Download - State of Environment, Punjab-2014
Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
Supported by
Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab
Neelima Jerath Satnam Singh Ladhar Gurharminder Singh
PUNJABPUNJABPUNJABState of EnvironmentState of EnvironmentState of Environment
2014
2014
2014
PUNJABState of Environment
2014
State of EnvironmentPunjab - 2014
Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
Supported by
Department of Science, Technology & Environment,Government of PunjabVillage Pond at Kot Shamir, District Bathinda P
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Living well within our ENVIRONMENT Are We? Can We?
State of EnvironmentPunjab - 2014
Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
Supported by
Department of Science, Technology & Environment,Government of PunjabVillage Pond at Kot Shamir, District Bathinda P
ho
to C
red
it :
Aja
y D
ew
an
Living well within our ENVIRONMENT Are We? Can We?
© Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST), Chandigarh. All Rights Reserved 2014.• Any part of this publica�on may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmi�ed in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical or otherwise for educa�onal purposes only, provided that the same is duly cited.• Material from this publica�on can be used for commercial purposes only with the prior wri�en permission of PSCST.• PSCST would appreciate receiving a copy of the publica�on that uses this publica�on as source.
Published by Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, MGSIPA Complex, Sector 26, Chandigarh-160019, India Tel: 0172-2792325, 2793300 Fax: 0172-2793143 Website: www.pscst.gov.in
Authors Neelima Jerath, Satnam Singh Ladhar & Gurharminder Singh
Cita�on Jerath, Neelima; Ladhar, Satnam Singh; Singh, Gurhaminder; 2014. State of Environment, Punjab-2014, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, pp 126.
ISBN : 978-81-88362-37-0
Designing & Layout : Gurharminder Singh
Photo credits Mr. Gurharminder Singh, Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Dr. Sunil Mi�al and Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg
Cover Photo : Black Buck (Inset) by Dr. Arsh Rup Singh
DISCLAIMER : Earnest efforts have been made to make the informa�on furnished in the publica�on as accurate & updated as possible, but the authors or PSCST shall not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies or errors or omissions. All efforts were made to reference and credit the informa�on/data used in the publica�on, and lapse, if any, is purely inadvertent and inconsequen�al.
Printed by : BANSAL GRAPHICS, # 136-140/28, Industrial & Business Park, Phase I, Chandigarh. Tel : 98152 75760, 98152 64802
Foreword
As unsustainable pa�erns of consump�ons and produc�on threaten to deteriorate our natural resources,
governments are increasingly recognizing that moving to a green, clean and resilient development paradigm presents a
new set of challenges, and that GDPs of na�ons alone are not a sufficient measure of progress. Development needs to be
guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considera�ons, to make it sustainable. An assessment of the
progress achieved upto 2013 to realize the Millennium Development Goals set forth by the United Na�ons also indicates
an uneven progress across regions. The issue needs to be addressed on priority. Reliable and �mely informa�on can
ensure sound decisions for comprehensive environmental management and promo�on of ecologically sound
development.
Punjab is recognized as a classic example of fast developing economy with an agricultural base. However, the state's
natural ecosystems are facing an ecological backlash due to input-intensive agricultural prac�ces and over exploita�on of
natural resources, like soil and water, beyond the carrying capaci�es of natural ecosystems. The State of Environment
Reports (SoERs) are an important tool for raising awareness amongst the public, as well as, key policy and decision
makers. SoERs also provide an opportunity to monitor the performance of government policies viz-a-viz environmental
outcomes.
I congratulate the Punjab State Council for Science & Technology for having taken up the challenging task of bringing
out State of Environment Reports to highlight the major environmental concerns, trends and significant remedial ac�ons
being undertaken. The present Report (SoE-2014) is next in the series of the Reports brought out by the council in 1984,
1995, 2005 and 2007. I hope that the data presented in the report will help us to reflect on our past ac�ons and
achievements and trigger a thought process which will promote a posi�ve ac�on in future to achieve sustainable
development.
Seema Jain
Seema Jain, IASSecretary to Government of Punjab
Department of Science, Technology & Environment
"We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children".
Harike Wetland
© Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST), Chandigarh. All Rights Reserved 2014.• Any part of this publica�on may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmi�ed in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical or otherwise for educa�onal purposes only, provided that the same is duly cited.• Material from this publica�on can be used for commercial purposes only with the prior wri�en permission of PSCST.• PSCST would appreciate receiving a copy of the publica�on that uses this publica�on as source.
Published by Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, MGSIPA Complex, Sector 26, Chandigarh-160019, India Tel: 0172-2792325, 2793300 Fax: 0172-2793143 Website: www.pscst.gov.in
Authors Neelima Jerath, Satnam Singh Ladhar & Gurharminder Singh
Cita�on Jerath, Neelima; Ladhar, Satnam Singh; Singh, Gurhaminder; 2014. State of Environment, Punjab-2014, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, pp 126.
ISBN : 978-81-88362-37-0
Designing & Layout : Gurharminder Singh
Photo credits Mr. Gurharminder Singh, Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Dr. Sunil Mi�al and Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg
Cover Photo : Black Buck (Inset) by Dr. Arsh Rup Singh
DISCLAIMER : Earnest efforts have been made to make the informa�on furnished in the publica�on as accurate & updated as possible, but the authors or PSCST shall not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies or errors or omissions. All efforts were made to reference and credit the informa�on/data used in the publica�on, and lapse, if any, is purely inadvertent and inconsequen�al.
Printed by : BANSAL GRAPHICS, # 136-140/28, Industrial & Business Park, Phase I, Chandigarh. Tel : 98152 75760, 98152 64802
Foreword
As unsustainable pa�erns of consump�ons and produc�on threaten to deteriorate our natural resources,
governments are increasingly recognizing that moving to a green, clean and resilient development paradigm presents a
new set of challenges, and that GDPs of na�ons alone are not a sufficient measure of progress. Development needs to be
guided by environmental, social, cultural and ethical considera�ons, to make it sustainable. An assessment of the
progress achieved upto 2013 to realize the Millennium Development Goals set forth by the United Na�ons also indicates
an uneven progress across regions. The issue needs to be addressed on priority. Reliable and �mely informa�on can
ensure sound decisions for comprehensive environmental management and promo�on of ecologically sound
development.
Punjab is recognized as a classic example of fast developing economy with an agricultural base. However, the state's
natural ecosystems are facing an ecological backlash due to input-intensive agricultural prac�ces and over exploita�on of
natural resources, like soil and water, beyond the carrying capaci�es of natural ecosystems. The State of Environment
Reports (SoERs) are an important tool for raising awareness amongst the public, as well as, key policy and decision
makers. SoERs also provide an opportunity to monitor the performance of government policies viz-a-viz environmental
outcomes.
I congratulate the Punjab State Council for Science & Technology for having taken up the challenging task of bringing
out State of Environment Reports to highlight the major environmental concerns, trends and significant remedial ac�ons
being undertaken. The present Report (SoE-2014) is next in the series of the Reports brought out by the council in 1984,
1995, 2005 and 2007. I hope that the data presented in the report will help us to reflect on our past ac�ons and
achievements and trigger a thought process which will promote a posi�ve ac�on in future to achieve sustainable
development.
Seema Jain
Seema Jain, IASSecretary to Government of Punjab
Department of Science, Technology & Environment
"We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children".
Harike Wetland
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. O
nka
r Si
ngh
Brr
aich
Nangal Wetland, District Rupnagar
Acknowledgements
We wish to place on record our sincere thanks to Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Punjab for providing financial assistance to publish State of Environment, Punjab-2014.
We are indebted to Ms. Seema Jain, IAS, Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab and Shri T.S Dhaliwal, IAS Special Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab for their overall guidance & constant support.
We are also thankful to all officers of Economic & Sta�s�cal Organiza�on, Departments of Agriculture, Soil & Water Conserva�on, Hor�culture, Irriga�on, Animal Husbandry, Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on of Punjab, Punjab State Farmers Commission, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited, Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Punjab Biodiversity Board, Punjab Energy Development Agency and ENVIS Centre, PSCST for extending uns�nted support and help in providing data and requisite informa�on.
The contribu�ons of Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg and Dr. Sunil Mi�al for providing selected photographs for the publica�on are thankfully acknowledged.
We would also like to acknowledge the contribu�on of Dr. S. K Saxena, Principal Scien�fic Officer, PSCST; Ms. Ravleen, Sr. Program Officer, ENVIS Centre, PSCST and Ms. Rupali Bal, Scien�st, Punjab Biodiversity Board for providing valuable inputs in data analysis.
We also thank other officers and staff of Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab and PSCST for all the help provided in bringing out the publica�on and Mr. Baldev Pahwa & Ms. Parveen Lata for typing work.
Last but not the least, we wish to thank all those who could not be listed above but their direct or indirect involvement helped us in comple�ng this task.
Authors
Preface
Punjab is known for its endeavors and enterprise. It has achieved significant agricultural, industrial
and urban growth over the years. However, in the present developmental landscape, a state's long term
success is �ed not only to its economic well being but also to the well being of its natural resources, their
sustainable u�liza�on and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use. Several conserva�on
and management ini�a�ves have been taken up by the state government in response to the pressing
environmental challenges being faced by it. The availability of accurate and �mely informa�on plays a
crucial role in defining policies, designing response strategies, making people understand the problems
of their immediate environment and involving them in its protec�on. Realizing its importance the state
government has launched a scheme EE8 ”Status of Environment Repor�ng” under its Annual Plan to
bring out SoE Reports from �me to �me.
The SoE-2014 Report focuses on six major environmental parameters i.e Air, Water, Forests,
Biodiversity, Agriculture and Energy. The report a�empts to iden�fy trends that reflect the current
environmental situa�on of the state and highlights remedial ac�ons being taken up to ameliorate the
situa�on. It is hoped that data presented in SoE-2014 will help to achieve a healthy & vibrant
environment in the state through ecologically sound developmental decisions & policies and will
mo�vate stakeholders to take up concerted ac�ons for conserva�on of natural resources.
Authors
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. O
nka
r Si
ngh
Brr
aich
Nangal Wetland, District Rupnagar
Acknowledgements
We wish to place on record our sincere thanks to Department of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Punjab for providing financial assistance to publish State of Environment, Punjab-2014.
We are indebted to Ms. Seema Jain, IAS, Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab and Shri T.S Dhaliwal, IAS Special Secretary, Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Punjab for their overall guidance & constant support.
We are also thankful to all officers of Economic & Sta�s�cal Organiza�on, Departments of Agriculture, Soil & Water Conserva�on, Hor�culture, Irriga�on, Animal Husbandry, Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on of Punjab, Punjab State Farmers Commission, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited, Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Punjab Biodiversity Board, Punjab Energy Development Agency and ENVIS Centre, PSCST for extending uns�nted support and help in providing data and requisite informa�on.
The contribu�ons of Dr. Arsh Rup Singh, Dr. Onkar Singh Brraich, Mr. Ajay Dewan, Dr. Avtar Singh, Er. Sanjeev Kumar Garg and Dr. Sunil Mi�al for providing selected photographs for the publica�on are thankfully acknowledged.
We would also like to acknowledge the contribu�on of Dr. S. K Saxena, Principal Scien�fic Officer, PSCST; Ms. Ravleen, Sr. Program Officer, ENVIS Centre, PSCST and Ms. Rupali Bal, Scien�st, Punjab Biodiversity Board for providing valuable inputs in data analysis.
We also thank other officers and staff of Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab and PSCST for all the help provided in bringing out the publica�on and Mr. Baldev Pahwa & Ms. Parveen Lata for typing work.
Last but not the least, we wish to thank all those who could not be listed above but their direct or indirect involvement helped us in comple�ng this task.
Authors
Preface
Punjab is known for its endeavors and enterprise. It has achieved significant agricultural, industrial
and urban growth over the years. However, in the present developmental landscape, a state's long term
success is �ed not only to its economic well being but also to the well being of its natural resources, their
sustainable u�liza�on and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of their use. Several conserva�on
and management ini�a�ves have been taken up by the state government in response to the pressing
environmental challenges being faced by it. The availability of accurate and �mely informa�on plays a
crucial role in defining policies, designing response strategies, making people understand the problems
of their immediate environment and involving them in its protec�on. Realizing its importance the state
government has launched a scheme EE8 ”Status of Environment Repor�ng” under its Annual Plan to
bring out SoE Reports from �me to �me.
The SoE-2014 Report focuses on six major environmental parameters i.e Air, Water, Forests,
Biodiversity, Agriculture and Energy. The report a�empts to iden�fy trends that reflect the current
environmental situa�on of the state and highlights remedial ac�ons being taken up to ameliorate the
situa�on. It is hoped that data presented in SoE-2014 will help to achieve a healthy & vibrant
environment in the state through ecologically sound developmental decisions & policies and will
mo�vate stakeholders to take up concerted ac�ons for conserva�on of natural resources.
Authors
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduc�on
Air
Water
Forests
Biodiversity
Agriculture Energy
References
Abbrevia�ons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
v
vi
vii
01
13
25
45
63
87 111
123
125
Farm worker storing wheat fodder at Banga, Dis�. S.B.S. Nagar
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduc�on
Air
Water
Forests
Biodiversity
Agriculture Energy
References
Abbrevia�ons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
v
vi
vii
01
13
25
45
63
87 111
123
125
Farm worker storing wheat fodder at Banga, Dis�. S.B.S. Nagar
INTRODUCTION1
unjab, located in the north west of PI nd ia , i s one o f the mos t
prosperous states of India. It occupies
only 1.54% (50, 362 sq. km) of the Total
Geographical Area of India extending
from 29.30° North to 32.32° North
latitude and 73.55° East to 76.50° East
longitude. It is a part of Indo- Gangetic
plains formed due to alluvial deposits
by rivers and tributaries. Historically,
the five rivers Sutlej, Beas, Ravi,
Chenab and Jhelum gave it its name
‘Punj-ab' or the ‘land of five waters'.
“I do not want to protect the environment. I want to create a world
where the environment does not need protecting”.
The State of Punjab was re-organised in 1966 with the forma�on of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Thus
the present Punjab came into existence on November 1, 1966. A�er the state's par��on first in 1947, and subsequently its
re-organisa�on in 1966, the State has been le� with only three rivers namely Beas, Sutlej and Ravi. These three rivers divide
the state into three regions: Majha, Doaba and Malwa.
Administra�ve Units & Physiography
Source: Jerath et. al., 2014
Land forms of Punjab
Figure 1.1 Area(%) under different land forms of Punjab
Hills
Piedmont Plain
Alluvial Plain
Sand Dunes
Flood Plains
70%
12%
7% 3%8%
Source : Tiwana et al.,2007
Map 1.2 Land Forms of Punjab
Source: Dep�. of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab
SHIVALIK HILLS
PIEDMONT PLAINS
ALLUVIAL PLAINS
TERRACES, SAND DUNES
FLOOD PLAINS
Introduction State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Map 1.1 Districts and Physiographic Regions of Punjab
Divisions : 5 Jalandhar, Pa�ala, Firozpur, Rupnagar and Faridkot
Districts : 22
Tehsils : 81
Sub-Tehsils : 86
Blocks : 145
Inhabited Villages : 12581
Source : Economic Survey of Punjab 2012-13
DOABADOABADOABA
MAJHAMAJHAMAJHA
MALWAMALWAMALWA
Average eleva�on : 300 m above sea level
Range : 180-500 meters
Semi-Arid : South West
Shiwalik hills : North East
|< 2 3 >
Shiwalik Hills, Dis�. Pathankot
The State of Punjab was re-organised in 1966 with the forma�on of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Thus
the present Punjab came into existence on November 1, 1966. A�er the state's par��on first in 1947, and subsequently its
re-organisa�on in 1966, the State has been le� with only three rivers namely Beas, Sutlej and Ravi. These three rivers divide
the state into three regions: Majha, Doaba and Malwa.
Administra�ve Units & Physiography
Source: Jerath et. al., 2014
Land forms of Punjab
Figure 1.1 Area(%) under different land forms of Punjab
Hills
Piedmont Plain
Alluvial Plain
Sand Dunes
Flood Plains
70%
12%
7% 3%8%
Source : Tiwana et al.,2007
Map 1.2 Land Forms of Punjab
Source: Dep�. of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab
SHIVALIK HILLS
PIEDMONT PLAINS
ALLUVIAL PLAINS
TERRACES, SAND DUNES
FLOOD PLAINS
Introduction State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Map 1.1 Districts and Physiographic Regions of Punjab
Divisions : 5 Jalandhar, Pa�ala, Firozpur, Rupnagar and Faridkot
Districts : 22
Tehsils : 81
Sub-Tehsils : 86
Blocks : 145
Inhabited Villages : 12581
Source : Economic Survey of Punjab 2012-13
DOABADOABADOABA
MAJHAMAJHAMAJHA
MALWAMALWAMALWA
Average eleva�on : 300 m above sea level
Range : 180-500 meters
Semi-Arid : South West
Shiwalik hills : North East
|< 2 3 >
Shiwalik Hills, Dis�. Pathankot
700
800
(mm
)
100
200
300
400
500
600
nn
ual
Ave
rage
Rai
nfa
ll
01970 1980 1990 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
An
Year
Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab
Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011
Figure 1.3 Percentage departure of rainfall in mm between 1901 and 2011 in Punjab with respect to the corresponding Long Period Average (LPA)
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1901
1906
1911
1916
1921
1926
1931
1936
1941
1946
1951
1956
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
Source: Jerath et al.,2014
Figure 1.4 Land use Pa�ern in Punjab 2010-11
Non Agriculture Use9%
Barren & uncultureable
0.6%
Forests 6%
Fallow Land1%
Cultural waste, Pastures, land under misc.
tree 0.4%
Net Sown Area 83%
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
LESS HOT (Sub Humid)SUB HUMID (Dry Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Sub Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Dry to Sub Moist)ARID (Dry) & HOT ZONE
Land Use Pa�ern
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 4 5 >
Climate
Map 1.3 Climate of Punjab Figure 1.2 Annual Average Rainfall in Punjab (mm), 1970-2010
Analysis of inter-annual variability of seasonal monsoon rainfall expressed as the percentage departures from long period
average (LPA) for the period 1901-2011 for Punjab indicates that during the period 1901 -2011, the lowest and second
lowest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in 1911 (-51.0%) and in 1987 (-67.6%) respec�vely. Highest and second
highest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in the year 1950 (+ 91.2%) and in 1988 (+ 119.1%).
Introduction
700
800
(mm
)
100
200
300
400
500
600
nn
ual
Ave
rage
Rai
nfa
ll
01970 1980 1990 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
An
Year
Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Punjab
Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011
Figure 1.3 Percentage departure of rainfall in mm between 1901 and 2011 in Punjab with respect to the corresponding Long Period Average (LPA)
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1901
1906
1911
1916
1921
1926
1931
1936
1941
1946
1951
1956
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
Source: Jerath et al.,2014
Figure 1.4 Land use Pa�ern in Punjab 2010-11
Non Agriculture Use9%
Barren & uncultureable
0.6%
Forests 6%
Fallow Land1%
Cultural waste, Pastures, land under misc.
tree 0.4%
Net Sown Area 83%
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
LESS HOT (Sub Humid)SUB HUMID (Dry Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Sub Moist) & LESS HOT ZONESEMI ARID (Dry to Sub Moist)ARID (Dry) & HOT ZONE
Land Use Pa�ern
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 4 5 >
Climate
Map 1.3 Climate of Punjab Figure 1.2 Annual Average Rainfall in Punjab (mm), 1970-2010
Analysis of inter-annual variability of seasonal monsoon rainfall expressed as the percentage departures from long period
average (LPA) for the period 1901-2011 for Punjab indicates that during the period 1901 -2011, the lowest and second
lowest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in 1911 (-51.0%) and in 1987 (-67.6%) respec�vely. Highest and second
highest seasonal rainfall in Punjab have occurred in the year 1950 (+ 91.2%) and in 1988 (+ 119.1%).
