab

Total popula�on

Decadal increase (%)

Sex ra�o

Literacy rate(%)

Male literacy rate(%)

Female literacy rate(%)

Density per sq. km

Rural popula�on (%)

Urban popula�on

1,210,193,422

17.64

940

74.04%.

82.1

65.5

327

68.84

31.16

27,704, 236

13.73

895

75.84

81.5

71.3

550

62.52

37.48

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 1.5 Popula�on of Punjab Figure 1.6 Rural vs Urban popula�on of Punjab

30000000

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

20112001

Total Male Female

RuralUrban

62.52%

37.48%

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 1.7 District wise popula�on in Punjab

4000000

3500000

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

Po

pu

la�

on

District

Lud

hia

na

Am

rits

ar

Jala

nd

har

Pa�

ala

San

gru

r

Gu

rdas

pu

r

Ho

shia

rpu

r

Bat

hin

da

Tarn

Tar

an

Fazi

lka

Fero

zep

ur

Mo

ga

S.A

.S. N

agar

Shri

Mu

ktsa

r Sa

hib

Kap

urt

hal

a

Man

sa

Ru

pn

agar

Path

anko

t

Fari

dko

t

S.B

.S. N

agar

Fate

hga

rh S

ahib

Bar

nal

a

34

98

73

9

24

90

65

6

21

93

59

0

18

95

68

6

16

55

16

9

16

21

72

5

15

86

62

5

13

88

52

5

11

19

62

7

10

26

20

0

10

02

87

4

99

57

46

99

46

28

90

18

96

81

51

68

76

97

51

68

46

27

67

65

98

61

75

08

61

23

10

60

01

63

59

55

27

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 6 7 >

Introduction

Economy

Figure 1.8 Percentage distribu�on of Gross State Domes�c Product at factor cost by sectors at current prices

Pe

rce

nta

ge t

o G

SD

P

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

01985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2001-02 2005-06 2011-12

Primary Secondary Teritary

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues

Figure 1.9 Per Capita Income in Punjab at constant prices (2004-05)

Source: Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

s.

In R

Punjab is predominantly an agrarian state. The state government is making all out efforts to develop and boost industry,

especially agro-based industry in the State as a key sector for industrial growth. The state took a major stride in increasing

produc�vity of food grains through green revolu�on in the 1960's and contributed to the central pool significantly thus

strengthening India's self-sufficiency. Presently, the state has the highest yield of wheat (50.97 Qt.) and rice (37.41 Qt.) per

hectare in India. During 2011-12, 38.7% wheat and 22.1% rice to the central pool was contributed by Punjab. The advance

es�mates for Gross State Domes�c Products were Rs. 296006 crores at current prices and Rs. 164575 crores at constant

prices for year 2012-13. Over the years, however, the contribu�on of the primary sector in the economy has decreased

where as the contribu�on of secondary and ter�ary sectors has increased

The economic growth in the state during the 11th plan period has been 6.73% against the target of 5.9%. The year-wise

growth has been 9.05%, 5.85%, 6.29%, 6.53% and 5.94%. The 12th plan envisages an average growth rate of 6.4% for the

state with for agriculture, industry and services as 1.6%, 7.5% and 8.0%, respec�vely.

Energy

There has been significant increase in

produc�on of electricity through

development of hydro, thermal and

renewable energy. Industries are the

largest consumer of power (34%)

followed by agriculture (30%), domes�c

(25%), commercial & other (11%)

consumers. Per capita consump�on of

electricity in the State has increased

from 155 kWh in 1970 to 1204 kWh in

2011-12 . The total installed capacity

a n d ge n e ra� o n ca p a c i t y h ave

increased from 680 MW and 2364.80

Million KWH in the year 1970-71 to

5026 MW and 29033.00 Million KWH

respec�vely in the year 2011-12. The

contribu�on from renewable energy

development projects in the state is

1005 MW, out of which more than 600

MW is grid connected.

Figure 1.10 Category wise annual per capita sale of electricity in Punjab (KWH)

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues

An

nu

al p

er

Cap

ita

Sale

(K

WH

)

1400

1200

1000

800

700

400

200

0Domes�c Commercial Industrial Public Ligh�ng Agriculture Total

Category of Consump�on

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 8 9 >

Introduction

Economy

Figure 1.8 Percentage distribu�on of Gross State Domes�c Product at factor cost by sectors at current prices

Pe

rce

nta

ge t

o G

SD

P

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

01985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2001-02 2005-06 2011-12

Primary Secondary Teritary

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues

Figure 1.9 Per Capita Income in Punjab at constant prices (2004-05)

Source: Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

s.

In R

Punjab is predominantly an agrarian state. The state government is making all out efforts to develop and boost industry,

especially agro-based industry in the State as a key sector for industrial growth. The state took a major stride in increasing

produc�vity of food grains through green revolu�on in the 1960's and contributed to the central pool significantly thus

strengthening India's self-sufficiency. Presently, the state has the highest yield of wheat (50.97 Qt.) and rice (37.41 Qt.) per

hectare in India. During 2011-12, 38.7% wheat and 22.1% rice to the central pool was contributed by Punjab. The advance

es�mates for Gross State Domes�c Products were Rs. 296006 crores at current prices and Rs. 164575 crores at constant

prices for year 2012-13. Over the years, however, the contribu�on of the primary sector in the economy has decreased

where as the contribu�on of secondary and ter�ary sectors has increased

The economic growth in the state during the 11th plan period has been 6.73% against the target of 5.9%. The year-wise

growth has been 9.05%, 5.85%, 6.29%, 6.53% and 5.94%. The 12th plan envisages an average growth rate of 6.4% for the

state with for agriculture, industry and services as 1.6%, 7.5% and 8.0%, respec�vely.

Energy

There has been significant increase in

produc�on of electricity through

development of hydro, thermal and

renewable energy. Industries are the

largest consumer of power (34%)

followed by agriculture (30%), domes�c

(25%), commercial & other (11%)

consumers. Per capita consump�on of

electricity in the State has increased

from 155 kWh in 1970 to 1204 kWh in

2011-12 . The total installed capacity

a n d ge n e ra� o n ca p a c i t y h ave

increased from 680 MW and 2364.80

Million KWH in the year 1970-71 to

5026 MW and 29033.00 Million KWH

respec�vely in the year 2011-12. The

contribu�on from renewable energy

development projects in the state is

1005 MW, out of which more than 600

MW is grid connected.

Figure 1.10 Category wise annual per capita sale of electricity in Punjab (KWH)

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues

An

nu

al p

er

Cap

ita

Sale

(K

WH

)

1400

1200

1000

800

700

400

200

0Domes�c Commercial Industrial Public Ligh�ng Agriculture Total

Category of Consump�on

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 8 9 >

Introduction

Figure 1.11 Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH) in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

01970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12

Years

Installed Capacity (MW) Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH)

680

2365

6483

1536

14618

30494443

21528

5026

29033

| < 10 11 >

Energy Sources State Poten�al Power Genera�on

Biogas plants 4,24,700 (nos.) 164 MW installed

Biomass 1500 MW 444 MW (382 Biomass Cogenera�on and 62.5 Biomass - IPP)

Solar energy 2600 MW 10.5 MW (commissioned �ll December 2014)

Small hydro 200 MW 133.65 MW (including PSPCL 97 MW)

Biomass 500 MW 382 MW included in Cogenera�on Biomass

Source: Jerath et. al., 2014

Table 1.3 Renewable energy development in Punjab

The state has done remarkably

well in the field of agriculture

and is now laying emphasis on

industrial growth. At present,

there are 160062 small scale

industries and 367 large and

medium scale industries in the

state. The state also leads the

na�on in inf rastructura l

development and has strong

r o a d , r a i l w a y a n d

communica�on network.

However, over intensifica�on

of agriculture over the years

along with industrializa�on,

economic and infrastructural

deve lopment has led to

d e g r a d a � o n a n d

overexploita�on of natural

r e s o u r c e s o f t h e s t a t e

especially water, land and

b i o d i ve rs i t y. H e n c e , fo r

m a i n ta i n i n g t h e s ta t e ` s

economic prosperity in future,

concerted efforts would be

re q u i re d to p ro te c t t h e

environment and promote

sustainable use of natural

resources.

Introduction

Hon'ble Deputy Chief Minister, inspec�ng construc�onof Rajpura Thermal Power Plant

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Figure 1.11 Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH) in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

01970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12

Years

Installed Capacity (MW) Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH)

680

2365

6483

1536

14618

30494443

21528

5026

29033

| < 10 11 >

Energy Sources State Poten�al Power Genera�on

Biogas plants 4,24,700 (nos.) 164 MW installed

Biomass 1500 MW 444 MW (382 Biomass Cogenera�on and 62.5 Biomass - IPP)

Solar energy 2600 MW 10.5 MW (commissioned �ll December 2014)

Small hydro 200 MW 133.65 MW (including PSPCL 97 MW)

Biomass 500 MW 382 MW included in Cogenera�on Biomass

Source: Jerath et. al., 2014

Table 1.3 Renewable energy development in Punjab

The state has done remarkably

well in the field of agriculture

and is now laying emphasis on

industrial growth. At present,

there are 160062 small scale

industries and 367 large and

medium scale industries in the

state. The state also leads the

na�on in inf rastructura l

development and has strong

r o a d , r a i l w a y a n d

communica�on network.

However, over intensifica�on

of agriculture over the years

along with industrializa�on,

economic and infrastructural

deve lopment has led to

d e g r a d a � o n a n d

overexploita�on of natural

r e s o u r c e s o f t h e s t a t e

especially water, land and

b i o d i ve rs i t y. H e n c e , fo r

m a i n ta i n i n g t h e s ta t e ` s

economic prosperity in future,

concerted efforts would be

re q u i re d to p ro te c t t h e

environment and promote

sustainable use of natural

resources.

Introduction

Hon'ble Deputy Chief Minister, inspec�ng construc�onof Rajpura Thermal Power Plant

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Introduction

Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant, Bathinda

Photo Credit : Dr. Sunil Mi�al

AIR2

"Pollution is an unused resource"

Bill Mollison

ir is one of five basic A natural ingredients of life

system and essential for the

surv iva l o f a l l the l i v ing

organisms on earth. Air quality

is a measure of the condition of

air relative to the requirements

of one or more biotic species or

to any human need or purpose.

V a r i o u s c o n t a m i n a n t s

c o n t i n u o u s l y e n t e r t h e

atmosphere through natural

and manmade processes and

these contaminants interact

with the environment to cause

disease, toxicity, environmental

decay etc. and are labelled as

pollutants.

Figure 2.2 Small Scale Industries in PunjabTable 2.1 Major air pollutants from different sources

Factors affec�ng air quality in Punjab

Industrial Pollu�on

Vehicular Pollu�on

Agricultural prac�ces

Domes�c process

|< 14 15 >

Air

Figure 2.1 Large and Medium Scale Industries in Punjab

Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012

43398

160368

200603

160062

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

No. of

Un

its

1981 1991 2001 2010

Years

Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012

228

373

629

367

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

No

. o

f U

nit

s

1981 1991 2001 2010

Years

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Name of Industry

Rice, Sugar, Food Products

Beverages

Co�on/Woolen/Synthe�c/Tex�le/Dying etc.

Paper Products & Prin�ng

Leather & Leather Products

Rubber & Plas�c Products

Chemical Products

Non-Metallic Mineral Products

Metal Products

Transport Equipments & Parts

Brick Kilns

Pharmaceu�cals

Rolling, forging & galvanizing units

Fer�lizer, Vanaspa�, Thermal, Cement, etc.

Major Air Pollutants

Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 2 x

Par�culates, Odour

Par�culates

Par�culates, mercaptans

Par�culates, Odour

Par�culates, Odour, VOCs

Cl , HCl, Acid mist, Acid fumes, Hydrocarbons2

Par�culates

Metallic Par�culates, CO, SO , Acid Mist2

Par�culates

Par�culates, SO , CO2

Odour, Par�culates

Par�culates

Odour, Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 x x

Table 2.2 Category wise air pollu�ng industries in Punjab

Sou

rce:

Tiw

an

a e

t a

l., 2

00

5

Source of Emission Major Pollutants

Industries Par�culate ma�er, oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, ozone, toxic chemicals, etc.

Vehicular exhaust Par�culate ma�er, carbonmonoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, lead, etc.

Domes�c Sources Suspended par�culate ma�er, carbon dioxide, NO , SOx 2

Development Works Par�culate ma�er, dust

Agricultural waste Suspended par�culate, burning ma�er, oxides of carbon, dust

Source: Tiwana et al., 2005

Figure 2.2 Small Scale Industries in PunjabTable 2.1 Major air pollutants from different sources

Factors affec�ng air quality in Punjab

Industrial Pollu�on

Vehicular Pollu�on

Agricultural prac�ces

Domes�c process

|< 14 15 >

Air

Figure 2.1 Large and Medium Scale Industries in Punjab

Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012

43398

160368

200603

160062

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

No. of

Un

its

1981 1991 2001 2010

Years

Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012

228

373

629

367

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

No

. o

f U

nit

s

1981 1991 2001 2010

Years

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Name of Industry

Rice, Sugar, Food Products

Beverages

Co�on/Woolen/Synthe�c/Tex�le/Dying etc.

Paper Products & Prin�ng

Leather & Leather Products

Rubber & Plas�c Products

Chemical Products

Non-Metallic Mineral Products

Metal Products

Transport Equipments & Parts

Brick Kilns

Pharmaceu�cals

Rolling, forging & galvanizing units

Fer�lizer, Vanaspa�, Thermal, Cement, etc.

Major Air Pollutants

Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 2 x

Par�culates, Odour

Par�culates

Par�culates, mercaptans

Par�culates, Odour

Par�culates, Odour, VOCs

Cl , HCl, Acid mist, Acid fumes, Hydrocarbons2

Par�culates

Metallic Par�culates, CO, SO , Acid Mist2

Par�culates

Par�culates, SO , CO2

Odour, Par�culates

Par�culates

Odour, Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 x x

Table 2.2 Category wise air pollu�ng industries in Punjab

Sou

rce:

Tiw

an

a e

t a

l., 2

00

5

Source of Emission Major Pollutants

Industries Par�culate ma�er, oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, ozone, toxic chemicals, etc.

Vehicular exhaust Par�culate ma�er, carbonmonoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, lead, etc.

Domes�c Sources Suspended par�culate ma�er, carbon dioxide, NO , SOx 2

Development Works Par�culate ma�er, dust

Agricultural waste Suspended par�culate, burning ma�er, oxides of carbon, dust

Source: Tiwana et al., 2005

Table 2.3 Status of use of Air Pollu�on Control Devices (APCDs) in the state

Year

2002-03

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

With

396

394

507

489

496

Without

-

-

-

-

01

With

6942

7216

9027

9585

10106

Without

925

169

116

74

84

Red

9068

10753

12238

12877

13070

Orange

-

-

-

25*

679

Green

4912

7867

9289

83*

5860**

Large & Medium(No. of Unit)

Small Scale Industries(No. of units)

Categories(No. of units)

*This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only**Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and do not include the figures of Regional Office, SAS Nagar.

Source : PPCB, 2012

All industries are categorized into Red (highly pollu�ng) and Green (Moderately, mildly or non-pollu�ng) categories. The Red and Orange category industries require environmental clearance from Competent State Authority of the Department of Environment. As per latest data provided by the Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, a total of 13070 red category industries exist in the state. Many of these industries use coal or rice husk as fuel. Together these contribute to suspended par�culates, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, organic compounds and other pollutants in the air.

Industrial pollu�on Control

Declara�on of whole of the state as Air Pollu�on Control Area

Implementa�on of Air (Preven�on & Control of Pollu�on) Act, 1981 and Environment (Protec�on) Act, 1986

Systema�c iden�fica�on of pollu�on sources and follow up ac�on for treatment measures

Regular air quality monitoring in industrial areas as per NAAQS

Puni�ve and legal ac�ons against defaul�ng units

Ban on burning of rubber, process waste containing sulfur & toxic substances, rice husk in loose form (except in fluidized bed combus�on system)

Introduc�on of PET COKE as an authorized fuel for use in boiler furnace

Promo�on of pulverized coal and furnace oil instead of coal wherever possible e.g. In Mandi Gobindgarh

Demonstra�on of cost effec�ve technologies for control of pollu�on in small scale units such as cupola furnaces, rice shellers and induc�on furnaces by PSCST

Capacity building of owners & workforce of brick kilns and re-rolling mills by PSCST through on site and off site training programmes for pollu�on reduc�on measures

Regular awareness campaigns for specific target groups

Figure 2.3 Growth of vehicles in Punjab

Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011

Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011

360154

1329482

2910233

5711715

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

1981 1991 2001 2011

Years

Nu

mb

er

Buses Car, Jeeps, Taxies Three Wheelers Two Wheelers Goods Vehicles Tractors Others

61433

4332540

179365

5850

28377

593282

33250

2897

176555

22092

504310

118845

12408

665

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

1981 1991 2001 2011

Years

No

. o

f v

eh

icle

s

Figure 2.4 Growth of different types of vehicles in Punjab

Air State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >

Table 2.3 Status of use of Air Pollu�on Control Devices (APCDs) in the state

Year

2002-03

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

With

396

394

507

489

496

Without

-

-

-

-

01

With

6942

7216

9027

9585

10106

Without

925

169

116

74

84

Red

9068

10753

12238

12877

13070

Orange

-

-

-

25*

679

Green

4912

7867

9289

83*

5860**

Large & Medium(No. of Unit)

Small Scale Industries(No. of units)

Categories(No. of units)

*This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only**Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and do not include the figures of Regional Office, SAS Nagar.

Source : PPCB, 2012

All industries are categorized into Red (highly pollu�ng) and Green (Moderately, mildly or non-pollu�ng) categories. The Red and Orange category industries require environmental clearance from Competent State Authority of the Department of Environment. As per latest data provided by the Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, a total of 13070 red category industries exist in the state. Many of these industries use coal or rice husk as fuel. Together these contribute to suspended par�culates, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, organic compounds and other pollutants in the air.

Industrial pollu�on Control

Declara�on of whole of the state as Air Pollu�on Control Area

Implementa�on of Air (Preven�on & Control of Pollu�on) Act, 1981 and Environment (Protec�on) Act, 1986

Systema�c iden�fica�on of pollu�on sources and follow up ac�on for treatment measures

Regular air quality monitoring in industrial areas as per NAAQS

Puni�ve and legal ac�ons against defaul�ng units

Ban on burning of rubber, process waste containing sulfur & toxic substances, rice husk in loose form (except in fluidized bed combus�on system)

Introduc�on of PET COKE as an authorized fuel for use in boiler furnace

Promo�on of pulverized coal and furnace oil instead of coal wherever possible e.g. In Mandi Gobindgarh

Demonstra�on of cost effec�ve technologies for control of pollu�on in small scale units such as cupola furnaces, rice shellers and induc�on furnaces by PSCST

Capacity building of owners & workforce of brick kilns and re-rolling mills by PSCST through on site and off site training programmes for pollu�on reduc�on measures

Regular awareness campaigns for specific target groups

Figure 2.3 Growth of vehicles in Punjab

Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011

Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011

360154

1329482

2910233

5711715

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

1981 1991 2001 2011

Years

Nu

mb

er

Buses Car, Jeeps, Taxies Three Wheelers Two Wheelers Goods Vehicles Tractors Others

61433

4332540

179365

5850

28377

593282

33250

2897

176555

22092

504310

118845

12408

665

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

1981 1991 2001 2011

Years

No

. o

f v

eh

icle

s

Figure 2.4 Growth of different types of vehicles in Punjab

Air State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >

Table 2.4 Types of roads and total road network in Punjab (in Kms), March, 2011

Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India

Na�onal Highway

StateHighway

Other PWD Roads

Panchya� Raj Roads

Pradhan Mantri Sadak Yojna

Roads

Urban Roads

Project Roads

Total

1557 1477 6783 55061 4363 8085 6867 84193

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Vehicular emissions are of par�cular

concern since these are ground level

sources and thus have the

maximum impact on the human

p o p u l a � o n a n d o t h e r b i o � c

components. The major pollutants

released as vehicle/fuel emissions are

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,

photochemical oxidants, air toxics

n a m e l y b e n ze n e , a l d e h y d e s ,

1-3 butadiene, lead, par�culate

ma�er, hydrocarbon, oxides of

sulphur and polycyclic aroma�c

hydrocarbons.

While the predominant pollutants in

petrol/ gasoline driven vehicles are

hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide,

the predominant pollutants from the

diesel based vehicles are oxides of nitrogen and par�culates. As per studies by Central Pollu�on Control Board, vehicular

emissions are responsible for most of hydrocarbons (90-95%) and carbon monoxide (70-80%) emissions.

|< 18 19 >

Vehicular pollu�on control

Se�ng up of 421 pollu�on checking centers in the state under Motor Vehicle Act, 2009 to check the emission from all types of vehicles by Transport Dep�.

Implementa�on of Bharat Stage III fuel norms for passenger cars, heavy diesel vehicles and 2/3 wheelers (Sept. 2012)

Introduc�on of lead free petrol in Punjab since 2000

Promo�ng use of ba�ery operated vehicles

Promo�ng biofuels (5% blending of ethanol in gasoline)

Introduc�on of CNG as alterna�ve fuel for public transport including auto-rickshaw especially in Amritsar, Jalandhar and Ludhiana

Tree planta�on drives along all major roads throughout the state

Type CO

2.3

2.1

1.6

Passenger Cars

Heavy Diesel Vehicles

2/3 Wheelers

HC+ NOx

0.35 combined

-

1.0

HC

-

1.6

-

NOx

-

5.0

-

PM

-

0.10

-

Source: Jerath et al., 2014

Table 2.5 Emission norms under Bharat Stage III in Punjab (g / Km hr)

Figure 2.5 Vehicular popula�on of Punjab vis a vis other states/UTs of India (as on March, 2011)

Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India

Delhi; 5% Chandigarh UT; 1% Other UTs; 1% Andra Pradesh; 7% Bihar; 2%

Cha�sgarh; 2%

Goa; 1%

Gujarat; 9%

Haryana; 4%

HP; 0.5%

J & K; 1%

Jharkhand; 2%

Karnataka; 7%

Kerala; 4%

Madhya Pradesh5%Maharashtra; 12%

Orissa; 2%

Punjab; 4%

Rajasthan; 6%

Tamil Nadu; 11%

U�rakhand; 1%

U�ar Pradesh; 9%

West Bengal; 2%

North East States;2%

Air

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ho

to C

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it :

Dr.

Avt

ar S

ingh

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Table 2.4 Types of roads and total road network in Punjab (in Kms), March, 2011

Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India

Na�onal Highway

StateHighway

Other PWD Roads

Panchya� Raj Roads

Pradhan Mantri Sadak Yojna

Roads

Urban Roads

Project Roads

Total

1557 1477 6783 55061 4363 8085 6867 84193

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Vehicular emissions are of par�cular

concern since these are ground level

sources and thus have the

maximum impact on the human

p o p u l a � o n a n d o t h e r b i o � c

components. The major pollutants

released as vehicle/fuel emissions are

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,

photochemical oxidants, air toxics

n a m e l y b e n ze n e , a l d e h y d e s ,

1-3 butadiene, lead, par�culate

ma�er, hydrocarbon, oxides of

sulphur and polycyclic aroma�c

hydrocarbons.

While the predominant pollutants in

petrol/ gasoline driven vehicles are

hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide,

the predominant pollutants from the

diesel based vehicles are oxides of nitrogen and par�culates. As per studies by Central Pollu�on Control Board, vehicular

emissions are responsible for most of hydrocarbons (90-95%) and carbon monoxide (70-80%) emissions.

|< 18 19 >

Vehicular pollu�on control

Se�ng up of 421 pollu�on checking centers in the state under Motor Vehicle Act, 2009 to check the emission from all types of vehicles by Transport Dep�.

Implementa�on of Bharat Stage III fuel norms for passenger cars, heavy diesel vehicles and 2/3 wheelers (Sept. 2012)

Introduc�on of lead free petrol in Punjab since 2000

Promo�ng use of ba�ery operated vehicles

Promo�ng biofuels (5% blending of ethanol in gasoline)

Introduc�on of CNG as alterna�ve fuel for public transport including auto-rickshaw especially in Amritsar, Jalandhar and Ludhiana

Tree planta�on drives along all major roads throughout the state

Type CO

2.3

2.1

1.6

Passenger Cars

Heavy Diesel Vehicles

2/3 Wheelers

HC+ NOx

0.35 combined

-

1.0

HC

-

1.6

-

NOx

-

5.0

-

PM

-

0.10

-

Source: Jerath et al., 2014

Table 2.5 Emission norms under Bharat Stage III in Punjab (g / Km hr)

Figure 2.5 Vehicular popula�on of Punjab vis a vis other states/UTs of India (as on March, 2011)

Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India

Delhi; 5% Chandigarh UT; 1% Other UTs; 1% Andra Pradesh; 7% Bihar; 2%

Cha�sgarh; 2%

Goa; 1%

Gujarat; 9%

Haryana; 4%

HP; 0.5%

J & K; 1%

Jharkhand; 2%

Karnataka; 7%

Kerala; 4%

Madhya Pradesh5%Maharashtra; 12%

Orissa; 2%

Punjab; 4%

Rajasthan; 6%

Tamil Nadu; 11%

U�rakhand; 1%

U�ar Pradesh; 9%

West Bengal; 2%

North East States;2%

Air

Ph

oto

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dit

: D

r. A

vtar

Sin

ghP

ho

to C

red

it :

Dr.

Avt

ar S

ingh

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. A

vtar

Sin

gh

Pollu�on from agricultural ac�vi�es also

adversely affects the state's environment.

The state produces about 20 million tonnes of

rice straw and 17 million tonnes of wheat

straw every year, a part of which is burnt in

the fields to make way for the next crop.

Besides leading to loss of soil fer�lity, it

causes severe air pollu�on especially during

the months of October-November. The

smoke also impairs visibility which can cause

road accidents. Though LPG is the main

source of domes�c fuel in urban areas,

however, cow dung cakes and wood are s�ll

used in rural areas and slums. Further, since

the state faces acute power shortage

problem, use of diesel/kerosene gen-sets in

domes�c and commercial sector is rampant.

A policy for u�liza�on and management of

paddy straw is being formulated by State

Government to permanently address the

pollu�on hazard issue associated with open

field straw burning and to ensure good

returns to the farmers on their huge stock of

paddy straw by ensuring its op�mum u�liza�on

for power genera�on, as fuel and for other uses.

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Box 2.1 Air pollu�on from agricultural and domes�c prac�ces

|< 20 21 >

Table 2.6 Na�onal Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) sta�ons in Punjab

1. M/s Raj Steels2. M/s Modern Automo�ves3. M/s United Steel

1. AS Higher Secondary School2. Markfed

1. Milk Plant, Ferozepur Road2. M/s Nahar Spinning Mills3. Vishwakarma Chowk4. Zonal Office, PPCB

1. Regional Office, PPCB2. Focal Point3. Zonal Office, near M.C.Tubewell4. M/s G.K./Maltex Malsters

1. M/s Punjab Alkalies2. M/s Na�onal Fer�lizers Limited

1. C-PYTE Building

1. M/s Ceylone Industries2. Fire Brigade Office

1. M/s Winsome Yarn2. M/s PCPL

1. M/s Milk Plant

1. M/s Vinod Milk Chilling Centre 2. R.O, Focal Point

Industrial Industrial Residen�al/Commercial

Residen�alIndustrial

Residen�alIndustrial CommercialCommercial

Residen�alIndustrial CommercialIndustrial

Industrial Industrial

Industrial Commercial

Industrial Industrial

Industrial

Commercial Industrial

Mandi Gobindgarh

Khanna

Ludhiana

Jalandhar

Naya Nangal

Dera Baba Nanak

Pa�ala

Dera Bassi

Bathinda

Amritsar

City Loca�on of Sta�on Area TypeAir quality monitoring in Punjab

R e g u l a r m o n i t o r i n g o f

ambient air quality under

N a � o n a l A i r Q u a l i t y

Monitoring Program (NAMP)

by Punjab Pollu�on Control

Board (PPCB) at 23 loca�ons

for Sulfur dioxide (SO ) and 2

Nitrogen oxides (NO ) & X

R e s p i r a b l e S u s p e n d e d

Par�culate Ma�er (RSPM):

Residen�al/Commercial : 9

Industrial : 13

Trans Border effects : 1

Trans-border effects

Air

Pollu�on from agricultural ac�vi�es also

adversely affects the state's environment.

The state produces about 20 million tonnes of

rice straw and 17 million tonnes of wheat

straw every year, a part of which is burnt in

the fields to make way for the next crop.

Besides leading to loss of soil fer�lity, it

causes severe air pollu�on especially during

the months of October-November. The

smoke also impairs visibility which can cause

road accidents. Though LPG is the main

source of domes�c fuel in urban areas,

however, cow dung cakes and wood are s�ll

used in rural areas and slums. Further, since

the state faces acute power shortage

problem, use of diesel/kerosene gen-sets in

domes�c and commercial sector is rampant.

A policy for u�liza�on and management of

paddy straw is being formulated by State

Government to permanently address the

pollu�on hazard issue associated with open

field straw burning and to ensure good

returns to the farmers on their huge stock of

paddy straw by ensuring its op�mum u�liza�on

for power genera�on, as fuel and for other uses.