Introduction
Table 1.1 Changes in land u�liza�on pa�ern in Punjab (Thousand Hectare)
Category 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11% change between 1980-81 to 2010-11
Forests
Barren and unculturable land
Non Agricultural land use
Culturable waste land
Permanent pasture & grazing land
Land under miscellaneous tree crops
Fallow Land (Current fallow + other fallow)
Net sown area
Total Geographic area
216
96
436
41
4
4
45
4191
5033
222
83
343
35
10
12
110
4218
5033
280
28
410
15
4
3
43
4250
5033
294
24
508
4
4
4
37
4158
5033
36.1
-75.0
16.5
-90.2
0
0
-17.8
-0.8
-
Source: Jerath et. al., 2014
Demography
Table 1.2 Demographic parameters of Punjab vs India
Demographic parameters India Punjab
Total popula�on
Decadal increase (%)
Sex ra�o
Literacy rate(%)
Male literacy rate(%)
Female literacy rate(%)
Density per sq. km
Rural popula�on (%)
Urban popula�on
1,210,193,422
17.64
940
74.04%.
82.1
65.5
327
68.84
31.16
27,704, 236
13.73
895
75.84
81.5
71.3
550
62.52
37.48
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 1.5 Popula�on of Punjab Figure 1.6 Rural vs Urban popula�on of Punjab
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
20112001
Total Male Female
RuralUrban
62.52%
37.48%
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 1.7 District wise popula�on in Punjab
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
Po
pu
la�
on
District
Lud
hia
na
Am
rits
ar
Jala
nd
har
Pa�
ala
San
gru
r
Gu
rdas
pu
r
Ho
shia
rpu
r
Bat
hin
da
Tarn
Tar
an
Fazi
lka
Fero
zep
ur
Mo
ga
S.A
.S. N
agar
Shri
Mu
ktsa
r Sa
hib
Kap
urt
hal
a
Man
sa
Ru
pn
agar
Path
anko
t
Fari
dko
t
S.B
.S. N
agar
Fate
hga
rh S
ahib
Bar
nal
a
34
98
73
9
24
90
65
6
21
93
59
0
18
95
68
6
16
55
16
9
16
21
72
5
15
86
62
5
13
88
52
5
11
19
62
7
10
26
20
0
10
02
87
4
99
57
46
99
46
28
90
18
96
81
51
68
76
97
51
68
46
27
67
65
98
61
75
08
61
23
10
60
01
63
59
55
27
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 6 7 >
Introduction
Table 1.1 Changes in land u�liza�on pa�ern in Punjab (Thousand Hectare)
Category 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11% change between 1980-81 to 2010-11
Forests
Barren and unculturable land
Non Agricultural land use
Culturable waste land
Permanent pasture & grazing land
Land under miscellaneous tree crops
Fallow Land (Current fallow + other fallow)
Net sown area
Total Geographic area
216
96
436
41
4
4
45
4191
5033
222
83
343
35
10
12
110
4218
5033
280
28
410
15
4
3
43
4250
5033
294
24
508
4
4
4
37
4158
5033
36.1
-75.0
16.5
-90.2
0
0
-17.8
-0.8
-
Source: Jerath et. al., 2014
Demography
Table 1.2 Demographic parameters of Punjab vs India
Demographic parameters India Punjab
Total popula�on
Decadal increase (%)
Sex ra�o
Literacy rate(%)
Male literacy rate(%)
Female literacy rate(%)
Density per sq. km
Rural popula�on (%)
Urban popula�on
1,210,193,422
17.64
940
74.04%.
82.1
65.5
327
68.84
31.16
27,704, 236
13.73
895
75.84
81.5
71.3
550
62.52
37.48
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 1.5 Popula�on of Punjab Figure 1.6 Rural vs Urban popula�on of Punjab
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
20112001
Total Male Female
RuralUrban
62.52%
37.48%
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 1.7 District wise popula�on in Punjab
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
Po
pu
la�
on
District
Lud
hia
na
Am
rits
ar
Jala
nd
har
Pa�
ala
San
gru
r
Gu
rdas
pu
r
Ho
shia
rpu
r
Bat
hin
da
Tarn
Tar
an
Fazi
lka
Fero
zep
ur
Mo
ga
S.A
.S. N
agar
Shri
Mu
ktsa
r Sa
hib
Kap
urt
hal
a
Man
sa
Ru
pn
agar
Path
anko
t
Fari
dko
t
S.B
.S. N
agar
Fate
hga
rh S
ahib
Bar
nal
a
34
98
73
9
24
90
65
6
21
93
59
0
18
95
68
6
16
55
16
9
16
21
72
5
15
86
62
5
13
88
52
5
11
19
62
7
10
26
20
0
10
02
87
4
99
57
46
99
46
28
90
18
96
81
51
68
76
97
51
68
46
27
67
65
98
61
75
08
61
23
10
60
01
63
59
55
27
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 6 7 >
Introduction
Economy
Figure 1.8 Percentage distribu�on of Gross State Domes�c Product at factor cost by sectors at current prices
Pe
rce
nta
ge t
o G
SD
P
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
01985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2001-02 2005-06 2011-12
Primary Secondary Teritary
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues
Figure 1.9 Per Capita Income in Punjab at constant prices (2004-05)
Source: Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
s.
In R
Punjab is predominantly an agrarian state. The state government is making all out efforts to develop and boost industry,
especially agro-based industry in the State as a key sector for industrial growth. The state took a major stride in increasing
produc�vity of food grains through green revolu�on in the 1960's and contributed to the central pool significantly thus
strengthening India's self-sufficiency. Presently, the state has the highest yield of wheat (50.97 Qt.) and rice (37.41 Qt.) per
hectare in India. During 2011-12, 38.7% wheat and 22.1% rice to the central pool was contributed by Punjab. The advance
es�mates for Gross State Domes�c Products were Rs. 296006 crores at current prices and Rs. 164575 crores at constant
prices for year 2012-13. Over the years, however, the contribu�on of the primary sector in the economy has decreased
where as the contribu�on of secondary and ter�ary sectors has increased
The economic growth in the state during the 11th plan period has been 6.73% against the target of 5.9%. The year-wise
growth has been 9.05%, 5.85%, 6.29%, 6.53% and 5.94%. The 12th plan envisages an average growth rate of 6.4% for the
state with for agriculture, industry and services as 1.6%, 7.5% and 8.0%, respec�vely.
Energy
There has been significant increase in
produc�on of electricity through
development of hydro, thermal and
renewable energy. Industries are the
largest consumer of power (34%)
followed by agriculture (30%), domes�c
(25%), commercial & other (11%)
consumers. Per capita consump�on of
electricity in the State has increased
from 155 kWh in 1970 to 1204 kWh in
2011-12 . The total installed capacity
a n d ge n e ra� o n ca p a c i t y h ave
increased from 680 MW and 2364.80
Million KWH in the year 1970-71 to
5026 MW and 29033.00 Million KWH
respec�vely in the year 2011-12. The
contribu�on from renewable energy
development projects in the state is
1005 MW, out of which more than 600
MW is grid connected.
Figure 1.10 Category wise annual per capita sale of electricity in Punjab (KWH)
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues
An
nu
al p
er
Cap
ita
Sale
(K
WH
)
1400
1200
1000
800
700
400
200
0Domes�c Commercial Industrial Public Ligh�ng Agriculture Total
Category of Consump�on
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 8 9 >
Introduction
Economy
Figure 1.8 Percentage distribu�on of Gross State Domes�c Product at factor cost by sectors at current prices
Pe
rce
nta
ge t
o G
SD
P
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
01985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2001-02 2005-06 2011-12
Primary Secondary Teritary
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues
Figure 1.9 Per Capita Income in Punjab at constant prices (2004-05)
Source: Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
s.
In R
Punjab is predominantly an agrarian state. The state government is making all out efforts to develop and boost industry,
especially agro-based industry in the State as a key sector for industrial growth. The state took a major stride in increasing
produc�vity of food grains through green revolu�on in the 1960's and contributed to the central pool significantly thus
strengthening India's self-sufficiency. Presently, the state has the highest yield of wheat (50.97 Qt.) and rice (37.41 Qt.) per
hectare in India. During 2011-12, 38.7% wheat and 22.1% rice to the central pool was contributed by Punjab. The advance
es�mates for Gross State Domes�c Products were Rs. 296006 crores at current prices and Rs. 164575 crores at constant
prices for year 2012-13. Over the years, however, the contribu�on of the primary sector in the economy has decreased
where as the contribu�on of secondary and ter�ary sectors has increased
The economic growth in the state during the 11th plan period has been 6.73% against the target of 5.9%. The year-wise
growth has been 9.05%, 5.85%, 6.29%, 6.53% and 5.94%. The 12th plan envisages an average growth rate of 6.4% for the
state with for agriculture, industry and services as 1.6%, 7.5% and 8.0%, respec�vely.
Energy
There has been significant increase in
produc�on of electricity through
development of hydro, thermal and
renewable energy. Industries are the
largest consumer of power (34%)
followed by agriculture (30%), domes�c
(25%), commercial & other (11%)
consumers. Per capita consump�on of
electricity in the State has increased
from 155 kWh in 1970 to 1204 kWh in
2011-12 . The total installed capacity
a n d ge n e ra� o n ca p a c i t y h ave
increased from 680 MW and 2364.80
Million KWH in the year 1970-71 to
5026 MW and 29033.00 Million KWH
respec�vely in the year 2011-12. The
contribu�on from renewable energy
development projects in the state is
1005 MW, out of which more than 600
MW is grid connected.
Figure 1.10 Category wise annual per capita sale of electricity in Punjab (KWH)
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues
An
nu
al p
er
Cap
ita
Sale
(K
WH
)
1400
1200
1000
800
700
400
200
0Domes�c Commercial Industrial Public Ligh�ng Agriculture Total
Category of Consump�on
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 8 9 >
Introduction
Figure 1.11 Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH) in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
01970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12
Years
Installed Capacity (MW) Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH)
680
2365
6483
1536
14618
30494443
21528
5026
29033
| < 10 11 >
Energy Sources State Poten�al Power Genera�on
Biogas plants 4,24,700 (nos.) 164 MW installed
Biomass 1500 MW 444 MW (382 Biomass Cogenera�on and 62.5 Biomass - IPP)
Solar energy 2600 MW 10.5 MW (commissioned �ll December 2014)
Small hydro 200 MW 133.65 MW (including PSPCL 97 MW)
Biomass 500 MW 382 MW included in Cogenera�on Biomass
Source: Jerath et. al., 2014
Table 1.3 Renewable energy development in Punjab
The state has done remarkably
well in the field of agriculture
and is now laying emphasis on
industrial growth. At present,
there are 160062 small scale
industries and 367 large and
medium scale industries in the
state. The state also leads the
na�on in inf rastructura l
development and has strong
r o a d , r a i l w a y a n d
communica�on network.
However, over intensifica�on
of agriculture over the years
along with industrializa�on,
economic and infrastructural
deve lopment has led to
d e g r a d a � o n a n d
overexploita�on of natural
r e s o u r c e s o f t h e s t a t e
especially water, land and
b i o d i ve rs i t y. H e n c e , fo r
m a i n ta i n i n g t h e s ta t e ` s
economic prosperity in future,
concerted efforts would be
re q u i re d to p ro te c t t h e
environment and promote
sustainable use of natural
resources.
Introduction
Hon'ble Deputy Chief Minister, inspec�ng construc�onof Rajpura Thermal Power Plant
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Figure 1.11 Installed Capacity (MW) and Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH) in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, various issues
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
01970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12
Years
Installed Capacity (MW) Electricity Genera�on (Million KWH)
680
2365
6483
1536
14618
30494443
21528
5026
29033
| < 10 11 >
Energy Sources State Poten�al Power Genera�on
Biogas plants 4,24,700 (nos.) 164 MW installed
Biomass 1500 MW 444 MW (382 Biomass Cogenera�on and 62.5 Biomass - IPP)
Solar energy 2600 MW 10.5 MW (commissioned �ll December 2014)
Small hydro 200 MW 133.65 MW (including PSPCL 97 MW)
Biomass 500 MW 382 MW included in Cogenera�on Biomass
Source: Jerath et. al., 2014
Table 1.3 Renewable energy development in Punjab
The state has done remarkably
well in the field of agriculture
and is now laying emphasis on
industrial growth. At present,
there are 160062 small scale
industries and 367 large and
medium scale industries in the
state. The state also leads the
na�on in inf rastructura l
development and has strong
r o a d , r a i l w a y a n d
communica�on network.
However, over intensifica�on
of agriculture over the years
along with industrializa�on,
economic and infrastructural
deve lopment has led to
d e g r a d a � o n a n d
overexploita�on of natural
r e s o u r c e s o f t h e s t a t e
especially water, land and
b i o d i ve rs i t y. H e n c e , fo r
m a i n ta i n i n g t h e s ta t e ` s
economic prosperity in future,
concerted efforts would be
re q u i re d to p ro te c t t h e
environment and promote
sustainable use of natural
resources.
Introduction
Hon'ble Deputy Chief Minister, inspec�ng construc�onof Rajpura Thermal Power Plant
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Introduction
Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant, Bathinda
Photo Credit : Dr. Sunil Mi�al
AIR2
"Pollution is an unused resource"
Bill Mollison
ir is one of five basic A natural ingredients of life
system and essential for the
surv iva l o f a l l the l i v ing
organisms on earth. Air quality
is a measure of the condition of
air relative to the requirements
of one or more biotic species or
to any human need or purpose.
V a r i o u s c o n t a m i n a n t s
c o n t i n u o u s l y e n t e r t h e
atmosphere through natural
and manmade processes and
these contaminants interact
with the environment to cause
disease, toxicity, environmental
decay etc. and are labelled as
pollutants.
Figure 2.2 Small Scale Industries in PunjabTable 2.1 Major air pollutants from different sources
Factors affec�ng air quality in Punjab
Industrial Pollu�on
Vehicular Pollu�on
Agricultural prac�ces
Domes�c process
|< 14 15 >
Air
Figure 2.1 Large and Medium Scale Industries in Punjab
Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012
43398
160368
200603
160062
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
No. of
Un
its
1981 1991 2001 2010
Years
Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012
228
373
629
367
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
No
. o
f U
nit
s
1981 1991 2001 2010
Years
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Name of Industry
Rice, Sugar, Food Products
Beverages
Co�on/Woolen/Synthe�c/Tex�le/Dying etc.
Paper Products & Prin�ng
Leather & Leather Products
Rubber & Plas�c Products
Chemical Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Metal Products
Transport Equipments & Parts
Brick Kilns
Pharmaceu�cals
Rolling, forging & galvanizing units
Fer�lizer, Vanaspa�, Thermal, Cement, etc.
Major Air Pollutants
Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 2 x
Par�culates, Odour
Par�culates
Par�culates, mercaptans
Par�culates, Odour
Par�culates, Odour, VOCs
Cl , HCl, Acid mist, Acid fumes, Hydrocarbons2
Par�culates
Metallic Par�culates, CO, SO , Acid Mist2
Par�culates
Par�culates, SO , CO2
Odour, Par�culates
Par�culates
Odour, Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 x x
Table 2.2 Category wise air pollu�ng industries in Punjab
Sou
rce:
Tiw
an
a e
t a
l., 2
00
5
Source of Emission Major Pollutants
Industries Par�culate ma�er, oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, ozone, toxic chemicals, etc.
Vehicular exhaust Par�culate ma�er, carbonmonoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, lead, etc.
Domes�c Sources Suspended par�culate ma�er, carbon dioxide, NO , SOx 2
Development Works Par�culate ma�er, dust
Agricultural waste Suspended par�culate, burning ma�er, oxides of carbon, dust
Source: Tiwana et al., 2005
Figure 2.2 Small Scale Industries in PunjabTable 2.1 Major air pollutants from different sources
Factors affec�ng air quality in Punjab
Industrial Pollu�on
Vehicular Pollu�on
Agricultural prac�ces
Domes�c process
|< 14 15 >
Air
Figure 2.1 Large and Medium Scale Industries in Punjab
Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012
43398
160368
200603
160062
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
No. of
Un
its
1981 1991 2001 2010
Years
Source: Statistical Abstract of Punjab, 2012
228
373
629
367
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
No
. o
f U
nit
s
1981 1991 2001 2010
Years
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Name of Industry
Rice, Sugar, Food Products
Beverages
Co�on/Woolen/Synthe�c/Tex�le/Dying etc.
Paper Products & Prin�ng
Leather & Leather Products
Rubber & Plas�c Products
Chemical Products
Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Metal Products
Transport Equipments & Parts
Brick Kilns
Pharmaceu�cals
Rolling, forging & galvanizing units
Fer�lizer, Vanaspa�, Thermal, Cement, etc.
Major Air Pollutants
Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 2 x
Par�culates, Odour
Par�culates
Par�culates, mercaptans
Par�culates, Odour
Par�culates, Odour, VOCs
Cl , HCl, Acid mist, Acid fumes, Hydrocarbons2
Par�culates
Metallic Par�culates, CO, SO , Acid Mist2
Par�culates
Par�culates, SO , CO2
Odour, Par�culates
Par�culates
Odour, Par�culates, CO , SO , NO2 x x
Table 2.2 Category wise air pollu�ng industries in Punjab
Sou
rce:
Tiw
an
a e
t a
l., 2
00
5
Source of Emission Major Pollutants
Industries Par�culate ma�er, oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, ozone, toxic chemicals, etc.
Vehicular exhaust Par�culate ma�er, carbonmonoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, lead, etc.
Domes�c Sources Suspended par�culate ma�er, carbon dioxide, NO , SOx 2
Development Works Par�culate ma�er, dust
Agricultural waste Suspended par�culate, burning ma�er, oxides of carbon, dust
Source: Tiwana et al., 2005
Table 2.3 Status of use of Air Pollu�on Control Devices (APCDs) in the state
Year
2002-03
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
With
396
394
507
489
496
Without
-
-
-
-
01
With
6942
7216
9027
9585
10106
Without
925
169
116
74
84
Red
9068
10753
12238
12877
13070
Orange
-
-
-
25*
679
Green
4912
7867
9289
83*
5860**
Large & Medium(No. of Unit)
Small Scale Industries(No. of units)
Categories(No. of units)
*This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only**Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and do not include the figures of Regional Office, SAS Nagar.
Source : PPCB, 2012
All industries are categorized into Red (highly pollu�ng) and Green (Moderately, mildly or non-pollu�ng) categories. The Red and Orange category industries require environmental clearance from Competent State Authority of the Department of Environment. As per latest data provided by the Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, a total of 13070 red category industries exist in the state. Many of these industries use coal or rice husk as fuel. Together these contribute to suspended par�culates, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, organic compounds and other pollutants in the air.
Industrial pollu�on Control
Declara�on of whole of the state as Air Pollu�on Control Area
Implementa�on of Air (Preven�on & Control of Pollu�on) Act, 1981 and Environment (Protec�on) Act, 1986
Systema�c iden�fica�on of pollu�on sources and follow up ac�on for treatment measures
Regular air quality monitoring in industrial areas as per NAAQS
Puni�ve and legal ac�ons against defaul�ng units
Ban on burning of rubber, process waste containing sulfur & toxic substances, rice husk in loose form (except in fluidized bed combus�on system)
Introduc�on of PET COKE as an authorized fuel for use in boiler furnace
Promo�on of pulverized coal and furnace oil instead of coal wherever possible e.g. In Mandi Gobindgarh
Demonstra�on of cost effec�ve technologies for control of pollu�on in small scale units such as cupola furnaces, rice shellers and induc�on furnaces by PSCST
Capacity building of owners & workforce of brick kilns and re-rolling mills by PSCST through on site and off site training programmes for pollu�on reduc�on measures
Regular awareness campaigns for specific target groups
Figure 2.3 Growth of vehicles in Punjab
Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011
Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011
360154
1329482
2910233
5711715
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
1981 1991 2001 2011
Years
Nu
mb
er
Buses Car, Jeeps, Taxies Three Wheelers Two Wheelers Goods Vehicles Tractors Others
61433
4332540
179365
5850
28377
593282
33250
2897
176555
22092
504310
118845
12408
665
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
1981 1991 2001 2011
Years
No
. o
f v
eh
icle
s
Figure 2.4 Growth of different types of vehicles in Punjab
Air State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >
Table 2.3 Status of use of Air Pollu�on Control Devices (APCDs) in the state
Year
2002-03
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
With
396
394
507
489
496
Without
-
-
-
-
01
With
6942
7216
9027
9585
10106
Without
925
169
116
74
84
Red
9068
10753
12238
12877
13070
Orange
-
-
-
25*
679
Green
4912
7867
9289
83*
5860**
Large & Medium(No. of Unit)
Small Scale Industries(No. of units)
Categories(No. of units)
*This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only**Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and do not include the figures of Regional Office, SAS Nagar.
Source : PPCB, 2012
All industries are categorized into Red (highly pollu�ng) and Green (Moderately, mildly or non-pollu�ng) categories. The Red and Orange category industries require environmental clearance from Competent State Authority of the Department of Environment. As per latest data provided by the Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, a total of 13070 red category industries exist in the state. Many of these industries use coal or rice husk as fuel. Together these contribute to suspended par�culates, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, organic compounds and other pollutants in the air.
Industrial pollu�on Control
Declara�on of whole of the state as Air Pollu�on Control Area
Implementa�on of Air (Preven�on & Control of Pollu�on) Act, 1981 and Environment (Protec�on) Act, 1986
Systema�c iden�fica�on of pollu�on sources and follow up ac�on for treatment measures
Regular air quality monitoring in industrial areas as per NAAQS
Puni�ve and legal ac�ons against defaul�ng units
Ban on burning of rubber, process waste containing sulfur & toxic substances, rice husk in loose form (except in fluidized bed combus�on system)
Introduc�on of PET COKE as an authorized fuel for use in boiler furnace
Promo�on of pulverized coal and furnace oil instead of coal wherever possible e.g. In Mandi Gobindgarh
Demonstra�on of cost effec�ve technologies for control of pollu�on in small scale units such as cupola furnaces, rice shellers and induc�on furnaces by PSCST
Capacity building of owners & workforce of brick kilns and re-rolling mills by PSCST through on site and off site training programmes for pollu�on reduc�on measures
Regular awareness campaigns for specific target groups
Figure 2.3 Growth of vehicles in Punjab
Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011
Source: Environment Sta�s�cs of Punjab, 2011
360154
1329482
2910233
5711715
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
1981 1991 2001 2011
Years
Nu
mb
er
Buses Car, Jeeps, Taxies Three Wheelers Two Wheelers Goods Vehicles Tractors Others
61433
4332540
179365
5850
28377
593282
33250
2897
176555
22092
504310
118845
12408
665
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
1981 1991 2001 2011
Years
No
. o
f v
eh
icle
s
Figure 2.4 Growth of different types of vehicles in Punjab
Air State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >|< 16 17 >
Table 2.4 Types of roads and total road network in Punjab (in Kms), March, 2011
Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India
Na�onal Highway
StateHighway
Other PWD Roads
Panchya� Raj Roads
Pradhan Mantri Sadak Yojna
Roads
Urban Roads
Project Roads
Total
1557 1477 6783 55061 4363 8085 6867 84193
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Vehicular emissions are of par�cular
concern since these are ground level
sources and thus have the
maximum impact on the human
p o p u l a � o n a n d o t h e r b i o � c
components. The major pollutants
released as vehicle/fuel emissions are
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
photochemical oxidants, air toxics
n a m e l y b e n ze n e , a l d e h y d e s ,
1-3 butadiene, lead, par�culate
ma�er, hydrocarbon, oxides of
sulphur and polycyclic aroma�c
hydrocarbons.
While the predominant pollutants in
petrol/ gasoline driven vehicles are
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide,
the predominant pollutants from the
diesel based vehicles are oxides of nitrogen and par�culates. As per studies by Central Pollu�on Control Board, vehicular
emissions are responsible for most of hydrocarbons (90-95%) and carbon monoxide (70-80%) emissions.
|< 18 19 >
Vehicular pollu�on control
Se�ng up of 421 pollu�on checking centers in the state under Motor Vehicle Act, 2009 to check the emission from all types of vehicles by Transport Dep�.
Implementa�on of Bharat Stage III fuel norms for passenger cars, heavy diesel vehicles and 2/3 wheelers (Sept. 2012)
Introduc�on of lead free petrol in Punjab since 2000
Promo�ng use of ba�ery operated vehicles
Promo�ng biofuels (5% blending of ethanol in gasoline)
Introduc�on of CNG as alterna�ve fuel for public transport including auto-rickshaw especially in Amritsar, Jalandhar and Ludhiana
Tree planta�on drives along all major roads throughout the state
Type CO
2.3
2.1
1.6
Passenger Cars
Heavy Diesel Vehicles
2/3 Wheelers
HC+ NOx
0.35 combined
-
1.0
HC
-
1.6
-
NOx
-
5.0
-
PM
-
0.10
-
Source: Jerath et al., 2014
Table 2.5 Emission norms under Bharat Stage III in Punjab (g / Km hr)
Figure 2.5 Vehicular popula�on of Punjab vis a vis other states/UTs of India (as on March, 2011)
Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India
Delhi; 5% Chandigarh UT; 1% Other UTs; 1% Andra Pradesh; 7% Bihar; 2%
Cha�sgarh; 2%
Goa; 1%
Gujarat; 9%
Haryana; 4%
HP; 0.5%
J & K; 1%
Jharkhand; 2%
Karnataka; 7%
Kerala; 4%
Madhya Pradesh5%Maharashtra; 12%
Orissa; 2%
Punjab; 4%
Rajasthan; 6%
Tamil Nadu; 11%
U�rakhand; 1%
U�ar Pradesh; 9%
West Bengal; 2%
North East States;2%
Air
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Table 2.4 Types of roads and total road network in Punjab (in Kms), March, 2011
Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India
Na�onal Highway
StateHighway
Other PWD Roads
Panchya� Raj Roads
Pradhan Mantri Sadak Yojna
Roads
Urban Roads
Project Roads
Total
1557 1477 6783 55061 4363 8085 6867 84193
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Vehicular emissions are of par�cular
concern since these are ground level
sources and thus have the
maximum impact on the human
p o p u l a � o n a n d o t h e r b i o � c
components. The major pollutants
released as vehicle/fuel emissions are
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
photochemical oxidants, air toxics
n a m e l y b e n ze n e , a l d e h y d e s ,
1-3 butadiene, lead, par�culate
ma�er, hydrocarbon, oxides of
sulphur and polycyclic aroma�c
hydrocarbons.
While the predominant pollutants in
petrol/ gasoline driven vehicles are
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide,
the predominant pollutants from the
diesel based vehicles are oxides of nitrogen and par�culates. As per studies by Central Pollu�on Control Board, vehicular
emissions are responsible for most of hydrocarbons (90-95%) and carbon monoxide (70-80%) emissions.
|< 18 19 >
Vehicular pollu�on control
Se�ng up of 421 pollu�on checking centers in the state under Motor Vehicle Act, 2009 to check the emission from all types of vehicles by Transport Dep�.
Implementa�on of Bharat Stage III fuel norms for passenger cars, heavy diesel vehicles and 2/3 wheelers (Sept. 2012)
Introduc�on of lead free petrol in Punjab since 2000
Promo�ng use of ba�ery operated vehicles
Promo�ng biofuels (5% blending of ethanol in gasoline)
Introduc�on of CNG as alterna�ve fuel for public transport including auto-rickshaw especially in Amritsar, Jalandhar and Ludhiana
Tree planta�on drives along all major roads throughout the state
Type CO
2.3
2.1
1.6
Passenger Cars
Heavy Diesel Vehicles
2/3 Wheelers
HC+ NOx
0.35 combined
-
1.0
HC
-
1.6
-
NOx
-
5.0
-
PM
-
0.10
-
Source: Jerath et al., 2014
Table 2.5 Emission norms under Bharat Stage III in Punjab (g / Km hr)
Figure 2.5 Vehicular popula�on of Punjab vis a vis other states/UTs of India (as on March, 2011)
Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Transport Research Wing), Govt. of India
Delhi; 5% Chandigarh UT; 1% Other UTs; 1% Andra Pradesh; 7% Bihar; 2%
Cha�sgarh; 2%
Goa; 1%
Gujarat; 9%
Haryana; 4%
HP; 0.5%
J & K; 1%
Jharkhand; 2%
Karnataka; 7%
Kerala; 4%
Madhya Pradesh5%Maharashtra; 12%
Orissa; 2%
Punjab; 4%
Rajasthan; 6%
Tamil Nadu; 11%
U�rakhand; 1%
U�ar Pradesh; 9%
West Bengal; 2%
North East States;2%
Air
Ph
oto
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dit
: D
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Sin
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to C
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it :
Dr.
Avt
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ingh
Ph
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: D
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gh
Pollu�on from agricultural ac�vi�es also
adversely affects the state's environment.
The state produces about 20 million tonnes of
rice straw and 17 million tonnes of wheat
straw every year, a part of which is burnt in
the fields to make way for the next crop.
Besides leading to loss of soil fer�lity, it
causes severe air pollu�on especially during
the months of October-November. The
smoke also impairs visibility which can cause
road accidents. Though LPG is the main
source of domes�c fuel in urban areas,
however, cow dung cakes and wood are s�ll
used in rural areas and slums. Further, since
the state faces acute power shortage
problem, use of diesel/kerosene gen-sets in
domes�c and commercial sector is rampant.
A policy for u�liza�on and management of
paddy straw is being formulated by State
Government to permanently address the
pollu�on hazard issue associated with open
field straw burning and to ensure good
returns to the farmers on their huge stock of
paddy straw by ensuring its op�mum u�liza�on
for power genera�on, as fuel and for other uses.
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Box 2.1 Air pollu�on from agricultural and domes�c prac�ces
|< 20 21 >
Table 2.6 Na�onal Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) sta�ons in Punjab
1. M/s Raj Steels2. M/s Modern Automo�ves3. M/s United Steel
1. AS Higher Secondary School2. Markfed
1. Milk Plant, Ferozepur Road2. M/s Nahar Spinning Mills3. Vishwakarma Chowk4. Zonal Office, PPCB
1. Regional Office, PPCB2. Focal Point3. Zonal Office, near M.C.Tubewell4. M/s G.K./Maltex Malsters
1. M/s Punjab Alkalies2. M/s Na�onal Fer�lizers Limited
1. C-PYTE Building
1. M/s Ceylone Industries2. Fire Brigade Office
1. M/s Winsome Yarn2. M/s PCPL
1. M/s Milk Plant
1. M/s Vinod Milk Chilling Centre 2. R.O, Focal Point
Industrial Industrial Residen�al/Commercial
Residen�alIndustrial
Residen�alIndustrial CommercialCommercial
Residen�alIndustrial CommercialIndustrial
Industrial Industrial
Industrial Commercial
Industrial Industrial
Industrial
Commercial Industrial
Mandi Gobindgarh
Khanna
Ludhiana
Jalandhar
Naya Nangal
Dera Baba Nanak
Pa�ala
Dera Bassi
Bathinda
Amritsar
City Loca�on of Sta�on Area TypeAir quality monitoring in Punjab
R e g u l a r m o n i t o r i n g o f
ambient air quality under
N a � o n a l A i r Q u a l i t y
Monitoring Program (NAMP)
by Punjab Pollu�on Control
Board (PPCB) at 23 loca�ons
for Sulfur dioxide (SO ) and 2
Nitrogen oxides (NO ) & X
R e s p i r a b l e S u s p e n d e d
Par�culate Ma�er (RSPM):
Residen�al/Commercial : 9
Industrial : 13
Trans Border effects : 1
Trans-border effects
Air
Pollu�on from agricultural ac�vi�es also
adversely affects the state's environment.
The state produces about 20 million tonnes of
rice straw and 17 million tonnes of wheat
straw every year, a part of which is burnt in
the fields to make way for the next crop.
Besides leading to loss of soil fer�lity, it
causes severe air pollu�on especially during
the months of October-November. The
smoke also impairs visibility which can cause
road accidents. Though LPG is the main
source of domes�c fuel in urban areas,
however, cow dung cakes and wood are s�ll
used in rural areas and slums. Further, since
the state faces acute power shortage
problem, use of diesel/kerosene gen-sets in
domes�c and commercial sector is rampant.
A policy for u�liza�on and management of
paddy straw is being formulated by State
Government to permanently address the
pollu�on hazard issue associated with open
field straw burning and to ensure good
returns to the farmers on their huge stock of
paddy straw by ensuring its op�mum u�liza�on
for power genera�on, as fuel and for other uses.
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Box 2.1 Air pollu�on from agricultural and domes�c prac�ces
|< 20 21 >
Table 2.6 Na�onal Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) sta�ons in Punjab
1. M/s Raj Steels2. M/s Modern Automo�ves3. M/s United Steel
1. AS Higher Secondary School2. Markfed
1. Milk Plant, Ferozepur Road2. M/s Nahar Spinning Mills3. Vishwakarma Chowk4. Zonal Office, PPCB
1. Regional Office, PPCB2. Focal Point3. Zonal Office, near M.C.Tubewell4. M/s G.K./Maltex Malsters
1. M/s Punjab Alkalies2. M/s Na�onal Fer�lizers Limited
1. C-PYTE Building
1. M/s Ceylone Industries2. Fire Brigade Office
1. M/s Winsome Yarn2. M/s PCPL
1. M/s Milk Plant
1. M/s Vinod Milk Chilling Centre 2. R.O, Focal Point
Industrial Industrial Residen�al/Commercial
Residen�alIndustrial
Residen�alIndustrial CommercialCommercial
Residen�alIndustrial CommercialIndustrial
Industrial Industrial
Industrial Commercial
Industrial Industrial
Industrial
Commercial Industrial
Mandi Gobindgarh
Khanna
Ludhiana
Jalandhar
Naya Nangal
Dera Baba Nanak
Pa�ala
Dera Bassi
Bathinda
Amritsar
City Loca�on of Sta�on Area TypeAir quality monitoring in Punjab
R e g u l a r m o n i t o r i n g o f
ambient air quality under
N a � o n a l A i r Q u a l i t y
Monitoring Program (NAMP)
by Punjab Pollu�on Control
Board (PPCB) at 23 loca�ons
for Sulfur dioxide (SO ) and 2
Nitrogen oxides (NO ) & X
R e s p i r a b l e S u s p e n d e d
Par�culate Ma�er (RSPM):
Residen�al/Commercial : 9
Industrial : 13
Trans Border effects : 1
Trans-border effects
Air
Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x
Fig. 2.6 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in industrial areas (2012)2 x
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 22 23 >
M1 M/s Winsome Yarn, Dera Bassi
M2 M/s PCPL, Dera Bassi
M3 M/s Raj Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh
M4 M/s Modern Automotives, Mandi Gobindgarh
M5 M/s National Fertilizers Limited, Nangal
M6 M/s Punjab Alkalies, Nangal
M7 M/s Milk Plant, Bathinda
M8 M/s Ceylone Industries, Patiala
M9 Focal Point, Jalandhar
M10 M/s G.K./ Maltex Malsters, Jalandhar
M11 M/s Nahar Spinning Mills, Ludhiana
M12 Markfed, Khanna
M13 R.O, Focal Point, Amritsar 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
Monitoring Stations
SO2 NO x RSPM
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Figure 2.7 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in residen�al & commercial areas (2012)2 x
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Monitoring Stations
SO 2 NOx RSPM
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
M1 Fire Brigade Office, Patiala
M2 M/s United Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh
M3 R.O, Jalandhar
M4 Z.O near MC Tubewell, Jalandhar
M5 Milk Plant, Ludhiana
M6 Z.O, Ludhiana
M7 Vishvakarma Chowk, Ludhiana
M8 A.S.Secondary School, Khanna
M9 Vinod Milk Chilling Centre, Amritsar
Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x
Figure 2.8 & 2.9 Trend in annual average concentra�on of RSPM in all monitoring sta�ons of Ludhiana & Mandi Gobindgarh
Source : PPCB, 20133Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit: 60g/m
226 224213
244261 251
234244 245
148 157
184
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Milk Plant Nahar Spininng Mills Vishwakarma Chowk Zonal Office
Monitoring Station
2010 2011 2012
229
200200200
232 234
203203203
230214
186
134
0
50
100
150
200
250
Raj Steels United Steels Modern Automotives
Monitoring Stations
2010 2011 2012
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
Figure 2.10 Air quality monitoring in major ci�es on Diwali night, 2010
427
291
591
464477
218
142
247
233730 22
37 4534
19 1023 29
16
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mandi Gobindgarh Patiala Jalandhar Ludhiana Amritsar
3V
alu
es
in
g
/m
SPM RSPM NO x SO2
3 3 3 3Permissible NAAQS 24 Hours Limit (SPM : 200g/m , RSPM : 100g/m , NO : 80 g/m , SO : 80g/m )x 2Source: PPCB, 2011
Air
Ludhiana Mandi Gobindgarh
Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x
Fig. 2.6 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in industrial areas (2012)2 x
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 22 23 >
M1 M/s Winsome Yarn, Dera Bassi
M2 M/s PCPL, Dera Bassi
M3 M/s Raj Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh
M4 M/s Modern Automotives, Mandi Gobindgarh
M5 M/s National Fertilizers Limited, Nangal
M6 M/s Punjab Alkalies, Nangal
M7 M/s Milk Plant, Bathinda
M8 M/s Ceylone Industries, Patiala
M9 Focal Point, Jalandhar
M10 M/s G.K./ Maltex Malsters, Jalandhar
M11 M/s Nahar Spinning Mills, Ludhiana
M12 Markfed, Khanna
M13 R.O, Focal Point, Amritsar 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
Monitoring Stations
SO2 NO x RSPM
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13
Figure 2.7 Annual averages of SO , NO and RSPM in residen�al & commercial areas (2012)2 x
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Monitoring Stations
SO 2 NOx RSPM
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
M1 Fire Brigade Office, Patiala
M2 M/s United Steels, Mandi Gobindgarh
M3 R.O, Jalandhar
M4 Z.O near MC Tubewell, Jalandhar
M5 Milk Plant, Ludhiana
M6 Z.O, Ludhiana
M7 Vishvakarma Chowk, Ludhiana
M8 A.S.Secondary School, Khanna
M9 Vinod Milk Chilling Centre, Amritsar
Source: PPCB. 2013Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit (SO : 50 g/m³, NO : 40 g/m³, RSPM: 60 g/m³)2 x
Figure 2.8 & 2.9 Trend in annual average concentra�on of RSPM in all monitoring sta�ons of Ludhiana & Mandi Gobindgarh
Source : PPCB, 20133Permissible NAAQS Annual Limit: 60g/m
226 224213
244261 251
234244 245
148 157
184
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Milk Plant Nahar Spininng Mills Vishwakarma Chowk Zonal Office
Monitoring Station
2010 2011 2012
229
200200200
232 234
203203203
230214
186
134
0
50
100
150
200
250
Raj Steels United Steels Modern Automotives
Monitoring Stations
2010 2011 2012
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
3A
nn
ua
l A
vg
. (
g/m
)
Figure 2.10 Air quality monitoring in major ci�es on Diwali night, 2010
427
291
591
464477
218
142
247
233730 22
37 4534
19 1023 29
16
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mandi Gobindgarh Patiala Jalandhar Ludhiana Amritsar
3V
alu
es
in
g
/m
SPM RSPM NO x SO2
3 3 3 3Permissible NAAQS 24 Hours Limit (SPM : 200g/m , RSPM : 100g/m , NO : 80 g/m , SO : 80g/m )x 2Source: PPCB, 2011
Air
Ludhiana Mandi Gobindgarh
Box 2.2 Consultancy cell at Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCST)
Beside puni�ve ac�ons the government has also adopted the policy of persuasion and technical guidance to industries. A Consultancy Cell has been set up in PSCST to provide consultancy to SMEs. The Consultancy Cell develops, demonstrates & promotes low cost environment friendly technologies for pollu�on control & energy conserva�on. It has prepared process packages for important small scale industries in Punjab such as brick kilns, rice shellers, cupola furnaces, induc�on furnaces & rolling mills. Energy efficiency and pollu�on control techniques suggested by PSCST in different air pollu�ng industries are as under:
Air
10-15% of coal savings
On site training programme for re-rolling mills at Mandi GobindgarhOn site training programme for re-rolling mills at Mandi GobindgarhOn site training programme for re-rolling mills at Mandi Gobindgarh Cupola Furnace
ss
s
Reduc�on in scale loss
WATER3
ater is vital for all life forms on earth. Though it is an abundant Wand renewable natural resource, yet only 2.7% of global water is available as fresh water, and of this, only 30% is available to meet the water demand of mankind and livestock.
Punjab, as the name suggests, is the land of five rivers. It is endowed with good quality surface water resources through rivers and streams, as well as, underground water reservoirs. However, demand of water is growing in agriculture, domestic, industrial and commercial sectors with growing population and their needs, leading to over- exploitation of water resources.