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Box 2.1 Air pollu�on from agricultural and domes�c prac�ces

|< 20 21 >

Table 2.6 Na�onal Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) sta�ons in Punjab

1. M/s Raj Steels2. M/s Modern Automo�ves3. M/s United Steel

1. AS Higher Secondary School2. Markfed

1. Milk Plant, Ferozepur Road2. M/s Nahar Spinning Mills3. Vishwakarma Chowk4. Zonal Office, PPCB

1. Regional Office, PPCB2. Focal Point3. Zonal Office, near M.C.Tubewell4. M/s G.K./Maltex Malsters

1. M/s Punjab Alkalies2. M/s Na�onal Fer�lizers Limited

1. C-PYTE Building

1. M/s Ceylone Industries2. Fire Brigade Office

1. M/s Winsome Yarn2. M/s PCPL

1. M/s Milk Plant

1. M/s Vinod Milk Chilling Centre 2. R.O, Focal Point

Industrial Industrial Residen�al/Commercial

Residen�alIndustrial

Residen�alIndustrial CommercialCommercial

Residen�alIndustrial CommercialIndustrial

Industrial Industrial

Industrial Commercial

Industrial Industrial

Industrial

Commercial Industrial

Mandi Gobindgarh

Khanna

Ludhiana

Jalandhar

Naya Nangal

Dera Baba Nanak

Pa�ala

Dera Bassi

Bathinda

Amritsar

City Loca�on of Sta�on Area TypeAir quality monitoring in Punjab

R e g u l a r m o n i t o r i n g o f

ambient air quality under

N a � o n a l A i r Q u a l i t y

Monitoring Program (NAMP)

by Punjab Pollu�on Control

Board (PPCB) at 23 loca�ons

for Sulfur dioxide (SO ) and 2

Nitrogen oxides (NO ) & X

R e s p i r a b l e S u s p e n d e d

Par�culate Ma�er (RSPM):

Residen�al/Commercial : 9

Industrial : 13

Trans Border effects : 1

Trans-border effects

Air

Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x

Fig. 2.6 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in industrial areas (2012)2 x

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 22 23 >

M1 M/s Winsome Yarn, Dera Bassi

M2 M/s PCPL, Dera Bassi

M3 M/s Raj Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh

M4 M/s Modern Automotives, Mandi Gobindgarh

M5 M/s National Fertilizers Limited, Nangal

M6 M/s Punjab Alkalies, Nangal

M7 M/s Milk Plant, Bathinda

M8 M/s Ceylone Industries, Patiala

M9 Focal Point, Jalandhar

M10 M/s G.K./ Maltex Malsters, Jalandhar

M11 M/s Nahar Spinning Mills, Ludhiana

M12 Markfed, Khanna

M13 R.O, Focal Point, Amritsar 0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

Monitoring Stations

SO2 NO x RSPM

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13

Figure 2.7 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in residen�al & commercial areas (2012)2 x

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

Monitoring Stations

SO 2 NOx RSPM

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

M1 Fire Brigade Office, Patiala

M2 M/s United Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh

M3 R.O, Jalandhar

M4 Z.O near MC Tubewell, Jalandhar

M5 Milk Plant, Ludhiana

M6 Z.O, Ludhiana

M7 Vishvakarma Chowk, Ludhiana

M8 A.S.Secondary School, Khanna

M9 Vinod Milk Chilling Centre, Amritsar

Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x

Figure 2.8 & 2.9 Trend in annual average concentra�on of RSPM in all monitoring sta�ons of Ludhiana & Mandi Gobindgarh

Source : PPCB, 20133Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit: 60g/m

226 224213

244261 251

234244 245

148 157

184

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Milk Plant Nahar Spininng Mills Vishwakarma Chowk Zonal Office

Monitoring Station

2010 2011 2012

229

200200200

232 234

203203203

230214

186

134

0

50

100

150

200

250

Raj Steels United Steels Modern Automotives

Monitoring Stations

2010 2011 2012

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

Figure 2.10 Air quality monitoring in major ci�es on Diwali night, 2010

427

291

591

464477

218

142

247

233730 22

37 4534

19 1023 29

16

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Mandi Gobindgarh Patiala Jalandhar Ludhiana Amritsar

3V

alu

es

in

g

/m

SPM RSPM NO x SO2

3 3 3 3Permissible NAAQS 24 Hours Limit (SPM : 200g/m , RSPM : 100g/m , NO : 80 g/m , SO : 80g/m )x 2Source: PPCB, 2011

Air

Ludhiana Mandi Gobindgarh

Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x

Fig. 2.6 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in industrial areas (2012)2 x

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 22 23 >

M1 M/s Winsome Yarn, Dera Bassi

M2 M/s PCPL, Dera Bassi

M3 M/s Raj Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh

M4 M/s Modern Automotives, Mandi Gobindgarh

M5 M/s National Fertilizers Limited, Nangal

M6 M/s Punjab Alkalies, Nangal

M7 M/s Milk Plant, Bathinda

M8 M/s Ceylone Industries, Patiala

M9 Focal Point, Jalandhar

M10 M/s G.K./ Maltex Malsters, Jalandhar

M11 M/s Nahar Spinning Mills, Ludhiana

M12 Markfed, Khanna

M13 R.O, Focal Point, Amritsar 0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

Monitoring Stations

SO2 NO x RSPM

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13

Figure 2.7 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in residen�al & commercial areas (2012)2 x

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

Monitoring Stations

SO 2 NOx RSPM

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

M1 Fire Brigade Office, Patiala

M2 M/s United Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh

M3 R.O, Jalandhar

M4 Z.O near MC Tubewell, Jalandhar

M5 Milk Plant, Ludhiana

M6 Z.O, Ludhiana

M7 Vishvakarma Chowk, Ludhiana

M8 A.S.Secondary School, Khanna

M9 Vinod Milk Chilling Centre, Amritsar

Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x

Figure 2.8 & 2.9 Trend in annual average concentra�on of RSPM in all monitoring sta�ons of Ludhiana & Mandi Gobindgarh

Source : PPCB, 20133Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit: 60g/m

226 224213

244261 251

234244 245

148 157

184

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Milk Plant Nahar Spininng Mills Vishwakarma Chowk Zonal Office

Monitoring Station

2010 2011 2012

229

200200200

232 234

203203203

230214

186

134

0

50

100

150

200

250

Raj Steels United Steels Modern Automotives

Monitoring Stations

2010 2011 2012

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

3A

nn

ua

l A

vg

. (

g/m

)

Figure 2.10 Air quality monitoring in major ci�es on Diwali night, 2010

427

291

591

464477

218

142

247

233730 22

37 4534

19 1023 29

16

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Mandi Gobindgarh Patiala Jalandhar Ludhiana Amritsar

3V

alu

es

in

g

/m

SPM RSPM NO x SO2

3 3 3 3Permissible NAAQS 24 Hours Limit (SPM : 200g/m , RSPM : 100g/m , NO : 80 g/m , SO : 80g/m )x 2Source: PPCB, 2011

Air

Ludhiana Mandi Gobindgarh

Box 2.2 Consultancy cell at Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST)

Beside puni�ve ac�ons the government has also adopted the policy of persuasion and technical guidance to industries. A Consultancy Cell has been set up in PSCST to provide consultancy to SMEs. The Consultancy Cell develops, demonstrates & promotes low cost environment friendly technologies for pollu�on control & energy conserva�on. It has prepared process packages for important small scale industries in Punjab such as brick kilns, rice shellers, cupola furnaces, induc�on furnaces & rolling mills. Energy efficiency and pollu�on control techniques suggested by PSCST in different air pollu�ng industries are as under:

Air

10-15% of coal savings

On site training programme for re-rolling mills at Mandi GobindgarhOn site training programme for re-rolling mills at Mandi GobindgarhOn site training programme for re-rolling mills at Mandi Gobindgarh Cupola Furnace

ss

s

Reduc�on in scale loss

WATER3

ater is vital for all life forms on earth. Though it is an abundant Wand renewable natural resource, yet only 2.7% of global water is available as fresh water, and of this, only 30% is available to meet the water demand of mankind and livestock.

Punjab, as the name suggests, is the land of five rivers. It is endowed with good quality surface water resources through rivers and streams, as well as, underground water reservoirs. However, demand of water is growing in agriculture, domestic, industrial and commercial sectors with growing population and their needs, leading to over- exploitation of water resources.

"Water is the driving force of all nature" - Leonardo da Vinci

Water State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Surface Water

Major rivers (perennial) of Punjab with a water poten�al of about 14.54 Million Acre Feet(MAF):

• Sutlej

• Beas

• Ravi

• Ghagger (seasonal)

14,500 kms long canal network with six major canals and about 1,00,000 km water courses with total Culturalable Command Area of 30.88 Lacs hectares :

• Upper Bari Doab Canal

• Bist Doab Canal

• Sirhind Canal

• Bhakra Main Canal

• Bikaner Canal

• Ferozepur Canal

8000 kms long drainage network :

• White Bein (East Bein)

• Kali Bein (West Bein)

• Sakki Nallah

• Kiran Nallah

• Buddha Nallah

• Siswan Nadi

• Pa�ala Nadi

• Jallalabad Drain

• Numerous choes (Shiwalik / Kandi Area)

21 Wetlands covering an area 155.78 sq. km

(0.30 % TGA of state):

• 12 natural wetlands

• 9 man-made wetlands including 3 Ramsar sites

i.e Harike, Ropar and Kanji and 2 Na�onal

wetlands i.e. Nangal and Ranjit Sagar

4952 village ponds :

• 1821 ponds with an area more than 2.5 ha each

• 3113 ponds with an area less than 2.5 ha each

|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >

Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Gurdaspur

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. O

nka

r Si

ngh

Brr

aich

Water State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Surface Water

Major rivers (perennial) of Punjab with a water poten�al of about 14.54 Million Acre Feet(MAF):

• Sutlej

• Beas

• Ravi

• Ghagger (seasonal)

14,500 kms long canal network with six major canals and about 1,00,000 km water courses with total Culturalable Command Area of 30.88 Lacs hectares :

• Upper Bari Doab Canal

• Bist Doab Canal

• Sirhind Canal

• Bhakra Main Canal

• Bikaner Canal

• Ferozepur Canal

8000 kms long drainage network :

• White Bein (East Bein)

• Kali Bein (West Bein)

• Sakki Nallah

• Kiran Nallah

• Buddha Nallah

• Siswan Nadi

• Pa�ala Nadi

• Jallalabad Drain

• Numerous choes (Shiwalik / Kandi Area)

21 Wetlands covering an area 155.78 sq. km

(0.30 % TGA of state):

• 12 natural wetlands

• 9 man-made wetlands including 3 Ramsar sites

i.e Harike, Ropar and Kanji and 2 Na�onal

wetlands i.e. Nangal and Ranjit Sagar

4952 village ponds :

• 1821 ponds with an area more than 2.5 ha each

• 3113 ponds with an area less than 2.5 ha each

|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >

Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Gurdaspur

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. O

nka

r Si

ngh

Brr

aich

Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana

Map 3.2 Drainage Network of PunjabMap 3.1 Canal Network of Punjab

Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana

|< 28 29 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Legend

MAIN CANAL

BRANCH CANAL

DISTRIBUTORY CANAL

Legend

PERENNIAL

DRY

Water

Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana

Map 3.2 Drainage Network of PunjabMap 3.1 Canal Network of Punjab

Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana

|< 28 29 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Legend

MAIN CANAL

BRANCH CANAL

DISTRIBUTORY CANAL

Legend

PERENNIAL

DRY

Water

|< 30 31 >

12622

14500

11192

5264

18500

8200

1150012455

7500

10000

12500

15000

17500

20000

Capacity (cusecs)

1408

3027

0

2500

5000

Bhakra M

ain Li

ne

Figure 3.1 Major Canals in Punjab

Source: Department of Irriga�on, Punjab, 2014

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

S.No. Name of Wetland Nearest town DistrictArea

(sq. km)Status

A.

Natural Wetlands

1 Jastarwal Jheel Jastarwal / Ajnala Amritsar 0.55 Permanent

2

Aliwal Kotli

Aliwal / Ajnala

Amritsar

0.10

Permanent

3

Bareta

Bareta

Mansa

0.20

Seasonal

4

Kahnuwan

Chhamb

Kahnuwan / Man Chopra / Chhawarian Banghar

Gurdaspur

1.28

Permanent

5

Keshopur –

Miani Jheel

Keshopur

Miani

Jhamela

Gurdaspur

4.08

Permanent

6

Mand

Bharthala

Bharthala

S.B.S. Nagar

0.61

Permanent

7

Narayangarh –

Terkiana

Terkiana/ Dasuya

Hoshiarpur

0.82

Permanent

8

Sital Sagar

Mansar

Hoshiarpur

*

Permanent

9

Rababsar

Bharowana

Kapurthala

0.41

Temporary

10

Lobana

Patiala

Patiala

0.11

Temporary

11

Lahail

Kalan

Lehail

Sangrur

0.20

Temporary

12

Gobindgarh

Khokhar

Gobindgarh

Khokhar

Sangrur

0.08

Temporary

B. Manmade Wetlands

1

Harike Lake

Harike

Tarn Taran,

Kapurthala,

Ferozepur

41.0

Ramsar Site

2 Kanjli Lake Kanjli Kapurthala 0.44 Ramsar Site

3 Ropar Lake Rupnagar Rupnagar 13.65 Ramsar Site

4Hussainiwala

ReservoirFerozepur Ferozepur 6.88

Nominated for recognition

as National Wetland

5 Ranjit Sagar ShahpurKandi Gurdaspur 32.64 National Wetland

6 Dholbaha Dam Dholbaba Hoshiarpur 13.2 Earth lled dam

7 Maili Dam Maili Hoshiarpur 0.72 -

8 Mangrowal Dam Mangrowal Hoshiarpur 0.70 -

9 Nangal Lake Nangal Rupnagar 4.0 National Wetland

Source: Jerath et al., 2014Abohar Canal at Sudhar, Dis�. Ludhiana

Water

Table 3.1 Wetlands of Punjab

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Migratory Birds at Harike Wetland

Rajast

han Feeder

|< 30 31 >

12622

14500

11192

5264

18500

8200

1150012455

7500

10000

12500

15000

17500

20000

Capacity (cusecs)

1408

3027

0

2500

5000

Bhakra M

ain Li

ne

Figure 3.1 Major Canals in Punjab

Source: Department of Irriga�on, Punjab, 2014

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

S.No. Name of Wetland Nearest town DistrictArea

(sq. km)Status

A.

Natural Wetlands

1 Jastarwal Jheel Jastarwal / Ajnala Amritsar 0.55 Permanent

2

Aliwal Kotli

Aliwal / Ajnala

Amritsar

0.10

Permanent

3

Bareta

Bareta

Mansa

0.20

Seasonal

4

Kahnuwan

Chhamb

Kahnuwan / Man Chopra / Chhawarian Banghar

Gurdaspur

1.28

Permanent

5

Keshopur –

Miani Jheel

Keshopur

Miani

Jhamela

Gurdaspur

4.08

Permanent

6

Mand

Bharthala

Bharthala

S.B.S. Nagar

0.61

Permanent

7

Narayangarh –

Terkiana

Terkiana/ Dasuya

Hoshiarpur

0.82

Permanent

8

Sital Sagar

Mansar

Hoshiarpur

*

Permanent

9

Rababsar

Bharowana

Kapurthala

0.41

Temporary

10

Lobana

Patiala

Patiala

0.11

Temporary

11

Lahail

Kalan

Lehail

Sangrur

0.20

Temporary

12

Gobindgarh

Khokhar

Gobindgarh

Khokhar

Sangrur

0.08

Temporary

B. Manmade Wetlands

1

Harike Lake

Harike

Tarn Taran,

Kapurthala,

Ferozepur

41.0

Ramsar Site

2 Kanjli Lake Kanjli Kapurthala 0.44 Ramsar Site

3 Ropar Lake Rupnagar Rupnagar 13.65 Ramsar Site

4Hussainiwala

ReservoirFerozepur Ferozepur 6.88

Nominated for recognition

as National Wetland

5 Ranjit Sagar ShahpurKandi Gurdaspur 32.64 National Wetland

6 Dholbaha Dam Dholbaba Hoshiarpur 13.2 Earth lled dam

7 Maili Dam Maili Hoshiarpur 0.72 -

8 Mangrowal Dam Mangrowal Hoshiarpur 0.70 -

9 Nangal Lake Nangal Rupnagar 4.0 National Wetland

Source: Jerath et al., 2014Abohar Canal at Sudhar, Dis�. Ludhiana

Water

Table 3.1 Wetlands of Punjab

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Migratory Birds at Harike Wetland

Rajast

han Feeder

Ground Water

The total annual ground water r e s o u r c e s i n t h e s t a t e a r e es�mated to be about 20.35 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM). Agriculture sector is the largest consumer of water for irriga�on purposes. The dominance of rice and wheat cropping pa�ern over the years has led to overexploita�on of ground water resul�ng in rapid decline of water table in the en�re state (except south western part). The ground water is also a major source of drinking water. As per the guidel ines of Ground Water Resources Es�ma�on Commi�ee (GEC), the present ground water development (ra�o of gross ground water dra� for all uses to net ground water availability) in the state is 170% with an annual deficit of 14.31 BCM as on March 2009. (Source : Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009). The defic i t i s met through over exploita�on of under ground water reserves through tube-wells. The number of tube-wells in the state has increased from 3 Lakhs in 1975 to 13.8 Lakh in 2011.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Net Annual Availability

Annual Ground Water Dra�

Annual Groud Water Deficit

20.35

34.66

14.31

Gro

un

d W

ater

(B

CM

)

Figure 3.2 Status of Ground Water Resources of Punjab

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11

Are

a (0

00

ha)

Canals Tubwells Other Source Total Irrigated Area

Figure 3.3 Net Irrigated Area by different sources in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 3.4 Categoriza�on of Blocks in Punjab based on Ground Water Development

Source: CGWB, 2009Over exploited: Exploita�on > 100%,

Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 90% ≤100%,

Semi Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 70% ≤ 90%,

Safe: Exploita�on ≤70%.

Figure 3.5 Increase/Decrease in number of various categories of blocks in Punjab

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1984 1986 1989 1992 1999 2004 2009

Nu

mb

er

of

Blo

cks

Dark/Over exploited Dark/ Cri�cal

Grey/ Semi Cri�cal White/Safe

Source: Tiwana et al., 2007 and CGWB, 2009

|< 32 33 >

110

32

23

Over Exploited Cri�cal Semi Cri�cal Safe

Water

Ground Water

The total annual ground water r e s o u r c e s i n t h e s t a t e a r e es�mated to be about 20.35 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM). Agriculture sector is the largest consumer of water for irriga�on purposes. The dominance of rice and wheat cropping pa�ern over the years has led to overexploita�on of ground water resul�ng in rapid decline of water table in the en�re state (except south western part). The ground water is also a major source of drinking water. As per the guidel ines of Ground Water Resources Es�ma�on Commi�ee (GEC), the present ground water development (ra�o of gross ground water dra� for all uses to net ground water availability) in the state is 170% with an annual deficit of 14.31 BCM as on March 2009. (Source : Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009). The defic i t i s met through over exploita�on of under ground water reserves through tube-wells. The number of tube-wells in the state has increased from 3 Lakhs in 1975 to 13.8 Lakh in 2011.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Net Annual Availability

Annual Ground Water Dra�

Annual Groud Water Deficit

20.35

34.66

14.31

Gro

un

d W

ater

(B

CM

)

Figure 3.2 Status of Ground Water Resources of Punjab

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11

Are

a (0

00

ha)

Canals Tubwells Other Source Total Irrigated Area

Figure 3.3 Net Irrigated Area by different sources in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 3.4 Categoriza�on of Blocks in Punjab based on Ground Water Development

Source: CGWB, 2009Over exploited: Exploita�on > 100%,

Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 90% ≤100%,

Semi Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 70% ≤ 90%,

Safe: Exploita�on ≤70%.

Figure 3.5 Increase/Decrease in number of various categories of blocks in Punjab

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1984 1986 1989 1992 1999 2004 2009

Nu

mb

er

of

Blo

cks

Dark/Over exploited Dark/ Cri�cal

Grey/ Semi Cri�cal White/Safe

Source: Tiwana et al., 2007 and CGWB, 2009

|< 32 33 >

110

32

23

Over Exploited Cri�cal Semi Cri�cal Safe

Water

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

The gravity of the situa�on can

be gauged from the fact that

ground water in 80% of total

geographical area of the state

(110 blocks) is over exploited in

terms of stage of ground water

development, as exploita�on in

these blocks is more than 100

percent, 3% area of the state

(5 blocks) is under the category

of cri�cal and semi cri�cal

category and only 17 % area (23

Blocks) of the state is safe for

ground water development.

Data indicates that the number

of dark/over exploited blocks

have sharply escalated during

the period 1992 to 2009.

Decline in Water Table

The use of ground water in excess of recharge is leading to fall in water table. As per Jain, 2013, the water table has receded at

an average annual rate of 0.70 metre(m) all across the state between 2008-12 with a range of water table decline from 0.10

m to 4.0 m. The situa�on has reached alarming propor�ons in central Punjab. Out of 73 blocks of central Punjab, the water

table has gone down beyond 20 m depth in 34 blocks. The cumula�ve fall in ground water in central Punjab during last three

decades is more than 9 m. Sangrur and Pa�ala are worst affected districts. However, water table is rising in some south

western parts of the state, where water extrac�on for irriga�on purposes is limited due to its brackish and saline quality. In

2012, the Central Ground Water Authority no�fied 45 blocks in the state for restric�ng and banning the construc�on of new

structures for extrac�on of ground water for any use other than drinking.

Figure 3.6 Decline in water table in Punjab

0.2

0.9

0.7

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1986-2000 2000-2008 2008-2012

Fall

in

wate

r ta

ble

(m

)

Source: Jain, 2013

Figure 3.7 Area under different water table depths in Punjab

Ground Water QualityGround Water Quality in Punjab varies in different zones of the state. It has been grouped into three categories i.e. good, marginal and poor based upon the varia�on in Electrical Conduc�vity (EC) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) Values. For good quality of Ground water, RSC shall be below 2.5me/L & EC below 2.00dS/m. Quality of ground water in the state changes from good to poor from North to South/South West. The ground water in South Western district of Punjab namely, Mansa, Bathinda, Muktsar, Ferozepur and Faridkot contain varying concentra�ons of soluble salts and its use for irriga�on adversely affects agricultural produc�on. (Source: Directorate of Water Resources & Environment, Punjab).

Good Quality Ground Water This category of ground water occupies about 51% of total

geographical area of the state. The good quality ground water is present along the flood plains of Sutluj, Beas, Ravi and Ghaggar rivers and also in the vicinity of major canals due to recharge of ground water aquifer with fresh water. Upper Bari Doab plains and Doab belt has maximum area of good quality water.

Marginal Quality Ground Waters Marginal Quality Ground Waters occupy 37% area of

the state. Water under this category is saline, sodic or both. The extent of marginal quality ground waters is highest in the south-western zone.

Poor Quality Ground Water

This category occupies nearly 6% area of the state.

These waters are unsuitable for irriga�on due to high

EC or high RSC or both. The poor quality waters are

present in South-West zone and Satluj-Ghaggar plains.

The con�nuous use of poor quality water renders the

soils unproduc�ve or barren over a period of �me.

|< 34 35 >

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Are

a (L

akh

ha)

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009

0-3 m

3-10 m

10-20 m

>20 m

Source: Jain, 2013

Water

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

The gravity of the situa�on can

be gauged from the fact that

ground water in 80% of total

geographical area of the state

(110 blocks) is over exploited in

terms of stage of ground water

development, as exploita�on in

these blocks is more than 100

percent, 3% area of the state

(5 blocks) is under the category

of cri�cal and semi cri�cal

category and only 17 % area (23

Blocks) of the state is safe for

ground water development.

Data indicates that the number

of dark/over exploited blocks

have sharply escalated during

the period 1992 to 2009.

Decline in Water Table

The use of ground water in excess of recharge is leading to fall in water table. As per Jain, 2013, the water table has receded at

an average annual rate of 0.70 metre(m) all across the state between 2008-12 with a range of water table decline from 0.10

m to 4.0 m. The situa�on has reached alarming propor�ons in central Punjab. Out of 73 blocks of central Punjab, the water

table has gone down beyond 20 m depth in 34 blocks. The cumula�ve fall in ground water in central Punjab during last three

decades is more than 9 m. Sangrur and Pa�ala are worst affected districts. However, water table is rising in some south

western parts of the state, where water extrac�on for irriga�on purposes is limited due to its brackish and saline quality. In

2012, the Central Ground Water Authority no�fied 45 blocks in the state for restric�ng and banning the construc�on of new

structures for extrac�on of ground water for any use other than drinking.

Figure 3.6 Decline in water table in Punjab

0.2

0.9

0.7

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1986-2000 2000-2008 2008-2012

Fall

in

wate

r ta

ble

(m

)

Source: Jain, 2013

Figure 3.7 Area under different water table depths in Punjab

Ground Water QualityGround Water Quality in Punjab varies in different zones of the state. It has been grouped into three categories i.e. good, marginal and poor based upon the varia�on in Electrical Conduc�vity (EC) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) Values. For good quality of Ground water, RSC shall be below 2.5me/L & EC below 2.00dS/m. Quality of ground water in the state changes from good to poor from North to South/South West. The ground water in South Western district of Punjab namely, Mansa, Bathinda, Muktsar, Ferozepur and Faridkot contain varying concentra�ons of soluble salts and its use for irriga�on adversely affects agricultural produc�on. (Source: Directorate of Water Resources & Environment, Punjab).

Good Quality Ground Water This category of ground water occupies about 51% of total

geographical area of the state. The good quality ground water is present along the flood plains of Sutluj, Beas, Ravi and Ghaggar rivers and also in the vicinity of major canals due to recharge of ground water aquifer with fresh water. Upper Bari Doab plains and Doab belt has maximum area of good quality water.

Marginal Quality Ground Waters Marginal Quality Ground Waters occupy 37% area of

the state. Water under this category is saline, sodic or both. The extent of marginal quality ground waters is highest in the south-western zone.

Poor Quality Ground Water

This category occupies nearly 6% area of the state.

These waters are unsuitable for irriga�on due to high

EC or high RSC or both. The poor quality waters are

present in South-West zone and Satluj-Ghaggar plains.

The con�nuous use of poor quality water renders the

soils unproduc�ve or barren over a period of �me.

|< 34 35 >

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Are

a (L

akh

ha)

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009

0-3 m

3-10 m

10-20 m

>20 m

Source: Jain, 2013

Water

Map 3.3 Depth of water table in June, 2010

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Water logged area 200,000 ha

Salinity (EC > 3000 µS/cm at 25 ° C) Ferozepur, Faridkot, Bathinda, Mansa, Muktsar, Sangrur(Area ~1 million ha)

Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Amritsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, Pa�ala, Sangrur

Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) Ferozepur, Muktsar

Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Mansa, Rupnagar, Sangrur

Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, S.B.S. Nagar, Pa�ala, Rupnagar, Sangrur

Source: Jerath et al., 2014

Table 3.2 Ground water problems in Punjab

Surface water quality

Water quality in the aqua�c

ecosystems of Punjab is being

monitored by the Punjab

Pollu�on Control Board at 37

loca�ons on the rivers Sutlej,

Beas, Ravi and Ghagger. The

monitoring is being carried out

under the MINARS scheme of

CPCB. At each monitoring

loca�on, samples are collected

every quarter (in the months of

J a n u a r y, A p r i l , J u l y a n d

October) and analysed for

physico-chemical parameters.

The river wise data is as under:

River Satluj

Monitoring sta�ons : 15

Figure 3.8 Annual average concentra�ons of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Bio-Chemical Oxygen demand (BOD) in river Sutlej, 2011-12

8

10

12

14

16

mg

/L

0

2

4

6

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

mg

/L

Monitoring stations

DO BOD

S1: 100m Upstream Nangal HeadworksS2: 100m Downstream (d/s) of NFLS3: d/s of NFLS4: d/s KiratpurS5: Sutlej at upstream (u/s) RoparS6: 1km d/s M/s Rishabh PapersS7: Sutlej u/s Budha NallahS8: Sutlej at 100m d/s Budha Nallah ConfluenceS9: At Boat Bridge, Dharamkot-Nakodar RoadS10: Sutlej at d/s East BeinS11: Sutlej at Bridge Harike S12: Harike LakeS13: Rajasthan Feeder canal at HarikeS14: Hussainiwala HeadworksS15: d/s Hussainiwala Headworks

Source: PPCB, 2013

|< 36 37 >

Sou

rce

: Gro

un

d w

ate

r ce

ll, D

epa

rtm

ent

of

Ag

ricu

ltu

re, P

un

jab

INDEXDEPTH TO WATER TABLE CONTOURSBELOW GROUND LEVEL IN METRES

DEPTH TO WATER TABLE B.G.L. UPTO 1.5M1.5 To 3MDO

3 To 5 ’’’’5 To 7 ’’’’

7 To 10 ’’’’10 To 13 ’’’’13 To 15 ’’’’15 To 18 ’’’’18 To 20 ’’’’20 To 30 ’’’’

Above 30 ’’’’

REFERENCES1. INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY2. STATE BOUNDARY3. DISTRICT BOUNDARY / HQ4. TEHSIL BOUNDARY / HQ5. BLOCK BOUNDARY / HQ6. UNION TERRITORY BOUNDARY7. HILLY AREA8. RIVER

Water

Map 3.3 Depth of water table in June, 2010

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Water logged area 200,000 ha

Salinity (EC > 3000 µS/cm at 25 ° C) Ferozepur, Faridkot, Bathinda, Mansa, Muktsar, Sangrur(Area ~1 million ha)

Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Amritsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, Pa�ala, Sangrur

Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) Ferozepur, Muktsar

Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Mansa, Rupnagar, Sangrur

Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, S.B.S. Nagar, Pa�ala, Rupnagar, Sangrur

Source: Jerath et al., 2014

Table 3.2 Ground water problems in Punjab

Surface water quality

Water quality in the aqua�c

ecosystems of Punjab is being

monitored by the Punjab

Pollu�on Control Board at 37

loca�ons on the rivers Sutlej,

Beas, Ravi and Ghagger. The

monitoring is being carried out

under the MINARS scheme of

CPCB. At each monitoring

loca�on, samples are collected

every quarter (in the months of

J a n u a r y, A p r i l , J u l y a n d

October) and analysed for

physico-chemical parameters.

The river wise data is as under:

River Satluj

Monitoring sta�ons : 15

Figure 3.8 Annual average concentra�ons of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Bio-Chemical Oxygen demand (BOD) in river Sutlej, 2011-12

8

10

12

14

16

mg

/L

0

2

4

6

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

mg

/L

Monitoring stations

DO BOD

S1: 100m Upstream Nangal HeadworksS2: 100m Downstream (d/s) of NFLS3: d/s of NFLS4: d/s KiratpurS5: Sutlej at upstream (u/s) RoparS6: 1km d/s M/s Rishabh PapersS7: Sutlej u/s Budha NallahS8: Sutlej at 100m d/s Budha Nallah ConfluenceS9: At Boat Bridge, Dharamkot-Nakodar RoadS10: Sutlej at d/s East BeinS11: Sutlej at Bridge Harike S12: Harike LakeS13: Rajasthan Feeder canal at HarikeS14: Hussainiwala HeadworksS15: d/s Hussainiwala Headworks

Source: PPCB, 2013

|< 36 37 >

Sou

rce

: Gro

un

d w

ate

r ce

ll, D

epa

rtm

ent

of

Ag

ricu

ltu

re, P

un

jab

INDEXDEPTH TO WATER TABLE CONTOURSBELOW GROUND LEVEL IN METRES

DEPTH TO WATER TABLE B.G.L. UPTO 1.5M1.5 To 3MDO

3 To 5 ’’’’5 To 7 ’’’’

7 To 10 ’’’’10 To 13 ’’’’13 To 15 ’’’’15 To 18 ’’’’18 To 20 ’’’’20 To 30 ’’’’

Above 30 ’’’’

REFERENCES1. INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY2. STATE BOUNDARY3. DISTRICT BOUNDARY / HQ4. TEHSIL BOUNDARY / HQ5. BLOCK BOUNDARY / HQ6. UNION TERRITORY BOUNDARY7. HILLY AREA8. RIVER

Water

River Beas

Monitoring sta�ons : 9

Figure 3.9 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Beas, 2011-12

5

6

7

8

9

mg

/L0

1

2

3

4

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9

Monitoring Stations

DO BOD

Source: PPCB, 2013

River Ravi

Monitoring sta�ons : 1

B1: Talwara Head WorksB2: u/s PathankotB3: d/s Pathankot B4: At Mirthal bridgeB5: 1km d/s of industrial discharge point at MukerianB6: Bridge near KapurtahlaB7: u/s GoindwalB8: At 100m d/s industrial discharge point, GoindwalB9: At Harike

Figure 3.10 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ravi, 2011-12

4

5

6

7

8

mg

/L

0

1

2

3

4

DO BOD

Monitoring Station R1

R-1: Madhopur Headworks

Source: PPCB, 2013

River Ghagger

Monitoring sta�ons : 12

Figure 3.11 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ghagger, 2011-12

Source: PPCB, 2013

Harike Wetland

Monitoring sta�ons : 3

Figure 3.12 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in Harike, 2010-11

G1: Ghaggar at Guest House, MubarakpurG2: Near BhankarpurG3: Upstream Jharmil NadiG4: Downstream Jharmil NadiG5: Downstream Cha�birG6: Upstream Dhakansu NallahG7: Downstream Dhakansu NallahG8: At Ra�anheri d/s Pa�ala Nadi a�er confluenceG9: At KhanauriG10: At MoonakG11: u/s SardulgarhG12: d/s Sardulgarh

HS1: Sutlej at HarikeHB1: Beas at Harike LakeHS1+HB1: Harike d/s from canal

Source: PPCB, 2013

20

25

30

35

mg

/L

0

5

10

15

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12

mg

/L

Monitoring Stations

DO BOD

4

5

6

7

8

mg

/L

0

1

2

3

HS1 HB1 HS1/ HB1

mg

/L

Monitoring Stations

DO BOD

|< 38 39 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Water

River Beas

Monitoring sta�ons : 9

Figure 3.9 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Beas, 2011-12

5

6

7

8

9

mg

/L

0

1

2

3

4

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9

Monitoring Stations

DO BOD

Source: PPCB, 2013

River Ravi

Monitoring sta�ons : 1

B1: Talwara Head WorksB2: u/s PathankotB3: d/s Pathankot B4: At Mirthal bridgeB5: 1km d/s of industrial discharge point at MukerianB6: Bridge near KapurtahlaB7: u/s GoindwalB8: At 100m d/s industrial discharge point, GoindwalB9: At Harike

Figure 3.10 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ravi, 2011-12

4

5

6

7

8

mg

/L

0

1

2

3

4

DO BOD

Monitoring Station R1

R-1: Madhopur Headworks

Source: PPCB, 2013

River Ghagger

Monitoring sta�ons : 12

Figure 3.11 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ghagger, 2011-12

Source: PPCB, 2013

Harike Wetland

Monitoring sta�ons : 3

Figure 3.12 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in Harike, 2010-11

G1: Ghaggar at Guest House, MubarakpurG2: Near BhankarpurG3: Upstream Jharmil NadiG4: Downstream Jharmil NadiG5: Downstream Cha�birG6: Upstream Dhakansu NallahG7: Downstream Dhakansu NallahG8: At Ra�anheri d/s Pa�ala Nadi a�er confluenceG9: At KhanauriG10: At MoonakG11: u/s SardulgarhG12: d/s Sardulgarh

HS1: Sutlej at HarikeHB1: Beas at Harike LakeHS1+HB1: Harike d/s from canal

Source: PPCB, 2013

20

25

30

35

mg

/L0

5

10

15

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12m

g/L

Monitoring Stations

DO BOD

4

5

6

7

8

mg

/L

0

1

2

3

HS1 HB1 HS1/ HB1

mg

/L

Monitoring Stations

DO BOD

|< 38 39 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Water

During the past two decades, rapid increase in popula�on, urbaniza�on, industrializa�on and agricultural prac�ces have

heavily polluted the surface water resources of Punjab, both in physicochemical and biological terms by one or more of the

following ways:

Direct point sources: Transfer of pollutants from industrial and municipal waste water disposal sites and refuse.