"Water is the driving force of all nature" - Leonardo da Vinci
Water State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Surface Water
Major rivers (perennial) of Punjab with a water poten�al of about 14.54 Million Acre Feet(MAF):
• Sutlej
• Beas
• Ravi
• Ghagger (seasonal)
14,500 kms long canal network with six major canals and about 1,00,000 km water courses with total Culturalable Command Area of 30.88 Lacs hectares :
• Upper Bari Doab Canal
• Bist Doab Canal
• Sirhind Canal
• Bhakra Main Canal
• Bikaner Canal
• Ferozepur Canal
8000 kms long drainage network :
• White Bein (East Bein)
• Kali Bein (West Bein)
• Sakki Nallah
• Kiran Nallah
• Buddha Nallah
• Siswan Nadi
• Pa�ala Nadi
• Jallalabad Drain
• Numerous choes (Shiwalik / Kandi Area)
21 Wetlands covering an area 155.78 sq. km
(0.30 % TGA of state):
• 12 natural wetlands
• 9 man-made wetlands including 3 Ramsar sites
i.e Harike, Ropar and Kanji and 2 Na�onal
wetlands i.e. Nangal and Ranjit Sagar
4952 village ponds :
• 1821 ponds with an area more than 2.5 ha each
• 3113 ponds with an area less than 2.5 ha each
|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >
Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Gurdaspur
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. O
nka
r Si
ngh
Brr
aich
Water State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Surface Water
Major rivers (perennial) of Punjab with a water poten�al of about 14.54 Million Acre Feet(MAF):
• Sutlej
• Beas
• Ravi
• Ghagger (seasonal)
14,500 kms long canal network with six major canals and about 1,00,000 km water courses with total Culturalable Command Area of 30.88 Lacs hectares :
• Upper Bari Doab Canal
• Bist Doab Canal
• Sirhind Canal
• Bhakra Main Canal
• Bikaner Canal
• Ferozepur Canal
8000 kms long drainage network :
• White Bein (East Bein)
• Kali Bein (West Bein)
• Sakki Nallah
• Kiran Nallah
• Buddha Nallah
• Siswan Nadi
• Pa�ala Nadi
• Jallalabad Drain
• Numerous choes (Shiwalik / Kandi Area)
21 Wetlands covering an area 155.78 sq. km
(0.30 % TGA of state):
• 12 natural wetlands
• 9 man-made wetlands including 3 Ramsar sites
i.e Harike, Ropar and Kanji and 2 Na�onal
wetlands i.e. Nangal and Ranjit Sagar
4952 village ponds :
• 1821 ponds with an area more than 2.5 ha each
• 3113 ponds with an area less than 2.5 ha each
|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >|< 26 27 >
Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Gurdaspur
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. O
nka
r Si
ngh
Brr
aich
Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana
Map 3.2 Drainage Network of PunjabMap 3.1 Canal Network of Punjab
Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana
|< 28 29 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Legend
MAIN CANAL
BRANCH CANAL
DISTRIBUTORY CANAL
Legend
PERENNIAL
DRY
Water
Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana
Map 3.2 Drainage Network of PunjabMap 3.1 Canal Network of Punjab
Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana
|< 28 29 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Legend
MAIN CANAL
BRANCH CANAL
DISTRIBUTORY CANAL
Legend
PERENNIAL
DRY
Water
|< 30 31 >
12622
14500
11192
5264
18500
8200
1150012455
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
Capacity (cusecs)
1408
3027
0
2500
5000
Bhakra M
ain Li
ne
Figure 3.1 Major Canals in Punjab
Source: Department of Irriga�on, Punjab, 2014
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
S.No. Name of Wetland Nearest town DistrictArea
(sq. km)Status
A.
Natural Wetlands
1 Jastarwal Jheel Jastarwal / Ajnala Amritsar 0.55 Permanent
2
Aliwal Kotli
Aliwal / Ajnala
Amritsar
0.10
Permanent
3
Bareta
Bareta
Mansa
0.20
Seasonal
4
Kahnuwan
Chhamb
Kahnuwan / Man Chopra / Chhawarian Banghar
Gurdaspur
1.28
Permanent
5
Keshopur –
Miani Jheel
Keshopur
Miani
Jhamela
Gurdaspur
4.08
Permanent
6
Mand
Bharthala
Bharthala
S.B.S. Nagar
0.61
Permanent
7
Narayangarh –
Terkiana
Terkiana/ Dasuya
Hoshiarpur
0.82
Permanent
8
Sital Sagar
Mansar
Hoshiarpur
*
Permanent
9
Rababsar
Bharowana
Kapurthala
0.41
Temporary
10
Lobana
Patiala
Patiala
0.11
Temporary
11
Lahail
Kalan
Lehail
Sangrur
0.20
Temporary
12
Gobindgarh
Khokhar
Gobindgarh
Khokhar
Sangrur
0.08
Temporary
B. Manmade Wetlands
1
Harike Lake
Harike
Tarn Taran,
Kapurthala,
Ferozepur
41.0
Ramsar Site
2 Kanjli Lake Kanjli Kapurthala 0.44 Ramsar Site
3 Ropar Lake Rupnagar Rupnagar 13.65 Ramsar Site
4Hussainiwala
ReservoirFerozepur Ferozepur 6.88
Nominated for recognition
as National Wetland
5 Ranjit Sagar ShahpurKandi Gurdaspur 32.64 National Wetland
6 Dholbaha Dam Dholbaba Hoshiarpur 13.2 Earth lled dam
7 Maili Dam Maili Hoshiarpur 0.72 -
8 Mangrowal Dam Mangrowal Hoshiarpur 0.70 -
9 Nangal Lake Nangal Rupnagar 4.0 National Wetland
Source: Jerath et al., 2014Abohar Canal at Sudhar, Dis�. Ludhiana
Water
Table 3.1 Wetlands of Punjab
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Migratory Birds at Harike Wetland
Rajast
han Feeder
|< 30 31 >
12622
14500
11192
5264
18500
8200
1150012455
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
Capacity (cusecs)
1408
3027
0
2500
5000
Bhakra M
ain Li
ne
Figure 3.1 Major Canals in Punjab
Source: Department of Irriga�on, Punjab, 2014
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
S.No. Name of Wetland Nearest town DistrictArea
(sq. km)Status
A.
Natural Wetlands
1 Jastarwal Jheel Jastarwal / Ajnala Amritsar 0.55 Permanent
2
Aliwal Kotli
Aliwal / Ajnala
Amritsar
0.10
Permanent
3
Bareta
Bareta
Mansa
0.20
Seasonal
4
Kahnuwan
Chhamb
Kahnuwan / Man Chopra / Chhawarian Banghar
Gurdaspur
1.28
Permanent
5
Keshopur –
Miani Jheel
Keshopur
Miani
Jhamela
Gurdaspur
4.08
Permanent
6
Mand
Bharthala
Bharthala
S.B.S. Nagar
0.61
Permanent
7
Narayangarh –
Terkiana
Terkiana/ Dasuya
Hoshiarpur
0.82
Permanent
8
Sital Sagar
Mansar
Hoshiarpur
*
Permanent
9
Rababsar
Bharowana
Kapurthala
0.41
Temporary
10
Lobana
Patiala
Patiala
0.11
Temporary
11
Lahail
Kalan
Lehail
Sangrur
0.20
Temporary
12
Gobindgarh
Khokhar
Gobindgarh
Khokhar
Sangrur
0.08
Temporary
B. Manmade Wetlands
1
Harike Lake
Harike
Tarn Taran,
Kapurthala,
Ferozepur
41.0
Ramsar Site
2 Kanjli Lake Kanjli Kapurthala 0.44 Ramsar Site
3 Ropar Lake Rupnagar Rupnagar 13.65 Ramsar Site
4Hussainiwala
ReservoirFerozepur Ferozepur 6.88
Nominated for recognition
as National Wetland
5 Ranjit Sagar ShahpurKandi Gurdaspur 32.64 National Wetland
6 Dholbaha Dam Dholbaba Hoshiarpur 13.2 Earth lled dam
7 Maili Dam Maili Hoshiarpur 0.72 -
8 Mangrowal Dam Mangrowal Hoshiarpur 0.70 -
9 Nangal Lake Nangal Rupnagar 4.0 National Wetland
Source: Jerath et al., 2014Abohar Canal at Sudhar, Dis�. Ludhiana
Water
Table 3.1 Wetlands of Punjab
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Migratory Birds at Harike Wetland
Rajast
han Feeder
Ground Water
The total annual ground water r e s o u r c e s i n t h e s t a t e a r e es�mated to be about 20.35 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM). Agriculture sector is the largest consumer of water for irriga�on purposes. The dominance of rice and wheat cropping pa�ern over the years has led to overexploita�on of ground water resul�ng in rapid decline of water table in the en�re state (except south western part). The ground water is also a major source of drinking water. As per the guidel ines of Ground Water Resources Es�ma�on Commi�ee (GEC), the present ground water development (ra�o of gross ground water dra� for all uses to net ground water availability) in the state is 170% with an annual deficit of 14.31 BCM as on March 2009. (Source : Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009). The defic i t i s met through over exploita�on of under ground water reserves through tube-wells. The number of tube-wells in the state has increased from 3 Lakhs in 1975 to 13.8 Lakh in 2011.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Net Annual Availability
Annual Ground Water Dra�
Annual Groud Water Deficit
20.35
34.66
14.31
Gro
un
d W
ater
(B
CM
)
Figure 3.2 Status of Ground Water Resources of Punjab
Source: Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11
Are
a (0
00
ha)
Canals Tubwells Other Source Total Irrigated Area
Figure 3.3 Net Irrigated Area by different sources in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 3.4 Categoriza�on of Blocks in Punjab based on Ground Water Development
Source: CGWB, 2009Over exploited: Exploita�on > 100%,
Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 90% ≤100%,
Semi Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 70% ≤ 90%,
Safe: Exploita�on ≤70%.
Figure 3.5 Increase/Decrease in number of various categories of blocks in Punjab
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1984 1986 1989 1992 1999 2004 2009
Nu
mb
er
of
Blo
cks
Dark/Over exploited Dark/ Cri�cal
Grey/ Semi Cri�cal White/Safe
Source: Tiwana et al., 2007 and CGWB, 2009
|< 32 33 >
110
32
23
Over Exploited Cri�cal Semi Cri�cal Safe
Water
Ground Water
The total annual ground water r e s o u r c e s i n t h e s t a t e a r e es�mated to be about 20.35 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM). Agriculture sector is the largest consumer of water for irriga�on purposes. The dominance of rice and wheat cropping pa�ern over the years has led to overexploita�on of ground water resul�ng in rapid decline of water table in the en�re state (except south western part). The ground water is also a major source of drinking water. As per the guidel ines of Ground Water Resources Es�ma�on Commi�ee (GEC), the present ground water development (ra�o of gross ground water dra� for all uses to net ground water availability) in the state is 170% with an annual deficit of 14.31 BCM as on March 2009. (Source : Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009). The defic i t i s met through over exploita�on of under ground water reserves through tube-wells. The number of tube-wells in the state has increased from 3 Lakhs in 1975 to 13.8 Lakh in 2011.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Net Annual Availability
Annual Ground Water Dra�
Annual Groud Water Deficit
20.35
34.66
14.31
Gro
un
d W
ater
(B
CM
)
Figure 3.2 Status of Ground Water Resources of Punjab
Source: Central Ground Water Board, Chandigarh, 2009
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11
Are
a (0
00
ha)
Canals Tubwells Other Source Total Irrigated Area
Figure 3.3 Net Irrigated Area by different sources in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 3.4 Categoriza�on of Blocks in Punjab based on Ground Water Development
Source: CGWB, 2009Over exploited: Exploita�on > 100%,
Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 90% ≤100%,
Semi Cri�cal: Exploita�on > 70% ≤ 90%,
Safe: Exploita�on ≤70%.
Figure 3.5 Increase/Decrease in number of various categories of blocks in Punjab
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1984 1986 1989 1992 1999 2004 2009
Nu
mb
er
of
Blo
cks
Dark/Over exploited Dark/ Cri�cal
Grey/ Semi Cri�cal White/Safe
Source: Tiwana et al., 2007 and CGWB, 2009
|< 32 33 >
110
32
23
Over Exploited Cri�cal Semi Cri�cal Safe
Water
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
The gravity of the situa�on can
be gauged from the fact that
ground water in 80% of total
geographical area of the state
(110 blocks) is over exploited in
terms of stage of ground water
development, as exploita�on in
these blocks is more than 100
percent, 3% area of the state
(5 blocks) is under the category
of cri�cal and semi cri�cal
category and only 17 % area (23
Blocks) of the state is safe for
ground water development.
Data indicates that the number
of dark/over exploited blocks
have sharply escalated during
the period 1992 to 2009.
Decline in Water Table
The use of ground water in excess of recharge is leading to fall in water table. As per Jain, 2013, the water table has receded at
an average annual rate of 0.70 metre(m) all across the state between 2008-12 with a range of water table decline from 0.10
m to 4.0 m. The situa�on has reached alarming propor�ons in central Punjab. Out of 73 blocks of central Punjab, the water
table has gone down beyond 20 m depth in 34 blocks. The cumula�ve fall in ground water in central Punjab during last three
decades is more than 9 m. Sangrur and Pa�ala are worst affected districts. However, water table is rising in some south
western parts of the state, where water extrac�on for irriga�on purposes is limited due to its brackish and saline quality. In
2012, the Central Ground Water Authority no�fied 45 blocks in the state for restric�ng and banning the construc�on of new
structures for extrac�on of ground water for any use other than drinking.
Figure 3.6 Decline in water table in Punjab
0.2
0.9
0.7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1986-2000 2000-2008 2008-2012
Fall
in
wate
r ta
ble
(m
)
Source: Jain, 2013
Figure 3.7 Area under different water table depths in Punjab
Ground Water QualityGround Water Quality in Punjab varies in different zones of the state. It has been grouped into three categories i.e. good, marginal and poor based upon the varia�on in Electrical Conduc�vity (EC) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) Values. For good quality of Ground water, RSC shall be below 2.5me/L & EC below 2.00dS/m. Quality of ground water in the state changes from good to poor from North to South/South West. The ground water in South Western district of Punjab namely, Mansa, Bathinda, Muktsar, Ferozepur and Faridkot contain varying concentra�ons of soluble salts and its use for irriga�on adversely affects agricultural produc�on. (Source: Directorate of Water Resources & Environment, Punjab).
Good Quality Ground Water This category of ground water occupies about 51% of total
geographical area of the state. The good quality ground water is present along the flood plains of Sutluj, Beas, Ravi and Ghaggar rivers and also in the vicinity of major canals due to recharge of ground water aquifer with fresh water. Upper Bari Doab plains and Doab belt has maximum area of good quality water.
Marginal Quality Ground Waters Marginal Quality Ground Waters occupy 37% area of
the state. Water under this category is saline, sodic or both. The extent of marginal quality ground waters is highest in the south-western zone.
Poor Quality Ground Water
This category occupies nearly 6% area of the state.
These waters are unsuitable for irriga�on due to high
EC or high RSC or both. The poor quality waters are
present in South-West zone and Satluj-Ghaggar plains.
The con�nuous use of poor quality water renders the
soils unproduc�ve or barren over a period of �me.
|< 34 35 >
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Are
a (L
akh
ha)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009
0-3 m
3-10 m
10-20 m
>20 m
Source: Jain, 2013
Water
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
The gravity of the situa�on can
be gauged from the fact that
ground water in 80% of total
geographical area of the state
(110 blocks) is over exploited in
terms of stage of ground water
development, as exploita�on in
these blocks is more than 100
percent, 3% area of the state
(5 blocks) is under the category
of cri�cal and semi cri�cal
category and only 17 % area (23
Blocks) of the state is safe for
ground water development.
Data indicates that the number
of dark/over exploited blocks
have sharply escalated during
the period 1992 to 2009.
Decline in Water Table
The use of ground water in excess of recharge is leading to fall in water table. As per Jain, 2013, the water table has receded at
an average annual rate of 0.70 metre(m) all across the state between 2008-12 with a range of water table decline from 0.10
m to 4.0 m. The situa�on has reached alarming propor�ons in central Punjab. Out of 73 blocks of central Punjab, the water
table has gone down beyond 20 m depth in 34 blocks. The cumula�ve fall in ground water in central Punjab during last three
decades is more than 9 m. Sangrur and Pa�ala are worst affected districts. However, water table is rising in some south
western parts of the state, where water extrac�on for irriga�on purposes is limited due to its brackish and saline quality. In
2012, the Central Ground Water Authority no�fied 45 blocks in the state for restric�ng and banning the construc�on of new
structures for extrac�on of ground water for any use other than drinking.
Figure 3.6 Decline in water table in Punjab
0.2
0.9
0.7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1986-2000 2000-2008 2008-2012
Fall
in
wate
r ta
ble
(m
)
Source: Jain, 2013
Figure 3.7 Area under different water table depths in Punjab
Ground Water QualityGround Water Quality in Punjab varies in different zones of the state. It has been grouped into three categories i.e. good, marginal and poor based upon the varia�on in Electrical Conduc�vity (EC) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) Values. For good quality of Ground water, RSC shall be below 2.5me/L & EC below 2.00dS/m. Quality of ground water in the state changes from good to poor from North to South/South West. The ground water in South Western district of Punjab namely, Mansa, Bathinda, Muktsar, Ferozepur and Faridkot contain varying concentra�ons of soluble salts and its use for irriga�on adversely affects agricultural produc�on. (Source: Directorate of Water Resources & Environment, Punjab).
Good Quality Ground Water This category of ground water occupies about 51% of total
geographical area of the state. The good quality ground water is present along the flood plains of Sutluj, Beas, Ravi and Ghaggar rivers and also in the vicinity of major canals due to recharge of ground water aquifer with fresh water. Upper Bari Doab plains and Doab belt has maximum area of good quality water.
Marginal Quality Ground Waters Marginal Quality Ground Waters occupy 37% area of
the state. Water under this category is saline, sodic or both. The extent of marginal quality ground waters is highest in the south-western zone.
Poor Quality Ground Water
This category occupies nearly 6% area of the state.
These waters are unsuitable for irriga�on due to high
EC or high RSC or both. The poor quality waters are
present in South-West zone and Satluj-Ghaggar plains.
The con�nuous use of poor quality water renders the
soils unproduc�ve or barren over a period of �me.
|< 34 35 >
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Are
a (L
akh
ha)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009
0-3 m
3-10 m
10-20 m
>20 m
Source: Jain, 2013
Water
Map 3.3 Depth of water table in June, 2010
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Water logged area 200,000 ha
Salinity (EC > 3000 µS/cm at 25 ° C) Ferozepur, Faridkot, Bathinda, Mansa, Muktsar, Sangrur(Area ~1 million ha)
Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Amritsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, Pa�ala, Sangrur
Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) Ferozepur, Muktsar
Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Mansa, Rupnagar, Sangrur
Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, S.B.S. Nagar, Pa�ala, Rupnagar, Sangrur
Source: Jerath et al., 2014
Table 3.2 Ground water problems in Punjab
Surface water quality
Water quality in the aqua�c
ecosystems of Punjab is being
monitored by the Punjab
Pollu�on Control Board at 37
loca�ons on the rivers Sutlej,
Beas, Ravi and Ghagger. The
monitoring is being carried out
under the MINARS scheme of
CPCB. At each monitoring
loca�on, samples are collected
every quarter (in the months of
J a n u a r y, A p r i l , J u l y a n d
October) and analysed for
physico-chemical parameters.