Diffuse agricultural sources: Run off and soil erosion from agricultural lands carrying chemical fer�lisers, herbicides and

pes�cides.

ETP = Effluent Treatment Plant* This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only. **Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and does not include the figures of Regional Office, S.A.S. Nagar.

Access to Safe Drinking Water

Punjab tops the chart among Indian states in the availability of safe drinking water to 97.6% households, which is significantly

high as compared to the na�onal average of 77.9% (Source : Census of India, 2011). The water is sourced from canals,

tube wells, percola�on wells and hand pumps. The water supply in urban areas has so far covered 88 urban centres (ci�es

and towns) and reached 103.87 lakh popula�on or 88% of the total urban popula�on. Water is supplied through 11868 kms

network of pipes, 1972 tube wells and through 354 overhead storage reservoirs (Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage

Board).

Punjab has made great strides in making drinking water available to its popula�on. However, accessibility of safe drinking

water is s�ll an issue especially in south western districts.

Large and Medium

(No. of Units) Small Scale Industries

(No. of Units) Category wise (No. of Units)

Year With ETP

Without ETP

With ETP Without

ETP Red Orange Green

2002-03 386 1 1847 751 7989 - 4916

2008-09 353 1 2101 96 8804 - 7868

2009-10 456 - 3200 106 12238 - 9289

2010-11 496 - 3558 41 12971 19* 83*

2011-12 460 2 3013 37 11256 673 5852**

Source: PPCB, 2013

Table 3.3 Water Pollu�ng Industries in the State of Punjab

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Challenges of Water sector

• Ever Increasing demand

• Deple�on of ground water

• Canal efficiency below their designated capacity

• Deteriora�on of water quality

• Water logging in South-Western districts

• Potable drinking water accessibility in SW districts

|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >

Water

During the past two decades, rapid increase in popula�on, urbaniza�on, industrializa�on and agricultural prac�ces have

heavily polluted the surface water resources of Punjab, both in physicochemical and biological terms by one or more of the

following ways:

Direct point sources: Transfer of pollutants from industrial and municipal waste water disposal sites and refuse.

Diffuse agricultural sources: Run off and soil erosion from agricultural lands carrying chemical fer�lisers, herbicides and

pes�cides.

ETP = Effluent Treatment Plant* This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only. **Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and does not include the figures of Regional Office, S.A.S. Nagar.

Access to Safe Drinking Water

Punjab tops the chart among Indian states in the availability of safe drinking water to 97.6% households, which is significantly

high as compared to the na�onal average of 77.9% (Source : Census of India, 2011). The water is sourced from canals,

tube wells, percola�on wells and hand pumps. The water supply in urban areas has so far covered 88 urban centres (ci�es

and towns) and reached 103.87 lakh popula�on or 88% of the total urban popula�on. Water is supplied through 11868 kms

network of pipes, 1972 tube wells and through 354 overhead storage reservoirs (Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage

Board).

Punjab has made great strides in making drinking water available to its popula�on. However, accessibility of safe drinking

water is s�ll an issue especially in south western districts.

Large and Medium

(No. of Units) Small Scale Industries

(No. of Units) Category wise (No. of Units)

Year With ETP

Without ETP

With ETP Without

ETP Red Orange Green

2002-03 386 1 1847 751 7989 - 4916

2008-09 353 1 2101 96 8804 - 7868

2009-10 456 - 3200 106 12238 - 9289

2010-11 496 - 3558 41 12971 19* 83*

2011-12 460 2 3013 37 11256 673 5852**

Source: PPCB, 2013

Table 3.3 Water Pollu�ng Industries in the State of Punjab

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Challenges of Water sector

• Ever Increasing demand

• Deple�on of ground water

• Canal efficiency below their designated capacity

• Deteriora�on of water quality

• Water logging in South-Western districts

• Potable drinking water accessibility in SW districts

|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >

Water

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Surface water

Ground water

Punjab Pollu�on Control Board

Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment

Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment

Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

Department of Irriga�on

Department of Public Health

Department of Water Supply and Sanita�on

Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board

Department of Rural Development & Panchayats

Water Management and Distribu�on

Regula�on

Water Resources and Environment

Department of Water supply and Sanita�on

Department of Agriculture

Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board

Promo�on of new technologies

Ins�tu�ons Managing Water In Punjab

The three key elements of water management include (i) water source crea�on/augmenta�on and distribu�on,

(ii) Regula�on – which implies implementa�on of laws and monitoring and (iii) Promo�on of new technologies for

water conserva�on and improving water quality. These func�ons are carried out by various departments of the Punjab

government

Major Ini�a�ves for Management of Water Resources Irriga�on • Accelerated Irriga�on Benefit Programme (75%) • Command Area Development and Water Management Programme • Par�cipatory Irriga�on Management Programme • NABARD assistance for lining of Abohar and Bhakra main line canals • Project to rehabilitate ponds in all villages of the state • Project for moderniza�on, remodeling, renova�on and extension of canals, deep tube wells, lining of water courses,

cleaning of head works, repairing of gates, etc. Drinking water and Sewerage • Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme • Rajiv Gandhi Na�onal Drinking Water Mission • Swajal Dhara Programme • Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme • Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanita�on Project • NABARD assistance for drinking water supply to NC Rural habitats • Rejuvena�on of Drinking Water Supply Schemes including the Opera�on and Maintenance (O&M) of the completed

rural water supply schemes • Abatement of Pollu�on of rivers Satluj and Beas • Water supply and sewerage schemes for religious towns • Rehabilita�on of exis�ng sewerage system in walled city area of Amritsar • Water supply under UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for small and Medium Towns) • Sewage Treatment Plant for Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Phagwara under JNNURM • Water supply/ sewerage/storm water drainage under JNNURM for Gidderbaha, Pa�, Amritsar, Tarn Taran and

Talwandi Sabo. Pollu�on Control • Na�onal River Conserva�on Programme • Surface Water monitoring under the MINAR scheme • Waste water pollu�on control Programme. • PPCB advices, guides, encourages, persuades & helps the industry in pu�ng up effluent treatment plants (ETPs) to

control and reduce pollu�on. • Water Quality Monitoring Programme Wetland Management • Conserva�on measures at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal Wetlands • Conserva�on & management of state wetlands Control of floods and Water logging • Flood Management Programme • Flash flood control Programme • NABARD scheme for construc�on of subsurface drainage

|< 42 43 >

Water

Central Ground Water Board

Department of Agriculture

Department of Industry

Punjab Agricultural University

Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on

Department of Hor�culture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Surface water

Ground water

Punjab Pollu�on Control Board

Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment

Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment

Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

Department of Irriga�on

Department of Public Health

Department of Water Supply and Sanita�on

Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board

Department of Rural Development & Panchayats

Water Management and Distribu�on

Regula�on

Water Resources and Environment

Department of Water supply and Sanita�on

Department of Agriculture

Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board

Promo�on of new technologies

Ins�tu�ons Managing Water In Punjab

The three key elements of water management include (i) water source crea�on/augmenta�on and distribu�on,

(ii) Regula�on – which implies implementa�on of laws and monitoring and (iii) Promo�on of new technologies for

water conserva�on and improving water quality. These func�ons are carried out by various departments of the Punjab

government

Major Ini�a�ves for Management of Water Resources Irriga�on • Accelerated Irriga�on Benefit Programme (75%) • Command Area Development and Water Management Programme • Par�cipatory Irriga�on Management Programme • NABARD assistance for lining of Abohar and Bhakra main line canals • Project to rehabilitate ponds in all villages of the state • Project for moderniza�on, remodeling, renova�on and extension of canals, deep tube wells, lining of water courses,

cleaning of head works, repairing of gates, etc. Drinking water and Sewerage • Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme • Rajiv Gandhi Na�onal Drinking Water Mission • Swajal Dhara Programme • Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme • Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanita�on Project • NABARD assistance for drinking water supply to NC Rural habitats • Rejuvena�on of Drinking Water Supply Schemes including the Opera�on and Maintenance (O&M) of the completed

rural water supply schemes • Abatement of Pollu�on of rivers Satluj and Beas • Water supply and sewerage schemes for religious towns • Rehabilita�on of exis�ng sewerage system in walled city area of Amritsar • Water supply under UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for small and Medium Towns) • Sewage Treatment Plant for Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Phagwara under JNNURM • Water supply/ sewerage/storm water drainage under JNNURM for Gidderbaha, Pa�, Amritsar, Tarn Taran and

Talwandi Sabo. Pollu�on Control • Na�onal River Conserva�on Programme • Surface Water monitoring under the MINAR scheme • Waste water pollu�on control Programme. • PPCB advices, guides, encourages, persuades & helps the industry in pu�ng up effluent treatment plants (ETPs) to

control and reduce pollu�on. • Water Quality Monitoring Programme Wetland Management • Conserva�on measures at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal Wetlands • Conserva�on & management of state wetlands Control of floods and Water logging • Flood Management Programme • Flash flood control Programme • NABARD scheme for construc�on of subsurface drainage

|< 42 43 >

Water

Central Ground Water Board

Department of Agriculture

Department of Industry

Punjab Agricultural University

Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on

Department of Hor�culture

Water

Sambar at Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, District Pa�ala Sambar at Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, District Pa�ala Sambar at Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, District Pa�ala Ph

oto

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Ph

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Brr

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he forests of Punjab present a kaleidoscopic spectrum of Tdiverse vegetation types varying from the pine forests to thorn

forests of deserts as per variations of altitude and climate.

FORESTS4

“The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The next best time is today”

Recorded Forest Cover

• Recorded Forests : 3463 Sq.km

• Percentage of Total

Geographical Area of State : 6.87%

• Forest Classifica�on

Reserved : 1.43%

Protected : 36.87%

Unclassified : 61.70%

Source: Forest Survey India, 2011

Figure 4.1 Trend in recorded forest area in Punjab

Source : Forest Survey India, 2011 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

3463

3100

3300

3500

3700

Are

a i

n S

q.K

m

2603

2845

3058

2500

2700

2900

3100

1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12

Years

Figure 4.2 District wise recorded forest area in Punjab, 2012

*Including Pathankot, **Including Tarn Taran,, *** Including Mohali, **** Including Barnala

Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

342

149

2756

178

1148

517

100 105

20 38 3275

2770

154

20

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Gu

rda

spu

r*

Am

rits

ar*

*

Ka

pu

rth

ala

Jala

nd

ha

r

S.B

.S N

aga

r

Ho

shia

rpu

r

Ru

pn

agar

***

Lud

hia

na

Fero

zep

ur

Fari

dko

t

Mu

ktsa

r

Mo

ga

Ba

thin

da

Man

sa

San

gru

r**

**

Pa�

ala

Fate

hga

rh S

ah

ib

Are

a in

Sq

.km

As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase

by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to

1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium 1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium

dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931 dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931

sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls

under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq

km to 37 sq. km.km to 37 sq. km.

As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase

by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to

1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium

dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931

sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls

under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq

km to 37 sq. km.

Forests State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >

Recorded Forest Cover

• Recorded Forests : 3463 Sq.km

• Percentage of Total

Geographical Area of State : 6.87%

• Forest Classifica�on

Reserved : 1.43%

Protected : 36.87%

Unclassified : 61.70%

Source: Forest Survey India, 2011

Figure 4.1 Trend in recorded forest area in Punjab

Source : Forest Survey India, 2011 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

3463

3100

3300

3500

3700

Are

a i

n S

q.K

m

2603

2845

3058

2500

2700

2900

3100

1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12

Years

Figure 4.2 District wise recorded forest area in Punjab, 2012

*Including Pathankot, **Including Tarn Taran,, *** Including Mohali, **** Including Barnala

Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

342

149

2756

178

1148

517

100 105

20 38 3275

2770

154

20

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Gu

rda

spu

r*

Am

rits

ar*

*

Ka

pu

rth

ala

Jala

nd

ha

r

S.B

.S N

aga

r

Ho

shia

rpu

r

Ru

pn

agar

***

Lud

hia

na

Fero

zep

ur

Fari

dko

t

Mu

ktsa

r

Mo

ga

Ba

thin

da

Man

sa

San

gru

r**

**

Pa�

ala

Fate

hga

rh S

ah

ib

Are

a in

Sq

.km

As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase

by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to

1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium 1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium

dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931 dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931

sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls

under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq

km to 37 sq. km.km to 37 sq. km.

As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase

by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to

1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium

dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931

sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls

under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq

km to 37 sq. km.

Forests State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >

Map 4.1 Forest Cover of Punjab

Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011

Figure 4.3 & 4.4 Share of different types of forest cover in 2009 and 2011

2009Scrub20 km²1%

Open Forest931 KM²

(55%)

Medium Dense Forest

733 KM²(44%)

2011Scrub37 km²2%

Open Forest1028 KM²

(57%)

Medium Dense Forest

736 KM²(41%)

Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Table 4.1 Forest and Tree Cover in Punjab, 2011

Source; Forest Survey of India, 2011

Category

Tree Cover

Forest Cover

Tree and Forest Cover

Area (in sq.km)

1699

1764

3463

% of TGA

3.37

3.50

6.87

• Northern Dry Deciduous Mixed Forests: Vegeta�on is

predominantly xerophy�c with preponderance of

species like Acacia catechu, A. nilo�ca, A. leucophloea

and Anogeissus la�folia with the scrub of Carissa

opaca, Grevia op�va, Adatoda vasica, etc.

• Dry Deciduous Scrub Forests: These are mostly found

in Kandi tract with predominant species like Acacia

catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba, Emblica

officinalis, Launea grandis, Toona ciliata, Cassia fistula,

etc.

• Khair, Sissoo forests in foot hills, Bela and Mand areas:

These forests are mostly man made by plan�ng in the

foot hills of Bela and Mand areas. Mostly Khair, Sissoo

and Eucalyptus hybrid have been planted in these

areas. Groves of mango are found in these forests.

• Shivalik Chir Pine Forests: Pinus roxburghii is the main

species found in these forests at an eleva�on of 850m

and above. Associated species are Terminalia alata,

T. bellerica, T. chebula, Anogeisus la�folia, Emblica

officinalis, Cassia fistula, etc.

• Dry Deciduous Bamboo Forests: These forests are

found in Dasua Forest Division only. The main species

found in these forests is Dendrocalamus strictus. The

other associates are Launea grandis, Diospyros

montana, Butea monosperma, Holoptelia integrifolia

and Cassia fistula.

Box 1 Forests of Punjab as per Champion and Seth classifica�on

Figure 4.5 Forest types in Punjab

Planta�on/TOF,14.31%

Subtrophical pine forests,4.42%

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests,

81.27%

|< 48 49 >TOF : Trees outside forest Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011

Very Dense Forest

Mod, Dense Forest

Open Forest

Scrub

Non-Forest

Water-bodies

District boundary

State boundary

Capital

LEGEND

Forests

Map 4.1 Forest Cover of Punjab

Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011

Figure 4.3 & 4.4 Share of different types of forest cover in 2009 and 2011

2009Scrub20 km²1%

Open Forest931 KM²

(55%)

Medium Dense Forest

733 KM²(44%)

2011Scrub37 km²2%

Open Forest1028 KM²

(57%)

Medium Dense Forest

736 KM²(41%)

Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Table 4.1 Forest and Tree Cover in Punjab, 2011

Source; Forest Survey of India, 2011

Category

Tree Cover

Forest Cover

Tree and Forest Cover

Area (in sq.km)

1699

1764

3463

% of TGA

3.37

3.50

6.87

• Northern Dry Deciduous Mixed Forests: Vegeta�on is

predominantly xerophy�c with preponderance of

species like Acacia catechu, A. nilo�ca, A. leucophloea

and Anogeissus la�folia with the scrub of Carissa

opaca, Grevia op�va, Adatoda vasica, etc.

• Dry Deciduous Scrub Forests: These are mostly found

in Kandi tract with predominant species like Acacia

catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba, Emblica

officinalis, Launea grandis, Toona ciliata, Cassia fistula,

etc.

• Khair, Sissoo forests in foot hills, Bela and Mand areas:

These forests are mostly man made by plan�ng in the

foot hills of Bela and Mand areas. Mostly Khair, Sissoo

and Eucalyptus hybrid have been planted in these

areas. Groves of mango are found in these forests.

• Shivalik Chir Pine Forests: Pinus roxburghii is the main

species found in these forests at an eleva�on of 850m

and above. Associated species are Terminalia alata,

T. bellerica, T. chebula, Anogeisus la�folia, Emblica

officinalis, Cassia fistula, etc.

• Dry Deciduous Bamboo Forests: These forests are

found in Dasua Forest Division only. The main species

found in these forests is Dendrocalamus strictus. The

other associates are Launea grandis, Diospyros

montana, Butea monosperma, Holoptelia integrifolia

and Cassia fistula.

Box 1 Forests of Punjab as per Champion and Seth classifica�on

Figure 4.5 Forest types in Punjab

Planta�on/TOF,14.31%

Subtrophical pine forests,4.42%

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests,

81.27%

|< 48 49 >TOF : Trees outside forest Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011

Very Dense Forest

Mod, Dense Forest

Open Forest

Scrub

Non-Forest

Water-bodies

District boundary

State boundary

Capital

LEGEND

Forests

Major Forest Areas

• Shivalik Forest: comprising sub-mountainous

zone and undula�ng land below the hills in the

districts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Pathankot,

S.B.S Nagar and Ropar. This area cons�tutes

about 77% percent of the total forest area in

the state.

• Bir Forests: Pa�ala & Sangrur districts

• Mand Forest: primarily around wetlands in

district Tarn Taran, Kapurthala and Rupnagar

Wildlife Protected Areas

• Total Area: 34536.13 Hectare

• Wildlife Sanctuaries: 13

• Zoological Parks: 2

• Deer Parks: 3

• Community Reserves: 2 (first in India)

|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Ph

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ingh

Forests

Black Bucks at Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Ferozepur

Major Forest Areas

• Shivalik Forest: comprising sub-mountainous

zone and undula�ng land below the hills in the

districts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Pathankot,

S.B.S Nagar and Ropar. This area cons�tutes

about 77% percent of the total forest area in

the state.

• Bir Forests: Pa�ala & Sangrur districts

• Mand Forest: primarily around wetlands in

district Tarn Taran, Kapurthala and Rupnagar

Wildlife Protected Areas

• Total Area: 34536.13 Hectare

• Wildlife Sanctuaries: 13

• Zoological Parks: 2

• Deer Parks: 3

• Community Reserves: 2 (first in India)

|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

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oto

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ingh

Forests

Black Bucks at Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Ferozepur

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

COMMUNITY RESERVESKATHLAUR-KUSHLIYAN

KESHOPUR CHHAMB

TAKHNI REHMAPUR

LALWANNANGAL

JHAJJAR-BACHAULIHARIKE LAKE

ABOHAR

BIR MEHASWALA BIR DOSANJH

BIR GURDIALPURA

BIR BUNERHERIBIR MOTIBAGH

BIR AISHWANBIR BHADSON

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Map 4.2 Protected Area Network in Punjab

Source : Adapted from ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010

Table 4.2 Wildlife Protected Areas in Punjab

Category Name of Protected Area Area (ha) Year of No�fica�on

Bir Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Dosanjh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Bhadson Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Mehas Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Gurdialpura Wildlife Sanctuary

Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sangrur

Harike Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur, Tarn Taran, Kapurthala

Takhni-Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur

Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur

Jhajjar Bacholi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar

Kathlaur-Kaushlian Wildlife Sanctuary, Gurdaspur

Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar

Total Area (A)

Mohindra Chaudhary Zoological Park, Mohali

Tiger Safari, Ludhiana

Deer Park, Nilon, Ludhiana

Deer Park, Bir Mo� Bagh, Pa�ala

Deer Park, Bir Talab, Bathinda

Total Area (B)

Lalwan Community Reserve, Hoshiarpur

Keshopur Chamb Community Reserve, Gurdaspur

Total Area (C)

Grand Total

654.00

661.66

517.59

1022.63

123.43

620.53

264.40

8600.00

382.00

18650.00

116.00

758.40

289.69

32660.34

202.00

35.00

4.00

8.00

20.00

269.00

1266.80

340.00

1606.80

34536.13

1952

1952

1952

1952

1952

1989 & 2003

1952

1992 & 1999

1993 & 1999

1993 & 2000

1998

2007

2009

1977

1977

-

-

-

2007

2007

Wildlife Sanctuaries

Zoological & Deer Parks

Community Reserves

Source: Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab, 2014

|< 52 53 >

Forests

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

COMMUNITY RESERVESKATHLAUR-KUSHLIYAN

KESHOPUR CHHAMB

TAKHNI REHMAPUR

LALWANNANGAL

JHAJJAR-BACHAULIHARIKE LAKE

ABOHAR

BIR MEHASWALA BIR DOSANJH

BIR GURDIALPURA

BIR BUNERHERIBIR MOTIBAGH

BIR AISHWANBIR BHADSON

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Map 4.2 Protected Area Network in Punjab

Source : Adapted from ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010

Table 4.2 Wildlife Protected Areas in Punjab

Category Name of Protected Area Area (ha) Year of No�fica�on

Bir Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Dosanjh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Bhadson Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Mehas Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala

Bir Gurdialpura Wildlife Sanctuary

Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sangrur

Harike Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur, Tarn Taran, Kapurthala

Takhni-Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur

Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur

Jhajjar Bacholi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar

Kathlaur-Kaushlian Wildlife Sanctuary, Gurdaspur

Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar

Total Area (A)

Mohindra Chaudhary Zoological Park, Mohali

Tiger Safari, Ludhiana

Deer Park, Nilon, Ludhiana

Deer Park, Bir Mo� Bagh, Pa�ala

Deer Park, Bir Talab, Bathinda

Total Area (B)

Lalwan Community Reserve, Hoshiarpur

Keshopur Chamb Community Reserve, Gurdaspur

Total Area (C)

Grand Total

654.00

661.66

517.59

1022.63

123.43

620.53

264.40

8600.00

382.00

18650.00

116.00

758.40

289.69

32660.34

202.00

35.00

4.00

8.00

20.00

269.00

1266.80

340.00

1606.80

34536.13

1952

1952

1952

1952

1952

1989 & 2003

1952

1992 & 1999

1993 & 1999

1993 & 2000

1998

2007

2009

1977

1977

-

-

-

2007

2007

Wildlife Sanctuaries

Zoological & Deer Parks

Community Reserves

Source: Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab, 2014

|< 52 53 >

Forests

Major Wildlife

• Wild animals: Sambhar, Nilgai, Black

buck, Wild boar, Barking deer, Hog

deer, Jungle cat, Jackal, Rhesus

monkey, Hare, Fishing cat, Indian

squirrel, Mongoose, Smooth Indian

o�er, Cobra, Indian pangolin,

Python, Rat snake, Monitor lizard,

Garden l izard, Chital , Indian

porcupine and few sigh�ng of

Leopard also reported in Shivalik

hills areas adjoining to Himachal

Pradesh.

• Birds : Black part r idge, Grey

p a r t r i d g e , B r a h m i n y m y n a ,

Common quail, Peafowl, Rose

ringed parakeet, Jungle babbler,

Spo�ed owlet, Dove, Bar headed

goose, Common pochard, White

eyed pochard, Fishing eagle, Indian

skimmer, Blue winged teal, Red

munia, Syke's nightjar, Whistling

teal, Red jungle fowl, Coot, Green

parakeet, Indian cormorant, Indian

robin, Red vented bulbul, White

breasted kingfisher, White rumped

vulture, Shikra, Brahminy duck,

Gadwall, Pintail, Jack snipe, Fantail

snipe, Mallard & Nothern shoveler.

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010

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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Forests

|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >

Monitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur

Pangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Hoshiarpur

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Common Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. Gurdaspur

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Garden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary

Peafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Sangrur

Major Wildlife

• Wild animals: Sambhar, Nilgai, Black

buck, Wild boar, Barking deer, Hog

deer, Jungle cat, Jackal, Rhesus

monkey, Hare, Fishing cat, Indian

squirrel, Mongoose, Smooth Indian

o�er, Cobra, Indian pangolin,

Python, Rat snake, Monitor lizard,

Garden l izard, Chital , Indian

porcupine and few sigh�ng of

Leopard also reported in Shivalik

hills areas adjoining to Himachal

Pradesh.

• Birds : Black part r idge, Grey

p a r t r i d g e , B r a h m i n y m y n a ,

Common quail, Peafowl, Rose

ringed parakeet, Jungle babbler,

Spo�ed owlet, Dove, Bar headed

goose, Common pochard, White

eyed pochard, Fishing eagle, Indian

skimmer, Blue winged teal, Red

munia, Syke's nightjar, Whistling

teal, Red jungle fowl, Coot, Green

parakeet, Indian cormorant, Indian

robin, Red vented bulbul, White

breasted kingfisher, White rumped

vulture, Shikra, Brahminy duck,

Gadwall, Pintail, Jack snipe, Fantail

snipe, Mallard & Nothern shoveler.

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010

|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >

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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Forests

|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >

Monitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur

Pangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Hoshiarpur

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Common Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. Gurdaspur

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Garden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary

Peafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Sangrur

Forests

|< 56 57 >

Nilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�ala Spotbilled Ducks at Harike Wetland

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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Forests

|< 56 57 >

Nilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�ala Spotbilled Ducks at Harike Wetland

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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Major & Minor Forest Produce

Year

1980-81

1990-91

2001-01

2011-12

Timber Firewood TotalTotal Valve

(Thousand Rupees)

99

43

166

55

40

1

7

-

139

44

173

55

37778

23209

123885

150000

Year Bamboo & Canes

1980-81

1990-91

2001-01

2011-12

92985

-

11723000

9000000

Fooder & grass Others Total

1373060

2814946

2875225

1000000

1395583

1414064

2781347

3000000

2861518

4229010

17382572

13000000Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Table 4.3 Major forest produce from state forests of Punjab (000 cubic metres)

Table 4.3 Minor forest produce from state forests of Punjab (in Rs)

Factors affec�ng forest & wildlife in Punjab

• Increased urbaniza�on

• Change in land use pa�ern

• Degrada�on of natural habitat & pollu�on

• Increased demand of �mber

• Deforesta�on

• Invasive alien species especially Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus & Eichhornia crassipes

• Poaching & illegal trade of wildlife products

• Forest fire and encroachments

• Soil erosion in shivaliks tracts

Figure 4.6 Change in Forest Cover (sq.km) in Shivaliks between 2005 & 2011

-4

21

-5

-13

-2

33

19

32

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur S.B.S. Nagar Rupnagar

ModeratelyDense Forests

Open Forests

Source: Forest Survey of India, 2005 & 2011

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >

Forests

Bamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. Hoshiarpur

Lantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in Shiwaliks

Degraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at Gurdaspur

Water hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipesE. crassipesWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipes

Major & Minor Forest Produce

Year

1980-81

1990-91

2001-01

2011-12

Timber Firewood TotalTotal Valve

(Thousand Rupees)

99

43

166

55

40

1

7

-

139

44

173

55

37778

23209

123885

150000

Year Bamboo & Canes

1980-81

1990-91

2001-01

2011-12

92985

-

11723000

9000000

Fooder & grass Others Total

1373060

2814946

2875225

1000000

1395583

1414064

2781347

3000000

2861518

4229010

17382572

13000000Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Table 4.3 Major forest produce from state forests of Punjab (000 cubic metres)

Table 4.3 Minor forest produce from state forests of Punjab (in Rs)

Factors affec�ng forest & wildlife in Punjab

• Increased urbaniza�on

• Change in land use pa�ern

• Degrada�on of natural habitat & pollu�on

• Increased demand of �mber

• Deforesta�on

• Invasive alien species especially Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus & Eichhornia crassipes

• Poaching & illegal trade of wildlife products

• Forest fire and encroachments

• Soil erosion in shivaliks tracts

Figure 4.6 Change in Forest Cover (sq.km) in Shivaliks between 2005 & 2011

-4

21

-5

-13

-2

33

19

32

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur S.B.S. Nagar Rupnagar

ModeratelyDense Forests

Open Forests

Source: Forest Survey of India, 2005 & 2011

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >

Forests

Bamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. Hoshiarpur

Lantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in Shiwaliks

Degraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at Gurdaspur

Water hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipesE. crassipesWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipes

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Ins�tu�onal mechanism for conserva�on and management of

forests in Punjab

Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab

• Implementa�on of Policies, Acts & Rules

• Management of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

• Scien�fic management of forest & wildlife and execu�on of

management plans

• Afforesta�on measures & planta�on drives through community

involvement to increase green cover

• Check poaching & encroachment

• Promote agroforestry & silviculture in collabora�on with

Agriculture Department

Punjab State Forest Development Corpora�on

• Management, u�liza�on and marke�ng of forest harvest

Punjab State Heritage and Tourism Development Board

• Promote eco-tourism in forest areas

• Implementa�on of Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009

Punjab Bamboo & Fiber Development Board

• Implementa�on of Na�onal Bamboo Mission by increase in area,

yield and marke�ng of bamboo, bamboo based handicra�s and

generate employment opportuni�es

Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on, Punjab

• Implementa�on of erosion control measures especially in shivaliks

& wetlands

Key Forest Policies and Acts

Governing Forests & Wildlife

• The Punjab Land Preserva�on (Chos) Act, 1900

• The Indian Forest Act, 1927

• The Indian Wildlife (Protec�on) Act, 1972

• Forest Conserva�on Act, 1980

• The Na�onal Forest Policy, 1988

• P a r � c i p a t o r y F o r e s t Management Circular, 1990

• Punjab Appor�onment of Tree Rules, 2000

• Joint Forest Management no�fica�on and guidelines, 2003, Govt. of Punjab

• The Indian Forest (Punjab Amendment) Act, 2004

• The Forest Rights Act, 2006

• Punjab Regula�on of Saw Mills and Veneer Plywood Rules, 2006

• The Dra� Punjab Forest Policy, 2008

• Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009

• T h e P u n j a b T e n t e d Accommoda�on Guidelines, 2010

• Wetland Conserva�on and Management Rules, 2010

Major ini�a�ves

• Implementa�on of JICA sponsored afforesta�on project covering 29221 ha during 2007-09

• Planta�on in over 13,816 ha area in forest, non forest, government and other ins�tu�onal lands

• Integrated forest protec�on scheme for fire protec�on and other ac�vi�es on regular basis

• Management of 17833 ha area by forma�on of 1224 Village Forest Protec�on and Management Commi�ees under

JFM

• Crea�on of 14 ha of centralized nurseries and planta�on of 133 ha forest area under Bamboo Mission

• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission” in 2012 with target of plan�ng 40 crore saplings across Punjab in eight years

(2012-2020) to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs. 180 crore

Table 4.4 Annual Forests Plan�ng of Major Species in Punjab (sq.km)

Year Euclyptus Shisham Kikar Khair Mulberry Chil Misc. Total

1980-81

1990-91

2000-01

2011-12

69.74

6.09

13.45

9.5

1.51

2.86

14.88

10

19.85

38.55

24.53

9

20.14

20.76

59.31

5.5

1.33

1.03

1.5

2.4

2.04

1.93

0.5

3.25

31.87

110.47

33.45

115.82

103.2

226.07

70.35

Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

• 58.18 lakh plants supplied to various agencies for plan�ng over the non forest and ins�tu�onal areas

• Accelerated programme of restora�on and regenera�on of forest cover through 15 territorial forest divisions

and 650 JFM commi�ees

• Purchase of land for Compensatory Afforesta�on on account of non availability of degraded land in the state

• Iden�fica�on of 50,000 ha ins�tu�onal and 2.5 lac ha farm land for adop�ng

suitable siliviculture and agroforestry prac�ces

• 170 ha area planted along major roads in the Malwa region

• 4,439 ha degraded forest area brought under planta�on of various species

• Tree planta�on drives through Nanhi Chhan ini�a�ve, religion supported campaigns

Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign

|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >

Forests

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Ins�tu�onal mechanism for conserva�on and management of

forests in Punjab

Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab

• Implementa�on of Policies, Acts & Rules

• Management of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

• Scien�fic management of forest & wildlife and execu�on of

management plans

• Afforesta�on measures & planta�on drives through community

involvement to increase green cover

• Check poaching & encroachment

• Promote agroforestry & silviculture in collabora�on with

Agriculture Department

Punjab State Forest Development Corpora�on

• Management, u�liza�on and marke�ng of forest harvest

Punjab State Heritage and Tourism Development Board

• Promote eco-tourism in forest areas

• Implementa�on of Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009

Punjab Bamboo & Fiber Development Board

• Implementa�on of Na�onal Bamboo Mission by increase in area,

yield and marke�ng of bamboo, bamboo based handicra�s and

generate employment opportuni�es

Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on, Punjab

• Implementa�on of erosion control measures especially in shivaliks

& wetlands

Key Forest Policies and Acts

Governing Forests & Wildlife

• The Punjab Land Preserva�on (Chos) Act, 1900

• The Indian Forest Act, 1927

• The Indian Wildlife (Protec�on) Act, 1972

• Forest Conserva�on Act, 1980

• The Na�onal Forest Policy, 1988

• P a r � c i p a t o r y F o r e s t Management Circular, 1990

• Punjab Appor�onment of Tree Rules, 2000

• Joint Forest Management no�fica�on and guidelines, 2003, Govt. of Punjab

• The Indian Forest (Punjab Amendment) Act, 2004

• The Forest Rights Act, 2006

• Punjab Regula�on of Saw Mills and Veneer Plywood Rules, 2006

• The Dra� Punjab Forest Policy, 2008

• Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009

• T h e P u n j a b T e n t e d Accommoda�on Guidelines, 2010

• Wetland Conserva�on and Management Rules, 2010

Major ini�a�ves

• Implementa�on of JICA sponsored afforesta�on project covering 29221 ha during 2007-09

• Planta�on in over 13,816 ha area in forest, non forest, government and other ins�tu�onal lands

• Integrated forest protec�on scheme for fire protec�on and other ac�vi�es on regular basis

• Management of 17833 ha area by forma�on of 1224 Village Forest Protec�on and Management Commi�ees under

JFM

• Crea�on of 14 ha of centralized nurseries and planta�on of 133 ha forest area under Bamboo Mission

• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission” in 2012 with target of plan�ng 40 crore saplings across Punjab in eight years

(2012-2020) to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs. 180 crore

Table 4.4 Annual Forests Plan�ng of Major Species in Punjab (sq.km)

Year Euclyptus Shisham Kikar Khair Mulberry Chil Misc. Total

1980-81

1990-91

2000-01

2011-12

69.74

6.09

13.45

9.5

1.51

2.86

14.88

10

19.85

38.55

24.53

9

20.14

20.76

59.31

5.5

1.33

1.03

1.5

2.4

2.04

1.93

0.5

3.25

31.87

110.47

33.45

115.82

103.2

226.07

70.35

Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

• 58.18 lakh plants supplied to various agencies for plan�ng over the non forest and ins�tu�onal areas

• Accelerated programme of restora�on and regenera�on of forest cover through 15 territorial forest divisions

and 650 JFM commi�ees

• Purchase of land for Compensatory Afforesta�on on account of non availability of degraded land in the state

• Iden�fica�on of 50,000 ha ins�tu�onal and 2.5 lac ha farm land for adop�ng

suitable siliviculture and agroforestry prac�ces

• 170 ha area planted along major roads in the Malwa region

• 4,439 ha degraded forest area brought under planta�on of various species

• Tree planta�on drives through Nanhi Chhan ini�a�ve, religion supported campaigns

Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign

|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >

Forests

Python at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPython at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPython at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurCobra at Jhajjar-Bachauli Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. RupnagarCobra at Jhajjar-Bachauli Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. RupnagarCobra at Jhajjar-Bachauli Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Rupnagar

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Kaya Kalp Vriksh (The Great Banyan Tree of Punjab) at Village Chol� Kheri, Dis�. Fatehgarh Sahib

BIODIVERSITY555

iodiversity is the variety of life on Bearth. As per Convention on

Biological Diversity, it is the

variability among living organisms

from all sources including, inter alia,

terrestrial, marine and other aquatic

ecosystems and the ecological

complexes of which they are part; this

includes diversity within species,

between species and of ecosystems. It

is critical to our survival and

economic prosperity. Biological

r e sour ces a r e e s sen t i a l f o r

maintaining the basic life processes

as they not only provide food,

medicine and products of commercial

and non commercial use, but also

provide environmental services like,

air & water quality, soil fertility,

pest and disease control, waste

decomposition, etc.P

ho

to C

red

it :

Dr.

On

kar

Sin

gh B

rrai

chP

ho

to C

red

it :

Dr.

On

kar

Sin

gh B

rrai

chP

ho

to C

red

it :

Dr.

On

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Sin

gh B

rrai

ch

Purple Moorhen at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurPurple Moorhen at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurPurple Moorhen at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. Gurdaspur

Nature Protects if she is Protected

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Biodiversity profile of Punjab • Small state with 6.7% of Total Geographic Area

under forest and tree cover

• Major Forest areas: Shivaliks and Mand (Wetlands)

• Three wetlands of Interna�onal importance (Ramsar Sites) and 2 na�onal wetlands located in the state

• Cropland ecosystem dominant in state as 84% area under agriculture

• Part of Vavilov`s centre of origin for wheat (north-west India)

• Large number of flora and fauna recorded from forests, wetlands and agricultural areas

• Rich in domes�cated plant and animal diversity

• Biodiversity rich heritage & culture

Wild Flora and Fauna

Taxon

Algae

Fungi

Lichens

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

397

560

21

34

48

21

1939

Approx.No. of Species

5.2

7.5

--

1.3

4.7

32.8

12.9

% of species withreference to India

WILD PLANT DIVERSITY

Biodiversity

|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >

State Symbols (no�fied on 15.03.1989)• State Tree: Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo)

• State Animal: Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra L.)

• State Bird: Baaz (Eastern goshawk)

Taxon

84

41

157

34

1147

85

112

15

35

442

43

Approx.No. of Species

3.3

2.9

1.8

3.6

1.8

1.7

5.2

6.7

6.6

37.0

7.7

% of species withreference to India

WILD ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Invertebrates

Protozoa

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Vertebrates

Pisces

Amphibia

Rep�lia

Aves

Mammalia

Source: Jerath et.al., 2002 & 2006

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. A

rsh

Ru

p S

ingh

Wandering Glider (Male)

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Biodiversity profile of Punjab • Small state with 6.7% of Total Geographic Area

under forest and tree cover

• Major Forest areas: Shivaliks and Mand (Wetlands)

• Three wetlands of Interna�onal importance (Ramsar Sites) and 2 na�onal wetlands located in the state

• Cropland ecosystem dominant in state as 84% area under agriculture

• Part of Vavilov`s centre of origin for wheat (north-west India)

• Large number of flora and fauna recorded from forests, wetlands and agricultural areas

• Rich in domes�cated plant and animal diversity

• Biodiversity rich heritage & culture

Wild Flora and Fauna

Taxon

Algae

Fungi

Lichens

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

397

560

21

34

48

21

1939

Approx.No. of Species

5.2

7.5

--

1.3

4.7

32.8

12.9

% of species withreference to India

WILD PLANT DIVERSITY

Biodiversity

|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >

State Symbols (no�fied on 15.03.1989)• State Tree: Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo)

• State Animal: Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra L.)

• State Bird: Baaz (Eastern goshawk)

Taxon

84

41

157

34

1147

85

112

15

35

442

43

Approx.No. of Species

3.3

2.9

1.8

3.6

1.8

1.7

5.2

6.7

6.6

37.0

7.7

% of species withreference to India

WILD ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Invertebrates

Protozoa

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Vertebrates

Pisces

Amphibia

Rep�lia

Aves

Mammalia

Source: Jerath et.al., 2002 & 2006

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. A

rsh

Ru

p S

ingh

Wandering Glider (Male)

Biodiversity State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Domes�c Animals

Breeds

Ca�le Hariana*, Sahiwal*, Holstein, Cross Bred Jersey

Buffalo Nilli Ravi* Murrah*, Murrah Graded

Sheep Lohi*, Nali*, Desi*, Cross Bed

Goat Desi, Beetal*

Horse Bhu�a*, Grey Sindhi, Marwari, Kathiawari

Poultry Desi, White leg horn, Punjab Brown*

*Indigenous Breeds Source: Jerath et.al., 2002; Tiwana et.al., 2007

Crops Pre-greenRevolu�on Varie�es

Post-green Revolu�on Varie�es

Varie�esin use

Wheat

Rice

Co�on

Maize

Sugarcane

Bajra

Pulses

Oil Seeds

Vegetables

Fruits

41

31

17

4

11

3

18

8

35 spp.

16 spp.

49

27

32

21

16

11

47

35

148

67

13

9 (4 Basma�)

12

11

6

5

24

19

--

--

Domes�cated Plant & Animal Diversity

The wild flora and fauna along with protected area network has been discussed in detail in Chapter 4.

Table 5.1 Domes�cated Crop Plants

Table 5.2 Domes�cated Animals

Crop Varie�es

Wheat Pusa 4, 285, Type 9, Type 11, Type 8A, Sharba�, Darra, Safaid Pissi, Lal Pissi, Gandausi, Lal Kanak, Bansi, Ka�a, Khandwa, Malwi, Pakwani, Dawat Khani, Type 9D, C518, C591, C228, C217, C281, C250, C263, C286, C295, C273, C253, Mayo 64, Sonara 63, Lerma Rojo 64, Pusa 12, WG 377, WG 112, Safed Lerma (S307), Cho� Lerma (S331), C306, Sonalika, 1st Punjab, Lal Bahadur.

Rice Jhona 349, Palman 34, Suffaid 246, Mushkan 7, Mushkan 41, Basma� 370, Sathra 78, Mahlar 346, Jhona 20, Jhona 277, Basma� 217, Jhona Kasarwala, Palman Suffaid, Palman Lal, Mahlar, Dhud Malai, Son Pa�ar, Sathra.

For Plains: Son Pa�ar, Palman, Mushkan, Hans Raj, Begam Narot, Jhona 277, Jhona Kasarwala, Jhona Kasarwala 269, Basma� 217, Basma� 213.

For Hills : Rohni, Hachhu, Suffaid Nakanda, Kalu Khurd, Kanora, Manjnoo, Begami Haldoon, Lal Basma�, Desi Basma�.

Maize Punjab Hybrid No. 1, Ganga Hybrid No. 101, Ganga Hybrid No. 3, Ganga Hybrid No. 5.

Bajra A1/3, G61/21, T55

Oilseeds Brown Sarson Selec�on A, Yellow Sarson Selec�on A, Toria Selec�on A, Raya L18, Yellow Sarson Punjab 24, Brown Sarson Haryana 1, Improved Taramira Selec�on A, Groundnut No. 1, C501.

Sugarcane Katha, Dhaulu, C205, Co.L.29, Co.L.9, Co.312, Co.285, Co.421, Co.313, Co.J.46, Co.J.58, Co.975, Co.1158, Co.J.39, Co.1148, S449-64.

Co�on Mollisoni, Sanguineum, 4F, LSS variety, 216 F, H14, 320oF, J34, 231R, G278.

Pulses Pb. No.1, Pb.No. 7, Pb.No. 17, G130, G24, Gs26, C214, C1234, C235, C104, No.48, Mash 1-1, L35-5, No.54, No.305, ML 1, No.9-12, G65, Len�l Variety, No. 9-12.

Table 5.3 List of Pre Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab

Table 5.4 List of post Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab

Crop Varie�es

Wheat Lerma ROJ064, Sonora, C306, PV 18, Kalyan-sona, Sonalika, WG357, WG377, HD2009, WL711, KSML3, WL410, WL1562, DWL5023, TL419 (Tri�cale), WL2265, PBW12, HD2285, *TL 1210 (tri�cale), SKAML 1, PBW 54, PBW34 (durum), HD2329, PBW120*, PBW138, PBW65, PBW154, *PBW175, PBW226, PBW222, PBW215, *PBW229, CPAN300, *WH542, *PBW343, *PDW233, *PBW373, *RAJ3765, PBW396-PBW 502*, PDW 291, PDW274, PDW233* (Durum), TL2908, PBW509, PBW527.

Rice TN1, Jhona 351, *IR8, *Jaya, HM95, Palam 579, RP 5-3 (sona), *PR106, *PR103, PR141, *PR108, PR109, PR110, *PR111, PR113*, PR114, PR115, PR116, PR118, *Basma�, Punjab Basma� No. 1, *PUSA Basma� 1, *Basma� 385, *Basma� 386, *Super Basma�, *Basma� 370, Pusa Sugandh.

Pulses Moong Bean : ML1, ML5, ML131, ML337, ML267, ML613, G65, SML32*, SML134*, SML668*, ML818*.

Urd Pea : Mash 1-1, Mash 218, Mash 338, Mash 218*, Mash 414, Mash 1008*.

Pegion Pea : T21*, AL15*, AL201*, PPH4*.

Rice Bean : RBL1, RBL6.

|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >

Contd..

Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007

Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002

Biodiversity State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Domes�c Animals

Breeds

Ca�le Hariana*, Sahiwal*, Holstein, Cross Bred Jersey

Buffalo Nilli Ravi* Murrah*, Murrah Graded

Sheep Lohi*, Nali*, Desi*, Cross Bed

Goat Desi, Beetal*

Horse Bhu�a*, Grey Sindhi, Marwari, Kathiawari

Poultry Desi, White leg horn, Punjab Brown*

*Indigenous Breeds Source: Jerath et.al., 2002; Tiwana et.al., 2007

Crops Pre-greenRevolu�on Varie�es

Post-green Revolu�on Varie�es

Varie�esin use

Wheat

Rice

Co�on

Maize

Sugarcane

Bajra

Pulses

Oil Seeds

Vegetables

Fruits

41

31

17

4

11

3

18

8

35 spp.

16 spp.

49

27

32

21

16

11

47

35

148

67

13

9 (4 Basma�)

12

11

6

5

24

19

--

--

Domes�cated Plant & Animal Diversity

The wild flora and fauna along with protected area network has been discussed in detail in Chapter 4.

Table 5.1 Domes�cated Crop Plants

Table 5.2 Domes�cated Animals

Crop Varie�es

Wheat Pusa 4, 285, Type 9, Type 11, Type 8A, Sharba�, Darra, Safaid Pissi, Lal Pissi, Gandausi, Lal Kanak, Bansi, Ka�a, Khandwa, Malwi, Pakwani, Dawat Khani, Type 9D, C518, C591, C228, C217, C281, C250, C263, C286, C295, C273, C253, Mayo 64, Sonara 63, Lerma Rojo 64, Pusa 12, WG 377, WG 112, Safed Lerma (S307), Cho� Lerma (S331), C306, Sonalika, 1st Punjab, Lal Bahadur.

Rice Jhona 349, Palman 34, Suffaid 246, Mushkan 7, Mushkan 41, Basma� 370, Sathra 78, Mahlar 346, Jhona 20, Jhona 277, Basma� 217, Jhona Kasarwala, Palman Suffaid, Palman Lal, Mahlar, Dhud Malai, Son Pa�ar, Sathra.

For Plains: Son Pa�ar, Palman, Mushkan, Hans Raj, Begam Narot, Jhona 277, Jhona Kasarwala, Jhona Kasarwala 269, Basma� 217, Basma� 213.

For Hills : Rohni, Hachhu, Suffaid Nakanda, Kalu Khurd, Kanora, Manjnoo, Begami Haldoon, Lal Basma�, Desi Basma�.

Maize Punjab Hybrid No. 1, Ganga Hybrid No. 101, Ganga Hybrid No. 3, Ganga Hybrid No. 5.

Bajra A1/3, G61/21, T55

Oilseeds Brown Sarson Selec�on A, Yellow Sarson Selec�on A, Toria Selec�on A, Raya L18, Yellow Sarson Punjab 24, Brown Sarson Haryana 1, Improved Taramira Selec�on A, Groundnut No. 1, C501.

Sugarcane Katha, Dhaulu, C205, Co.L.29, Co.L.9, Co.312, Co.285, Co.421, Co.313, Co.J.46, Co.J.58, Co.975, Co.1158, Co.J.39, Co.1148, S449-64.

Co�on Mollisoni, Sanguineum, 4F, LSS variety, 216 F, H14, 320oF, J34, 231R, G278.

Pulses Pb. No.1, Pb.No. 7, Pb.No. 17, G130, G24, Gs26, C214, C1234, C235, C104, No.48, Mash 1-1, L35-5, No.54, No.305, ML 1, No.9-12, G65, Len�l Variety, No. 9-12.

Table 5.3 List of Pre Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab

Table 5.4 List of post Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab

Crop Varie�es

Wheat Lerma ROJ064, Sonora, C306, PV 18, Kalyan-sona, Sonalika, WG357, WG377, HD2009, WL711, KSML3, WL410, WL1562, DWL5023, TL419 (Tri�cale), WL2265, PBW12, HD2285, *TL 1210 (tri�cale), SKAML 1, PBW 54, PBW34 (durum), HD2329, PBW120*, PBW138, PBW65, PBW154, *PBW175, PBW226, PBW222, PBW215, *PBW229, CPAN300, *WH542, *PBW343, *PDW233, *PBW373, *RAJ3765, PBW396-PBW 502*, PDW 291, PDW274, PDW233* (Durum), TL2908, PBW509, PBW527.

Rice TN1, Jhona 351, *IR8, *Jaya, HM95, Palam 579, RP 5-3 (sona), *PR106, *PR103, PR141, *PR108, PR109, PR110, *PR111, PR113*, PR114, PR115, PR116, PR118, *Basma�, Punjab Basma� No. 1, *PUSA Basma� 1, *Basma� 385, *Basma� 386, *Super Basma�, *Basma� 370, Pusa Sugandh.

Pulses Moong Bean : ML1, ML5, ML131, ML337, ML267, ML613, G65, SML32*, SML134*, SML668*, ML818*.

Urd Pea : Mash 1-1, Mash 218, Mash 338, Mash 218*, Mash 414, Mash 1008*.

Pegion Pea : T21*, AL15*, AL201*, PPH4*.

Rice Bean : RBL1, RBL6.

|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >

Contd..

Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007

Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002

*Varie�es in use Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007

Table 5.5 Livestock and Poultry (in'000) in Punjab

Table 5.6 Popula�on of Indigenous Breeds of Cows and Buffalos in Punjab

*Latest 18th Livestock Census, 2007 Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Gram : C235*, C214, G130, Hare Chhole, L550, G543, GL769*, PBG1*, L551 (Kabuli), GPF2*, PDG3*, PBG5*, GPF2*, PDG4*, BG1053 (Kabuli)*, L550 (Kabuli)

Len�l : L9-12, LL56, LL147*, LL699*.

Field Pea : T163, PG3*, Field Pea 48*.

Sugarcane Co 1148, CoJ 58, Co 975, Co 1158, CoJ 67, CoJ 81, CoJ 767, CoJ8 4*, CoJ 83, CoJ 82, CoJ 85*, CoJ 64*, CoJ 88*, CoS 8436, CoJ 89, Co 1148.

Maize Comp. Vijay, Hyd Ganga 5, Comp. Ra�an, Comp. Makki Safed 1, Comp. Age�-76, Comp. Partap, Comp. Navjot*, Comp. Partap*, Comp. Parbhat*, Comp. Kiran, Hyd. Sartaj, Comp. J1006*, Comp. Megha*, Comp. Kesri*, Pb. Sathi 1*, Pearly Popcorn*, Hybrid Paras*, Hyd. Parkash*, PMH 1*, F9572A*, BIO 9637*, PMH2 (SVAC), JH3459.

Bajra S530, HB1, PHB 10, PSB 8, PHB 47, PCB 15*, MH 179*, PCM 138*, PCB 141*, PHB 2168*, PCB 164*.

Oilseeds Raya : RLM 198, RLM 514, RLM 619, RLM 1359, *RBR 91 - PBR 210*, PBR 97*.

Toria : *TL 15, TLC 1, *PBT 37.

Gobhi Sarson : *GSL-1, *GSL-2, PGSH 51, (African Season) PCc5, GSC 5 (Canola)*, Hyola PAC 401*.

Taramila : TMLC 2*.

Sunflower : SFH 8, PSFH 67, *Jawala Mukhi, Mega 363, *GKSFH 2002, NSFH 592, SH 3322, PSFH 118*, SH 88.

Groundnut : Rainfed Condi�ons M-145, M37 Irrigated Condi�ons - MB, M197, M335, *SG84, *M-522-M548*, SG99*.

Barley DL 70, PL 56, PL 172, *PL 426, *PL 419, VJW 201*.

Co�on J 34, J 205, F 414, LH 372, F 286, LH 900, F 505, LH 886, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LH 1556, LHH 144, LH 900, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LHH 144, RCH 134, Bt*, RCH 317 Bt*, MRC 6301 Bt*, MRC 6304 Bt*, ANKUR 651*, White Gold, F 1861*, F 1378*.

Desi : Mo�*, LD 694*, LD 327*.

Crop Varie�es

Sahiwal

Hariana

Murrah|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >

Nilli Ravi

Biodiversity

Table 5.4 contd..

*Varie�es in use Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007

Table 5.5 Livestock and Poultry (in'000) in Punjab

Table 5.6 Popula�on of Indigenous Breeds of Cows and Buffalos in Punjab

*Latest 18th Livestock Census, 2007 Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Gram : C235*, C214, G130, Hare Chhole, L550, G543, GL769*, PBG1*, L551 (Kabuli), GPF2*, PDG3*, PBG5*, GPF2*, PDG4*, BG1053 (Kabuli)*, L550 (Kabuli)

Len�l : L9-12, LL56, LL147*, LL699*.

Field Pea : T163, PG3*, Field Pea 48*.

Sugarcane Co 1148, CoJ 58, Co 975, Co 1158, CoJ 67, CoJ 81, CoJ 767, CoJ8 4*, CoJ 83, CoJ 82, CoJ 85*, CoJ 64*, CoJ 88*, CoS 8436, CoJ 89, Co 1148.

Maize Comp. Vijay, Hyd Ganga 5, Comp. Ra�an, Comp. Makki Safed 1, Comp. Age�-76, Comp. Partap, Comp. Navjot*, Comp. Partap*, Comp. Parbhat*, Comp. Kiran, Hyd. Sartaj, Comp. J1006*, Comp. Megha*, Comp. Kesri*, Pb. Sathi 1*, Pearly Popcorn*, Hybrid Paras*, Hyd. Parkash*, PMH 1*, F9572A*, BIO 9637*, PMH2 (SVAC), JH3459.

Bajra S530, HB1, PHB 10, PSB 8, PHB 47, PCB 15*, MH 179*, PCM 138*, PCB 141*, PHB 2168*, PCB 164*.

Oilseeds Raya : RLM 198, RLM 514, RLM 619, RLM 1359, *RBR 91 - PBR 210*, PBR 97*.

Toria : *TL 15, TLC 1, *PBT 37.

Gobhi Sarson : *GSL-1, *GSL-2, PGSH 51, (African Season) PCc5, GSC 5 (Canola)*, Hyola PAC 401*.

Taramila : TMLC 2*.

Sunflower : SFH 8, PSFH 67, *Jawala Mukhi, Mega 363, *GKSFH 2002, NSFH 592, SH 3322, PSFH 118*, SH 88.

Groundnut : Rainfed Condi�ons M-145, M37 Irrigated Condi�ons - MB, M197, M335, *SG84, *M-522-M548*, SG99*.

Barley DL 70, PL 56, PL 172, *PL 426, *PL 419, VJW 201*.

Co�on J 34, J 205, F 414, LH 372, F 286, LH 900, F 505, LH 886, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LH 1556, LHH 144, LH 900, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LHH 144, RCH 134, Bt*, RCH 317 Bt*, MRC 6301 Bt*, MRC 6304 Bt*, ANKUR 651*, White Gold, F 1861*, F 1378*.

Desi : Mo�*, LD 694*, LD 327*.

Crop Varie�es

Sahiwal

Hariana

Murrah|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >

Nilli Ravi

Biodiversity

Table 5.4 contd..

Biodiversity of Shivaliks

Ecosystem in Punjab

The ecosystem of the Shivalik

range in North West India extends

across the states of Jammu &

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,

Punjab, Haryana, U�arakhand

and U�ar Pradesh. The Shivalik

hill area of Punjab is spread over 2 geographical area of 9448.97 km

and lies in the north-eastern part

of the state extending from

north-west to south-east along

the Himachal Pradesh border

(Jerath et al., 2014). It is spread

across the eastern parts of the

districts of Pathankot, Gurdaspur,

Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and

Rupnagar. The area has been

iden�fied as one of the micro-

endemic zones of the country and

is also one of the most degraded

rain fed agro-ecosystem of

Punjab. It is one of the unique

ecosystem of Punjab and is the

only major area of the state

harbouring natural vegeta�on.

Map 5.1 Biological Richness Characteriza�on of Shivalik Hills of

Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS

Source: Roy et al., 2001

Floral Biodiversity of Shivaliks

Figure 5.1 Recorded floral distribu�on in terms of absolute numbers and percentage of total floral species in Shivalik hills of Punjab.

Vertebrates

Fish,55

11%

Rep�les,204%

Mammals,194%

Amphibians,9

2%

Birds,39679%

Invertebrates

Nemathelminthes,344%

Molluscs, 313%

Annelids,233%

Anthropods,81990%

Angiosperms

562 43.1%

Fungi

560 42.9%

Algae 1048.0%

Lichens 21

1.6%

Bryophytes 27

2.1%

Pteridophytes

30

2.3%

Gymnosperm 1

0.1%

Source: Jerath et al., 2006

Faunal Biodiversity of Shivaliks

Figure 5.2 & 5.3 Reported number of Invertebrates and Vertebrates in the Shivalik Ecosystem and their distribu�on

Source: Jerath et al., 2006

Legend

LowMediumHighVery highWater bodyNon ForestRoads

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 70 71 >

Biodiversity

Biodiversity of Shivaliks

Ecosystem in Punjab

The ecosystem of the Shivalik

range in North West India extends

across the states of Jammu &

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,

Punjab, Haryana, U�arakhand

and U�ar Pradesh. The Shivalik

hill area of Punjab is spread over 2 geographical area of 9448.97 km

and lies in the north-eastern part

of the state extending from

north-west to south-east along

the Himachal Pradesh border

(Jerath et al., 2014). It is spread

across the eastern parts of the

districts of Pathankot, Gurdaspur,

Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and

Rupnagar. The area has been

iden�fied as one of the micro-

endemic zones of the country and

is also one of the most degraded

rain fed agro-ecosystem of

Punjab. It is one of the unique

ecosystem of Punjab and is the

only major area of the state

harbouring natural vegeta�on.

Map 5.1 Biological Richness Characteriza�on of Shivalik Hills of

Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS

Source: Roy et al., 2001

Floral Biodiversity of Shivaliks

Figure 5.1 Recorded floral distribu�on in terms of absolute numbers and percentage of total floral species in Shivalik hills of Punjab.

Vertebrates

Fish,55

11%

Rep�les,204%

Mammals,194%

Amphibians,9

2%

Birds,39679%

Invertebrates

Nemathelminthes,344%

Molluscs, 313%

Annelids,233%

Anthropods,81990%

Angiosperms

562 43.1%

Fungi

560 42.9%

Algae 1048.0%

Lichens 21

1.6%

Bryophytes 27

2.1%

Pteridophytes

30

2.3%

Gymnosperm 1

0.1%

Source: Jerath et al., 2006

Faunal Biodiversity of Shivaliks

Figure 5.2 & 5.3 Reported number of Invertebrates and Vertebrates in the Shivalik Ecosystem and their distribu�on

Source: Jerath et al., 2006

Legend

LowMediumHighVery highWater bodyNon ForestRoads

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 70 71 >

Biodiversity

Wetland ecosystem of Punjab

Punjab has 12 natural wetlands and 9 manmade wetlands covering an area of 8.39 sq.km. and 147.39 sq.km, respec�vely. Harike, Kanjli and Ropar are recognized as wetlands of Interna�onal significance under Ramsar Conven�on. Ranjit Sagar and Nangal Lake have been declared as Na�onal Wetlands. These wetlands are important aqua�c ecosystems in nature and are the important habitats for waterfowl, fish and other flora and fauna. The detailed list of wetlands in Punjab has been discussed in Chapter 3.