The river wise data is as under:
River Satluj
Monitoring sta�ons : 15
Figure 3.8 Annual average concentra�ons of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Bio-Chemical Oxygen demand (BOD) in river Sutlej, 2011-12
8
10
12
14
16
mg
/L
0
2
4
6
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15
mg
/L
Monitoring stations
DO BOD
S1: 100m Upstream Nangal HeadworksS2: 100m Downstream (d/s) of NFLS3: d/s of NFLS4: d/s KiratpurS5: Sutlej at upstream (u/s) RoparS6: 1km d/s M/s Rishabh PapersS7: Sutlej u/s Budha NallahS8: Sutlej at 100m d/s Budha Nallah ConfluenceS9: At Boat Bridge, Dharamkot-Nakodar RoadS10: Sutlej at d/s East BeinS11: Sutlej at Bridge Harike S12: Harike LakeS13: Rajasthan Feeder canal at HarikeS14: Hussainiwala HeadworksS15: d/s Hussainiwala Headworks
Source: PPCB, 2013
|< 36 37 >
Sou
rce
: Gro
un
d w
ate
r ce
ll, D
epa
rtm
ent
of
Ag
ricu
ltu
re, P
un
jab
INDEXDEPTH TO WATER TABLE CONTOURSBELOW GROUND LEVEL IN METRES
DEPTH TO WATER TABLE B.G.L. UPTO 1.5M1.5 To 3MDO
3 To 5 ’’’’5 To 7 ’’’’
7 To 10 ’’’’10 To 13 ’’’’13 To 15 ’’’’15 To 18 ’’’’18 To 20 ’’’’20 To 30 ’’’’
Above 30 ’’’’
REFERENCES1. INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY2. STATE BOUNDARY3. DISTRICT BOUNDARY / HQ4. TEHSIL BOUNDARY / HQ5. BLOCK BOUNDARY / HQ6. UNION TERRITORY BOUNDARY7. HILLY AREA8. RIVER
Water
Map 3.3 Depth of water table in June, 2010
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Water logged area 200,000 ha
Salinity (EC > 3000 µS/cm at 25 ° C) Ferozepur, Faridkot, Bathinda, Mansa, Muktsar, Sangrur(Area ~1 million ha)
Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Amritsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, Pa�ala, Sangrur
Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) Ferozepur, Muktsar
Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Mansa, Rupnagar, Sangrur
Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Mansa, Moga, Muktsar, S.B.S. Nagar, Pa�ala, Rupnagar, Sangrur
Source: Jerath et al., 2014
Table 3.2 Ground water problems in Punjab
Surface water quality
Water quality in the aqua�c
ecosystems of Punjab is being
monitored by the Punjab
Pollu�on Control Board at 37
loca�ons on the rivers Sutlej,
Beas, Ravi and Ghagger. The
monitoring is being carried out
under the MINARS scheme of
CPCB. At each monitoring
loca�on, samples are collected
every quarter (in the months of
J a n u a r y, A p r i l , J u l y a n d
October) and analysed for
physico-chemical parameters.
The river wise data is as under:
River Satluj
Monitoring sta�ons : 15
Figure 3.8 Annual average concentra�ons of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Bio-Chemical Oxygen demand (BOD) in river Sutlej, 2011-12
8
10
12
14
16
mg
/L
0
2
4
6
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15
mg
/L
Monitoring stations
DO BOD
S1: 100m Upstream Nangal HeadworksS2: 100m Downstream (d/s) of NFLS3: d/s of NFLS4: d/s KiratpurS5: Sutlej at upstream (u/s) RoparS6: 1km d/s M/s Rishabh PapersS7: Sutlej u/s Budha NallahS8: Sutlej at 100m d/s Budha Nallah ConfluenceS9: At Boat Bridge, Dharamkot-Nakodar RoadS10: Sutlej at d/s East BeinS11: Sutlej at Bridge Harike S12: Harike LakeS13: Rajasthan Feeder canal at HarikeS14: Hussainiwala HeadworksS15: d/s Hussainiwala Headworks
Source: PPCB, 2013
|< 36 37 >
Sou
rce
: Gro
un
d w
ate
r ce
ll, D
epa
rtm
ent
of
Ag
ricu
ltu
re, P
un
jab
INDEXDEPTH TO WATER TABLE CONTOURSBELOW GROUND LEVEL IN METRES
DEPTH TO WATER TABLE B.G.L. UPTO 1.5M1.5 To 3MDO
3 To 5 ’’’’5 To 7 ’’’’
7 To 10 ’’’’10 To 13 ’’’’13 To 15 ’’’’15 To 18 ’’’’18 To 20 ’’’’20 To 30 ’’’’
Above 30 ’’’’
REFERENCES1. INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY2. STATE BOUNDARY3. DISTRICT BOUNDARY / HQ4. TEHSIL BOUNDARY / HQ5. BLOCK BOUNDARY / HQ6. UNION TERRITORY BOUNDARY7. HILLY AREA8. RIVER
Water
River Beas
Monitoring sta�ons : 9
Figure 3.9 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Beas, 2011-12
5
6
7
8
9
mg
/L0
1
2
3
4
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9
Monitoring Stations
DO BOD
Source: PPCB, 2013
River Ravi
Monitoring sta�ons : 1
B1: Talwara Head WorksB2: u/s PathankotB3: d/s Pathankot B4: At Mirthal bridgeB5: 1km d/s of industrial discharge point at MukerianB6: Bridge near KapurtahlaB7: u/s GoindwalB8: At 100m d/s industrial discharge point, GoindwalB9: At Harike
Figure 3.10 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ravi, 2011-12
4
5
6
7
8
mg
/L
0
1
2
3
4
DO BOD
Monitoring Station R1
R-1: Madhopur Headworks
Source: PPCB, 2013
River Ghagger
Monitoring sta�ons : 12
Figure 3.11 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ghagger, 2011-12
Source: PPCB, 2013
Harike Wetland
Monitoring sta�ons : 3
Figure 3.12 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in Harike, 2010-11
G1: Ghaggar at Guest House, MubarakpurG2: Near BhankarpurG3: Upstream Jharmil NadiG4: Downstream Jharmil NadiG5: Downstream Cha�birG6: Upstream Dhakansu NallahG7: Downstream Dhakansu NallahG8: At Ra�anheri d/s Pa�ala Nadi a�er confluenceG9: At KhanauriG10: At MoonakG11: u/s SardulgarhG12: d/s Sardulgarh
HS1: Sutlej at HarikeHB1: Beas at Harike LakeHS1+HB1: Harike d/s from canal
Source: PPCB, 2013
20
25
30
35
mg
/L
0
5
10
15
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12
mg
/L
Monitoring Stations
DO BOD
4
5
6
7
8
mg
/L
0
1
2
3
HS1 HB1 HS1/ HB1
mg
/L
Monitoring Stations
DO BOD
|< 38 39 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Water
River Beas
Monitoring sta�ons : 9
Figure 3.9 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Beas, 2011-12
5
6
7
8
9
mg
/L
0
1
2
3
4
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9
Monitoring Stations
DO BOD
Source: PPCB, 2013
River Ravi
Monitoring sta�ons : 1
B1: Talwara Head WorksB2: u/s PathankotB3: d/s Pathankot B4: At Mirthal bridgeB5: 1km d/s of industrial discharge point at MukerianB6: Bridge near KapurtahlaB7: u/s GoindwalB8: At 100m d/s industrial discharge point, GoindwalB9: At Harike
Figure 3.10 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ravi, 2011-12
4
5
6
7
8
mg
/L
0
1
2
3
4
DO BOD
Monitoring Station R1
R-1: Madhopur Headworks
Source: PPCB, 2013
River Ghagger
Monitoring sta�ons : 12
Figure 3.11 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in river Ghagger, 2011-12
Source: PPCB, 2013
Harike Wetland
Monitoring sta�ons : 3
Figure 3.12 Annual average concentra�ons of DO and BOD in Harike, 2010-11
G1: Ghaggar at Guest House, MubarakpurG2: Near BhankarpurG3: Upstream Jharmil NadiG4: Downstream Jharmil NadiG5: Downstream Cha�birG6: Upstream Dhakansu NallahG7: Downstream Dhakansu NallahG8: At Ra�anheri d/s Pa�ala Nadi a�er confluenceG9: At KhanauriG10: At MoonakG11: u/s SardulgarhG12: d/s Sardulgarh
HS1: Sutlej at HarikeHB1: Beas at Harike LakeHS1+HB1: Harike d/s from canal
Source: PPCB, 2013
20
25
30
35
mg
/L0
5
10
15
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12m
g/L
Monitoring Stations
DO BOD
4
5
6
7
8
mg
/L
0
1
2
3
HS1 HB1 HS1/ HB1
mg
/L
Monitoring Stations
DO BOD
|< 38 39 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Water
During the past two decades, rapid increase in popula�on, urbaniza�on, industrializa�on and agricultural prac�ces have
heavily polluted the surface water resources of Punjab, both in physicochemical and biological terms by one or more of the
following ways:
Direct point sources: Transfer of pollutants from industrial and municipal waste water disposal sites and refuse.
Diffuse agricultural sources: Run off and soil erosion from agricultural lands carrying chemical fer�lisers, herbicides and
pes�cides.
ETP = Effluent Treatment Plant* This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only. **Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and does not include the figures of Regional Office, S.A.S. Nagar.
Access to Safe Drinking Water
Punjab tops the chart among Indian states in the availability of safe drinking water to 97.6% households, which is significantly
high as compared to the na�onal average of 77.9% (Source : Census of India, 2011). The water is sourced from canals,
tube wells, percola�on wells and hand pumps. The water supply in urban areas has so far covered 88 urban centres (ci�es
and towns) and reached 103.87 lakh popula�on or 88% of the total urban popula�on. Water is supplied through 11868 kms
network of pipes, 1972 tube wells and through 354 overhead storage reservoirs (Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage
Board).
Punjab has made great strides in making drinking water available to its popula�on. However, accessibility of safe drinking
water is s�ll an issue especially in south western districts.
Large and Medium
(No. of Units) Small Scale Industries
(No. of Units) Category wise (No. of Units)
Year With ETP
Without ETP
With ETP Without
ETP Red Orange Green
2002-03 386 1 1847 751 7989 - 4916
2008-09 353 1 2101 96 8804 - 7868
2009-10 456 - 3200 106 12238 - 9289
2010-11 496 - 3558 41 12971 19* 83*
2011-12 460 2 3013 37 11256 673 5852**
Source: PPCB, 2013
Table 3.3 Water Pollu�ng Industries in the State of Punjab
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Challenges of Water sector
• Ever Increasing demand
• Deple�on of ground water
• Canal efficiency below their designated capacity
• Deteriora�on of water quality
• Water logging in South-Western districts
• Potable drinking water accessibility in SW districts
|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >
Water
During the past two decades, rapid increase in popula�on, urbaniza�on, industrializa�on and agricultural prac�ces have
heavily polluted the surface water resources of Punjab, both in physicochemical and biological terms by one or more of the
following ways:
Direct point sources: Transfer of pollutants from industrial and municipal waste water disposal sites and refuse.
Diffuse agricultural sources: Run off and soil erosion from agricultural lands carrying chemical fer�lisers, herbicides and
pes�cides.
ETP = Effluent Treatment Plant* This informa�on is for large and medium scale industries only. **Informa�on is for opera�ng units in the State and does not include the figures of Regional Office, S.A.S. Nagar.
Access to Safe Drinking Water
Punjab tops the chart among Indian states in the availability of safe drinking water to 97.6% households, which is significantly
high as compared to the na�onal average of 77.9% (Source : Census of India, 2011). The water is sourced from canals,
tube wells, percola�on wells and hand pumps. The water supply in urban areas has so far covered 88 urban centres (ci�es
and towns) and reached 103.87 lakh popula�on or 88% of the total urban popula�on. Water is supplied through 11868 kms
network of pipes, 1972 tube wells and through 354 overhead storage reservoirs (Source: Punjab Water Supply and Sewerage
Board).
Punjab has made great strides in making drinking water available to its popula�on. However, accessibility of safe drinking
water is s�ll an issue especially in south western districts.
Large and Medium
(No. of Units) Small Scale Industries
(No. of Units) Category wise (No. of Units)
Year With ETP
Without ETP
With ETP Without
ETP Red Orange Green
2002-03 386 1 1847 751 7989 - 4916
2008-09 353 1 2101 96 8804 - 7868
2009-10 456 - 3200 106 12238 - 9289
2010-11 496 - 3558 41 12971 19* 83*
2011-12 460 2 3013 37 11256 673 5852**
Source: PPCB, 2013
Table 3.3 Water Pollu�ng Industries in the State of Punjab
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Challenges of Water sector
• Ever Increasing demand
• Deple�on of ground water
• Canal efficiency below their designated capacity
• Deteriora�on of water quality
• Water logging in South-Western districts
• Potable drinking water accessibility in SW districts
|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >|< 40 41 >
Water
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Surface water
Ground water
Punjab Pollu�on Control Board
Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment
Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment
Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
Department of Irriga�on
Department of Public Health
Department of Water Supply and Sanita�on
Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board
Department of Rural Development & Panchayats
Water Management and Distribu�on
Regula�on
Water Resources and Environment
Department of Water supply and Sanita�on
Department of Agriculture
Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board
Promo�on of new technologies
Ins�tu�ons Managing Water In Punjab
The three key elements of water management include (i) water source crea�on/augmenta�on and distribu�on,
(ii) Regula�on – which implies implementa�on of laws and monitoring and (iii) Promo�on of new technologies for
water conserva�on and improving water quality. These func�ons are carried out by various departments of the Punjab
government
Major Ini�a�ves for Management of Water Resources Irriga�on • Accelerated Irriga�on Benefit Programme (75%) • Command Area Development and Water Management Programme • Par�cipatory Irriga�on Management Programme • NABARD assistance for lining of Abohar and Bhakra main line canals • Project to rehabilitate ponds in all villages of the state • Project for moderniza�on, remodeling, renova�on and extension of canals, deep tube wells, lining of water courses,
cleaning of head works, repairing of gates, etc. Drinking water and Sewerage • Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme • Rajiv Gandhi Na�onal Drinking Water Mission • Swajal Dhara Programme • Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme • Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanita�on Project • NABARD assistance for drinking water supply to NC Rural habitats • Rejuvena�on of Drinking Water Supply Schemes including the Opera�on and Maintenance (O&M) of the completed
rural water supply schemes • Abatement of Pollu�on of rivers Satluj and Beas • Water supply and sewerage schemes for religious towns • Rehabilita�on of exis�ng sewerage system in walled city area of Amritsar • Water supply under UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for small and Medium Towns) • Sewage Treatment Plant for Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Phagwara under JNNURM • Water supply/ sewerage/storm water drainage under JNNURM for Gidderbaha, Pa�, Amritsar, Tarn Taran and
Talwandi Sabo. Pollu�on Control • Na�onal River Conserva�on Programme • Surface Water monitoring under the MINAR scheme • Waste water pollu�on control Programme. • PPCB advices, guides, encourages, persuades & helps the industry in pu�ng up effluent treatment plants (ETPs) to
control and reduce pollu�on. • Water Quality Monitoring Programme Wetland Management • Conserva�on measures at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal Wetlands • Conserva�on & management of state wetlands Control of floods and Water logging • Flood Management Programme • Flash flood control Programme • NABARD scheme for construc�on of subsurface drainage
|< 42 43 >
Water
Central Ground Water Board
Department of Agriculture
Department of Industry
Punjab Agricultural University
Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on
Department of Hor�culture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Surface water
Ground water
Punjab Pollu�on Control Board
Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment
Dep�. of Science, Technology & Environment
Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
Department of Irriga�on
Department of Public Health
Department of Water Supply and Sanita�on
Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board
Department of Rural Development & Panchayats
Water Management and Distribu�on
Regula�on
Water Resources and Environment
Department of Water supply and Sanita�on
Department of Agriculture
Punjab Water supply and Sewerage Board
Promo�on of new technologies
Ins�tu�ons Managing Water In Punjab
The three key elements of water management include (i) water source crea�on/augmenta�on and distribu�on,
(ii) Regula�on – which implies implementa�on of laws and monitoring and (iii) Promo�on of new technologies for
water conserva�on and improving water quality. These func�ons are carried out by various departments of the Punjab
government
Major Ini�a�ves for Management of Water Resources Irriga�on • Accelerated Irriga�on Benefit Programme (75%) • Command Area Development and Water Management Programme • Par�cipatory Irriga�on Management Programme • NABARD assistance for lining of Abohar and Bhakra main line canals • Project to rehabilitate ponds in all villages of the state • Project for moderniza�on, remodeling, renova�on and extension of canals, deep tube wells, lining of water courses,
cleaning of head works, repairing of gates, etc. Drinking water and Sewerage • Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme • Rajiv Gandhi Na�onal Drinking Water Mission • Swajal Dhara Programme • Na�onal Rural Drinking Water Programme • Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanita�on Project • NABARD assistance for drinking water supply to NC Rural habitats • Rejuvena�on of Drinking Water Supply Schemes including the Opera�on and Maintenance (O&M) of the completed
rural water supply schemes • Abatement of Pollu�on of rivers Satluj and Beas • Water supply and sewerage schemes for religious towns • Rehabilita�on of exis�ng sewerage system in walled city area of Amritsar • Water supply under UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for small and Medium Towns) • Sewage Treatment Plant for Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Phagwara under JNNURM • Water supply/ sewerage/storm water drainage under JNNURM for Gidderbaha, Pa�, Amritsar, Tarn Taran and
Talwandi Sabo. Pollu�on Control • Na�onal River Conserva�on Programme • Surface Water monitoring under the MINAR scheme • Waste water pollu�on control Programme. • PPCB advices, guides, encourages, persuades & helps the industry in pu�ng up effluent treatment plants (ETPs) to
control and reduce pollu�on. • Water Quality Monitoring Programme Wetland Management • Conserva�on measures at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal Wetlands • Conserva�on & management of state wetlands Control of floods and Water logging • Flood Management Programme • Flash flood control Programme • NABARD scheme for construc�on of subsurface drainage
|< 42 43 >
Water
Central Ground Water Board
Department of Agriculture
Department of Industry
Punjab Agricultural University
Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on
Department of Hor�culture
Water
Sambar at Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, District Pa�ala Sambar at Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, District Pa�ala Sambar at Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, District Pa�ala Ph
oto
Cre
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ngh
Brr
aich
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. O
nka
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Brr
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Ph
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Brr
aich
he forests of Punjab present a kaleidoscopic spectrum of Tdiverse vegetation types varying from the pine forests to thorn
forests of deserts as per variations of altitude and climate.
FORESTS4
“The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The next best time is today”
Recorded Forest Cover
• Recorded Forests : 3463 Sq.km
• Percentage of Total
Geographical Area of State : 6.87%
• Forest Classifica�on
Reserved : 1.43%
Protected : 36.87%
Unclassified : 61.70%
Source: Forest Survey India, 2011
Figure 4.1 Trend in recorded forest area in Punjab
Source : Forest Survey India, 2011 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
3463
3100
3300
3500
3700
Are
a i
n S
q.K
m
2603
2845
3058
2500
2700
2900
3100
1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12
Years
Figure 4.2 District wise recorded forest area in Punjab, 2012
*Including Pathankot, **Including Tarn Taran,, *** Including Mohali, **** Including Barnala
Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
342
149
2756
178
1148
517
100 105
20 38 3275
2770
154
20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Gu
rda
spu
r*
Am
rits
ar*
*
Ka
pu
rth
ala
Jala
nd
ha
r
S.B
.S N
aga
r
Ho
shia
rpu
r
Ru
pn
agar
***
Lud
hia
na
Fero
zep
ur
Fari
dko
t
Mu
ktsa
r
Mo
ga
Ba
thin
da
Man
sa
San
gru
r**
**
Pa�
ala
Fate
hga
rh S
ah
ib
Are
a in
Sq
.km
As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase
by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to
1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium 1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium
dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931 dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931
sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls
under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq
km to 37 sq. km.km to 37 sq. km.
As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase
by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to
1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium
dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931
sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls
under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq
km to 37 sq. km.
Forests State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >
Recorded Forest Cover
• Recorded Forests : 3463 Sq.km
• Percentage of Total
Geographical Area of State : 6.87%
• Forest Classifica�on
Reserved : 1.43%
Protected : 36.87%
Unclassified : 61.70%
Source: Forest Survey India, 2011
Figure 4.1 Trend in recorded forest area in Punjab
Source : Forest Survey India, 2011 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
3463
3100
3300
3500
3700
Are
a i
n S
q.K
m
2603
2845
3058
2500
2700
2900
3100
1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12
Years
Figure 4.2 District wise recorded forest area in Punjab, 2012
*Including Pathankot, **Including Tarn Taran,, *** Including Mohali, **** Including Barnala
Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
342
149
2756
178
1148
517
100 105
20 38 3275
2770
154
20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Gu
rda
spu
r*
Am
rits
ar*
*
Ka
pu
rth
ala
Jala
nd
ha
r
S.B
.S N
aga
r
Ho
shia
rpu
r
Ru
pn
agar
***
Lud
hia
na
Fero
zep
ur
Fari
dko
t
Mu
ktsa
r
Mo
ga
Ba
thin
da
Man
sa
San
gru
r**
**
Pa�
ala
Fate
hga
rh S
ah
ib
Are
a in
Sq
.km
As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase
by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to
1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium 1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium
dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931 dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931
sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls
under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq
km to 37 sq. km.km to 37 sq. km.