The major biodiversity a�ributes of Ramsar sites of Punjab are as under:

Harike Wetland

o Area: 4,100 ha (Kapurthala, Tarn Taran and Ferozepur Districts)

o Area under water: 2850 ha

o Avifauna : 360 species (74 species of migratory birds)

o Important Migratory Birds: Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon, Northern Shoveler, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and Tu�ed)

o 60 indigenous species of fish, 7 species of turtles, 4 species of snakes, 6 taxa of amphibians, 189 taxa of invertebrates reported

o Threatened species

– Schedule 1 species : 4 species of turtle (Kachuga tecta, K. smithii, Trionyx gange�cus and Geoclemys hamiltonii )

– IUCN Red List: Smooth Indian o�er

o Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Delonix, Salix, Syzygium, Zizyphus, Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Withania somnifera, Adhatoda vesica, Boerhavia diffusa, etc.

o Major Threats: Weed growth(Eichhornia crassipes), silta�on and encroachment

o First sigh�ng of dolphin reported from Harike wetland (Beas river) in December, 2007.

o Important Bird Area (IBA) site of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and Wildlife Sanctuary (no�fied by Govt. of Punjab)

Field assessment studies conducted between April 2011 to May 2013 by WWF-India in collabora�on with Department of Forests, Govt. of Punjab examined the possible existence and conserva�on viability of the only reported breeding popula�on of the endangered Indus River dolphin Platanista gange�ca minor in Punjab. WWF-India's observa�ons showed that dolphins occur in River Beas Harike wetland. A total of 25 sigh�ngs of dolphin were reported during the study period.

These sigh�ngs were largely concentrated in zones of Baguwal-Dhunda; Karmowala-Dhun; Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Gagdewal-Baguwal; Dhun-Harike; Dhunda-Aalm kha and Aalm kha- Karmowala (Map 5.3). Three groups were iden�fied, one each along Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Baguwal- Dhunda and Karmowala-Harike that comprised of adult, sub-adult and calves. On 9 occasions adult Dolphins were recorded solitary. During the course of the study opportunis�c sigh�ngs of adult Dolphins were also recorded, 6 at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary and 3 at Karmowala. During the study period dolphins were generally sighted in loose groups of 2-3 individuals at three different sites in River Beas and they preferred habitats with deep areas having slow water current and moderate to wide river width. In September 2013, the officials of Harike wildlife sanctuary during the monthly monitoring spo�ed 12 Indus dolphins in a single sigh�ng and it was concluded that es�mated number could be around two dozen in and around the sanctuary.

Box 5.1 Sigh�ng of Indus River Dolphin in River Beas and Harike

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013

LANDUSE / LAND COVER(2006)

HARIKE WETLAND ECOSYSTEM

Meters1,700 850 0 1,700

LegendBuilt Up Land (1.91%)

Built Up

Brick Kiln

Agricultural Land (74.61%)

Crop Land

Plantation

Wastelands (3.78%)

Mining Area (Brick Kiln)

Gullied / Ravinous

Land with or without Scub

River Sand

Waterbodies (0.59%)

Ponds

Canal

Wetlands (19.10%)

Lake Water Type I

Lake Water Type II

Lake Water Type III

Vegetation over Water Type I

Vegetation over Water Type II

Vegetation over Water Type III

River

Waterlogged

Data Source : IRS 1D LISS IV, March 2006

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 72 73 >

Map 5.2 Land use/land cover of Harike wetland

Biodiversity

Harike Wetland

Harike WetlandHarike WetlandHarike Wetland

White Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at Harike Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Aja

y D

ew

anP

ho

to C

red

its

: A

jay

De

wan

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Aja

y D

ew

an

Wetland ecosystem of Punjab

Punjab has 12 natural wetlands and 9 manmade wetlands covering an area of 8.39 sq.km. and 147.39 sq.km, respec�vely. Harike, Kanjli and Ropar are recognized as wetlands of Interna�onal significance under Ramsar Conven�on. Ranjit Sagar and Nangal Lake have been declared as Na�onal Wetlands. These wetlands are important aqua�c ecosystems in nature and are the important habitats for waterfowl, fish and other flora and fauna. The detailed list of wetlands in Punjab has been discussed in Chapter 3.

The major biodiversity a�ributes of Ramsar sites of Punjab are as under:

Harike Wetland

o Area: 4,100 ha (Kapurthala, Tarn Taran and Ferozepur Districts)

o Area under water: 2850 ha

o Avifauna : 360 species (74 species of migratory birds)

o Important Migratory Birds: Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon, Northern Shoveler, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and Tu�ed)

o 60 indigenous species of fish, 7 species of turtles, 4 species of snakes, 6 taxa of amphibians, 189 taxa of invertebrates reported

o Threatened species

– Schedule 1 species : 4 species of turtle (Kachuga tecta, K. smithii, Trionyx gange�cus and Geoclemys hamiltonii )

– IUCN Red List: Smooth Indian o�er

o Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Delonix, Salix, Syzygium, Zizyphus, Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Withania somnifera, Adhatoda vesica, Boerhavia diffusa, etc.

o Major Threats: Weed growth(Eichhornia crassipes), silta�on and encroachment

o First sigh�ng of dolphin reported from Harike wetland (Beas river) in December, 2007.

o Important Bird Area (IBA) site of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and Wildlife Sanctuary (no�fied by Govt. of Punjab)

Field assessment studies conducted between April 2011 to May 2013 by WWF-India in collabora�on with Department of Forests, Govt. of Punjab examined the possible existence and conserva�on viability of the only reported breeding popula�on of the endangered Indus River dolphin Platanista gange�ca minor in Punjab. WWF-India's observa�ons showed that dolphins occur in River Beas Harike wetland. A total of 25 sigh�ngs of dolphin were reported during the study period.

These sigh�ngs were largely concentrated in zones of Baguwal-Dhunda; Karmowala-Dhun; Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Gagdewal-Baguwal; Dhun-Harike; Dhunda-Aalm kha and Aalm kha- Karmowala (Map 5.3). Three groups were iden�fied, one each along Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Baguwal- Dhunda and Karmowala-Harike that comprised of adult, sub-adult and calves. On 9 occasions adult Dolphins were recorded solitary. During the course of the study opportunis�c sigh�ngs of adult Dolphins were also recorded, 6 at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary and 3 at Karmowala. During the study period dolphins were generally sighted in loose groups of 2-3 individuals at three different sites in River Beas and they preferred habitats with deep areas having slow water current and moderate to wide river width. In September 2013, the officials of Harike wildlife sanctuary during the monthly monitoring spo�ed 12 Indus dolphins in a single sigh�ng and it was concluded that es�mated number could be around two dozen in and around the sanctuary.

Box 5.1 Sigh�ng of Indus River Dolphin in River Beas and Harike

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013

LANDUSE / LAND COVER(2006)

HARIKE WETLAND ECOSYSTEM

Meters1,700 850 0 1,700

LegendBuilt Up Land (1.91%)

Built Up

Brick Kiln

Agricultural Land (74.61%)

Crop Land

Plantation

Wastelands (3.78%)

Mining Area (Brick Kiln)

Gullied / Ravinous

Land with or without Scub

River Sand

Waterbodies (0.59%)

Ponds

Canal

Wetlands (19.10%)

Lake Water Type I

Lake Water Type II

Lake Water Type III

Vegetation over Water Type I

Vegetation over Water Type II

Vegetation over Water Type III

River

Waterlogged

Data Source : IRS 1D LISS IV, March 2006

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 72 73 >

Map 5.2 Land use/land cover of Harike wetland

Biodiversity

Harike Wetland

Harike WetlandHarike WetlandHarike Wetland

White Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at Harike Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Aja

y D

ew

anP

ho

to C

red

its

: A

jay

De

wan

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Aja

y D

ew

an

Map 5.3 Records of Indus River Dolphin sigh�ngs on the river Beas and Harike

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013

Ropar Wetland • Area: 1365 ha (Rupnagar District) • Area under water: 800 ha • 55 species of fish and 318 species of birds reported • Important Migratory Birds: Northern Shoveler, Common Teal, Mallard,

Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and

Tu�ed), Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon • Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Syzygium, Zizyphus, dlonix, Salix,

Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Boerhavia diffusa,

Adhatoda vesica, Withania somnifera, etc. • Schedule 1 species: Scaly anteater, Sambar and Hog deer • Major Threats: Silta�on, water pollu�on and grazing in wetland zone

Kanjli Wetland • Area: 183 ha (Kapurthala District) • Area under water: 78 ha • 4 mammals, 90 species of birds and 35 species of fishes reported • Important Migratory Birds: Great Crested Grebe, Brahminy duck, Pintail,

Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Wigeon, Blue Winged Teal, Shoveller,

Redcrested Pochard and Common Pochard • Immense socio -religious importance of Kali Bein/ Holy Bein as it is

associated with Guru Nanak Dev ji • Major Flora: Acacia, Albezzia, Azadirachta, Dalbergia, Delonix, Zizyphus, etc.,

common aqua�c plants like Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potemogeton, Phragmites

and insec�vorous plant Utricularia

• Major Threats: Weed growth (Eichhornia crassipes), reduc�on in water

flow, pollu�on, deforesta�on, silta�on, etc.

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Photo Credit : WWF, India

|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >

KEY

Year 2013

State boundaryDistrict boundaryRiverDirect Sigh�ngYear 2011Year 2012Year 2013

Secondary informa�on

(Literature review & (Informal interviews)Year 2010Year 2011Year 2012

Biodiversity

Dolphin at Beas River

Utricularia Plant

Kanjli Wetland, Dis�. Kapurthala

Shoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar Wetland

Small Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar Wetland

Rudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar Wetland Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Dr.

On

kar

Sin

gh B

rrai

chP

ho

to C

red

its

: D

r. O

nka

r Si

ngh

Brr

aich

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Dr.

On

kar

Sin

gh B

rrai

ch

Map 5.3 Records of Indus River Dolphin sigh�ngs on the river Beas and Harike

Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013

Ropar Wetland • Area: 1365 ha (Rupnagar District) • Area under water: 800 ha • 55 species of fish and 318 species of birds reported • Important Migratory Birds: Northern Shoveler, Common Teal, Mallard,

Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and

Tu�ed), Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon • Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Syzygium, Zizyphus, dlonix, Salix,

Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Boerhavia diffusa,

Adhatoda vesica, Withania somnifera, etc. • Schedule 1 species: Scaly anteater, Sambar and Hog deer • Major Threats: Silta�on, water pollu�on and grazing in wetland zone

Kanjli Wetland • Area: 183 ha (Kapurthala District) • Area under water: 78 ha • 4 mammals, 90 species of birds and 35 species of fishes reported • Important Migratory Birds: Great Crested Grebe, Brahminy duck, Pintail,

Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Wigeon, Blue Winged Teal, Shoveller,

Redcrested Pochard and Common Pochard • Immense socio -religious importance of Kali Bein/ Holy Bein as it is

associated with Guru Nanak Dev ji • Major Flora: Acacia, Albezzia, Azadirachta, Dalbergia, Delonix, Zizyphus, etc.,

common aqua�c plants like Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potemogeton, Phragmites

and insec�vorous plant Utricularia

• Major Threats: Weed growth (Eichhornia crassipes), reduc�on in water

flow, pollu�on, deforesta�on, silta�on, etc.

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Photo Credit : WWF, India

|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >

KEY

Year 2013

State boundaryDistrict boundaryRiverDirect Sigh�ngYear 2011Year 2012Year 2013

Secondary informa�on

(Literature review & (Informal interviews)Year 2010Year 2011Year 2012

Biodiversity

Dolphin at Beas River

Utricularia Plant

Kanjli Wetland, Dis�. Kapurthala

Shoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar Wetland

Small Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar Wetland

Rudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar Wetland Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Dr.

On

kar

Sin

gh B

rrai

chP

ho

to C

red

its

: D

r. O

nka

r Si

ngh

Brr

aich

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s :

Dr.

On

kar

Sin

gh B

rrai

ch

Cropland ecosystem of Punjab

About 84% of the total land in the state is under agriculture (as

compared to na�onal average of 40.38%). The state was known to

harbour great gene�c variability; however, over the years this has

reduced due to change in cropping pa�ern with major focus on

wheat-paddy crop rota�on and higher dependence on certain high

yielding varie�es of crops. The change of area under cul�va�on of

various crops is discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Over the years the

farmers have adopted a narrow range of High Yield Varie�es(HYVs)

in place of a broad range of tradi�onal varie�es which were

naturally suited to the clima�c and edaphic condi�ons of the state.

The area under input intensive HYVs of wheat has increased from

69% in 1970-71 to 100% in 2000-01 and remained the same

therea�er. Similarly, area under HYVs of rice comprised 33% of total

area under rice in 1970-71. It increased to 100% in 2005. This has

resulted in the loss of domes�cated floral biodiversity of the state.

The increase in area under paddy has led to decline in area under

other major kharif crops like maize, bajra, jowar, sugarcane,

groundnut, pulses, etc. The increase in wheat cul�va�on has been

at the expense of cu�ng down the area under other rabi season

crops especially gram, barley, rapeseed, mustard and sunflower.

Area under total pulses and oilseeds has reduced sharply. This

includes many leguminous crops like groundnut, len�ls and guar.

The reduced crop diversity over the years due to monoculture of

wheat and paddy has further resulted in degrada�on of soil

including nutrient imbalance and deple�on of underground water

table. Intensive use of pes�cides and fer�lizers have caused

environmental and health problems. It also led to development of

resistance in pests beside affec�ng their natural predators.

Box 5.3 U�liza�on of medicinal plants by herbal industry in Punjab

Punjab is primarily an agricultural state. However, forests in the Shivaliks, Birs, Rakhs and Mand contribute to its rich biodiversity. Many of biological resources occurring in these areas especially medicinal plants have good commercial poten�al in biodiversity based industries. A few medicinal plants also occur as weeds in agricultural fields. A joint study was conducted by Punjab Biodiversity Board and PSCST in 2010-11 to iden�fy and assess major bioresources used in Punjab and their commercial poten�al. It was found that 255 registered herbal units were opera�ng in Punjab, which were u�lizing botanicals to prepare various product formula�ons (with or without the species included in 'normally traded commodity' list no�fied by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India). Out of 180 func�onal units, limited data was provided by 121 units only (67.2%) from 15 districts (out of 20 districts). These 121 units were using 919.9 MT/annum of raw plant materials. Usage of plant species by pharmacies/herbal units in Punjab ranges from 279 kg/annum in district Mansa to 527 MT/annum in district Amritsar. Districtwise details are given in Figure 5.4.

The raw material was being procured from the market/traders and not collected directly. Such traders operate in Majith Mandi at Amritsar, collec�on center at Pathankot and in other states as well. Majith Mandi is known as the trade hub of some of these biological resources. Raw materials from Punjab and nearby states is collected and categorized for export and/or domes�c consump�on. An es�mated 22,000 Metric Tonnes of botanicals (mainly 67 species) were being annually traded from Majith Mandi by 54 trader/dealers.

A total of 503 plant species were being used in the state, out of which, 334 species (66%) occured in Punjab and the rest were being brought/collected from other states. Data reveals that of the 334 plant species from Punjab, 127 were herbacious, 110 were trees species, 63 shrubs and 34 climbers. Out of total 503 species used, only 82 species were exempted from the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (as these were included in the list of 'normally traded commodi�es' no�fied by Govt. of India). Therefore, prior permission of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority was required for export of rest of the 421 plant species or their products being traded from the state. The most used medicinal plants are Aloe barbadensis , Emblica officinalis and Terminalia chebula (Figure 5.5). Data pointed that out of the 10 maximum used plant species, six species namely, Terminalia chebula, Commiphora wigh�i, Tinospora cordifolia, Tribulus lanuginosus,Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia belerica did not fall under 'normally traded commodity list' . Other important species excluded from the normally traded commodi�es list which are being collected from the state include Saraca asoca (11311 kg/annum), Boerhavia difffusa (10979 kg/annum), Sesamum orientale (10951 kg/annum), Asparagus racemosus (7314 kg/annum), Psoralea corylifolia (10951 kg/annum), Mucuna pruriens (5290 kg/annum), Eclipta prostata (5290 kg/annum), etc. Conserva�on of their habitat and regulated harves�ng needs to be promoted to ensure their long term sustainability.

Two plant species, namely Techomella undulata and Withania coagulans, being used by herbal units had been iden�fied as threatened species in the state. Techomella undulata had been iden�fied as an 'endangered species' and Withania coagulans as 'vulnerable species' as per IUCN Red Data List.

Source : Jerath et al., 2012

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 76 77 >

Biodiversity

Cropland ecosystem of Punjab

About 84% of the total land in the state is under agriculture (as

compared to na�onal average of 40.38%). The state was known to

harbour great gene�c variability; however, over the years this has

reduced due to change in cropping pa�ern with major focus on

wheat-paddy crop rota�on and higher dependence on certain high

yielding varie�es of crops. The change of area under cul�va�on of

various crops is discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Over the years the

farmers have adopted a narrow range of High Yield Varie�es(HYVs)

in place of a broad range of tradi�onal varie�es which were

naturally suited to the clima�c and edaphic condi�ons of the state.

The area under input intensive HYVs of wheat has increased from

69% in 1970-71 to 100% in 2000-01 and remained the same

therea�er. Similarly, area under HYVs of rice comprised 33% of total

area under rice in 1970-71. It increased to 100% in 2005. This has

resulted in the loss of domes�cated floral biodiversity of the state.

The increase in area under paddy has led to decline in area under

other major kharif crops like maize, bajra, jowar, sugarcane,

groundnut, pulses, etc. The increase in wheat cul�va�on has been

at the expense of cu�ng down the area under other rabi season

crops especially gram, barley, rapeseed, mustard and sunflower.

Area under total pulses and oilseeds has reduced sharply. This

includes many leguminous crops like groundnut, len�ls and guar.

The reduced crop diversity over the years due to monoculture of

wheat and paddy has further resulted in degrada�on of soil

including nutrient imbalance and deple�on of underground water

table. Intensive use of pes�cides and fer�lizers have caused

environmental and health problems. It also led to development of

resistance in pests beside affec�ng their natural predators.

Box 5.3 U�liza�on of medicinal plants by herbal industry in Punjab

Punjab is primarily an agricultural state. However, forests in the Shivaliks, Birs, Rakhs and Mand contribute to its rich biodiversity. Many of biological resources occurring in these areas especially medicinal plants have good commercial poten�al in biodiversity based industries. A few medicinal plants also occur as weeds in agricultural fields. A joint study was conducted by Punjab Biodiversity Board and PSCST in 2010-11 to iden�fy and assess major bioresources used in Punjab and their commercial poten�al. It was found that 255 registered herbal units were opera�ng in Punjab, which were u�lizing botanicals to prepare various product formula�ons (with or without the species included in 'normally traded commodity' list no�fied by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India). Out of 180 func�onal units, limited data was provided by 121 units only (67.2%) from 15 districts (out of 20 districts). These 121 units were using 919.9 MT/annum of raw plant materials. Usage of plant species by pharmacies/herbal units in Punjab ranges from 279 kg/annum in district Mansa to 527 MT/annum in district Amritsar. Districtwise details are given in Figure 5.4.

The raw material was being procured from the market/traders and not collected directly. Such traders operate in Majith Mandi at Amritsar, collec�on center at Pathankot and in other states as well. Majith Mandi is known as the trade hub of some of these biological resources. Raw materials from Punjab and nearby states is collected and categorized for export and/or domes�c consump�on. An es�mated 22,000 Metric Tonnes of botanicals (mainly 67 species) were being annually traded from Majith Mandi by 54 trader/dealers.

A total of 503 plant species were being used in the state, out of which, 334 species (66%) occured in Punjab and the rest were being brought/collected from other states. Data reveals that of the 334 plant species from Punjab, 127 were herbacious, 110 were trees species, 63 shrubs and 34 climbers. Out of total 503 species used, only 82 species were exempted from the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (as these were included in the list of 'normally traded commodi�es' no�fied by Govt. of India). Therefore, prior permission of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority was required for export of rest of the 421 plant species or their products being traded from the state. The most used medicinal plants are Aloe barbadensis , Emblica officinalis and Terminalia chebula (Figure 5.5). Data pointed that out of the 10 maximum used plant species, six species namely, Terminalia chebula, Commiphora wigh�i, Tinospora cordifolia, Tribulus lanuginosus,Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia belerica did not fall under 'normally traded commodity list' . Other important species excluded from the normally traded commodi�es list which are being collected from the state include Saraca asoca (11311 kg/annum), Boerhavia difffusa (10979 kg/annum), Sesamum orientale (10951 kg/annum), Asparagus racemosus (7314 kg/annum), Psoralea corylifolia (10951 kg/annum), Mucuna pruriens (5290 kg/annum), Eclipta prostata (5290 kg/annum), etc. Conserva�on of their habitat and regulated harves�ng needs to be promoted to ensure their long term sustainability.

Two plant species, namely Techomella undulata and Withania coagulans, being used by herbal units had been iden�fied as threatened species in the state. Techomella undulata had been iden�fied as an 'endangered species' and Withania coagulans as 'vulnerable species' as per IUCN Red Data List.

Source : Jerath et al., 2012

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 76 77 >

Biodiversity

Figure 5.4 Districtwise quan�ty of botanicals used by herbal units (121) in Punjab

Figure 5.5 Most used botanicals in Punjab

Source Jerath et al.,2012

Qu

an�

ty u

sed

(kg

/ a

nn

um

)

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0

Plant Name

Alo

e b

arb

aden

sis

Emb

lica

offi

cin

alis

Term

inal

ia c

heb

ula

Co

mm

iph

ora

wig

h�

i

Tin

osp

ora

co

rdif

olia

Wit

han

ia s

om

nif

era

Trib

ulu

s la

nu

gin

osu

s

Term

inal

ia a

rju

na

Aza

dir

ach

ta in

dic

a

Term

inal

ia b

eler

ica

14572154891944719607

23758245572470125274

38201

174733

Source ; Jerath et al.,2012

No

. of

Un

its

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

600000

500000

400000

300000

200000

100000

Qu

an�

ty u

sed

Am

rits

ar

Bat

hin

da

Fari

dko

t

Fate

hga

rh S

ahib

Fero

zep

ur

Ho

shia

rpu

r

Jala

nd

har

Kap

urt

hal

a

Lud

hia

na

Man

sa

Mo

ga

Mu

kats

ar

Pa�

ala

San

gru

r

T.Ta

ran

No. of Units Quan�ty used (Kg / annum)

28

527342

6

4

2 2

6

23

1

7

111581 21657

68022

153623

101061332

80128

17

26

14

68624812

1758 2742

2

279 15591 323323323

|< 78 79 >

Iden�fica�on of Biodiversity Rich Areas/Sites The Punjab Biodiversity Board has inden�fied the following

biodiversity rich sites in Punjab outside the protected area network:

Poten�al Biodiversity Heritage Sites

• Inami Baag in Block Bhunga, District Hoshiarpur for elite mango varie�es

• Chatpa�-Bani in village Kataru Chak, District Pathankot as community conserved sacred grove

• Kaya Kalp Vriksh (The Great Banyan Tree ) of Punjab at village Chol� Kheri, District Fatehgarh Sahib

• Areas falling outside Harike Wildlife Sanctuary from Village Gagrewal to Goindwal Sahib on river Beas for conserva�on of Indus river dolphin

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Biodiversity

Aloe barbadensisAloe barbadensisAloe barbadensis

Emblica officinalisEmblica officinalisEmblica officinalis

Terminalia belericaTerminalia belericaTerminalia belerica

Inami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. Hoshiarpur

Fruits of some elite varie�es at Inami Baag

Figure 5.4 Districtwise quan�ty of botanicals used by herbal units (121) in Punjab

Figure 5.5 Most used botanicals in Punjab

Source Jerath et al.,2012

Qu

an�

ty u

sed

(kg

/ a

nn

um

)

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0

Plant Name

Alo

e b

arb

aden

sis

Emb

lica

offi

cin

alis

Term

inal

ia c

heb

ula

Co

mm

iph

ora

wig

h�

i

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osp

ora

co

rdif

olia

Wit

han

ia s

om

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era

Trib

ulu

s la

nu

gin

osu

s

Term

inal

ia a

rju

na

Aza

dir

ach

ta in

dic

a

Term

inal

ia b

eler

ica

14572154891944719607

23758245572470125274

38201

174733

Source ; Jerath et al.,2012

No

. of

Un

its

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

600000

500000

400000

300000

200000

100000

Qu

an�

ty u

sed

Am

rits

ar

Bat

hin

da

Fari

dko

t

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rh S

ahib

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ur

Ho

shia

rpu

r

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nd

har

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urt

hal

a

Lud

hia

na

Man

sa

Mo

ga

Mu

kats

ar

Pa�

ala

San

gru

r

T.Ta

ran

No. of Units Quan�ty used (Kg / annum)

28

527342

6

4

2 2

6

23

1

7

111581 21657

68022

153623

101061332

80128

17

26

14

68624812

1758 2742

2

279 15591 323323323

|< 78 79 >

Iden�fica�on of Biodiversity Rich Areas/Sites The Punjab Biodiversity Board has inden�fied the following

biodiversity rich sites in Punjab outside the protected area network:

Poten�al Biodiversity Heritage Sites

• Inami Baag in Block Bhunga, District Hoshiarpur for elite mango varie�es

• Chatpa�-Bani in village Kataru Chak, District Pathankot as community conserved sacred grove

• Kaya Kalp Vriksh (The Great Banyan Tree ) of Punjab at village Chol� Kheri, District Fatehgarh Sahib

• Areas falling outside Harike Wildlife Sanctuary from Village Gagrewal to Goindwal Sahib on river Beas for conserva�on of Indus river dolphin

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Biodiversity

Aloe barbadensisAloe barbadensisAloe barbadensis

Emblica officinalisEmblica officinalisEmblica officinalis

Terminalia belericaTerminalia belericaTerminalia belerica

Inami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. Hoshiarpur

Fruits of some elite varie�es at Inami Baag

Poten�al Urban Biodiversity Heritage Sites • Aam Khas Baag, District Fatehgarh Sahib and

Ram Baag, District Amritsar • Baradari Garden, Pa�ala for simbal tree & ferns • Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala • Royal Garden, Faridkot

Others Poten�al Sites • Pa� and Ferozepur area for na�ve buffalo breed of

Nili Ravi • Mand (Wetlands) area for conserva�on of Hog

Deer popula�on.

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 80 81 >

Table 5.5 Threatened Flora of Punjab

• Sultanpur Lodhi area and area between Nangal and Ropar for conserva�on of fish

• Dhar block in District Pathankot & Nurpur Bedi area in Rupnagar district for Vultures, Indian Python and Hedge hog

• Pandori (area between Keshopur Miani and Kahnuwan) in District Gurdaspur as a sacred grove

• Keshopur Miani & Magarmudian in District Gurdaspur for conserva�on of Sarus Cranes.

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Major Threats to Biodiversity • Intensive & extensive agriculture with focus on HYVs and exo�c breeds

• Lack of apprecia�on : Treated as free goods of nature

• Habitat destruc�on & degrada�on

• Environmental pollu�on & climate change

• Unsustainable developmental model and urbaniza�on

• Infesta�on of invasive alien species

• Lack of coordina�on amongst concerned line departments

Threatened Flora and Fauna of Punjab Punjab Biodiversity Board in consulta�on with Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India and Forest

Department has iden�fied threatened flora and fauna of Punjab.

Sr. No. Botanical Name Family Habit Status

Angiosperms

(i) Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem Bignoniaceae Tree Endangered

(ii) Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Solanaceae Shrub Vulnerable

(iii) Anogeissus sericea Brandis var. nummularia King ex Duthie

Combretaceae Tree Endemic & Rare

(iv) Alysicarpus bupleurifolius(L) DC var. hybridus DC Leguminosae –Papilionoideae

Herb Endemic

(v) Hibiscus hoshiarpurensis T.K Paul & M.P Nayar Malvaceae Herb Endemic

(vi) Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Var lushii (J.Graham) Hook.f [=Ceropegia lushii(J.Graham)

Asclepiadoideae Herb Vulnerable

Pteridophytes

(i) Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophiglossaceae Herb At risk

(ii) Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun ex. Seub. Ophiglossaceae Herb Rare

Biodiversity

Rudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike Wetland

Poten�al Urban Biodiversity Heritage Sites • Aam Khas Baag, District Fatehgarh Sahib and

Ram Baag, District Amritsar • Baradari Garden, Pa�ala for simbal tree & ferns • Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala • Royal Garden, Faridkot

Others Poten�al Sites • Pa� and Ferozepur area for na�ve buffalo breed of

Nili Ravi • Mand (Wetlands) area for conserva�on of Hog

Deer popula�on.

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 80 81 >

Table 5.5 Threatened Flora of Punjab

• Sultanpur Lodhi area and area between Nangal and Ropar for conserva�on of fish

• Dhar block in District Pathankot & Nurpur Bedi area in Rupnagar district for Vultures, Indian Python and Hedge hog

• Pandori (area between Keshopur Miani and Kahnuwan) in District Gurdaspur as a sacred grove

• Keshopur Miani & Magarmudian in District Gurdaspur for conserva�on of Sarus Cranes.

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: A

jay

De

wan

Major Threats to Biodiversity • Intensive & extensive agriculture with focus on HYVs and exo�c breeds

• Lack of apprecia�on : Treated as free goods of nature

• Habitat destruc�on & degrada�on

• Environmental pollu�on & climate change

• Unsustainable developmental model and urbaniza�on

• Infesta�on of invasive alien species

• Lack of coordina�on amongst concerned line departments

Threatened Flora and Fauna of Punjab Punjab Biodiversity Board in consulta�on with Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India and Forest

Department has iden�fied threatened flora and fauna of Punjab.

Sr. No. Botanical Name Family Habit Status

Angiosperms

(i) Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem Bignoniaceae Tree Endangered

(ii) Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Solanaceae Shrub Vulnerable

(iii) Anogeissus sericea Brandis var. nummularia King ex Duthie

Combretaceae Tree Endemic & Rare

(iv) Alysicarpus bupleurifolius(L) DC var. hybridus DC Leguminosae –Papilionoideae

Herb Endemic

(v) Hibiscus hoshiarpurensis T.K Paul & M.P Nayar Malvaceae Herb Endemic

(vi) Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Var lushii (J.Graham) Hook.f [=Ceropegia lushii(J.Graham)

Asclepiadoideae Herb Vulnerable

Pteridophytes

(i) Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophiglossaceae Herb At risk

(ii) Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun ex. Seub. Ophiglossaceae Herb Rare

Biodiversity

Rudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike Wetland

Sr. No Common Name Zoological NameThreat Category

(Indian Wildlife Protec� on Act, 1972)

Mammals

(i) Indus River Dolphin Platanista gange� ca ssp minor Endangerd: Schedule- I

Birds

(ii) White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Gmelin, 1788.since 2000

(iii) Sarus Crane Grus an� gone Linnaeus, 1758 Vulnerable

Rep� les

(iv) Indian Rock Python Python molurus Linnaeus, 1758 Endang ered

(v) Indian Roofed Turtle Kachuga tecta Gray, 1830 Endangered: Schedule-I

Table 5.6 Threatened Fauna of Punjab

Cri�cally Endangered: In Schedule-I

The list is, however, yet to be no�fied by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India under sec�on 38 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

Punjab Biodiversity Board was no�fied by Punjab Government in December, 2004 as a statutory body u/s 22 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 for conserva�on of biological diversity of Punjab

Presently Hon'ble Chief Minister (as Minister Environment) is the Chairman

Major Roles and Responsibili�es

• To implement the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in Punjab

• To conserve wild and domes�cated flora & fauna of the State

• To promote sustainable u�liza�on of biological resources

• To ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of commercial use of biological resources and associated tradi�onal knowledge

• To advise the State Government on any ma�er concerning conserva�on of bio-diversity

• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the departments of the State Government and Biodiversity Management Commi�ees

• To facilitate se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees (BMCs) at village and town/district level

• To promote the prepara�on of People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) through BMCs to document available resources and protect tradi�onal knowledge

• To take up capacity building programs for masses, as well as training of line departments of the state government

• To iden�fy 'Biodiversity Heritage Sites' and take steps for promote their conserva�on therea�er

• To iden�fy & no�fy threatened flora and fauna of state

• To commission studies and sponsor inves�ga�ons and research

• To collect, compile and publish technical and sta�s�cal data related to biological resources of state

• To recommend, prescribe, modify, collec�on fee for access of biological resources from �me to �me

Box 5.5 Cons�tu�on of Punjab Biodiversity Board

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 82 83 >

Tecomella undulataTecomella undulataTecomella undulata Ceropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosa Ophioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineum

White Backed VultureWhite Backed VultureWhite Backed Vulture Sarus CraneSarus CraneSarus Crane Indian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed Turtle Indian Rock PythonIndian Rock PythonIndian Rock Python

Major Ini�a�ves undertaken

Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab

• Establishment of Protected Area Network of 345 sq.km consis�ng 13 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 zoological parks, 3 deer parks and 2 community reserves(first in India) for conserva�on of wild flora and fauna

• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission (2012-2020)” to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs 180 crore

Department of Agriculture, Punjab

• Diversifica�on of agriculture to reduce area under paddy from 22.5 Lakh ha (2012-13) to 8.5 lakh ha in 2017-18 and promote cul�va�on of basma�, co�on, maize, sugarcane, pulses, fodder, fruit & vegetable and agroforestry proposed

Biodiversity

Sr. No Common Name Zoological NameThreat Category

(Indian Wildlife Protec� on Act, 1972)

Mammals

(i) Indus River Dolphin Platanista gange� ca ssp minor Endangerd: Schedule- I

Birds

(ii) White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Gmelin, 1788.since 2000

(iii) Sarus Crane Grus an� gone Linnaeus, 1758 Vulnerable

Rep� les

(iv) Indian Rock Python Python molurus Linnaeus, 1758 Endang ered

(v) Indian Roofed Turtle Kachuga tecta Gray, 1830 Endangered: Schedule-I

Table 5.6 Threatened Fauna of Punjab

Cri�cally Endangered: In Schedule-I

The list is, however, yet to be no�fied by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India under sec�on 38 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

Punjab Biodiversity Board was no�fied by Punjab Government in December, 2004 as a statutory body u/s 22 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 for conserva�on of biological diversity of Punjab

Presently Hon'ble Chief Minister (as Minister Environment) is the Chairman

Major Roles and Responsibili�es

• To implement the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in Punjab

• To conserve wild and domes�cated flora & fauna of the State

• To promote sustainable u�liza�on of biological resources

• To ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of commercial use of biological resources and associated tradi�onal knowledge

• To advise the State Government on any ma�er concerning conserva�on of bio-diversity

• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the departments of the State Government and Biodiversity Management Commi�ees

• To facilitate se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees (BMCs) at village and town/district level

• To promote the prepara�on of People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) through BMCs to document available resources and protect tradi�onal knowledge

• To take up capacity building programs for masses, as well as training of line departments of the state government

• To iden�fy 'Biodiversity Heritage Sites' and take steps for promote their conserva�on therea�er

• To iden�fy & no�fy threatened flora and fauna of state

• To commission studies and sponsor inves�ga�ons and research

• To collect, compile and publish technical and sta�s�cal data related to biological resources of state

• To recommend, prescribe, modify, collec�on fee for access of biological resources from �me to �me

Box 5.5 Cons�tu�on of Punjab Biodiversity Board

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 82 83 >

Tecomella undulataTecomella undulataTecomella undulata Ceropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosa Ophioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineum

White Backed VultureWhite Backed VultureWhite Backed Vulture Sarus CraneSarus CraneSarus Crane Indian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed Turtle Indian Rock PythonIndian Rock PythonIndian Rock Python

Major Ini�a�ves undertaken

Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab

• Establishment of Protected Area Network of 345 sq.km consis�ng 13 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 zoological parks, 3 deer parks and 2 community reserves(first in India) for conserva�on of wild flora and fauna

• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission (2012-2020)” to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs 180 crore

Department of Agriculture, Punjab

• Diversifica�on of agriculture to reduce area under paddy from 22.5 Lakh ha (2012-13) to 8.5 lakh ha in 2017-18 and promote cul�va�on of basma�, co�on, maize, sugarcane, pulses, fodder, fruit & vegetable and agroforestry proposed

Biodiversity

Punjab Biodiversity Board

• Se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees(BMCs) & Technical Support Groups(TSGs) in all 22 districts and 33 village levels BMCs in biodiversity rich areas

• Prepara�on of Districts level People Biodiversity Register`s (PBRs) ini�ated in 12 districts to document biodiversity & associated tradi�onal knowledge

• Iden�fica�on of threatened flora ( 8 species) and fauna ( 5 species) of state

• Iden�fica�on of 3 poten�al Biodiversity Heritage sites along with other biodiversity rich areas

• Capacity building and training of BMCs/TSGs members in all districts

• Conducted 4 special projects/studies with the financial support of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority, UNESCO and Govt. of Punjab

• Outreach ac�vi�es

Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

• Prepara�on of Strategy and Ac�on plan for Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab

• Conducted comprehensive study “Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab”

• Conserva�on and management of wetlands

• Iden�fica�on and documenta�on of key species

• Biodiversity assessment studies undertaken in all major wetlands

• Ini�a�on of Bird Census & Bird Ringing at various wetlands in collabora�on with Bombay Natural History Society

• Se�ng up of wetland Interpreta�on Centres highligh�ng biodiversity at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal

• Management & gainful u�liza�on of water hyacinth through Self Help Groups by prepara�on of handicra�s

• Awareness ac�vi�es under Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 84 85 >

Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on

• Catchment area treatment for silt abetment in all wetland zones of Punjab

• Watershed development in Shivaliks

Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana

• Promo�on of organic farming, Integrated Pest Management & Agroforestry

• Conserva�on of wild germplasm of wheat (1616 accessions) & rice (2413 accessions) and development of climate resilient varie�es

Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab

• Implementa�on of na�onal project on conserva�on and development of indigenous breeds of cows and buffalo

• Promo�ng indigenous breeds of goat(Beetal) and cow(Sahiwal) by providing 25% subsidy

Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Science University, Ludhiana

• Conserva�on and improvement of Sahiwal ca�le

• Conserva�on and improvement of Beetal goat under stall-fed condi�ons

NGOs

• Conserva�on of Sahiwal ca�le breed by Vishav Namdhari Sangat, Sri Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana and Divya Jyo� Jagra� Sansthan, Nurpur, Jalandhar

Biodiversity

Maize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment Hon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board& Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity BoardHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board Soil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at Harike Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala

Punjab Biodiversity Board

• Se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees(BMCs) & Technical Support Groups(TSGs) in all 22 districts and 33 village levels BMCs in biodiversity rich areas

• Prepara�on of Districts level People Biodiversity Register`s (PBRs) ini�ated in 12 districts to document biodiversity & associated tradi�onal knowledge

• Iden�fica�on of threatened flora ( 8 species) and fauna ( 5 species) of state

• Iden�fica�on of 3 poten�al Biodiversity Heritage sites along with other biodiversity rich areas

• Capacity building and training of BMCs/TSGs members in all districts

• Conducted 4 special projects/studies with the financial support of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority, UNESCO and Govt. of Punjab

• Outreach ac�vi�es

Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

• Prepara�on of Strategy and Ac�on plan for Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab

• Conducted comprehensive study “Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab”

• Conserva�on and management of wetlands

• Iden�fica�on and documenta�on of key species

• Biodiversity assessment studies undertaken in all major wetlands

• Ini�a�on of Bird Census & Bird Ringing at various wetlands in collabora�on with Bombay Natural History Society

• Se�ng up of wetland Interpreta�on Centres highligh�ng biodiversity at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal

• Management & gainful u�liza�on of water hyacinth through Self Help Groups by prepara�on of handicra�s

• Awareness ac�vi�es under Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 84 85 >

Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on

• Catchment area treatment for silt abetment in all wetland zones of Punjab

• Watershed development in Shivaliks

Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana

• Promo�on of organic farming, Integrated Pest Management & Agroforestry

• Conserva�on of wild germplasm of wheat (1616 accessions) & rice (2413 accessions) and development of climate resilient varie�es

Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab

• Implementa�on of na�onal project on conserva�on and development of indigenous breeds of cows and buffalo

• Promo�ng indigenous breeds of goat(Beetal) and cow(Sahiwal) by providing 25% subsidy

Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Science University, Ludhiana

• Conserva�on and improvement of Sahiwal ca�le

• Conserva�on and improvement of Beetal goat under stall-fed condi�ons

NGOs

• Conserva�on of Sahiwal ca�le breed by Vishav Namdhari Sangat, Sri Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana and Divya Jyo� Jagra� Sansthan, Nurpur, Jalandhar

Biodiversity

Maize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment Hon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board& Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity BoardHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board Soil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at Harike Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala

ORIGIN OF BREAD WHEAT T. Arara�cumT. Boeo�cumT. DicoccoidesT. MonococcumT. TurgidumT. UrartuAe. BicornisAe. CaudataAe. ComosaAe. CylindricaAe. GeniculataAe. JuvenalisAe. KotschyiAe. Loren�Ae. LongissimaAe. MarkgrafiiAe. NeglectaAe. OvataAe. PeregrinaAe. SpeltoidesAe. SharonensisAe. SearsiAe. TauschiiAe. TriuncialisAe. UmbellulataAe. VariabillAe. Ventricosa

*Available with Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

438066

3254

1545

4321535

226

1253501761

1653

2438683564

10

WILD GERMPLASM OF WHEAT*

Name No. of Accessions

WILD GERMPLASM OF RICE*

Species Name Genome

O. GlaberimaO. BarthiiO. RufipogonO. NivaraO. LongistaminataO. MeridionallsO. GlumaepatulaO. OfficinalisO. EichengeriO. Rhizoma�sO. GranulataO. MeyerianaO. AustraliensisO. BrachyanthaO. MinutaO. PunctataO. GrandiglumisO. La�foliaO. AltaO. RidleyiTotal

AAAA–

AAAAAAAACCCCCCGGGGEEFF

BBCCBBCCCCDDCCDDCCDDHHJJ

5212461594110939

141171121107052118405905320506

2413

*Available with Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Accessions

Box 5.5 Origin of bread wheat and Wild Germplasma of rice & wheat available with PAU, Ludhiana

Biodiversity

T : Tri�cum Ae : Aegilops

O : Oryza

unjab has made an Punparalleled progress in

the agriculture sector since

t h e a d v e n t o f G r e e n

Revolution in the mid sixties,

with traditional agriculture

progressively giving way to

modern and commercial

agriculture. The food grain

production in the state has

increased from 3.16 million

tons in 1960-61 to 28.57

million tones in 2012-13 as a

result of introduction of High

Yielding Varieties & new

technologies to the hard

working and highly receptive

farmers with the support of

the government policies. The

state known as“ Granary of

India” has played key role in

transforming India from a

famine af fected & grain

importing nation to self

reliant & export surplus

nation by contributing more

than 50% food grain to the

central pool over the years.

AGRICULTURE6“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs,

but not every man's greed” - Mahatma Gandhi

Agriculture State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >

Basic Characteris�cs of Agriculture in Punjab

Net sown area: 4158 Thousand Ha (83% of TGA)

Gross Cropped area: 7882 Thousand Ha

Average farm size: 3.76 Ha

Major Crops: Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Co�on & Sugarcane

Area under Paddy-wheat rota�on: 77% of cropped area

Cropping Intensity: 190% (Highest in India)

Contribu�on to Gross SDP of state : 21.83% (at factor cost)

Contribu�on to Central Pool • Wheat: 38.7 % ( 10.96 MT) • Paddy: 22.1% ( 7.73 MT)

Average yield : • Paddy : 3998 kg/ha • Wheat : 4716 kg/ha (Highest in India) • Co�on: 575 kg/ha

Irrigated Area : 98% (Highest in India) • Surface water: 27% • Ground water: 73%

Ground water development : 170% ( as on March, 2009)

Fer�lizer Consump�on : 239 kg/ha ( Highest in India)

Pes�cide Consump�on : 923g/ha (Highest in India, 2007)

Farm power availability : 2.6 kw/ha ( Highest in India)

Farm mechaniza�on • 11% ( 4,76,835) tractors of the country • One tractor for every 9 ha of net cul�vated land as compared to Na�onal

Average of 62 ha

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012 and Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2012-13

The gains resul�ng from the success of ever increasing food grain produc�on during the past 5 decades, have not been

without their consequent environmental & socio-economic costs. The major environmental issues assailing agriculture in

the state includes alarming decline in water table, deteriora�on of soil health, non-judicious use of farm chemicals,

reduced gene�c diversity, crop residue management and over all degrada�on of fragile agro-ecosystem. The stagnated

yields and high cost of inputs are also leading to diminishing economic returns to the farming community in the state.

Table 6.1 Punjab's share in agricultural produc�on in India

Wheat 18% (over 16 Million Tonnes)

Rice 11% (over 10.8 Million Tonnes)

Milk 7.5% (over 9.5 Million Tonnes)

Co�on 10% (over 1.7 Million Bales)

Kinnows and Oranges 75% (over 0.95 Million Tonnes)

Mushroom 45% (over 70,000 Tonnes)

Honey 26% (over 14,000 Tonnes)

Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

Agriculture State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >

Basic Characteris�cs of Agriculture in Punjab

Net sown area: 4158 Thousand Ha (83% of TGA)

Gross Cropped area: 7882 Thousand Ha

Average farm size: 3.76 Ha

Major Crops: Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Co�on & Sugarcane

Area under Paddy-wheat rota�on: 77% of cropped area

Cropping Intensity: 190% (Highest in India)

Contribu�on to Gross SDP of state : 21.83% (at factor cost)

Contribu�on to Central Pool • Wheat: 38.7 % ( 10.96 MT) • Paddy: 22.1% ( 7.73 MT)

Average yield : • Paddy : 3998 kg/ha • Wheat : 4716 kg/ha (Highest in India) • Co�on: 575 kg/ha

Irrigated Area : 98% (Highest in India) • Surface water: 27% • Ground water: 73%

Ground water development : 170% ( as on March, 2009)

Fer�lizer Consump�on : 239 kg/ha ( Highest in India)

Pes�cide Consump�on : 923g/ha (Highest in India, 2007)

Farm power availability : 2.6 kw/ha ( Highest in India)

Farm mechaniza�on • 11% ( 4,76,835) tractors of the country • One tractor for every 9 ha of net cul�vated land as compared to Na�onal

Average of 62 ha

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012 and Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2012-13

The gains resul�ng from the success of ever increasing food grain produc�on during the past 5 decades, have not been

without their consequent environmental & socio-economic costs. The major environmental issues assailing agriculture in

the state includes alarming decline in water table, deteriora�on of soil health, non-judicious use of farm chemicals,

reduced gene�c diversity, crop residue management and over all degrada�on of fragile agro-ecosystem. The stagnated

yields and high cost of inputs are also leading to diminishing economic returns to the farming community in the state.

Table 6.1 Punjab's share in agricultural produc�on in India

Wheat 18% (over 16 Million Tonnes)

Rice 11% (over 10.8 Million Tonnes)

Milk 7.5% (over 9.5 Million Tonnes)

Co�on 10% (over 1.7 Million Bales)

Kinnows and Oranges 75% (over 0.95 Million Tonnes)

Mushroom 45% (over 70,000 Tonnes)

Honey 26% (over 14,000 Tonnes)

Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

Map 6.1 Agroclima�c Zones of Punjab

Change in land use pa�ern

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Agricultural development and

changes in cropping pa�ern a�er

the success of green revolu�on

has led to a change in land use

pa�ern of the state. As per

revenue records, land under

agriculture has increased from

about 75% in 1960-61 to about

80% in 1971 a�er which it has

remained more or less constant at

83% in 2011. I t reached a

maximum of 84.4% in the year

2001. In contrast , barren ,

unculturable, fallow and other

uncul�vated lands have recorded

a sharp decline from 1961 to

2011. There has been an

increase in the area put to non-

agricultural use in state during the

last 20 years. This is obviously due

to increase in developmental ac�vi�es as more and more agricultural land is being used for industrial zones, housing &

shopping complexes, transport systems, recrea�onal purposes, etc. As per agriculture census 2010-11, there are about 1

million opera�onal land holdings in state with average size of holding being 3.76 ha as compared to all India average size of

1.16 ha (Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13).

However, as per remote sensing data, 87.1% of total area of state is under agriculture including hor�culture and agroforestry

planta�on (against land record of 83%) and 5.88% is under built up land category. The water bodies and wetlands comprise

an area of 1.59% and 0.30% respec�vely. The wastelands occupy 2.01% area of the state.

|< 90 91 >

Figure 6.1 Land use pa�ern in Punjab from 1961 to 2011

District H.Q.

District Boundary

Major Road

AGROCLIMATIC ZONES

Western Himalayas (Siwalik & Kandi Area), Subhumid(Dry Subhumid / Moist Subhumid), Growing Period 180-210 Days

Northern Plain, Dry Subhumid, Growing Period 120-160 Days

Northern Plain, Semiarid, Growing Period 90-120 Days

Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period 60-90 Days

Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period < 60 Days

Source: Department of Revenue, Punjab, 2013

Agro Clima�c Zones of Punjab

Punjab is divided into five agroclima�c zones on the basis of homogeneity, rainfall pa�ern, distribu�on, soil texture,

cropping pa�erns, etc.

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012-13

1000

10000

10

100

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Are

a in

Th

ou

san

d H

ecta

re

Net Area Sown Forest Barren & Unculturable Land

Put to Non Agriculture Use Uncul�vated Land Total Fallow Land

Agriculture

Map 6.1 Agroclima�c Zones of Punjab

Change in land use pa�ern

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Agricultural development and

changes in cropping pa�ern a�er

the success of green revolu�on

has led to a change in land use

pa�ern of the state. As per

revenue records, land under

agriculture has increased from

about 75% in 1960-61 to about

80% in 1971 a�er which it has

remained more or less constant at

83% in 2011. I t reached a

maximum of 84.4% in the year

2001. In contrast , barren ,

unculturable, fallow and other

uncul�vated lands have recorded

a sharp decline from 1961 to

2011. There has been an

increase in the area put to non-

agricultural use in state during the

last 20 years. This is obviously due

to increase in developmental ac�vi�es as more and more agricultural land is being used for industrial zones, housing &

shopping complexes, transport systems, recrea�onal purposes, etc. As per agriculture census 2010-11, there are about 1

million opera�onal land holdings in state with average size of holding being 3.76 ha as compared to all India average size of

1.16 ha (Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13).

However, as per remote sensing data, 87.1% of total area of state is under agriculture including hor�culture and agroforestry

planta�on (against land record of 83%) and 5.88% is under built up land category. The water bodies and wetlands comprise

an area of 1.59% and 0.30% respec�vely. The wastelands occupy 2.01% area of the state.

|< 90 91 >

Figure 6.1 Land use pa�ern in Punjab from 1961 to 2011

District H.Q.

District Boundary

Major Road

AGROCLIMATIC ZONES

Western Himalayas (Siwalik & Kandi Area), Subhumid(Dry Subhumid / Moist Subhumid), Growing Period 180-210 Days

Northern Plain, Dry Subhumid, Growing Period 120-160 Days

Northern Plain, Semiarid, Growing Period 90-120 Days

Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period 60-90 Days

Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period < 60 Days

Source: Department of Revenue, Punjab, 2013

Agro Clima�c Zones of Punjab

Punjab is divided into five agroclima�c zones on the basis of homogeneity, rainfall pa�ern, distribu�on, soil texture,

cropping pa�erns, etc.

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012-13

1000

10000

10

100

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Are

a in

Th

ou

san

d H

ecta

re

Net Area Sown Forest Barren & Unculturable Land

Put to Non Agriculture Use Uncul�vated Land Total Fallow Land

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 92 93 >

Map 6.2 Land use in Punjab

LAND USE CATEGORY %AREA

AGRICULTURE

BUILT-UP

FOREST

WATER BODIES

WASTELANDS

WETLANDS

87.11

5.88

3.11

1.59

2.01

0.30

Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13

Category Farm Size (ha) 1970-71(%) 1980-81(%) 1990-91(%) 2000-01(%) 2010-11

Marginal < 1 37.63 19.21 26.48 12.34 15.57

Small 1-2 18.91 19.41 18.25 17.35 18.51

Semi Medium 2-4 20.44 27.99 25.85 32.90 30.86

Medium 4 -10 18.02 26.02 23.41 30.19 28.39

Large >10 5.00 7.19 6.01 7.22 6.64

Total Holdings (No`s) 13,75, 392 10,27,127 11,16,951 9,97,000 10,53,000

Avg. size of holding (ha) 2.94 4.07 3.61 4.03 3.7

Table 6.2 Distribu�on of Opera�onal Land Holdings in Punjab (1970-2011)

Agrarian Economy

Agriculture and allied ac�vi�es occupy the most prominent place in Punjab's economy. About 70 per cent of the people are

engaged in agriculture. Being primary sector, agriculture & allied ac�vi�es had been the major contributor in state's GDP

un�l 2001-02. However, contribu�on of agriculture sector in the Gross State Domes�c Product (GSDP) is con�nuously

declining since 2004-05 from 32.67% to 21.83 % in 2012-13 due to stagna�on and slowing down of agricultural growth. The

growth rate of agriculture sector in Punjab was 2.22% as compared to 3.08 % at all India level during 2011-12.

Figure 6.2 Percentage distribu�on of GSDP at factor cost by primary sector at constant prices (2004-05)

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstarct of Punjab, 2012 & Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13

Agricultural produc�vity & contribu�on to Na�onal Food Security

The state has produced 28.57 Million Tonnes of foodgrains during 2012-13 as compared to Na�onal level produc�on of

255.36 Million Tonnes. Punjab leads other states in terms of contribu�on of wheat and rice to central pool with 38.7 per cent

of wheat and 22.1 per cent of rice to central pool in 2011-12. The Central Government has encouraged the strategy of

enhancing foodgrains produc�on in state, par�cularly wheat and rice for mee�ng the emergent food demand in the country.

The total contribu�on of Punjab for wheat and rice to the central pool has increased from 6.8 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to

18.69 Million Tonnes during 2011-12 consis�ng of 7.73 Million Tonnes of paddy wheat and 10.96 Million Tonnes of wheat.

However its contribu�on is declining over the years.

Figure 6.3 Produc�on of foodgrains (cereals and pulses) in Punjab and India

*quick es�mates Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of India & Government of Punjab, 2014

32.6731.12

26.6625.02

23.87 23.0221.83

20

25

30

35

Per

cen

tage

to

GSD

P

0

5

10

15

2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

7.3

11.92

19.2225.32 25.66

28.57

108.42129.59

176.39196.81 204.06

255.36

5

50

500

1970 - 71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 -01 2004 - 05 2012 -13*

Pro

du

c�o

n in

Mill

ion

To

ns

Punjab India

Agriculture

Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 92 93 >

Map 6.2 Land use in Punjab

LAND USE CATEGORY %AREA

AGRICULTURE

BUILT-UP

FOREST

WATER BODIES

WASTELANDS

WETLANDS

87.11

5.88

3.11

1.59

2.01

0.30

Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13

Category Farm Size (ha) 1970-71(%) 1980-81(%) 1990-91(%) 2000-01(%) 2010-11

Marginal < 1 37.63 19.21 26.48 12.34 15.57

Small 1-2 18.91 19.41 18.25 17.35 18.51

Semi Medium 2-4 20.44 27.99 25.85 32.90 30.86

Medium 4 -10 18.02 26.02 23.41 30.19 28.39

Large >10 5.00 7.19 6.01 7.22 6.64

Total Holdings (No`s) 13,75, 392 10,27,127 11,16,951 9,97,000 10,53,000

Avg. size of holding (ha) 2.94 4.07 3.61 4.03 3.7

Table 6.2 Distribu�on of Opera�onal Land Holdings in Punjab (1970-2011)

Agrarian Economy

Agriculture and allied ac�vi�es occupy the most prominent place in Punjab's economy. About 70 per cent of the people are

engaged in agriculture. Being primary sector, agriculture & allied ac�vi�es had been the major contributor in state's GDP

un�l 2001-02. However, contribu�on of agriculture sector in the Gross State Domes�c Product (GSDP) is con�nuously

declining since 2004-05 from 32.67% to 21.83 % in 2012-13 due to stagna�on and slowing down of agricultural growth. The

growth rate of agriculture sector in Punjab was 2.22% as compared to 3.08 % at all India level during 2011-12.

Figure 6.2 Percentage distribu�on of GSDP at factor cost by primary sector at constant prices (2004-05)

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstarct of Punjab, 2012 & Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13

Agricultural produc�vity & contribu�on to Na�onal Food Security

The state has produced 28.57 Million Tonnes of foodgrains during 2012-13 as compared to Na�onal level produc�on of

255.36 Million Tonnes. Punjab leads other states in terms of contribu�on of wheat and rice to central pool with 38.7 per cent

of wheat and 22.1 per cent of rice to central pool in 2011-12. The Central Government has encouraged the strategy of

enhancing foodgrains produc�on in state, par�cularly wheat and rice for mee�ng the emergent food demand in the country.

The total contribu�on of Punjab for wheat and rice to the central pool has increased from 6.8 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to

18.69 Million Tonnes during 2011-12 consis�ng of 7.73 Million Tonnes of paddy wheat and 10.96 Million Tonnes of wheat.

However its contribu�on is declining over the years.

Figure 6.3 Produc�on of foodgrains (cereals and pulses) in Punjab and India

*quick es�mates Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of India & Government of Punjab, 2014

32.6731.12

26.6625.02

23.87 23.0221.83

20

25

30

35

Per

cen

tage

to

GSD

P

0

5

10

15

2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

7.3

11.92

19.2225.32 25.66

28.57

108.42129.59

176.39196.81 204.06

255.36

5

50

500

1970 - 71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 -01 2004 - 05 2012 -13*

Pro

du

c�o

n in

Mill

ion

To

ns

Punjab India

Agriculture

Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Figure 6.4 Percentage contribu�on of Wheat and Rice to Central Pool by Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 6.5 Produc�on of major crops in Punjab

Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013*Co�on in Thousand Bales

Figure 6.6 Produc�on of other crops in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2013, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab, 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruits not available for 1960 & 1970

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1980-81 1990-91 2000- 01 2011-12

Per

cen

tag

e

Wheat Rice

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Th

ou

san

d M

T

Wheat Rice Cotton Sugarcane

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Th

ou

san

d M

T

Total Oilseed Total Pulses Maize Other Cereals Fruits

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

Figure 6.7: Increase in cropping intensity in Punjab

Source: Jerath et. al, 2007 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

Cropping Intensity The cropping intensity (ra�o of net sown area to gross cropped area) in the state has increased sharply from 126% in 1960-61 to 190% in 2012-13 with adop�on of input intensive agricultural prac�ces. As per State of Indian Agriculture Report, 2012-13, Punjab has the highest cropping intensity in the country closely followed by West Bengal (185%), Haryana (181%), Himachal Pradesh (173%) and Odisha (162%) as compared to all India percentage of 138%.

The high cropping intensity severely affects soil fer�lity as it leaves no �me for natural rejuvena�on.

|< 94 95 >

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Figure 6.4 Percentage contribu�on of Wheat and Rice to Central Pool by Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Figure 6.5 Produc�on of major crops in Punjab

Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013*Co�on in Thousand Bales

Figure 6.6 Produc�on of other crops in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2013, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab, 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruits not available for 1960 & 1970

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1980-81 1990-91 2000- 01 2011-12

Per

cen

tag

e

Wheat Rice

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Th

ou

san

d M

T

Wheat Rice Cotton Sugarcane

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Th

ou

san

d M

T

Total Oilseed Total Pulses Maize Other Cereals Fruits

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

Figure 6.7: Increase in cropping intensity in Punjab

Source: Jerath et. al, 2007 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

Per

cen

tage

(%

) Cropping Intensity The cropping intensity (ra�o of net sown area to gross cropped area) in the state has increased sharply from 126% in 1960-61 to 190% in 2012-13 with adop�on of input intensive agricultural prac�ces. As per State of Indian Agriculture Report, 2012-13, Punjab has the highest cropping intensity in the country closely followed by West Bengal (185%), Haryana (181%), Himachal Pradesh (173%) and Odisha (162%) as compared to all India percentage of 138%.

The high cropping intensity severely affects soil fer�lity as it leaves no �me for natural rejuvena�on.

|< 94 95 >

Agriculture

|< 96 97 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Change in cropping pa�ern and loss of diversity

The state has witnessed a considerable change in cropping pa�ern in the post green revolu�on era with major focus on wheat-paddy crop rota�on. The area under wheat and paddy has increased manifolds during the last 5 decades, whereas the area under oilseeds, pulses, maize other cereals, etc has decreased sharply. The area under co�on & sugarcane has remained more or less constant. The HYVs have replaced the mul�- cropping pa�ern with monoculture of wheat and rice resul�ng in exploita�on of natural resources of state especially water and soil, besides leading to loss of floral biodiversity. The details are discussed in Chapter 5. Most HYVs are highly input intensive leading to higher use of irriga�on water, fer�lizers and pes�cides for their op�mum growth and yield.

Figure 6.8 Change in cropping pa�ern in major crops in Punjab

Figure 6.9 Change in cropping pa�ern in other crops in Punjab

Table 6.3 Total Area & Area Under HYVs of Major Food crops in Punjab (000 ha)

Source: Derived from Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Year

Total HYVs Total Total Total HYVs HYVs HYVs

Wheat Rice Maize Bajra

1970-71

1980-81

1990-91

2000-01

2011-12

2299

2812

3273

3408

3528

1589

2757

3271

3408

3528

390

1183

2015

2612

2818

130

1095

1906

2506

2818

555

382

188

165

126

49

127

160

154

122

207

69

12

6

3

126

34

11

5

3

Low resolu�on satellite pictures (Panigrahy et al., 2009.) of cropping pa�ern in the state with percentage of area under each crop with respect to net sown area for Kharif, Rabi and Summer season are shown in Maps 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5.

Map 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5 Cropping pa�ern of Punjab during Kharif, Rabi and Summer Season

Legend

Rice (51.1)

Co�on (10.3)

Sugar Cane (1.9)

Maize (2.0)

Vegetables (2.0)

Other crops (18.6)

Non-Agri (14.1)

Pulses (0.1)

Legend

Wheat (69.8)

Sugar Cane (1.9)

Vegetables (4.5)

Veg. Potato (1.6)

Other Crops (6.9)

Non-Agril. (14.1)

Pulses (1.4)

Legend

C. Fallow (78.8)

Sugar Cane (1.9)

Vegetables (5.2)

Non-Agril. (0.1)

Pulses (14.1)

Kharif Rabi Summer (Post harvest of Rabi crop)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990- 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13

Are

a in

Th

ou

san

d H

ecta

re

Rice Wheat Co�on Sugarcane

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13

Are

a i

n T

ho

usa

nd

He

cta

re

Total Oil seeds Total Pulses Maize

Other Cereals Fruits & Vegetables

Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013 Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruit not available for 1960

Agriculture

Figures in brackets represent percentage area under crop/category

|< 96 97 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Change in cropping pa�ern and loss of diversity

The state has witnessed a considerable change in cropping pa�ern in the post green revolu�on era with major focus on wheat-paddy crop rota�on. The area under wheat and paddy has increased manifolds during the last 5 decades, whereas the area under oilseeds, pulses, maize other cereals, etc has decreased sharply. The area under co�on & sugarcane has remained more or less constant. The HYVs have replaced the mul�- cropping pa�ern with monoculture of wheat and rice resul�ng in exploita�on of natural resources of state especially water and soil, besides leading to loss of floral biodiversity. The details are discussed in Chapter 5. Most HYVs are highly input intensive leading to higher use of irriga�on water, fer�lizers and pes�cides for their op�mum growth and yield.