As per India State of Forest Report, Forest Survey of India, 2011, scenario of forest cover in Punjab indicates an increase
by 100 sq.km between 2007 and 2009 due to enhanced planta�on by Forest Department, bringing the total forest cover to
1764 sq. km or 3.5% of the total geographical area. Between 2009 and 2011 assessment of FSI, though the total Medium
dense forest cover has increased from 733 sq km to 736 sq km, the open forest cover has increased by 97 sq. km from 931
sq km to 1028 sq. km. The open forest area has 10-40% forest cover density. Of this, approximately 75% i.e. 765 sq km falls
under Hoshiarpur, Rupnagar, Nawanshehr and Pathankot districts of Punjab. Similarly scrub land has increased from 20 sq
km to 37 sq. km.
Forests State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >|< 46 47 >
Map 4.1 Forest Cover of Punjab
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011
Figure 4.3 & 4.4 Share of different types of forest cover in 2009 and 2011
2009Scrub20 km²1%
Open Forest931 KM²
(55%)
Medium Dense Forest
733 KM²(44%)
2011Scrub37 km²2%
Open Forest1028 KM²
(57%)
Medium Dense Forest
736 KM²(41%)
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Table 4.1 Forest and Tree Cover in Punjab, 2011
Source; Forest Survey of India, 2011
Category
Tree Cover
Forest Cover
Tree and Forest Cover
Area (in sq.km)
1699
1764
3463
% of TGA
3.37
3.50
6.87
• Northern Dry Deciduous Mixed Forests: Vegeta�on is
predominantly xerophy�c with preponderance of
species like Acacia catechu, A. nilo�ca, A. leucophloea
and Anogeissus la�folia with the scrub of Carissa
opaca, Grevia op�va, Adatoda vasica, etc.
• Dry Deciduous Scrub Forests: These are mostly found
in Kandi tract with predominant species like Acacia
catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba, Emblica
officinalis, Launea grandis, Toona ciliata, Cassia fistula,
etc.
• Khair, Sissoo forests in foot hills, Bela and Mand areas:
These forests are mostly man made by plan�ng in the
foot hills of Bela and Mand areas. Mostly Khair, Sissoo
and Eucalyptus hybrid have been planted in these
areas. Groves of mango are found in these forests.
• Shivalik Chir Pine Forests: Pinus roxburghii is the main
species found in these forests at an eleva�on of 850m
and above. Associated species are Terminalia alata,
T. bellerica, T. chebula, Anogeisus la�folia, Emblica
officinalis, Cassia fistula, etc.
• Dry Deciduous Bamboo Forests: These forests are
found in Dasua Forest Division only. The main species
found in these forests is Dendrocalamus strictus. The
other associates are Launea grandis, Diospyros
montana, Butea monosperma, Holoptelia integrifolia
and Cassia fistula.
Box 1 Forests of Punjab as per Champion and Seth classifica�on
Figure 4.5 Forest types in Punjab
Planta�on/TOF,14.31%
Subtrophical pine forests,4.42%
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests,
81.27%
|< 48 49 >TOF : Trees outside forest Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011
Very Dense Forest
Mod, Dense Forest
Open Forest
Scrub
Non-Forest
Water-bodies
District boundary
State boundary
Capital
LEGEND
Forests
Map 4.1 Forest Cover of Punjab
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011
Figure 4.3 & 4.4 Share of different types of forest cover in 2009 and 2011
2009Scrub20 km²1%
Open Forest931 KM²
(55%)
Medium Dense Forest
733 KM²(44%)
2011Scrub37 km²2%
Open Forest1028 KM²
(57%)
Medium Dense Forest
736 KM²(41%)
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Table 4.1 Forest and Tree Cover in Punjab, 2011
Source; Forest Survey of India, 2011
Category
Tree Cover
Forest Cover
Tree and Forest Cover
Area (in sq.km)
1699
1764
3463
% of TGA
3.37
3.50
6.87
• Northern Dry Deciduous Mixed Forests: Vegeta�on is
predominantly xerophy�c with preponderance of
species like Acacia catechu, A. nilo�ca, A. leucophloea
and Anogeissus la�folia with the scrub of Carissa
opaca, Grevia op�va, Adatoda vasica, etc.
• Dry Deciduous Scrub Forests: These are mostly found
in Kandi tract with predominant species like Acacia
catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Bombax ceiba, Emblica
officinalis, Launea grandis, Toona ciliata, Cassia fistula,
etc.
• Khair, Sissoo forests in foot hills, Bela and Mand areas:
These forests are mostly man made by plan�ng in the
foot hills of Bela and Mand areas. Mostly Khair, Sissoo
and Eucalyptus hybrid have been planted in these
areas. Groves of mango are found in these forests.
• Shivalik Chir Pine Forests: Pinus roxburghii is the main
species found in these forests at an eleva�on of 850m
and above. Associated species are Terminalia alata,
T. bellerica, T. chebula, Anogeisus la�folia, Emblica
officinalis, Cassia fistula, etc.
• Dry Deciduous Bamboo Forests: These forests are
found in Dasua Forest Division only. The main species
found in these forests is Dendrocalamus strictus. The
other associates are Launea grandis, Diospyros
montana, Butea monosperma, Holoptelia integrifolia
and Cassia fistula.
Box 1 Forests of Punjab as per Champion and Seth classifica�on
Figure 4.5 Forest types in Punjab
Planta�on/TOF,14.31%
Subtrophical pine forests,4.42%
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests,
81.27%
|< 48 49 >TOF : Trees outside forest Source: Forest Survey of India, 2011
Very Dense Forest
Mod, Dense Forest
Open Forest
Scrub
Non-Forest
Water-bodies
District boundary
State boundary
Capital
LEGEND
Forests
Major Forest Areas
• Shivalik Forest: comprising sub-mountainous
zone and undula�ng land below the hills in the
districts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Pathankot,
S.B.S Nagar and Ropar. This area cons�tutes
about 77% percent of the total forest area in
the state.
• Bir Forests: Pa�ala & Sangrur districts
• Mand Forest: primarily around wetlands in
district Tarn Taran, Kapurthala and Rupnagar
Wildlife Protected Areas
• Total Area: 34536.13 Hectare
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: 13
• Zoological Parks: 2
• Deer Parks: 3
• Community Reserves: 2 (first in India)
|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Ph
oto
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dit
: D
r. A
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p S
ingh
Forests
Black Bucks at Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Ferozepur
Major Forest Areas
• Shivalik Forest: comprising sub-mountainous
zone and undula�ng land below the hills in the
districts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Pathankot,
S.B.S Nagar and Ropar. This area cons�tutes
about 77% percent of the total forest area in
the state.
• Bir Forests: Pa�ala & Sangrur districts
• Mand Forest: primarily around wetlands in
district Tarn Taran, Kapurthala and Rupnagar
Wildlife Protected Areas
• Total Area: 34536.13 Hectare
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: 13
• Zoological Parks: 2
• Deer Parks: 3
• Community Reserves: 2 (first in India)
|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >|< 50 51 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Ph
oto
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dit
: D
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p S
ingh
Forests
Black Bucks at Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Ferozepur
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
COMMUNITY RESERVESKATHLAUR-KUSHLIYAN
KESHOPUR CHHAMB
TAKHNI REHMAPUR
LALWANNANGAL
JHAJJAR-BACHAULIHARIKE LAKE
ABOHAR
BIR MEHASWALA BIR DOSANJH
BIR GURDIALPURA
BIR BUNERHERIBIR MOTIBAGH
BIR AISHWANBIR BHADSON
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Map 4.2 Protected Area Network in Punjab
Source : Adapted from ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010
Table 4.2 Wildlife Protected Areas in Punjab
Category Name of Protected Area Area (ha) Year of No�fica�on
Bir Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Dosanjh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Bhadson Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Mehas Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Gurdialpura Wildlife Sanctuary
Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sangrur
Harike Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur, Tarn Taran, Kapurthala
Takhni-Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur
Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur
Jhajjar Bacholi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar
Kathlaur-Kaushlian Wildlife Sanctuary, Gurdaspur
Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar
Total Area (A)
Mohindra Chaudhary Zoological Park, Mohali
Tiger Safari, Ludhiana
Deer Park, Nilon, Ludhiana
Deer Park, Bir Mo� Bagh, Pa�ala
Deer Park, Bir Talab, Bathinda
Total Area (B)
Lalwan Community Reserve, Hoshiarpur
Keshopur Chamb Community Reserve, Gurdaspur
Total Area (C)
Grand Total
654.00
661.66
517.59
1022.63
123.43
620.53
264.40
8600.00
382.00
18650.00
116.00
758.40
289.69
32660.34
202.00
35.00
4.00
8.00
20.00
269.00
1266.80
340.00
1606.80
34536.13
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1989 & 2003
1952
1992 & 1999
1993 & 1999
1993 & 2000
1998
2007
2009
1977
1977
-
-
-
2007
2007
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Zoological & Deer Parks
Community Reserves
Source: Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab, 2014
|< 52 53 >
Forests
WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
COMMUNITY RESERVESKATHLAUR-KUSHLIYAN
KESHOPUR CHHAMB
TAKHNI REHMAPUR
LALWANNANGAL
JHAJJAR-BACHAULIHARIKE LAKE
ABOHAR
BIR MEHASWALA BIR DOSANJH
BIR GURDIALPURA
BIR BUNERHERIBIR MOTIBAGH
BIR AISHWANBIR BHADSON
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Map 4.2 Protected Area Network in Punjab
Source : Adapted from ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010
Table 4.2 Wildlife Protected Areas in Punjab
Category Name of Protected Area Area (ha) Year of No�fica�on
Bir Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Bhunerheri Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Dosanjh Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Bhadson Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Mehas Wildlife Sanctuary, Pa�ala
Bir Gurdialpura Wildlife Sanctuary
Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sangrur
Harike Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur, Tarn Taran, Kapurthala
Takhni-Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur
Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary, Ferozepur
Jhajjar Bacholi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar
Kathlaur-Kaushlian Wildlife Sanctuary, Gurdaspur
Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary, Rupnagar
Total Area (A)
Mohindra Chaudhary Zoological Park, Mohali
Tiger Safari, Ludhiana
Deer Park, Nilon, Ludhiana
Deer Park, Bir Mo� Bagh, Pa�ala
Deer Park, Bir Talab, Bathinda
Total Area (B)
Lalwan Community Reserve, Hoshiarpur
Keshopur Chamb Community Reserve, Gurdaspur
Total Area (C)
Grand Total
654.00
661.66
517.59
1022.63
123.43
620.53
264.40
8600.00
382.00
18650.00
116.00
758.40
289.69
32660.34
202.00
35.00
4.00
8.00
20.00
269.00
1266.80
340.00
1606.80
34536.13
1952
1952
1952
1952
1952
1989 & 2003
1952
1992 & 1999
1993 & 1999
1993 & 2000
1998
2007
2009
1977
1977
-
-
-
2007
2007
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Zoological & Deer Parks
Community Reserves
Source: Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab, 2014
|< 52 53 >
Forests
Major Wildlife
• Wild animals: Sambhar, Nilgai, Black
buck, Wild boar, Barking deer, Hog
deer, Jungle cat, Jackal, Rhesus
monkey, Hare, Fishing cat, Indian
squirrel, Mongoose, Smooth Indian
o�er, Cobra, Indian pangolin,
Python, Rat snake, Monitor lizard,
Garden l izard, Chital , Indian
porcupine and few sigh�ng of
Leopard also reported in Shivalik
hills areas adjoining to Himachal
Pradesh.
• Birds : Black part r idge, Grey
p a r t r i d g e , B r a h m i n y m y n a ,
Common quail, Peafowl, Rose
ringed parakeet, Jungle babbler,
Spo�ed owlet, Dove, Bar headed
goose, Common pochard, White
eyed pochard, Fishing eagle, Indian
skimmer, Blue winged teal, Red
munia, Syke's nightjar, Whistling
teal, Red jungle fowl, Coot, Green
parakeet, Indian cormorant, Indian
robin, Red vented bulbul, White
breasted kingfisher, White rumped
vulture, Shikra, Brahminy duck,
Gadwall, Pintail, Jack snipe, Fantail
snipe, Mallard & Nothern shoveler.
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010
|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >
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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Forests
|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >
Monitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur
Pangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Hoshiarpur
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Bar Headed Geese at Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Dis�. GurdaspurBar Headed Geese at Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Dis�. GurdaspurBar Headed Geese at Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Dis�. Gurdaspur Ph
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Common Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. Gurdaspur
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Garden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary
Peafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Sangrur
Major Wildlife
• Wild animals: Sambhar, Nilgai, Black
buck, Wild boar, Barking deer, Hog
deer, Jungle cat, Jackal, Rhesus
monkey, Hare, Fishing cat, Indian
squirrel, Mongoose, Smooth Indian
o�er, Cobra, Indian pangolin,
Python, Rat snake, Monitor lizard,
Garden l izard, Chital , Indian
porcupine and few sigh�ng of
Leopard also reported in Shivalik
hills areas adjoining to Himachal
Pradesh.
• Birds : Black part r idge, Grey
p a r t r i d g e , B r a h m i n y m y n a ,
Common quail, Peafowl, Rose
ringed parakeet, Jungle babbler,
Spo�ed owlet, Dove, Bar headed
goose, Common pochard, White
eyed pochard, Fishing eagle, Indian
skimmer, Blue winged teal, Red
munia, Syke's nightjar, Whistling
teal, Red jungle fowl, Coot, Green
parakeet, Indian cormorant, Indian
robin, Red vented bulbul, White
breasted kingfisher, White rumped
vulture, Shikra, Brahminy duck,
Gadwall, Pintail, Jack snipe, Fantail
snipe, Mallard & Nothern shoveler.
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2010
|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >|< 2 3 >
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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Forests
|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >|< 54 55 >
Monitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, HoshiarpurMonitor Lizard at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Hoshiarpur
Pangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPangolin at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Hoshiarpur
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Bar Headed Geese at Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Dis�. GurdaspurBar Headed Geese at Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Dis�. GurdaspurBar Headed Geese at Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Dis�. Gurdaspur Ph
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Common Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurCommon Crane at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. Gurdaspur
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Garden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife SanctuaryGarden Lizard at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary
Peafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. SangrurPeafowl at Bir Aishwan Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Sangrur
Forests
|< 56 57 >
Nilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�ala Spotbilled Ducks at Harike Wetland
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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Forests
|< 56 57 >
Nilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�alaNilgai at Mo� Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Pa�ala Spotbilled Ducks at Harike Wetland
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State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Major & Minor Forest Produce
Year
1980-81
1990-91
2001-01
2011-12
Timber Firewood TotalTotal Valve
(Thousand Rupees)
99
43
166
55
40
1
7
-
139
44
173
55
37778
23209
123885
150000
Year Bamboo & Canes
1980-81
1990-91
2001-01
2011-12
92985
-
11723000
9000000
Fooder & grass Others Total
1373060
2814946
2875225
1000000
1395583
1414064
2781347
3000000
2861518
4229010
17382572
13000000Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Table 4.3 Major forest produce from state forests of Punjab (000 cubic metres)
Table 4.3 Minor forest produce from state forests of Punjab (in Rs)
Factors affec�ng forest & wildlife in Punjab
• Increased urbaniza�on
• Change in land use pa�ern
• Degrada�on of natural habitat & pollu�on
• Increased demand of �mber
• Deforesta�on
• Invasive alien species especially Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus & Eichhornia crassipes
• Poaching & illegal trade of wildlife products
• Forest fire and encroachments
• Soil erosion in shivaliks tracts
Figure 4.6 Change in Forest Cover (sq.km) in Shivaliks between 2005 & 2011
-4
21
-5
-13
-2
33
19
32
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur S.B.S. Nagar Rupnagar
ModeratelyDense Forests
Open Forests
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2005 & 2011
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >
Forests
Bamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. Hoshiarpur
Lantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in Shiwaliks
Degraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at Gurdaspur
Water hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipesE. crassipesWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipes
Major & Minor Forest Produce
Year
1980-81
1990-91
2001-01
2011-12
Timber Firewood TotalTotal Valve
(Thousand Rupees)
99
43
166
55
40
1
7
-
139
44
173
55
37778
23209
123885
150000
Year Bamboo & Canes
1980-81
1990-91
2001-01
2011-12
92985
-
11723000
9000000
Fooder & grass Others Total
1373060
2814946
2875225
1000000
1395583
1414064
2781347
3000000
2861518
4229010
17382572
13000000Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Table 4.3 Major forest produce from state forests of Punjab (000 cubic metres)
Table 4.3 Minor forest produce from state forests of Punjab (in Rs)
Factors affec�ng forest & wildlife in Punjab
• Increased urbaniza�on
• Change in land use pa�ern
• Degrada�on of natural habitat & pollu�on
• Increased demand of �mber
• Deforesta�on
• Invasive alien species especially Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus & Eichhornia crassipes
• Poaching & illegal trade of wildlife products
• Forest fire and encroachments
• Soil erosion in shivaliks tracts
Figure 4.6 Change in Forest Cover (sq.km) in Shivaliks between 2005 & 2011
-4
21
-5
-13
-2
33
19
32
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur S.B.S. Nagar Rupnagar
ModeratelyDense Forests
Open Forests
Source: Forest Survey of India, 2005 & 2011
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >|< 58 59 >
Forests
Bamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. HoshiarpurBamboo Planta�on at Talwara, Dis�. Hoshiarpur
Lantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in ShiwaliksLantana infesta�on in Shiwaliks
Degraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at GurdaspurDegraded forest at Gurdaspur
Water hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipesE. crassipesWater hycinath ( ) infesta�on at HarikeE. crassipes
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Ins�tu�onal mechanism for conserva�on and management of
forests in Punjab
Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab
• Implementa�on of Policies, Acts & Rules
• Management of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
• Scien�fic management of forest & wildlife and execu�on of
management plans
• Afforesta�on measures & planta�on drives through community
involvement to increase green cover
• Check poaching & encroachment
• Promote agroforestry & silviculture in collabora�on with
Agriculture Department
Punjab State Forest Development Corpora�on
• Management, u�liza�on and marke�ng of forest harvest
Punjab State Heritage and Tourism Development Board
• Promote eco-tourism in forest areas
• Implementa�on of Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009
Punjab Bamboo & Fiber Development Board
• Implementa�on of Na�onal Bamboo Mission by increase in area,
yield and marke�ng of bamboo, bamboo based handicra�s and
generate employment opportuni�es
Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on, Punjab
• Implementa�on of erosion control measures especially in shivaliks
& wetlands
Key Forest Policies and Acts
Governing Forests & Wildlife
• The Punjab Land Preserva�on (Chos) Act, 1900
• The Indian Forest Act, 1927
• The Indian Wildlife (Protec�on) Act, 1972
• Forest Conserva�on Act, 1980
• The Na�onal Forest Policy, 1988
• P a r � c i p a t o r y F o r e s t Management Circular, 1990
• Punjab Appor�onment of Tree Rules, 2000
• Joint Forest Management no�fica�on and guidelines, 2003, Govt. of Punjab
• The Indian Forest (Punjab Amendment) Act, 2004
• The Forest Rights Act, 2006
• Punjab Regula�on of Saw Mills and Veneer Plywood Rules, 2006
• The Dra� Punjab Forest Policy, 2008
• Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009
• T h e P u n j a b T e n t e d Accommoda�on Guidelines, 2010
• Wetland Conserva�on and Management Rules, 2010
Major ini�a�ves
• Implementa�on of JICA sponsored afforesta�on project covering 29221 ha during 2007-09
• Planta�on in over 13,816 ha area in forest, non forest, government and other ins�tu�onal lands
• Integrated forest protec�on scheme for fire protec�on and other ac�vi�es on regular basis
• Management of 17833 ha area by forma�on of 1224 Village Forest Protec�on and Management Commi�ees under
JFM
• Crea�on of 14 ha of centralized nurseries and planta�on of 133 ha forest area under Bamboo Mission
• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission” in 2012 with target of plan�ng 40 crore saplings across Punjab in eight years
(2012-2020) to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs. 180 crore
Table 4.4 Annual Forests Plan�ng of Major Species in Punjab (sq.km)
Year Euclyptus Shisham Kikar Khair Mulberry Chil Misc. Total
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2011-12
69.74
6.09
13.45
9.5
1.51
2.86
14.88
10
19.85
38.55
24.53
9
20.14
20.76
59.31
5.5
1.33
1.03
1.5
2.4
2.04
1.93
0.5
3.25
31.87
110.47
33.45
115.82
103.2
226.07
70.35
Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
• 58.18 lakh plants supplied to various agencies for plan�ng over the non forest and ins�tu�onal areas
• Accelerated programme of restora�on and regenera�on of forest cover through 15 territorial forest divisions
and 650 JFM commi�ees
• Purchase of land for Compensatory Afforesta�on on account of non availability of degraded land in the state
• Iden�fica�on of 50,000 ha ins�tu�onal and 2.5 lac ha farm land for adop�ng
suitable siliviculture and agroforestry prac�ces
• 170 ha area planted along major roads in the Malwa region
• 4,439 ha degraded forest area brought under planta�on of various species
• Tree planta�on drives through Nanhi Chhan ini�a�ve, religion supported campaigns
Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign
|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >
Forests
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Ins�tu�onal mechanism for conserva�on and management of
forests in Punjab
Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab
• Implementa�on of Policies, Acts & Rules
• Management of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
• Scien�fic management of forest & wildlife and execu�on of
management plans
• Afforesta�on measures & planta�on drives through community
involvement to increase green cover
• Check poaching & encroachment
• Promote agroforestry & silviculture in collabora�on with
Agriculture Department
Punjab State Forest Development Corpora�on
• Management, u�liza�on and marke�ng of forest harvest
Punjab State Heritage and Tourism Development Board
• Promote eco-tourism in forest areas
• Implementa�on of Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009
Punjab Bamboo & Fiber Development Board
• Implementa�on of Na�onal Bamboo Mission by increase in area,
yield and marke�ng of bamboo, bamboo based handicra�s and
generate employment opportuni�es
Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on, Punjab
• Implementa�on of erosion control measures especially in shivaliks
& wetlands
Key Forest Policies and Acts
Governing Forests & Wildlife
• The Punjab Land Preserva�on (Chos) Act, 1900
• The Indian Forest Act, 1927
• The Indian Wildlife (Protec�on) Act, 1972
• Forest Conserva�on Act, 1980
• The Na�onal Forest Policy, 1988
• P a r � c i p a t o r y F o r e s t Management Circular, 1990
• Punjab Appor�onment of Tree Rules, 2000
• Joint Forest Management no�fica�on and guidelines, 2003, Govt. of Punjab
• The Indian Forest (Punjab Amendment) Act, 2004
• The Forest Rights Act, 2006
• Punjab Regula�on of Saw Mills and Veneer Plywood Rules, 2006
• The Dra� Punjab Forest Policy, 2008
• Punjab Ecotourism Policy, 2009
• T h e P u n j a b T e n t e d Accommoda�on Guidelines, 2010
• Wetland Conserva�on and Management Rules, 2010
Major ini�a�ves
• Implementa�on of JICA sponsored afforesta�on project covering 29221 ha during 2007-09
• Planta�on in over 13,816 ha area in forest, non forest, government and other ins�tu�onal lands
• Integrated forest protec�on scheme for fire protec�on and other ac�vi�es on regular basis
• Management of 17833 ha area by forma�on of 1224 Village Forest Protec�on and Management Commi�ees under
JFM
• Crea�on of 14 ha of centralized nurseries and planta�on of 133 ha forest area under Bamboo Mission
• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission” in 2012 with target of plan�ng 40 crore saplings across Punjab in eight years
(2012-2020) to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs. 180 crore
Table 4.4 Annual Forests Plan�ng of Major Species in Punjab (sq.km)
Year Euclyptus Shisham Kikar Khair Mulberry Chil Misc. Total
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2011-12
69.74
6.09
13.45
9.5
1.51
2.86
14.88
10
19.85
38.55
24.53
9
20.14
20.76
59.31
5.5
1.33
1.03
1.5
2.4
2.04
1.93
0.5
3.25
31.87
110.47
33.45
115.82
103.2
226.07
70.35
Source : Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
• 58.18 lakh plants supplied to various agencies for plan�ng over the non forest and ins�tu�onal areas
• Accelerated programme of restora�on and regenera�on of forest cover through 15 territorial forest divisions
and 650 JFM commi�ees
• Purchase of land for Compensatory Afforesta�on on account of non availability of degraded land in the state
• Iden�fica�on of 50,000 ha ins�tu�onal and 2.5 lac ha farm land for adop�ng
suitable siliviculture and agroforestry prac�ces
• 170 ha area planted along major roads in the Malwa region
• 4,439 ha degraded forest area brought under planta�on of various species
• Tree planta�on drives through Nanhi Chhan ini�a�ve, religion supported campaigns
Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign
|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >|< 60 61 >
Forests
Python at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPython at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurPython at Takhni Rehmapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. HoshiarpurCobra at Jhajjar-Bachauli Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. RupnagarCobra at Jhajjar-Bachauli Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. RupnagarCobra at Jhajjar-Bachauli Wildlife Sanctuary, Dis�. Rupnagar
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Kaya Kalp Vriksh (The Great Banyan Tree of Punjab) at Village Chol� Kheri, Dis�. Fatehgarh Sahib
BIODIVERSITY555
iodiversity is the variety of life on Bearth. As per Convention on
Biological Diversity, it is the
variability among living organisms
from all sources including, inter alia,
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological
complexes of which they are part; this
includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems. It
is critical to our survival and
economic prosperity. Biological
r e sour ces a r e e s sen t i a l f o r
maintaining the basic life processes
as they not only provide food,
medicine and products of commercial
and non commercial use, but also
provide environmental services like,
air & water quality, soil fertility,
pest and disease control, waste
decomposition, etc.P
ho
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Sin
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to C
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it :
Dr.