Figure 6.8 Change in cropping pa�ern in major crops in Punjab

Figure 6.9 Change in cropping pa�ern in other crops in Punjab

Table 6.3 Total Area & Area Under HYVs of Major Food crops in Punjab (000 ha)

Source: Derived from Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012

Year

Total HYVs Total Total Total HYVs HYVs HYVs

Wheat Rice Maize Bajra

1970-71

1980-81

1990-91

2000-01

2011-12

2299

2812

3273

3408

3528

1589

2757

3271

3408

3528

390

1183

2015

2612

2818

130

1095

1906

2506

2818

555

382

188

165

126

49

127

160

154

122

207

69

12

6

3

126

34

11

5

3

Low resolu�on satellite pictures (Panigrahy et al., 2009.) of cropping pa�ern in the state with percentage of area under each crop with respect to net sown area for Kharif, Rabi and Summer season are shown in Maps 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5.

Map 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5 Cropping pa�ern of Punjab during Kharif, Rabi and Summer Season

Legend

Rice (51.1)

Co�on (10.3)

Sugar Cane (1.9)

Maize (2.0)

Vegetables (2.0)

Other crops (18.6)

Non-Agri (14.1)

Pulses (0.1)

Legend

Wheat (69.8)

Sugar Cane (1.9)

Vegetables (4.5)

Veg. Potato (1.6)

Other Crops (6.9)

Non-Agril. (14.1)

Pulses (1.4)

Legend

C. Fallow (78.8)

Sugar Cane (1.9)

Vegetables (5.2)

Non-Agril. (0.1)

Pulses (14.1)

Kharif Rabi Summer (Post harvest of Rabi crop)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990- 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13

Are

a in

Th

ou

san

d H

ecta

re

Rice Wheat Co�on Sugarcane

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13

Are

a i

n T

ho

usa

nd

He

cta

re

Total Oil seeds Total Pulses Maize

Other Cereals Fruits & Vegetables

Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013 Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013

* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruit not available for 1960

Agriculture

Figures in brackets represent percentage area under crop/category

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 98 99 >

Figure 6.10 State wise Irrigated Area (%) in India

Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13

Excessive use of farm chemicals

The ini�al increase in agricultural produc�on in the state was mainly due to increase in net sown area. However stunning rise

in food grain produc�on from 11.92 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to 28.57 Million Tonnes in 2012-13 can be largely a�ributed to

intensive use of farm chemicals. The state has the highest per hectare usage of fer�lizers (239kg) and pes�cides (923 gm) in

India. High usage of nitrogenous fer�lizers with rela�ve under-u�liza�on of other fer�lizers and micronutrients has lead to

imbalance in micro nutrients in soils of Punjab. Various studies undertaken in the state since 1970 have indicated the

presence of residues of chemical pes�cides like organochlorines, organophosphates, synthe�c pyrethroids and carbamates

in human beings, milk, water, vegetables and other food products at level, which are dangerous for human health. Non

judicious use of pes�cides has also resulted in the development of pes�cide resistance in various insects and pests (Jerath et

al., 2007). The pes�cide consump�on in the state has been decreasing since 2000-01, which could be due to the

introduc�on of Bt co�on in the state (which requires lesser number of sprays) as well as, be�er awareness among farmers.

Extensive irriga�on and exploita�on of groundwater

The state has highest net irr igated area (percentage) in the country and agriculture sector accounts for about 85% of water consump�on in the state (Jerath et. al, 2007). Out of the total area of 4158 Th. ha under agriculture in state, an area of 4070 Th. ha (97.9%) is ge�ng irriga�on from canals (27%) and tubewells (73%). However, there has been a significant reduc�on in canal irrigated area in the state since 1990 and area irrigated by centrifugal tubewells has been increasing (Fig. 3.3). This is due to increased demand of water, reduc�on in canal capacity due to silta�on and the easy credit facili�es for tubewell installa�on with some subsidy, besides liberal facili�es for electrifica�on of tubewells. Hence, the ground water is being over exploited to meet the increasing demands of water for irriga�on intensive agricultural prac�ces. The present ground water development in the state is 170% with ground water in 80% geographical area of the state being over exploited. The centrifugal pumps are becoming redundant and being replaced with submersible pumps especially in central Punjab due to deple�on of underground water table. The details have been discussed in Chapter 3.

98

85

76

61

56

49 4846 45

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Irri

gate

d A

rea

(%)

Punjab Haryana UttarPradesh

Bihar WestBengal

AndraPradesh

Uttrakhand Gujrat All India

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 98 99 >

Figure 6.10 State wise Irrigated Area (%) in India

Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13

Excessive use of farm chemicals

The ini�al increase in agricultural produc�on in the state was mainly due to increase in net sown area. However stunning rise

in food grain produc�on from 11.92 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to 28.57 Million Tonnes in 2012-13 can be largely a�ributed to

intensive use of farm chemicals. The state has the highest per hectare usage of fer�lizers (239kg) and pes�cides (923 gm) in

India. High usage of nitrogenous fer�lizers with rela�ve under-u�liza�on of other fer�lizers and micronutrients has lead to

imbalance in micro nutrients in soils of Punjab. Various studies undertaken in the state since 1970 have indicated the

presence of residues of chemical pes�cides like organochlorines, organophosphates, synthe�c pyrethroids and carbamates

in human beings, milk, water, vegetables and other food products at level, which are dangerous for human health. Non

judicious use of pes�cides has also resulted in the development of pes�cide resistance in various insects and pests (Jerath et

al., 2007). The pes�cide consump�on in the state has been decreasing since 2000-01, which could be due to the

introduc�on of Bt co�on in the state (which requires lesser number of sprays) as well as, be�er awareness among farmers.

Extensive irriga�on and exploita�on of groundwater

The state has highest net irr igated area (percentage) in the country and agriculture sector accounts for about 85% of water consump�on in the state (Jerath et. al, 2007). Out of the total area of 4158 Th. ha under agriculture in state, an area of 4070 Th. ha (97.9%) is ge�ng irriga�on from canals (27%) and tubewells (73%). However, there has been a significant reduc�on in canal irrigated area in the state since 1990 and area irrigated by centrifugal tubewells has been increasing (Fig. 3.3). This is due to increased demand of water, reduc�on in canal capacity due to silta�on and the easy credit facili�es for tubewell installa�on with some subsidy, besides liberal facili�es for electrifica�on of tubewells. Hence, the ground water is being over exploited to meet the increasing demands of water for irriga�on intensive agricultural prac�ces. The present ground water development in the state is 170% with ground water in 80% geographical area of the state being over exploited. The centrifugal pumps are becoming redundant and being replaced with submersible pumps especially in central Punjab due to deple�on of underground water table. The details have been discussed in Chapter 3.

98

85

76

61

56

49 4846 45

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Irri

gate

d A

rea

(%)

Punjab Haryana UttarPradesh

Bihar WestBengal

AndraPradesh

Uttrakhand Gujrat All India

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 100 101 >

Figure 6.11 Consump�on of chemical fer�lizers in Punjab Figure 6.12 Consump�on of technical grade pes�cides in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013 Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013

*including insec�cides, weedicides, fungicidies and roden�cides

Decline in soil fer�lity

The soils in Punjab are alkaline in nature with

low to medium Nitrogen (N) content,

medium Phosphorus (P) content and

medium to high in Potash (K) content. The

soil is saline in the southern districts of the

state (Jerath et al., 2014). The intensive

agricultural prac�ces with mono-cropping

pa�ern of wheat-paddy crops in past three

decades has resulted in steady decline in its

fer�lity, both with respect to macro (NPK)

a n d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s ( z i n c , i r o n &

manganese). The burning of wheat and

paddy stubbles & le� over straw in fields is

also contribu�ng to loss of soil fer�lity.

Map 6.6, 6.7 & 6.8 GIS based fer�lity status of soils of Punjab

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Nu

trie

nt

00

0 T

on

ne

s

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

Nitrogen(N) Phosphorus(P) Potash(K)

3200

6500

6950

59755725

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2005 -06 2012 -13

Me

tric

To

nn

es

Sou

rce:

Ind

ian

Ins�

tute

of

Soil

Scie

nce

s, B

ho

pa

l, 2

01

0

Nitrogen Low (73%)Medium (27%)

Phosphorus High (53%)Medium (47%)

PotashHigh (89%)Medium (11%)

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 100 101 >

Figure 6.11 Consump�on of chemical fer�lizers in Punjab Figure 6.12 Consump�on of technical grade pes�cides in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013 Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013

*including insec�cides, weedicides, fungicidies and roden�cides

Decline in soil fer�lity

The soils in Punjab are alkaline in nature with

low to medium Nitrogen (N) content,

medium Phosphorus (P) content and

medium to high in Potash (K) content. The

soil is saline in the southern districts of the

state (Jerath et al., 2014). The intensive

agricultural prac�ces with mono-cropping

pa�ern of wheat-paddy crops in past three

decades has resulted in steady decline in its

fer�lity, both with respect to macro (NPK)

a n d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s ( z i n c , i r o n &

manganese). The burning of wheat and

paddy stubbles & le� over straw in fields is

also contribu�ng to loss of soil fer�lity.

Map 6.6, 6.7 & 6.8 GIS based fer�lity status of soils of Punjab

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Nu

trie

nt

00

0 T

on

ne

s

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13

Nitrogen(N) Phosphorus(P) Potash(K)

3200

6500

6950

59755725

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2005 -06 2012 -13

Me

tric

To

nn

es

Sou

rce:

Ind

ian

Ins�

tute

of

Soil

Scie

nce

s, B

ho

pa

l, 2

01

0

Nitrogen Low (73%)Medium (27%)

Phosphorus High (53%)Medium (47%)

PotashHigh (89%)Medium (11%)

Agriculture

|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Increase in Farm Machinery

Farm mechaniza�on has played a key role to bring a significant improvement in agricultural produc�vity in the state. At

present, Punjab is the most mechanized state in the country with the highest farm power availability (2.6 kW/ha). The

sta�s�cs of 2012-13 indicates that there is one tractor for every 8.71 ha of net cul�vated land in Punjab as compared to

Na�onal Average of 62 ha. As per informa�on provided by Punjab State Farmers Commission, the state has almost double

the number of tractors( 16% of tractors in India) it requires as per net sown area with average use of tractors per annum

being only 450 hours which is half of the minimum 1,000 hours required for their produc�ve use in agricultural opera�ons.

This is leading to over capitaliza�on in farm mechaniza�on and its under-u�liza�on due to decrease in farm size. This leads to

higher cost of produc�on and lower net income to farmers, making it economically unviable. Use of harvester-combines for

wheat and paddy has been on the increase. Their use leaves uncut straw and stubble in the fields, which is o�en burnt,

causing air pollu�on apart from declining soil fer�lity.

Figure 6.13 Growth of Farm Machinery in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13

Figure 6.14 Growth of Combine Harvesters in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13

500

600

700

1970 -71 1980 -81 1990 -91 2000-01 2012 -13

0

100

200

300

400

Tractors Tillers/Cul�vators Disc Harrows Threshers

No

in '0

00

'

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2012 -13

No

. of

Co

mb

ine

s

Self Propelled Tractor Driven

Figure 6.14 Growth of Tubewells in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12

Figure 6.15 Consump�on of electricity by agriculture in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

1970 -71

1980 -81

1990 -91

2000 -01

2011 -12

Million KWH

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2011 -12

No

. of

tub

ew

ells

Diesel Operated Electric Operated

Agriculture

|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Increase in Farm Machinery

Farm mechaniza�on has played a key role to bring a significant improvement in agricultural produc�vity in the state. At

present, Punjab is the most mechanized state in the country with the highest farm power availability (2.6 kW/ha). The

sta�s�cs of 2012-13 indicates that there is one tractor for every 8.71 ha of net cul�vated land in Punjab as compared to

Na�onal Average of 62 ha. As per informa�on provided by Punjab State Farmers Commission, the state has almost double

the number of tractors( 16% of tractors in India) it requires as per net sown area with average use of tractors per annum

being only 450 hours which is half of the minimum 1,000 hours required for their produc�ve use in agricultural opera�ons.

This is leading to over capitaliza�on in farm mechaniza�on and its under-u�liza�on due to decrease in farm size. This leads to

higher cost of produc�on and lower net income to farmers, making it economically unviable. Use of harvester-combines for

wheat and paddy has been on the increase. Their use leaves uncut straw and stubble in the fields, which is o�en burnt,

causing air pollu�on apart from declining soil fer�lity.

Figure 6.13 Growth of Farm Machinery in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13

Figure 6.14 Growth of Combine Harvesters in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13

500

600

700

1970 -71 1980 -81 1990 -91 2000-01 2012 -13

0

100

200

300

400

Tractors Tillers/Cul�vators Disc Harrows Threshers

No

in '0

00

'

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2012 -13

No

. of

Co

mb

ine

s

Self Propelled Tractor Driven

Figure 6.14 Growth of Tubewells in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12

Figure 6.15 Consump�on of electricity by agriculture in Punjab

Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

1970 -71

1980 -81

1990 -91

2000 -01

2011 -12

Million KWH

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2011 -12

No

. of

tub

ew

ells

Diesel Operated Electric Operated

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 104 105 >

Major Ini�a�ves undertaken

Diversifica�on of Agriculture: The State Government has envisaged a diversifica�on plan to re-orient agriculture in the state by replacing 12 lakh hectares of area from paddy to basma� and other crops like maize, co�on, sugarcane, vegetables, pulses, fruits and agroforestry by 2017-18. The major objec�ves of proposed plan are to arrest the deple�on of sub-soil water table, control the moun�ng power subsidy bill and break the stagna�on in terms of yield in the wheat-paddy cycle.

Figure 6.15 Proposed Plan for Diversifica�on of Agriculture in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14

Management of agricultural waste

The open field burning of straw a�er combine harves�ng is a common prac�ce in the state in order to ensure early

prepara�on of fields for the next crop. Apart form affec�ng the soil fer�lity, burning of agricultural residue is now recognized

as an important source of air pollu�on in rural areas. It leads to emission of large amounts of suspended par�culate ma�er

besides gases like CH , CO, N O, NO , SO and hydrocarbons. Punjab produces around 20 million tonnes of rice straw and 17 4 2 X 2

million tonnes of wheat straw annually. The wheat straw to an extent is used for ca�le feed, whereas paddy straw is not

preferred for the purpose due to presence of silica content. More than 80% of paddy straw is being burnt in fields every year.

The burning of straw leads to loss of precious nutrients as nearly 25% nitrogen & phosphorus, 50% Sulfur and 75% of

potassium uptake from soil are retained in the crop residues. It has been es�mated that burning of 1 tonne of paddy straw

accounts for loss of 5.5 kg nitrogen, 2.3 kg phosphorus and 1.2 kg sulfur, besides organic carbon. Further, heat generated by

paddy straw burning penetrates into the soil, leading to loss of moisture and useful microbes, thus adversely affec�ng soil

proper�es. High cost of collec�on and lack of economically viable op�ons to u�lize the straw are iden�fied as major factors,

compelling the farmers to burn it (Source: Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab, 2014)

Promo�ng Timely Planta�on of Paddy: The State Government has enacted Punjab Preserva�on of Sub - Soil Water Act, 2009 to preserve groundwater by prohibi�ng sowing paddy nursery before May 10 and transplan�ng paddy before June 10 to avoid the high evapora�on rates in early summer. Es�mates show that the Act has the poten�al to achieve annual savings of about 2,180 million cubicmeters of water (7% of annual groundwater dra�) and 175 million KWH of energy used for pumping groundwater.

0

5

10

15

20

25

22.5

5.54.8

1.3 0.7 0.2

4.4

0.81.5

8.57.5

6.8

5.3

2.41

5.5

1.52.7

0.5

Are

a in

Lak

h h

a

2012-13 2017-18

Pad

dy

Bas

ma�

Co

�o

n

Mai

ze

Suga

rcan

e

Pu

lses

Fod

der

Fru

it &

Veg

Agr

o f

ore

stry

Gro

un

dn

ut

& G

uar

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

|< 104 105 >

Major Ini�a�ves undertaken

Diversifica�on of Agriculture: The State Government has envisaged a diversifica�on plan to re-orient agriculture in the state by replacing 12 lakh hectares of area from paddy to basma� and other crops like maize, co�on, sugarcane, vegetables, pulses, fruits and agroforestry by 2017-18. The major objec�ves of proposed plan are to arrest the deple�on of sub-soil water table, control the moun�ng power subsidy bill and break the stagna�on in terms of yield in the wheat-paddy cycle.

Figure 6.15 Proposed Plan for Diversifica�on of Agriculture in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14

Management of agricultural waste

The open field burning of straw a�er combine harves�ng is a common prac�ce in the state in order to ensure early

prepara�on of fields for the next crop. Apart form affec�ng the soil fer�lity, burning of agricultural residue is now recognized

as an important source of air pollu�on in rural areas. It leads to emission of large amounts of suspended par�culate ma�er

besides gases like CH , CO, N O, NO , SO and hydrocarbons. Punjab produces around 20 million tonnes of rice straw and 17 4 2 X 2

million tonnes of wheat straw annually. The wheat straw to an extent is used for ca�le feed, whereas paddy straw is not

preferred for the purpose due to presence of silica content. More than 80% of paddy straw is being burnt in fields every year.

The burning of straw leads to loss of precious nutrients as nearly 25% nitrogen & phosphorus, 50% Sulfur and 75% of

potassium uptake from soil are retained in the crop residues. It has been es�mated that burning of 1 tonne of paddy straw

accounts for loss of 5.5 kg nitrogen, 2.3 kg phosphorus and 1.2 kg sulfur, besides organic carbon. Further, heat generated by

paddy straw burning penetrates into the soil, leading to loss of moisture and useful microbes, thus adversely affec�ng soil

proper�es. High cost of collec�on and lack of economically viable op�ons to u�lize the straw are iden�fied as major factors,

compelling the farmers to burn it (Source: Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab, 2014)

Promo�ng Timely Planta�on of Paddy: The State Government has enacted Punjab Preserva�on of Sub - Soil Water Act, 2009 to preserve groundwater by prohibi�ng sowing paddy nursery before May 10 and transplan�ng paddy before June 10 to avoid the high evapora�on rates in early summer. Es�mates show that the Act has the poten�al to achieve annual savings of about 2,180 million cubicmeters of water (7% of annual groundwater dra�) and 175 million KWH of energy used for pumping groundwater.

0

5

10

15

20

25

22.5

5.54.8

1.3 0.7 0.2

4.4

0.81.5

8.57.5

6.8

5.3

2.41

5.5

1.52.7

0.5

Are

a in

Lak

h h

a

2012-13 2017-18

Pad

dy

Bas

ma�

Co

�o

n

Mai

ze

Suga

rcan

e

Pu

lses

Fod

der

Fru

it &

Veg

Agr

o f

ore

stry

Gro

un

dn

ut

& G

uar

Agriculture

|< 106 107 >

Formula�on of dra� Policy for “U�liza�on and

Management of Paddy Straw” to evolve an

economically viable and farmer-friendly mechanism

for produc�ve disposal of paddy straw.

Enactment of Punjab Contract Farming Act, 2013 to

safeguard the rights of farmers as well as the buyers

besides ensuring & regula�ng efficient marke�ng

mechanism to boost crop diversifica�on program.

Se�ng up of Borlaug Ins�tute for South Asia (BISA) at

Laddowal, Ludhiana to develop new varie�es of

wheat and maize crops and to harness the latest

technology in agriculture to improve farming

produc�vity & sustainability.

Figure 6.16 Rise/fall of water table with date of transplan�ng of paddy

Source: Jerath et al., 2007

- 80

- 70

- 60

- 50

- 40

- 30

- 20

- 10

0

10

20

-70

-60

-50

-28

-10

1

10

Ris

e fa

ll in

wat

er t

able

(Cm

/ Ye

ar)

1 May

10 May

30 May

10 June

20 June

1 July

20 May

Se�ng up of 1509 Agriculture Machinery Service

Centers in the state for providing costly

machinery on custom hiring basis to small and

marginal farmers of the state through coopera�ve

socie�es with a purpose to reduce the cost of

cul�va�on

Promo�on of resource conserva�on technologies

i.e zero �llage, direct seeding of paddy, ridge

plan�ng of paddy, leaf colour chart, tensiometre

and machinery (on subsidy) such as Zero �ll drill,

Happy seeder, Laser leveler, Rotavator, Baler, etc.

Emphasis on region specific cul�va�on of crops

Promo�on of conjunc�ve use of water through

Community Underground Pipeline Systems and

Micro Irriga�on ( sprinkler & drip)

8

500

2754

4113

4924

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2005 -06 2007 -08 2009 -10 2011 -12 2012 -13

No

. of

Ma

chin

es

Out of total area of 42 lakh ha area under agriculture, 12.61 lakh ha area is laser leveled

Figure 6.17 Laser Levelers in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Laser Leveler Happy Seeder

Agriculture

|< 106 107 >

Formula�on of dra� Policy for “U�liza�on and

Management of Paddy Straw” to evolve an

economically viable and farmer-friendly mechanism

for produc�ve disposal of paddy straw.

Enactment of Punjab Contract Farming Act, 2013 to

safeguard the rights of farmers as well as the buyers

besides ensuring & regula�ng efficient marke�ng

mechanism to boost crop diversifica�on program.

Se�ng up of Borlaug Ins�tute for South Asia (BISA) at

Laddowal, Ludhiana to develop new varie�es of

wheat and maize crops and to harness the latest

technology in agriculture to improve farming

produc�vity & sustainability.

Figure 6.16 Rise/fall of water table with date of transplan�ng of paddy

Source: Jerath et al., 2007

- 80

- 70

- 60

- 50

- 40

- 30

- 20

- 10

0

10

20

-70

-60

-50

-28

-10

1

10

Ris

e fa

ll in

wat

er t

able

(Cm

/ Ye

ar)

1 May

10 May

30 May

10 June

20 June

1 July

20 May

Se�ng up of 1509 Agriculture Machinery Service

Centers in the state for providing costly

machinery on custom hiring basis to small and

marginal farmers of the state through coopera�ve

socie�es with a purpose to reduce the cost of

cul�va�on

Promo�on of resource conserva�on technologies

i.e zero �llage, direct seeding of paddy, ridge

plan�ng of paddy, leaf colour chart, tensiometre

and machinery (on subsidy) such as Zero �ll drill,

Happy seeder, Laser leveler, Rotavator, Baler, etc.

Emphasis on region specific cul�va�on of crops

Promo�on of conjunc�ve use of water through

Community Underground Pipeline Systems and

Micro Irriga�on ( sprinkler & drip)

8

500

2754

4113

4924

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2005 -06 2007 -08 2009 -10 2011 -12 2012 -13

No

. of

Ma

chin

es

Out of total area of 42 lakh ha area under agriculture, 12.61 lakh ha area is laser leveled

Figure 6.17 Laser Levelers in Punjab

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Laser Leveler Happy Seeder

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Table 6.4 Area covered under Underground Pipeline Systems & Micro Irriga�on

Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14

Coverage of an area of 55074 ha under contour bunding, gully reclama�on and wasteland development

Lining of canals, distributaries and minors for proper supply for irriga�on water upto tail end

Promo�on of Integrated Pest Management in Co�on, Paddy and Maize

Establishment of 750 Net houses for promo�on of modern/organic vegetable cul�va�on

Integrated Farmer Training Centre established at village Abul Khurana, District Muktsar for impar�ng training regarding

latest technologies in agriculture & allied sectors

Strengthening of 76 soil and water tes�ng laboratories

Establishment of 5 citrus estates at Abohar, Tahliwala-Ja�an, Bhunga, Badal, Hoshiarpur, Litchi estate at Pathankot and

Pear estate at Amritsar to promote hor�culture ac�vi�es

Eleven new Pack Houses set up equipped with scien�fic ripening of fruits along with provision for storage to facilitate

marke�ng infrastructure for fruits and vegetables

Se�ng up of 4800 dairy farms, 100 goatry and 50 piggery farms to promote allied agriculture prac�ces

Establishment of 200 Indigenous Breed Development (IBD) Centres to improve breed of buffalos and cows

Development of fisheries in South-Western Districts of the State

Organiza�on of Agricultural Summit on 16-19 February, 2014 to a�ract investment in agriculture for mechaniza�on and

technology up-grada�on

Figure 6.18 Area covered by Happy Seeders

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2006 -07 2007 -08 2008 -09 2009 -10 2010 -11 2011 -12 2012 -13

50 250

1000

1950

5000

8700

10213

Are

a in

He

cta

res

Sale of Happy Seeders in Punjab 2010 : 2512011 : 3112012 : 3402013 : 348

Year Area covered (ha) UGPL Micro Irriga�on

2007-08 2696 4187

2008-09 5950 7396

2009-10 8461 11924

2010-11 23257 16849

2011-12 45402 21758

2012-13 49298 24548

|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >

Farmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at Bathinda

Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at Mohalipress during Agriculture Summit at MohaliHon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at MohaliSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at Sangrur

Agriculture

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Table 6.4 Area covered under Underground Pipeline Systems & Micro Irriga�on

Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14

Coverage of an area of 55074 ha under contour bunding, gully reclama�on and wasteland development

Lining of canals, distributaries and minors for proper supply for irriga�on water upto tail end

Promo�on of Integrated Pest Management in Co�on, Paddy and Maize

Establishment of 750 Net houses for promo�on of modern/organic vegetable cul�va�on

Integrated Farmer Training Centre established at village Abul Khurana, District Muktsar for impar�ng training regarding

latest technologies in agriculture & allied sectors

Strengthening of 76 soil and water tes�ng laboratories

Establishment of 5 citrus estates at Abohar, Tahliwala-Ja�an, Bhunga, Badal, Hoshiarpur, Litchi estate at Pathankot and

Pear estate at Amritsar to promote hor�culture ac�vi�es

Eleven new Pack Houses set up equipped with scien�fic ripening of fruits along with provision for storage to facilitate

marke�ng infrastructure for fruits and vegetables

Se�ng up of 4800 dairy farms, 100 goatry and 50 piggery farms to promote allied agriculture prac�ces

Establishment of 200 Indigenous Breed Development (IBD) Centres to improve breed of buffalos and cows

Development of fisheries in South-Western Districts of the State

Organiza�on of Agricultural Summit on 16-19 February, 2014 to a�ract investment in agriculture for mechaniza�on and

technology up-grada�on

Figure 6.18 Area covered by Happy Seeders

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2006 -07 2007 -08 2008 -09 2009 -10 2010 -11 2011 -12 2012 -13

50 250

1000

1950

5000

8700

10213

Are

a in

He

cta

res

Sale of Happy Seeders in Punjab 2010 : 2512011 : 3112012 : 3402013 : 348

Year Area covered (ha) UGPL Micro Irriga�on

2007-08 2696 4187

2008-09 5950 7396

2009-10 8461 11924

2010-11 23257 16849

2011-12 45402 21758

2012-13 49298 24548

|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >

Farmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at Bathinda

Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at Mohalipress during Agriculture Summit at MohaliHon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at MohaliSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at Sangrur

Agriculture

1 MW Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant, Village Khera Kalmout, District Pa�ala

nergy generation and consumption are Econsidered as the key indicators for

growth and development. This, in turn, has

direct and indirect implications on

environment. Making available clean energy

on sustainable basis, therefore, is a major

global challenge for which using renewable

sources of energy and enhancing energy

efficiency are considered to be most

important. Conserving fossil fuels and saving

energy would signif icantly help for

conserving and saving the environment.

ENERGY7

Guru Hargobind Thermal Power Plant, Lehra Mohabbat, District Bathinda

"Energy conservation is the foundation

of energy independence"

Thomas H. Allen

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: Er

. San

jeev

Ku

mar

Gar

g

Total installed capacity • 1967-1968 : 614 MW • 2012-2013 : 7706 MW including central share of 2507 MW

Total Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 1564.80 Million Units • 2012-2013 : 36241 Million Units

Per Capita Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 130 KWH • 2012-2013 : 1291 KWH

Projected Power Consump�on • 2021-2022 : 55127 Million Units • 2031-2031 : 89796 Million Units

T & D Losses • 1967-1968 : 37.99% • 2012-2013 : 16.78%

ENERGY SCENARIO IN PUNJAB

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009

-10

2010

-11

2011

-12

2012

-13

2013

-14

2014

-15

Mil

lio

n U

nit

s

Availability (MU)

Demand (MU)

*Demand includes T&D losses also Source: PSPCL, 2013

Figure 7.2 Trends and projec�ons of power consump�on in Punjab

|< 112 113 >Source: PSPCL, 2013

2031-32

2026-27

2021-22

2016-17

2014-15

2012-13

2011-12

2010-11

2009-10

2000-01

1990-91

1979-80

1974-75

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

1565

4084

11871

19346

31934

32740

34295

36241

40762

4319455127

70358

89796

Figure 7.1 Trends of supply and demand* of power during 2003-04 to 2013-14 in Punjab

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Energy

Source : Punjab State Power Corpora�on Ltd. (PSPCL) & Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA)

Energy Genera�on from New & Renewable Energy Sources • Solar – Power Project : 19.50 MW (as on Dec., 2013) – Roo�op Photovoltaic : 1100 KWp

• Hydro – Capacity : 250MW – Projects in Opera�on : 130.70 MW (as on Dec., 2013)

• Co-genera�on – Capacity : 500MW – Projects Commissioned : 147.20MW (as on Dec., 2013)

• Large Biogas Plants : 1MW

• Biomass/agrowaste – Capacity : 1500MW – Projects Commissioned : 62.5 MW (as on Dec., 2013)

Million Units (MU)

Total installed capacity • 1967-1968 : 614 MW • 2012-2013 : 7706 MW including central share of 2507 MW

Total Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 1564.80 Million Units • 2012-2013 : 36241 Million Units

Per Capita Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 130 KWH • 2012-2013 : 1291 KWH

Projected Power Consump�on • 2021-2022 : 55127 Million Units • 2031-2031 : 89796 Million Units

T & D Losses • 1967-1968 : 37.99% • 2012-2013 : 16.78%

ENERGY SCENARIO IN PUNJAB

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

2006

-07

2007

-08

2008

-09

2009

-10

2010

-11

2011

-12

2012

-13

2013

-14

2014

-15

Mil

lio

n U

nit

s

Availability (MU)

Demand (MU)

*Demand includes T&D losses also Source: PSPCL, 2013

Figure 7.2 Trends and projec�ons of power consump�on in Punjab

|< 112 113 >Source: PSPCL, 2013

2031-32

2026-27

2021-22

2016-17

2014-15

2012-13

2011-12

2010-11

2009-10

2000-01

1990-91

1979-80

1974-75

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

1565

4084

11871

19346

31934

32740

34295

36241

40762

4319455127

70358

89796

Figure 7.1 Trends of supply and demand* of power during 2003-04 to 2013-14 in Punjab

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Energy

Source : Punjab State Power Corpora�on Ltd. (PSPCL) & Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA)

Energy Genera�on from New & Renewable Energy Sources • Solar – Power Project : 19.50 MW (as on Dec., 2013) – Roo�op Photovoltaic : 1100 KWp

• Hydro – Capacity : 250MW – Projects in Opera�on : 130.70 MW (as on Dec., 2013)

• Co-genera�on – Capacity : 500MW – Projects Commissioned : 147.20MW (as on Dec., 2013)

• Large Biogas Plants : 1MW

• Biomass/agrowaste – Capacity : 1500MW – Projects Commissioned : 62.5 MW (as on Dec., 2013)

Million Units (MU)

To meet with the increase in demand massive

capacity addi�on has been done. Three new

thermal power sta�ons at Rajpura, Talwandi

Sabo and Goindwal Sahib with total capacity of

3920 MW have come up in the state of Punjab

in private sector. Punjab has also been allocated

2273 MW share from Ultra mega power

Projects. With all these ini�a�ves, no power

cuts are envisaged in Punjab w.e.f. 2014-15.

Punjab will be a surplus power state.

Table 7.1 Key achievements in energy conserva�on in Punjab

|< 114 115 >

Figure 7.3 Trends of T&D losses(%) in Punjab

Source: PSPCL, 2013

37.9940

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1967-68

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2014-15

24.67

25.35

24.27

25.07

23.92

22.53

19.91

20.12

17.96

17.42

16.78

16

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Source: PSPCL, 2014

• Shi�ing of 42.80 lac meters outside consumer premises out of 66.41 lac meters ending March, 2014

• Out of total 2821 overloaded feeders, distribu�on network of 1758 feeders de-loaded ending March, 2014

• 92275 no. overloaded distribu�on transformers de-loaded out of total overloaded transformers of 134661 ending March, 2014

• 9142 KM of LT lines augmented with higher size conductor ending March, 2014

Energy

Talwandi Sabo Power Plant, Dis�. Mansa

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. Su

nil

Mi�

al

Reduc�on in Transmission& Distribu�on losses

• Installa�on of energy efficient pump sets• Conserved 29 million KWH through CFL & Star labeled appliances• Conducted energy audits in 27 Government and public sector

buildings• No�fica�on issued for compulsory SWHS, CFL, ISI Marked Pumps

and EE building design.• Saved 72 million KWH in large industries/Designated Consumers• Energy audit undertaken in 24 SMEs• 10% energy saved in brick, cupola and rolling mills through

improved technology• Total saving of 44.51 MUs with replacement of 16.38 lac

incandescent lamps with CFLs in 4.94 lac households under Bachat Lamp Yajana Scheme in 2012-13

• About 1.60 lac incandescent lamps replaced on agricultural tubewell kothas

• Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant, Lehra Mohabat bagged an award form Union Power Minister for excellent performance in the field of energy conserva�on in the year 2010 and won the meritorious performance awards for two consecu�ve years 2011-12 and 2012-13

To meet with the increase in demand massive

capacity addi�on has been done. Three new

thermal power sta�ons at Rajpura, Talwandi

Sabo and Goindwal Sahib with total capacity of

3920 MW have come up in the state of Punjab

in private sector. Punjab has also been allocated

2273 MW share from Ultra mega power

Projects. With all these ini�a�ves, no power

cuts are envisaged in Punjab w.e.f. 2014-15.

Punjab will be a surplus power state.

Table 7.1 Key achievements in energy conserva�on in Punjab

|< 114 115 >

Figure 7.3 Trends of T&D losses(%) in Punjab

Source: PSPCL, 2013

37.9940

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1967-68

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2014-15

24.67

25.35

24.27

25.07

23.92

22.53

19.91

20.12

17.96

17.42

16.78

16

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Source: PSPCL, 2014

• Shi�ing of 42.80 lac meters outside consumer premises out of 66.41 lac meters ending March, 2014

• Out of total 2821 overloaded feeders, distribu�on network of 1758 feeders de-loaded ending March, 2014

• 92275 no. overloaded distribu�on transformers de-loaded out of total overloaded transformers of 134661 ending March, 2014

• 9142 KM of LT lines augmented with higher size conductor ending March, 2014

Energy

Talwandi Sabo Power Plant, Dis�. Mansa

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: D

r. Su

nil

Mi�

al

Reduc�on in Transmission& Distribu�on losses

• Installa�on of energy efficient pump sets• Conserved 29 million KWH through CFL & Star labeled appliances• Conducted energy audits in 27 Government and public sector

buildings• No�fica�on issued for compulsory SWHS, CFL, ISI Marked Pumps

and EE building design.• Saved 72 million KWH in large industries/Designated Consumers• Energy audit undertaken in 24 SMEs• 10% energy saved in brick, cupola and rolling mills through

improved technology• Total saving of 44.51 MUs with replacement of 16.38 lac

incandescent lamps with CFLs in 4.94 lac households under Bachat Lamp Yajana Scheme in 2012-13

• About 1.60 lac incandescent lamps replaced on agricultural tubewell kothas

• Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant, Lehra Mohabat bagged an award form Union Power Minister for excellent performance in the field of energy conserva�on in the year 2010 and won the meritorious performance awards for two consecu�ve years 2011-12 and 2012-13

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND UTILISATION OF FLYASH

About 36000 MT coal is daily consumed in three thermal power plants (TPPs) in the state sector which generate huge

quan��es of flyash. The state government has, however, taken appropriate measures to control this menace. More than

80% of fly ash generated is being u�lized by different companies for cement manufacturing, brick manufacturing and for

making ready-mix concrete.

Table 7.2 Power genera�on and coal consump�on in the state run Thermal Plants

Thermal Power PlantPower

Genera�on (MW)Daily Coal

Consump�on (MT)

Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant (GHTP), Lehra Mohabat, Bathinda

Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Plant (GGSSTP), Rupnagar

Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant (GNDTP), Bathinda

920

1260

440

13000

16000

7000

Figure 7.4 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GHTP, Lehra Mohabat

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

20

05-0

6

20

06-0

7

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-10

20

10-1

1

20

11

-12

20

12

-13

20

13-1

4

Coal Consumption (MT)

Ash Generation (MT)

Ash Utilization (MT)

Metr

ic T

onnes

Source: PSPCL, 2014

Figure 7.5 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

2005-0

6

2006-0

7

2007-0

8

2008-0

9

2009-1

0

2010-1

1

2011-1

2

2012-1

3

2013-1

4

Coal Consumption (MT)

Ash Generation (MT)

Ash Utilization (MT)

Me

tric

To

nn

es

Figure 7.6 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GNDTP, Bathinda

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

2005-0

6

2006-0

7

2007-0

8

2008-0

9

2009-1

0

2010-1

1

2011-1

2

2012-1

3

2013-1

4

Coal Consumption (MT)

Ash Generation (MT)

Ash Utilization (MT)

Me

tric

To

nn

es

|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >

Source: PSPCL, 2014

Energy

Usage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

Flyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

Source: PSPCL, 2014

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND UTILISATION OF FLYASH

About 36000 MT coal is daily consumed in three thermal power plants (TPPs) in the state sector which generate huge

quan��es of flyash. The state government has, however, taken appropriate measures to control this menace. More than

80% of fly ash generated is being u�lized by different companies for cement manufacturing, brick manufacturing and for

making ready-mix concrete.

Table 7.2 Power genera�on and coal consump�on in the state run Thermal Plants

Thermal Power PlantPower

Genera�on (MW)Daily Coal

Consump�on (MT)

Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant (GHTP), Lehra Mohabat, Bathinda

Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Plant (GGSSTP), Rupnagar

Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant (GNDTP), Bathinda

920

1260

440

13000

16000

7000

Figure 7.4 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GHTP, Lehra Mohabat

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

20

05-0

6

20

06-0

7

20

07

-08

20

08

-09

20

09

-10

20

10-1

1

20

11

-12

20

12

-13

20

13-1

4

Coal Consumption (MT)

Ash Generation (MT)

Ash Utilization (MT)

Metr

ic T

onnes

Source: PSPCL, 2014

Figure 7.5 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

2005-0

6

2006-0

7

2007-0

8

2008-0

9

2009-1

0

2010-1

1

2011-1

2

2012-1

3

2013-1

4

Coal Consumption (MT)

Ash Generation (MT)

Ash Utilization (MT)

Me

tric

To

nn

es

Figure 7.6 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GNDTP, Bathinda

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

2005-0

6

2006-0

7

2007-0

8

2008-0

9

2009-1

0

2010-1

1

2011-1

2

2012-1

3

2013-1

4

Coal Consumption (MT)

Ash Generation (MT)

Ash Utilization (MT)

Me

tric

To

nn

es

|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >

Source: PSPCL, 2014

Energy

Usage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

Flyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

Source: PSPCL, 2014

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Air pollutants emana�ng from the Thermal Plants par�cularly in the coal handling and local conveyance areas needs special

containment/control measures. The Thermal Power Sta�ons are taking steps to contain air pollu�on by way of sprinkling

water at various point sources of pollu�on through sta�onery and mobile systems.

NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PUNJAB

Energy produc�on using fossil fuels is the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, which is perceived to be the main cause for global warming. Evidences collated by IPCC (IPCC, 2007) clearly indicate that the warming is having a deleterious effect on ecosystems and its services across the globe. Transi�oning to a low-carbon energy economy is a way out for mi�ga�on of impacts of climate change and energy genera�on through New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) provide an opportunity for such transi�on.

Punjab has been developing its renewable energy resources for some �me now and a status of their developments is as under:

Solar Energy

The state is endowed with vast poten�al of solar energy es�mated at 4-7 KWH/sqm of solar insula�on levels. About 10.50 MW of solar power projects have been commissioned by December 2013. Addi�onally, under roo�op programme about 1100 KWp capacity Solar Photovoltaic Power Projects have been commissioned in the state at various important Government, Ins�tu�onal, and Religious buildings namely Punjab Raj Bhawan, Punjab Civil Secretariat, Golden Temple, Wagah Border, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala.

|< 118 119 >

Energy

Containment of air pollu�on using automated water sprinkler at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda

Solar Water HeatersSolar Water HeatersSolar Water Heaters

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Air pollutants emana�ng from the Thermal Plants par�cularly in the coal handling and local conveyance areas needs special

containment/control measures. The Thermal Power Sta�ons are taking steps to contain air pollu�on by way of sprinkling

water at various point sources of pollu�on through sta�onery and mobile systems.

NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PUNJAB

Energy produc�on using fossil fuels is the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, which is perceived to be the main cause for global warming. Evidences collated by IPCC (IPCC, 2007) clearly indicate that the warming is having a deleterious effect on ecosystems and its services across the globe. Transi�oning to a low-carbon energy economy is a way out for mi�ga�on of impacts of climate change and energy genera�on through New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) provide an opportunity for such transi�on.

Punjab has been developing its renewable energy resources for some �me now and a status of their developments is as under:

Solar Energy

The state is endowed with vast poten�al of solar energy es�mated at 4-7 KWH/sqm of solar insula�on levels. About 10.50 MW of solar power projects have been commissioned by December 2013. Addi�onally, under roo�op programme about 1100 KWp capacity Solar Photovoltaic Power Projects have been commissioned in the state at various important Government, Ins�tu�onal, and Religious buildings namely Punjab Raj Bhawan, Punjab Civil Secretariat, Golden Temple, Wagah Border, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala.

|< 118 119 >

Energy

Containment of air pollu�on using automated water sprinkler at GGSSTP, Rupnagar

1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda

Solar Water HeatersSolar Water HeatersSolar Water Heaters

Table 7.3 Details of the Solar Power projects in Punjab

1.0 MW

1.0 MW

1.0 MW

1.5 MW

1.5 MW

2.0 MW

1.5 MW

1.0 MW

Source: Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA), 2013

Hydro-electricity

The poten�al power genera�on

capacity of the state from its

extensive canal systems is about

250 MW at Canal falls, out of

which 130.70 MW capacity

p ro j e c t s a re i n o p e ra� o n .

Another 20.65 MW capaci�es are

under execu�on including hydel

projects undertaken by Punjab

State Power Corpora�on Limited

(PSPCL).

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Large Biogas plants

H i g h ra te B i o m e t h a n a � o n

Projects (biogas) based on

anaerobic diges�on technology

for Recovery of Energy of about

1MW from Dairy Waste at

H a i b o w a l , L u d h i a n a i s

opera�onal since 2004. Plans are

on to increase the capacity of

energy genera�on to 10 MW.

Another Ca�le Dung based

Power Project of similar capacity

~ 1MW shall be installed at

Jalandhar on Build, Operate &

Own (BOO) basis.

Co-genera�on

Co-genera�on technologies are used for conver�ng dry biomass (crop residues) for co-genera�on in sugar, paper,

fer�lizer chemical, tex�le and other industries. These industries together are having an es�mated co-genera�on

poten�al of 500 MW. As of December 2013, about 147.20 MW of power has been commissioned through co-genera�on.

Power genera�on from Biomass/Agro-residue and waste

Punjab being primarily an agrarian economy, has a high poten�al for energy genera�on from agro- residues like paddy

straw, paddy husk, co�on stalk, etc. It is es�mated that surplus agro residues (including rice straw) and agro

industrial/processing waste produced annually can generate 1500 MW of power. Biomass based Power Plants of total

capacity of 62.5 MW (7 plants) have been commissioned in the state and the Government is commi�ed to support and

facilitate harnessing the total poten�al by the year 2022. Details have been discussed in Chapter 1.

|< 120 121 >

Energy

Micro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. Ludhiana

1 MW Dairy Waste Power Plant, Haibowal, Ludhiana

Khera Kalmout

Mehandipur

Boparai Kalan

Bhu�wala

Bhagsar

Awan

Shahdra

Phollukhari

M/s Soma Enterprises Ltd., Pa�ala

M/s Sovox Renewables Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

M/s Econergy Inc., USA

M/s G.S. Atwal & Co. (Engineers) Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata.

M/s Carlill Energy Pvt. Ltd., Chandigarh

M/s. Azure Power

Enterprises Business Solu�on Inc., Jalandhar

Punjab Energy Development Agency

Pa�ala

S.B.S. Nagar

Ludhiana

Mukatsar

Mukatsar

Amritsar

S.B.S. Nagar

Bathinda

TOTAL 10.5 MW

Village District Agency Capacity

Table 7.3 Details of the Solar Power projects in Punjab

1.0 MW

1.0 MW

1.0 MW

1.5 MW

1.5 MW

2.0 MW

1.5 MW

1.0 MW

Source: Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA), 2013

Hydro-electricity

The poten�al power genera�on

capacity of the state from its

extensive canal systems is about

250 MW at Canal falls, out of

which 130.70 MW capacity

p ro j e c t s a re i n o p e ra� o n .

Another 20.65 MW capaci�es are

under execu�on including hydel

projects undertaken by Punjab

State Power Corpora�on Limited

(PSPCL).

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Large Biogas plants

H i g h ra te B i o m e t h a n a � o n

Projects (biogas) based on

anaerobic diges�on technology

for Recovery of Energy of about

1MW from Dairy Waste at

H a i b o w a l , L u d h i a n a i s

opera�onal since 2004. Plans are

on to increase the capacity of

energy genera�on to 10 MW.

Another Ca�le Dung based

Power Project of similar capacity

~ 1MW shall be installed at

Jalandhar on Build, Operate &

Own (BOO) basis.

Co-genera�on

Co-genera�on technologies are used for conver�ng dry biomass (crop residues) for co-genera�on in sugar, paper,

fer�lizer chemical, tex�le and other industries. These industries together are having an es�mated co-genera�on

poten�al of 500 MW. As of December 2013, about 147.20 MW of power has been commissioned through co-genera�on.

Power genera�on from Biomass/Agro-residue and waste

Punjab being primarily an agrarian economy, has a high poten�al for energy genera�on from agro- residues like paddy

straw, paddy husk, co�on stalk, etc. It is es�mated that surplus agro residues (including rice straw) and agro

industrial/processing waste produced annually can generate 1500 MW of power. Biomass based Power Plants of total

capacity of 62.5 MW (7 plants) have been commissioned in the state and the Government is commi�ed to support and

facilitate harnessing the total poten�al by the year 2022. Details have been discussed in Chapter 1.

|< 120 121 >

Energy

Micro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. Ludhiana

1 MW Dairy Waste Power Plant, Haibowal, Ludhiana

Khera Kalmout

Mehandipur

Boparai Kalan

Bhu�wala

Bhagsar

Awan

Shahdra

Phollukhari

M/s Soma Enterprises Ltd., Pa�ala

M/s Sovox Renewables Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

M/s Econergy Inc., USA

M/s G.S. Atwal & Co. (Engineers) Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata.

M/s Carlill Energy Pvt. Ltd., Chandigarh

M/s. Azure Power

Enterprises Business Solu�on Inc., Jalandhar

Punjab Energy Development Agency

Pa�ala

S.B.S. Nagar

Ludhiana

Mukatsar

Mukatsar

Amritsar

S.B.S. Nagar

Bathinda

TOTAL 10.5 MW

Village District Agency Capacity

References

BEE/NPC, 2009. State wise electricity consump�on and conserva�on poten�al in India. Prepared by Na�onal Produc�vity Council for Bureau of Energy Efficiency. Accessed from h�p://www.emt-india.net/eca2009/ 14Dec2009/CombinedSummaryReport.pdf in Dec 2012.

BEE/TUV SUD, 2010. Pilot Agricultural Demand Side Management (Ag- DSM) Project at Muktsar & Tarn Taran, Punjab. Prepared by TUV SUD South Asia for Bureau of Energy Efficiency.

Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K., 1968. A revised classifica�on of the Forest Types in India. Manager Publica�ons. pp: 105-15.

CPCB, 2009. Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters (Series: EIAS/5/2009-10) as cited in Down to Earth, January, 2013. pp: 18-20.

Department of Agriculture & Coopera�on, Govt. of India, 2012-13. State of Indian Agriculture. pp:247.

Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab, 2014. Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab.

Dep�. of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14. Agriculture at a Glance.

Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2011. Environmental Sta�s�cs of Punjab.

Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab. 2012. Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab.

Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2012-13. Economic Survey, Punjab.

Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2005. India State of the Forest Report.

Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2011. India State of the Forest Report.

IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. (Eds.) Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M.M.B. & Miller, H.L., Working Group 1 Contribu�on to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Technical Summary and Chapter 10 (Global Climate Projec�ons).

Jain, A.K., 2013. Role of Water Management for Sustainability of Ground Water Resources in Punjab. Dep�. of Soil & Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. In: Workshop on "Roadmap for Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources in States of Punjab & Haryana". Organized by Central Ground Water Board,

thChandigarh on 27 February, 2013.

Jerath, N., Nangia, P., Kaur, A. and Chadha, J., 2002. Strategy & Ac�on Plan for the Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp: 338.

|< 122 123 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Source: Jerath et al., 2014

Sector Es�mated Annual

Saving Poten�al (MU) as of 2010-11

Agriculture 4360

Commercial 114.87

Domes�c 1217

Municipali�es 157

SME Clusters 175.75

Industrial 1217

TOTAL 7241.62

ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

The three top electricity consumers are the Industrial sector, agriculture sector and domes�c sector that consumed 34.22% (or 11030.57 Million KWH), 31.38% (or 10116.89 Million KWH) and 24.56% (or 7915.24 Million KWH) of the total sales of electricity in the state respec�vely. There lies a large scope of reducing electricity consump�on through enhancement in energy efficiency in these sectors with total energy saving poten�al in Punjab being around 7241 million units (MU). By adop�ng BEE star labeled agricultural pump sets, the efficiency can be enhanced upto 50-52% (BEE/NPC, 2009 and BEE/TUV, 2010) and appreciable electricity savings can be achieved in agriculture sector. Further, as agriculture sector is one of the major fossil fuel consumer (for diesel operated pumps), the state government has taken ini�a�ve to cover maximum number of diesel pump sets on electricity to save diesel. Similarly there is a huge energy saving poten�al in other sectors like commercial buildings, municipali�es, SME Clusters and domes�c sector.

12 MW biomass based power plant at Village Baghaura, Rajpura, District Pa�ala

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: P

un

jab

Bio

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s P

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Ltd

.

Energy

References

BEE/NPC, 2009. State wise electricity consump�on and conserva�on poten�al in India. Prepared by Na�onal Produc�vity Council for Bureau of Energy Efficiency. Accessed from h�p://www.emt-india.net/eca2009/ 14Dec2009/CombinedSummaryReport.pdf in Dec 2012.

BEE/TUV SUD, 2010. Pilot Agricultural Demand Side Management (Ag- DSM) Project at Muktsar & Tarn Taran, Punjab. Prepared by TUV SUD South Asia for Bureau of Energy Efficiency.

Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K., 1968. A revised classifica�on of the Forest Types in India. Manager Publica�ons. pp: 105-15.

CPCB, 2009. Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters (Series: EIAS/5/2009-10) as cited in Down to Earth, January, 2013. pp: 18-20.

Department of Agriculture & Coopera�on, Govt. of India, 2012-13. State of Indian Agriculture. pp:247.

Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab, 2014. Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab.

Dep�. of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14. Agriculture at a Glance.

Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2011. Environmental Sta�s�cs of Punjab.

Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab. 2012. Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab.

Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2012-13. Economic Survey, Punjab.

Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2005. India State of the Forest Report.

Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2011. India State of the Forest Report.

IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. (Eds.) Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M.M.B. & Miller, H.L., Working Group 1 Contribu�on to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Technical Summary and Chapter 10 (Global Climate Projec�ons).

Jain, A.K., 2013. Role of Water Management for Sustainability of Ground Water Resources in Punjab. Dep�. of Soil & Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. In: Workshop on "Roadmap for Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources in States of Punjab & Haryana". Organized by Central Ground Water Board,

thChandigarh on 27 February, 2013.

Jerath, N., Nangia, P., Kaur, A. and Chadha, J., 2002. Strategy & Ac�on Plan for the Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp: 338.

|< 122 123 >

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

Source: Jerath et al., 2014

Sector Es�mated Annual

Saving Poten�al (MU) as of 2010-11

Agriculture 4360

Commercial 114.87

Domes�c 1217

Municipali�es 157

SME Clusters 175.75

Industrial 1217

TOTAL 7241.62

ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL IN DIFFERENT SECTORS

The three top electricity consumers are the Industrial sector, agriculture sector and domes�c sector that consumed 34.22% (or 11030.57 Million KWH), 31.38% (or 10116.89 Million KWH) and 24.56% (or 7915.24 Million KWH) of the total sales of electricity in the state respec�vely. There lies a large scope of reducing electricity consump�on through enhancement in energy efficiency in these sectors with total energy saving poten�al in Punjab being around 7241 million units (MU). By adop�ng BEE star labeled agricultural pump sets, the efficiency can be enhanced upto 50-52% (BEE/NPC, 2009 and BEE/TUV, 2010) and appreciable electricity savings can be achieved in agriculture sector. Further, as agriculture sector is one of the major fossil fuel consumer (for diesel operated pumps), the state government has taken ini�a�ve to cover maximum number of diesel pump sets on electricity to save diesel. Similarly there is a huge energy saving poten�al in other sectors like commercial buildings, municipali�es, SME Clusters and domes�c sector.

12 MW biomass based power plant at Village Baghaura, Rajpura, District Pa�ala

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

: P

un

jab

Bio

mas

s P

ow

er

Ltd

.

Energy

Jerath, N., Nangia, P. and Chadha, J. (eds.)., 2006. Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecoystem of Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

Jerath, N., Singh, G. and Sehgal, D., 2012. Bioresources based Industry in Punjab: A Trea�se. Punjab Biodiversity Board & Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp : 157.

Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Kaur, S., Sharma, V., Saile, P., Tripathi, P., Bha�acharya, S. and Parwana, H.K., 2014. Punjab State Ac�on Plan on Climate Change. Punjab State Council for Science and Technology and GIZ (Deutsche Gesellscha� for Interna�onale Zusarnmenarbeit GmbH - German Interna�onal Coopera�on, India). pp: 329.

Panigrahy, S., Sharma, P.K., Sood, A., Ray, S.S., Chaudhary, B.U., Manjunath, K.R., 2009. Cropping System Analysis in Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS. Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana.

PPCB, 2010-11 & 2011-12. Annual Report, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Pa�ala.

PSCST, 2009-10. Protected Area Network of Punjab (Vol. 7 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2010-11. Water Bodies in Punjab (Vol. 8 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2013-14. Air Quality: Status & Trends in Punjab (Vol. 11 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2013-14. Indigenous Farm Animals of Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 2), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2013-14. Indus River Dolphin: Status and Conserva�on in Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 3), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSPCL, 2013. Electricity Sta�s�cs of Punjab and personal communica�on, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited.

thRegistrar and Census Commissioner, Government of India, 2011. 15 Na�onal Census of India.

Roy, P.S., Chandrashekhar, S., Jerath, N., Prakash, C., 2001. Biodiversity Characteriza�on at landscape level using satellite remote sensing and GIS: Shivalik Hills Punjab. Forestry and Ecology Division. Indian Ins�tute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun.

Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Singh, G., Paul, R., Dua, D.K. and Parwana, H.K., 2007. State of Environment; Punjab-2007, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology. pp: 243.

|< 124 125 >

Abbrevia�ons

APCDs : Air Pollu�on Control Devices

As : Arsenic

Avg. : Average

B.G.L : Below Ground level

BCM : Billion Cubic Meter

BEE : Bureau of Energy Efficiency

BMCs : Biodiversity Management Commi�ee

BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

C : Carbon

Ca : Calcium

Cd : Cadmium

CGWB : Central Ground Water Board

CH : Methane4

cm : Cen�meter

CO : Carbon Monoxide

CO : Carbon Dioxide2

CPCB : Central Pollu�on Control Board

Cu : Copper

d/s : Down-stream

Dep�. : Department

Dis�. : District

DO : Dissolved Oxygen

EC : Electrical Conduc�vity

ENVIS : Environmental Informa�on System

ETP : Effluent Treatment Plant

Fe : Iron

Fig. : Figure

GDP : Gross Domes�c Product

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

GHGs : Green House Gases

gm : Gram

Govt. : Government

GSDP : Gross State Domes�c Product

ha : Hectare

HCL : Hydrochloric Acid

HP : Horse Power

HYVs : High Yielding Varie�es

IAS : Indian Administra�ve Services

IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPM : Integrated Pest Management

JFM : Joint Forest Management

JICA : Japan Interna�onal Coopera�on Agency

K : Potassium

Kg : Kilogram

Km : Kilometer

KW : Kilo Wa�

KWH : Kilo Wa� Hour

KWp : Kilowa� peak

L&M : Large & Medium

LPA : Long Period Average

LPG : Liquified Petroleum Gas

MAF : Million Acre Feet

Max. : Maximum

Mg : Magnesium

mg/l : Milligram per liter

Mham : Million hectare meter

MINARS : Monitoring of Indian Na�onal Aqua�c Resources System

Jerath, N., Nangia, P. and Chadha, J. (eds.)., 2006. Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecoystem of Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

Jerath, N., Singh, G. and Sehgal, D., 2012. Bioresources based Industry in Punjab: A Trea�se. Punjab Biodiversity Board & Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp : 157.

Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Kaur, S., Sharma, V., Saile, P., Tripathi, P., Bha�acharya, S. and Parwana, H.K., 2014. Punjab State Ac�on Plan on Climate Change. Punjab State Council for Science and Technology and GIZ (Deutsche Gesellscha� for Interna�onale Zusarnmenarbeit GmbH - German Interna�onal Coopera�on, India). pp: 329.

Panigrahy, S., Sharma, P.K., Sood, A., Ray, S.S., Chaudhary, B.U., Manjunath, K.R., 2009. Cropping System Analysis in Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS. Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana.

PPCB, 2010-11 & 2011-12. Annual Report, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Pa�ala.

PSCST, 2009-10. Protected Area Network of Punjab (Vol. 7 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2010-11. Water Bodies in Punjab (Vol. 8 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2013-14. Air Quality: Status & Trends in Punjab (Vol. 11 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2013-14. Indigenous Farm Animals of Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 2), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSCST, 2013-14. Indus River Dolphin: Status and Conserva�on in Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 3), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.

PSPCL, 2013. Electricity Sta�s�cs of Punjab and personal communica�on, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited.

thRegistrar and Census Commissioner, Government of India, 2011. 15 Na�onal Census of India.

Roy, P.S., Chandrashekhar, S., Jerath, N., Prakash, C., 2001. Biodiversity Characteriza�on at landscape level using satellite remote sensing and GIS: Shivalik Hills Punjab. Forestry and Ecology Division. Indian Ins�tute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun.

Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Singh, G., Paul, R., Dua, D.K. and Parwana, H.K., 2007. State of Environment; Punjab-2007, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology. pp: 243.

|< 124 125 >

Abbrevia�ons

APCDs : Air Pollu�on Control Devices

As : Arsenic

Avg. : Average

B.G.L : Below Ground level

BCM : Billion Cubic Meter

BEE : Bureau of Energy Efficiency

BMCs : Biodiversity Management Commi�ee

BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

C : Carbon

Ca : Calcium

Cd : Cadmium

CGWB : Central Ground Water Board

CH : Methane4

cm : Cen�meter

CO : Carbon Monoxide

CO : Carbon Dioxide2

CPCB : Central Pollu�on Control Board

Cu : Copper

d/s : Down-stream

Dep�. : Department

Dis�. : District

DO : Dissolved Oxygen

EC : Electrical Conduc�vity

ENVIS : Environmental Informa�on System

ETP : Effluent Treatment Plant

Fe : Iron

Fig. : Figure

GDP : Gross Domes�c Product

State of Environment, Punjab - 2014

GHGs : Green House Gases

gm : Gram

Govt. : Government

GSDP : Gross State Domes�c Product

ha : Hectare

HCL : Hydrochloric Acid

HP : Horse Power

HYVs : High Yielding Varie�es

IAS : Indian Administra�ve Services

IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPM : Integrated Pest Management

JFM : Joint Forest Management

JICA : Japan Interna�onal Coopera�on Agency

K : Potassium

Kg : Kilogram

Km : Kilometer

KW : Kilo Wa�

KWH : Kilo Wa� Hour

KWp : Kilowa� peak

L&M : Large & Medium

LPA : Long Period Average

LPG : Liquified Petroleum Gas

MAF : Million Acre Feet

Max. : Maximum

Mg : Magnesium

mg/l : Milligram per liter

Mham : Million hectare meter

MINARS : Monitoring of Indian Na�onal Aqua�c Resources System

mm : Millimeter

Mn : Mangnese

MoEF : Ministry of Environment & Forests

MRL : Maximum Residual Limit

MT : Metric Tonnes

MU : Million Units

MW : Mega Wa�

N : Nitrogen

Na : Sodium

NAAQS : Na�onal Ambient Air Quality Standards

NABARD : Na�onal Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NAMP : Na�onal Air Quality Monitoring Program

NGO : Non Government Organiza�on

NO : Nitrate3

Nos. : Numbers

NOX : Nitrogen oxide

NPC : Na�onal Produc�vity Council

NTFP : Non-Timber Forest Products

NWMP : Na�onal Water Monitoring Programme

P : Phosphorus

PAU : Punjab Agricultural University

Pb : Lead

PBB : Punjab Biodiversity Board

PPCB : Punjab Pollu�on Control Board

PRSC : Punjab Remote Sensing Centre

PSCST : Punjab State Council for Science & Technology

PSFC : Punjab State Farmers Commission

PSPCL : Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited

Qt : Quintal

R & D : Research & Development

R.O. : Regional Office

Rs. : Rupees

RSC : Residual Sodium Carbonate

RSPM : Respirable Suspended Par�culate Ma�er

S.N : Serial Number

SMEs : Small & Medium Enterprises

SO : Sulphur Dioxide2

SO : Sulphate4

SoER : State of Environment Report

SPM : Suspended Par�culate Ma�er

Sq.km : Square kilometer

TDS : Total Dissolved Solids

TERI : The Energy & Resources Ins�tute

TGA : Total Geographic Area

Th ha : Thousand hectares

TMT : Thousand Metric Tonnes

TOF : Trees Outside Forest

TPA : Tonnes Per Annum

u/s : Up-stream

VOCs : Vola�le Organic Compounds

WHO : World Health Organiza�on

WWF : World Wide Fund for Nature

Zn : Zinc

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