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kar
Sin
gh B
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Purple Moorhen at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurPurple Moorhen at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. GurdaspurPurple Moorhen at Keshopur Community Reserve, Dis�. Gurdaspur
Nature Protects if she is Protected
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Biodiversity profile of Punjab • Small state with 6.7% of Total Geographic Area
under forest and tree cover
• Major Forest areas: Shivaliks and Mand (Wetlands)
• Three wetlands of Interna�onal importance (Ramsar Sites) and 2 na�onal wetlands located in the state
• Cropland ecosystem dominant in state as 84% area under agriculture
• Part of Vavilov`s centre of origin for wheat (north-west India)
• Large number of flora and fauna recorded from forests, wetlands and agricultural areas
• Rich in domes�cated plant and animal diversity
• Biodiversity rich heritage & culture
Wild Flora and Fauna
Taxon
Algae
Fungi
Lichens
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
397
560
21
34
48
21
1939
Approx.No. of Species
5.2
7.5
--
1.3
4.7
32.8
12.9
% of species withreference to India
WILD PLANT DIVERSITY
Biodiversity
|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >
State Symbols (no�fied on 15.03.1989)• State Tree: Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo)
• State Animal: Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra L.)
• State Bird: Baaz (Eastern goshawk)
Taxon
84
41
157
34
1147
85
112
15
35
442
43
Approx.No. of Species
3.3
2.9
1.8
3.6
1.8
1.7
5.2
6.7
6.6
37.0
7.7
% of species withreference to India
WILD ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Invertebrates
Protozoa
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Vertebrates
Pisces
Amphibia
Rep�lia
Aves
Mammalia
Source: Jerath et.al., 2002 & 2006
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. A
rsh
Ru
p S
ingh
Wandering Glider (Male)
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Biodiversity profile of Punjab • Small state with 6.7% of Total Geographic Area
under forest and tree cover
• Major Forest areas: Shivaliks and Mand (Wetlands)
• Three wetlands of Interna�onal importance (Ramsar Sites) and 2 na�onal wetlands located in the state
• Cropland ecosystem dominant in state as 84% area under agriculture
• Part of Vavilov`s centre of origin for wheat (north-west India)
• Large number of flora and fauna recorded from forests, wetlands and agricultural areas
• Rich in domes�cated plant and animal diversity
• Biodiversity rich heritage & culture
Wild Flora and Fauna
Taxon
Algae
Fungi
Lichens
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
397
560
21
34
48
21
1939
Approx.No. of Species
5.2
7.5
--
1.3
4.7
32.8
12.9
% of species withreference to India
WILD PLANT DIVERSITY
Biodiversity
|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >|< 64 65 >
State Symbols (no�fied on 15.03.1989)• State Tree: Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo)
• State Animal: Black Buck (Antelope cervicapra L.)
• State Bird: Baaz (Eastern goshawk)
Taxon
84
41
157
34
1147
85
112
15
35
442
43
Approx.No. of Species
3.3
2.9
1.8
3.6
1.8
1.7
5.2
6.7
6.6
37.0
7.7
% of species withreference to India
WILD ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Invertebrates
Protozoa
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Vertebrates
Pisces
Amphibia
Rep�lia
Aves
Mammalia
Source: Jerath et.al., 2002 & 2006
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. A
rsh
Ru
p S
ingh
Wandering Glider (Male)
Biodiversity State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Domes�c Animals
Breeds
Ca�le Hariana*, Sahiwal*, Holstein, Cross Bred Jersey
Buffalo Nilli Ravi* Murrah*, Murrah Graded
Sheep Lohi*, Nali*, Desi*, Cross Bed
Goat Desi, Beetal*
Horse Bhu�a*, Grey Sindhi, Marwari, Kathiawari
Poultry Desi, White leg horn, Punjab Brown*
*Indigenous Breeds Source: Jerath et.al., 2002; Tiwana et.al., 2007
Crops Pre-greenRevolu�on Varie�es
Post-green Revolu�on Varie�es
Varie�esin use
Wheat
Rice
Co�on
Maize
Sugarcane
Bajra
Pulses
Oil Seeds
Vegetables
Fruits
41
31
17
4
11
3
18
8
35 spp.
16 spp.
49
27
32
21
16
11
47
35
148
67
13
9 (4 Basma�)
12
11
6
5
24
19
--
--
Domes�cated Plant & Animal Diversity
The wild flora and fauna along with protected area network has been discussed in detail in Chapter 4.
Table 5.1 Domes�cated Crop Plants
Table 5.2 Domes�cated Animals
Crop Varie�es
Wheat Pusa 4, 285, Type 9, Type 11, Type 8A, Sharba�, Darra, Safaid Pissi, Lal Pissi, Gandausi, Lal Kanak, Bansi, Ka�a, Khandwa, Malwi, Pakwani, Dawat Khani, Type 9D, C518, C591, C228, C217, C281, C250, C263, C286, C295, C273, C253, Mayo 64, Sonara 63, Lerma Rojo 64, Pusa 12, WG 377, WG 112, Safed Lerma (S307), Cho� Lerma (S331), C306, Sonalika, 1st Punjab, Lal Bahadur.
Rice Jhona 349, Palman 34, Suffaid 246, Mushkan 7, Mushkan 41, Basma� 370, Sathra 78, Mahlar 346, Jhona 20, Jhona 277, Basma� 217, Jhona Kasarwala, Palman Suffaid, Palman Lal, Mahlar, Dhud Malai, Son Pa�ar, Sathra.
For Plains: Son Pa�ar, Palman, Mushkan, Hans Raj, Begam Narot, Jhona 277, Jhona Kasarwala, Jhona Kasarwala 269, Basma� 217, Basma� 213.
For Hills : Rohni, Hachhu, Suffaid Nakanda, Kalu Khurd, Kanora, Manjnoo, Begami Haldoon, Lal Basma�, Desi Basma�.
Maize Punjab Hybrid No. 1, Ganga Hybrid No. 101, Ganga Hybrid No. 3, Ganga Hybrid No. 5.
Bajra A1/3, G61/21, T55
Oilseeds Brown Sarson Selec�on A, Yellow Sarson Selec�on A, Toria Selec�on A, Raya L18, Yellow Sarson Punjab 24, Brown Sarson Haryana 1, Improved Taramira Selec�on A, Groundnut No. 1, C501.
Sugarcane Katha, Dhaulu, C205, Co.L.29, Co.L.9, Co.312, Co.285, Co.421, Co.313, Co.J.46, Co.J.58, Co.975, Co.1158, Co.J.39, Co.1148, S449-64.
Co�on Mollisoni, Sanguineum, 4F, LSS variety, 216 F, H14, 320oF, J34, 231R, G278.
Pulses Pb. No.1, Pb.No. 7, Pb.No. 17, G130, G24, Gs26, C214, C1234, C235, C104, No.48, Mash 1-1, L35-5, No.54, No.305, ML 1, No.9-12, G65, Len�l Variety, No. 9-12.
Table 5.3 List of Pre Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab
Table 5.4 List of post Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab
Crop Varie�es
Wheat Lerma ROJ064, Sonora, C306, PV 18, Kalyan-sona, Sonalika, WG357, WG377, HD2009, WL711, KSML3, WL410, WL1562, DWL5023, TL419 (Tri�cale), WL2265, PBW12, HD2285, *TL 1210 (tri�cale), SKAML 1, PBW 54, PBW34 (durum), HD2329, PBW120*, PBW138, PBW65, PBW154, *PBW175, PBW226, PBW222, PBW215, *PBW229, CPAN300, *WH542, *PBW343, *PDW233, *PBW373, *RAJ3765, PBW396-PBW 502*, PDW 291, PDW274, PDW233* (Durum), TL2908, PBW509, PBW527.
Rice TN1, Jhona 351, *IR8, *Jaya, HM95, Palam 579, RP 5-3 (sona), *PR106, *PR103, PR141, *PR108, PR109, PR110, *PR111, PR113*, PR114, PR115, PR116, PR118, *Basma�, Punjab Basma� No. 1, *PUSA Basma� 1, *Basma� 385, *Basma� 386, *Super Basma�, *Basma� 370, Pusa Sugandh.
Pulses Moong Bean : ML1, ML5, ML131, ML337, ML267, ML613, G65, SML32*, SML134*, SML668*, ML818*.
Urd Pea : Mash 1-1, Mash 218, Mash 338, Mash 218*, Mash 414, Mash 1008*.
Pegion Pea : T21*, AL15*, AL201*, PPH4*.
Rice Bean : RBL1, RBL6.
|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >
Contd..
Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007
Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002
Biodiversity State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Domes�c Animals
Breeds
Ca�le Hariana*, Sahiwal*, Holstein, Cross Bred Jersey
Buffalo Nilli Ravi* Murrah*, Murrah Graded
Sheep Lohi*, Nali*, Desi*, Cross Bed
Goat Desi, Beetal*
Horse Bhu�a*, Grey Sindhi, Marwari, Kathiawari
Poultry Desi, White leg horn, Punjab Brown*
*Indigenous Breeds Source: Jerath et.al., 2002; Tiwana et.al., 2007
Crops Pre-greenRevolu�on Varie�es
Post-green Revolu�on Varie�es
Varie�esin use
Wheat
Rice
Co�on
Maize
Sugarcane
Bajra
Pulses
Oil Seeds
Vegetables
Fruits
41
31
17
4
11
3
18
8
35 spp.
16 spp.
49
27
32
21
16
11
47
35
148
67
13
9 (4 Basma�)
12
11
6
5
24
19
--
--
Domes�cated Plant & Animal Diversity
The wild flora and fauna along with protected area network has been discussed in detail in Chapter 4.
Table 5.1 Domes�cated Crop Plants
Table 5.2 Domes�cated Animals
Crop Varie�es
Wheat Pusa 4, 285, Type 9, Type 11, Type 8A, Sharba�, Darra, Safaid Pissi, Lal Pissi, Gandausi, Lal Kanak, Bansi, Ka�a, Khandwa, Malwi, Pakwani, Dawat Khani, Type 9D, C518, C591, C228, C217, C281, C250, C263, C286, C295, C273, C253, Mayo 64, Sonara 63, Lerma Rojo 64, Pusa 12, WG 377, WG 112, Safed Lerma (S307), Cho� Lerma (S331), C306, Sonalika, 1st Punjab, Lal Bahadur.
Rice Jhona 349, Palman 34, Suffaid 246, Mushkan 7, Mushkan 41, Basma� 370, Sathra 78, Mahlar 346, Jhona 20, Jhona 277, Basma� 217, Jhona Kasarwala, Palman Suffaid, Palman Lal, Mahlar, Dhud Malai, Son Pa�ar, Sathra.
For Plains: Son Pa�ar, Palman, Mushkan, Hans Raj, Begam Narot, Jhona 277, Jhona Kasarwala, Jhona Kasarwala 269, Basma� 217, Basma� 213.
For Hills : Rohni, Hachhu, Suffaid Nakanda, Kalu Khurd, Kanora, Manjnoo, Begami Haldoon, Lal Basma�, Desi Basma�.
Maize Punjab Hybrid No. 1, Ganga Hybrid No. 101, Ganga Hybrid No. 3, Ganga Hybrid No. 5.
Bajra A1/3, G61/21, T55
Oilseeds Brown Sarson Selec�on A, Yellow Sarson Selec�on A, Toria Selec�on A, Raya L18, Yellow Sarson Punjab 24, Brown Sarson Haryana 1, Improved Taramira Selec�on A, Groundnut No. 1, C501.
Sugarcane Katha, Dhaulu, C205, Co.L.29, Co.L.9, Co.312, Co.285, Co.421, Co.313, Co.J.46, Co.J.58, Co.975, Co.1158, Co.J.39, Co.1148, S449-64.
Co�on Mollisoni, Sanguineum, 4F, LSS variety, 216 F, H14, 320oF, J34, 231R, G278.
Pulses Pb. No.1, Pb.No. 7, Pb.No. 17, G130, G24, Gs26, C214, C1234, C235, C104, No.48, Mash 1-1, L35-5, No.54, No.305, ML 1, No.9-12, G65, Len�l Variety, No. 9-12.
Table 5.3 List of Pre Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab
Table 5.4 List of post Green Revolu�on varie�es of major crops sown in Punjab
Crop Varie�es
Wheat Lerma ROJ064, Sonora, C306, PV 18, Kalyan-sona, Sonalika, WG357, WG377, HD2009, WL711, KSML3, WL410, WL1562, DWL5023, TL419 (Tri�cale), WL2265, PBW12, HD2285, *TL 1210 (tri�cale), SKAML 1, PBW 54, PBW34 (durum), HD2329, PBW120*, PBW138, PBW65, PBW154, *PBW175, PBW226, PBW222, PBW215, *PBW229, CPAN300, *WH542, *PBW343, *PDW233, *PBW373, *RAJ3765, PBW396-PBW 502*, PDW 291, PDW274, PDW233* (Durum), TL2908, PBW509, PBW527.
Rice TN1, Jhona 351, *IR8, *Jaya, HM95, Palam 579, RP 5-3 (sona), *PR106, *PR103, PR141, *PR108, PR109, PR110, *PR111, PR113*, PR114, PR115, PR116, PR118, *Basma�, Punjab Basma� No. 1, *PUSA Basma� 1, *Basma� 385, *Basma� 386, *Super Basma�, *Basma� 370, Pusa Sugandh.
Pulses Moong Bean : ML1, ML5, ML131, ML337, ML267, ML613, G65, SML32*, SML134*, SML668*, ML818*.
Urd Pea : Mash 1-1, Mash 218, Mash 338, Mash 218*, Mash 414, Mash 1008*.
Pegion Pea : T21*, AL15*, AL201*, PPH4*.
Rice Bean : RBL1, RBL6.
|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >|< 66 67 >
Contd..
Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007
Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002Source: Jerath et.al., 2002
*Varie�es in use Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007
Table 5.5 Livestock and Poultry (in'000) in Punjab
Table 5.6 Popula�on of Indigenous Breeds of Cows and Buffalos in Punjab
*Latest 18th Livestock Census, 2007 Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Gram : C235*, C214, G130, Hare Chhole, L550, G543, GL769*, PBG1*, L551 (Kabuli), GPF2*, PDG3*, PBG5*, GPF2*, PDG4*, BG1053 (Kabuli)*, L550 (Kabuli)
Len�l : L9-12, LL56, LL147*, LL699*.
Field Pea : T163, PG3*, Field Pea 48*.
Sugarcane Co 1148, CoJ 58, Co 975, Co 1158, CoJ 67, CoJ 81, CoJ 767, CoJ8 4*, CoJ 83, CoJ 82, CoJ 85*, CoJ 64*, CoJ 88*, CoS 8436, CoJ 89, Co 1148.
Maize Comp. Vijay, Hyd Ganga 5, Comp. Ra�an, Comp. Makki Safed 1, Comp. Age�-76, Comp. Partap, Comp. Navjot*, Comp. Partap*, Comp. Parbhat*, Comp. Kiran, Hyd. Sartaj, Comp. J1006*, Comp. Megha*, Comp. Kesri*, Pb. Sathi 1*, Pearly Popcorn*, Hybrid Paras*, Hyd. Parkash*, PMH 1*, F9572A*, BIO 9637*, PMH2 (SVAC), JH3459.
Bajra S530, HB1, PHB 10, PSB 8, PHB 47, PCB 15*, MH 179*, PCM 138*, PCB 141*, PHB 2168*, PCB 164*.
Oilseeds Raya : RLM 198, RLM 514, RLM 619, RLM 1359, *RBR 91 - PBR 210*, PBR 97*.
Toria : *TL 15, TLC 1, *PBT 37.
Gobhi Sarson : *GSL-1, *GSL-2, PGSH 51, (African Season) PCc5, GSC 5 (Canola)*, Hyola PAC 401*.
Taramila : TMLC 2*.
Sunflower : SFH 8, PSFH 67, *Jawala Mukhi, Mega 363, *GKSFH 2002, NSFH 592, SH 3322, PSFH 118*, SH 88.
Groundnut : Rainfed Condi�ons M-145, M37 Irrigated Condi�ons - MB, M197, M335, *SG84, *M-522-M548*, SG99*.
Barley DL 70, PL 56, PL 172, *PL 426, *PL 419, VJW 201*.
Co�on J 34, J 205, F 414, LH 372, F 286, LH 900, F 505, LH 886, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LH 1556, LHH 144, LH 900, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LHH 144, RCH 134, Bt*, RCH 317 Bt*, MRC 6301 Bt*, MRC 6304 Bt*, ANKUR 651*, White Gold, F 1861*, F 1378*.
Desi : Mo�*, LD 694*, LD 327*.
Crop Varie�es
Sahiwal
Hariana
Murrah|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >
Nilli Ravi
Biodiversity
Table 5.4 contd..
*Varie�es in use Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007
Table 5.5 Livestock and Poultry (in'000) in Punjab
Table 5.6 Popula�on of Indigenous Breeds of Cows and Buffalos in Punjab
*Latest 18th Livestock Census, 2007 Source: Tiwana et.al., 2007 & Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Gram : C235*, C214, G130, Hare Chhole, L550, G543, GL769*, PBG1*, L551 (Kabuli), GPF2*, PDG3*, PBG5*, GPF2*, PDG4*, BG1053 (Kabuli)*, L550 (Kabuli)
Len�l : L9-12, LL56, LL147*, LL699*.
Field Pea : T163, PG3*, Field Pea 48*.
Sugarcane Co 1148, CoJ 58, Co 975, Co 1158, CoJ 67, CoJ 81, CoJ 767, CoJ8 4*, CoJ 83, CoJ 82, CoJ 85*, CoJ 64*, CoJ 88*, CoS 8436, CoJ 89, Co 1148.
Maize Comp. Vijay, Hyd Ganga 5, Comp. Ra�an, Comp. Makki Safed 1, Comp. Age�-76, Comp. Partap, Comp. Navjot*, Comp. Partap*, Comp. Parbhat*, Comp. Kiran, Hyd. Sartaj, Comp. J1006*, Comp. Megha*, Comp. Kesri*, Pb. Sathi 1*, Pearly Popcorn*, Hybrid Paras*, Hyd. Parkash*, PMH 1*, F9572A*, BIO 9637*, PMH2 (SVAC), JH3459.
Bajra S530, HB1, PHB 10, PSB 8, PHB 47, PCB 15*, MH 179*, PCM 138*, PCB 141*, PHB 2168*, PCB 164*.
Oilseeds Raya : RLM 198, RLM 514, RLM 619, RLM 1359, *RBR 91 - PBR 210*, PBR 97*.
Toria : *TL 15, TLC 1, *PBT 37.
Gobhi Sarson : *GSL-1, *GSL-2, PGSH 51, (African Season) PCc5, GSC 5 (Canola)*, Hyola PAC 401*.
Taramila : TMLC 2*.
Sunflower : SFH 8, PSFH 67, *Jawala Mukhi, Mega 363, *GKSFH 2002, NSFH 592, SH 3322, PSFH 118*, SH 88.
Groundnut : Rainfed Condi�ons M-145, M37 Irrigated Condi�ons - MB, M197, M335, *SG84, *M-522-M548*, SG99*.
Barley DL 70, PL 56, PL 172, *PL 426, *PL 419, VJW 201*.
Co�on J 34, J 205, F 414, LH 372, F 286, LH 900, F 505, LH 886, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LH 1556, LHH 144, LH 900, LH 1134, F 846, F 1054, Fateh, LHH 144, RCH 134, Bt*, RCH 317 Bt*, MRC 6301 Bt*, MRC 6304 Bt*, ANKUR 651*, White Gold, F 1861*, F 1378*.
Desi : Mo�*, LD 694*, LD 327*.
Crop Varie�es
Sahiwal
Hariana
Murrah|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >|< 68 69 >
Nilli Ravi
Biodiversity
Table 5.4 contd..
Biodiversity of Shivaliks
Ecosystem in Punjab
The ecosystem of the Shivalik
range in North West India extends
across the states of Jammu &
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Punjab, Haryana, U�arakhand
and U�ar Pradesh. The Shivalik
hill area of Punjab is spread over 2 geographical area of 9448.97 km
and lies in the north-eastern part
of the state extending from
north-west to south-east along
the Himachal Pradesh border
(Jerath et al., 2014). It is spread
across the eastern parts of the
districts of Pathankot, Gurdaspur,
Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and
Rupnagar. The area has been
iden�fied as one of the micro-
endemic zones of the country and
is also one of the most degraded
rain fed agro-ecosystem of
Punjab. It is one of the unique
ecosystem of Punjab and is the
only major area of the state
harbouring natural vegeta�on.
Map 5.1 Biological Richness Characteriza�on of Shivalik Hills of
Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS
Source: Roy et al., 2001
Floral Biodiversity of Shivaliks
Figure 5.1 Recorded floral distribu�on in terms of absolute numbers and percentage of total floral species in Shivalik hills of Punjab.
Vertebrates
Fish,55
11%
Rep�les,204%
Mammals,194%
Amphibians,9
2%
Birds,39679%
Invertebrates
Nemathelminthes,344%
Molluscs, 313%
Annelids,233%
Anthropods,81990%
Angiosperms
562 43.1%
Fungi
560 42.9%
Algae 1048.0%
Lichens 21
1.6%
Bryophytes 27
2.1%
Pteridophytes
30
2.3%
Gymnosperm 1
0.1%
Source: Jerath et al., 2006
Faunal Biodiversity of Shivaliks
Figure 5.2 & 5.3 Reported number of Invertebrates and Vertebrates in the Shivalik Ecosystem and their distribu�on
Source: Jerath et al., 2006
Legend
LowMediumHighVery highWater bodyNon ForestRoads
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 70 71 >
Biodiversity
Biodiversity of Shivaliks
Ecosystem in Punjab
The ecosystem of the Shivalik
range in North West India extends
across the states of Jammu &
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Punjab, Haryana, U�arakhand
and U�ar Pradesh. The Shivalik
hill area of Punjab is spread over 2 geographical area of 9448.97 km
and lies in the north-eastern part
of the state extending from
north-west to south-east along
the Himachal Pradesh border
(Jerath et al., 2014). It is spread
across the eastern parts of the
districts of Pathankot, Gurdaspur,
Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and
Rupnagar. The area has been
iden�fied as one of the micro-
endemic zones of the country and
is also one of the most degraded
rain fed agro-ecosystem of
Punjab. It is one of the unique
ecosystem of Punjab and is the
only major area of the state
harbouring natural vegeta�on.
Map 5.1 Biological Richness Characteriza�on of Shivalik Hills of
Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS
Source: Roy et al., 2001
Floral Biodiversity of Shivaliks
Figure 5.1 Recorded floral distribu�on in terms of absolute numbers and percentage of total floral species in Shivalik hills of Punjab.
Vertebrates
Fish,55
11%
Rep�les,204%
Mammals,194%
Amphibians,9
2%
Birds,39679%
Invertebrates
Nemathelminthes,344%
Molluscs, 313%
Annelids,233%
Anthropods,81990%
Angiosperms
562 43.1%
Fungi
560 42.9%
Algae 1048.0%
Lichens 21
1.6%
Bryophytes 27
2.1%
Pteridophytes
30
2.3%
Gymnosperm 1
0.1%
Source: Jerath et al., 2006
Faunal Biodiversity of Shivaliks
Figure 5.2 & 5.3 Reported number of Invertebrates and Vertebrates in the Shivalik Ecosystem and their distribu�on
Source: Jerath et al., 2006
Legend
LowMediumHighVery highWater bodyNon ForestRoads
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 70 71 >
Biodiversity
Wetland ecosystem of Punjab
Punjab has 12 natural wetlands and 9 manmade wetlands covering an area of 8.39 sq.km. and 147.39 sq.km, respec�vely. Harike, Kanjli and Ropar are recognized as wetlands of Interna�onal significance under Ramsar Conven�on. Ranjit Sagar and Nangal Lake have been declared as Na�onal Wetlands. These wetlands are important aqua�c ecosystems in nature and are the important habitats for waterfowl, fish and other flora and fauna. The detailed list of wetlands in Punjab has been discussed in Chapter 3.
The major biodiversity a�ributes of Ramsar sites of Punjab are as under:
Harike Wetland
o Area: 4,100 ha (Kapurthala, Tarn Taran and Ferozepur Districts)
o Area under water: 2850 ha
o Avifauna : 360 species (74 species of migratory birds)
o Important Migratory Birds: Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon, Northern Shoveler, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and Tu�ed)
o 60 indigenous species of fish, 7 species of turtles, 4 species of snakes, 6 taxa of amphibians, 189 taxa of invertebrates reported
o Threatened species
– Schedule 1 species : 4 species of turtle (Kachuga tecta, K. smithii, Trionyx gange�cus and Geoclemys hamiltonii )
– IUCN Red List: Smooth Indian o�er
o Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Delonix, Salix, Syzygium, Zizyphus, Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Withania somnifera, Adhatoda vesica, Boerhavia diffusa, etc.
o Major Threats: Weed growth(Eichhornia crassipes), silta�on and encroachment
o First sigh�ng of dolphin reported from Harike wetland (Beas river) in December, 2007.
o Important Bird Area (IBA) site of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and Wildlife Sanctuary (no�fied by Govt. of Punjab)
Field assessment studies conducted between April 2011 to May 2013 by WWF-India in collabora�on with Department of Forests, Govt. of Punjab examined the possible existence and conserva�on viability of the only reported breeding popula�on of the endangered Indus River dolphin Platanista gange�ca minor in Punjab. WWF-India's observa�ons showed that dolphins occur in River Beas Harike wetland. A total of 25 sigh�ngs of dolphin were reported during the study period.
These sigh�ngs were largely concentrated in zones of Baguwal-Dhunda; Karmowala-Dhun; Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Gagdewal-Baguwal; Dhun-Harike; Dhunda-Aalm kha and Aalm kha- Karmowala (Map 5.3). Three groups were iden�fied, one each along Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Baguwal- Dhunda and Karmowala-Harike that comprised of adult, sub-adult and calves. On 9 occasions adult Dolphins were recorded solitary. During the course of the study opportunis�c sigh�ngs of adult Dolphins were also recorded, 6 at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary and 3 at Karmowala. During the study period dolphins were generally sighted in loose groups of 2-3 individuals at three different sites in River Beas and they preferred habitats with deep areas having slow water current and moderate to wide river width. In September 2013, the officials of Harike wildlife sanctuary during the monthly monitoring spo�ed 12 Indus dolphins in a single sigh�ng and it was concluded that es�mated number could be around two dozen in and around the sanctuary.
Box 5.1 Sigh�ng of Indus River Dolphin in River Beas and Harike
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013
LANDUSE / LAND COVER(2006)
HARIKE WETLAND ECOSYSTEM
Meters1,700 850 0 1,700
LegendBuilt Up Land (1.91%)
Built Up
Brick Kiln
Agricultural Land (74.61%)
Crop Land
Plantation
Wastelands (3.78%)
Mining Area (Brick Kiln)
Gullied / Ravinous
Land with or without Scub
River Sand
Waterbodies (0.59%)
Ponds
Canal
Wetlands (19.10%)
Lake Water Type I
Lake Water Type II
Lake Water Type III
Vegetation over Water Type I
Vegetation over Water Type II
Vegetation over Water Type III
River
Waterlogged
Data Source : IRS 1D LISS IV, March 2006
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 72 73 >
Map 5.2 Land use/land cover of Harike wetland
Biodiversity
Harike Wetland
Harike WetlandHarike WetlandHarike Wetland
White Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at Harike Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Aja
y D
ew
anP
ho
to C
red
its
: A
jay
De
wan
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Aja
y D
ew
an
Wetland ecosystem of Punjab
Punjab has 12 natural wetlands and 9 manmade wetlands covering an area of 8.39 sq.km. and 147.39 sq.km, respec�vely. Harike, Kanjli and Ropar are recognized as wetlands of Interna�onal significance under Ramsar Conven�on. Ranjit Sagar and Nangal Lake have been declared as Na�onal Wetlands. These wetlands are important aqua�c ecosystems in nature and are the important habitats for waterfowl, fish and other flora and fauna. The detailed list of wetlands in Punjab has been discussed in Chapter 3.
The major biodiversity a�ributes of Ramsar sites of Punjab are as under:
Harike Wetland
o Area: 4,100 ha (Kapurthala, Tarn Taran and Ferozepur Districts)
o Area under water: 2850 ha
o Avifauna : 360 species (74 species of migratory birds)
o Important Migratory Birds: Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon, Northern Shoveler, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and Tu�ed)
o 60 indigenous species of fish, 7 species of turtles, 4 species of snakes, 6 taxa of amphibians, 189 taxa of invertebrates reported
o Threatened species
– Schedule 1 species : 4 species of turtle (Kachuga tecta, K. smithii, Trionyx gange�cus and Geoclemys hamiltonii )
– IUCN Red List: Smooth Indian o�er
o Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Delonix, Salix, Syzygium, Zizyphus, Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Withania somnifera, Adhatoda vesica, Boerhavia diffusa, etc.
o Major Threats: Weed growth(Eichhornia crassipes), silta�on and encroachment
o First sigh�ng of dolphin reported from Harike wetland (Beas river) in December, 2007.
o Important Bird Area (IBA) site of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and Wildlife Sanctuary (no�fied by Govt. of Punjab)
Field assessment studies conducted between April 2011 to May 2013 by WWF-India in collabora�on with Department of Forests, Govt. of Punjab examined the possible existence and conserva�on viability of the only reported breeding popula�on of the endangered Indus River dolphin Platanista gange�ca minor in Punjab. WWF-India's observa�ons showed that dolphins occur in River Beas Harike wetland. A total of 25 sigh�ngs of dolphin were reported during the study period.
These sigh�ngs were largely concentrated in zones of Baguwal-Dhunda; Karmowala-Dhun; Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Gagdewal-Baguwal; Dhun-Harike; Dhunda-Aalm kha and Aalm kha- Karmowala (Map 5.3). Three groups were iden�fied, one each along Beas bridge-Gagdewal; Baguwal- Dhunda and Karmowala-Harike that comprised of adult, sub-adult and calves. On 9 occasions adult Dolphins were recorded solitary. During the course of the study opportunis�c sigh�ngs of adult Dolphins were also recorded, 6 at Harike Wildlife Sanctuary and 3 at Karmowala. During the study period dolphins were generally sighted in loose groups of 2-3 individuals at three different sites in River Beas and they preferred habitats with deep areas having slow water current and moderate to wide river width. In September 2013, the officials of Harike wildlife sanctuary during the monthly monitoring spo�ed 12 Indus dolphins in a single sigh�ng and it was concluded that es�mated number could be around two dozen in and around the sanctuary.
Box 5.1 Sigh�ng of Indus River Dolphin in River Beas and Harike
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013
LANDUSE / LAND COVER(2006)
HARIKE WETLAND ECOSYSTEM
Meters1,700 850 0 1,700
LegendBuilt Up Land (1.91%)
Built Up
Brick Kiln
Agricultural Land (74.61%)
Crop Land
Plantation
Wastelands (3.78%)
Mining Area (Brick Kiln)
Gullied / Ravinous
Land with or without Scub
River Sand
Waterbodies (0.59%)
Ponds
Canal
Wetlands (19.10%)
Lake Water Type I
Lake Water Type II
Lake Water Type III
Vegetation over Water Type I
Vegetation over Water Type II
Vegetation over Water Type III
River
Waterlogged
Data Source : IRS 1D LISS IV, March 2006
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 72 73 >
Map 5.2 Land use/land cover of Harike wetland
Biodiversity
Harike Wetland
Harike WetlandHarike WetlandHarike Wetland
White Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at HarikeWhite Breasted Kingfisher at Harike Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Aja
y D
ew
anP
ho
to C
red
its
: A
jay
De
wan
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Aja
y D
ew
an
Map 5.3 Records of Indus River Dolphin sigh�ngs on the river Beas and Harike
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013
Ropar Wetland • Area: 1365 ha (Rupnagar District) • Area under water: 800 ha • 55 species of fish and 318 species of birds reported • Important Migratory Birds: Northern Shoveler, Common Teal, Mallard,
Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and
Tu�ed), Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon • Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Syzygium, Zizyphus, dlonix, Salix,
Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Boerhavia diffusa,
Adhatoda vesica, Withania somnifera, etc. • Schedule 1 species: Scaly anteater, Sambar and Hog deer • Major Threats: Silta�on, water pollu�on and grazing in wetland zone
Kanjli Wetland • Area: 183 ha (Kapurthala District) • Area under water: 78 ha • 4 mammals, 90 species of birds and 35 species of fishes reported • Important Migratory Birds: Great Crested Grebe, Brahminy duck, Pintail,
Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Wigeon, Blue Winged Teal, Shoveller,
Redcrested Pochard and Common Pochard • Immense socio -religious importance of Kali Bein/ Holy Bein as it is
associated with Guru Nanak Dev ji • Major Flora: Acacia, Albezzia, Azadirachta, Dalbergia, Delonix, Zizyphus, etc.,
common aqua�c plants like Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potemogeton, Phragmites
and insec�vorous plant Utricularia
• Major Threats: Weed growth (Eichhornia crassipes), reduc�on in water
flow, pollu�on, deforesta�on, silta�on, etc.
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Photo Credit : WWF, India
|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >
KEY
Year 2013
State boundaryDistrict boundaryRiverDirect Sigh�ngYear 2011Year 2012Year 2013
Secondary informa�on
(Literature review & (Informal interviews)Year 2010Year 2011Year 2012
Biodiversity
Dolphin at Beas River
Utricularia Plant
Kanjli Wetland, Dis�. Kapurthala
Shoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar Wetland
Small Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar Wetland
Rudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar Wetland Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Dr.
On
kar
Sin
gh B
rrai
chP
ho
to C
red
its
: D
r. O
nka
r Si
ngh
Brr
aich
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Dr.
On
kar
Sin
gh B
rrai
ch
Map 5.3 Records of Indus River Dolphin sigh�ngs on the river Beas and Harike
Source: ENVIS Centre, PSCST, 2013
Ropar Wetland • Area: 1365 ha (Rupnagar District) • Area under water: 800 ha • 55 species of fish and 318 species of birds reported • Important Migratory Birds: Northern Shoveler, Common Teal, Mallard,
Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail, Pochards (Red Crested, Common and
Tu�ed), Gadwall, Eurasian Wigeon • Major Flora: Acacia, Dalbergia, Syzygium, Zizyphus, dlonix, Salix,
Ipomoea, Cyprus, etc. and medicinal plants like Boerhavia diffusa,
Adhatoda vesica, Withania somnifera, etc. • Schedule 1 species: Scaly anteater, Sambar and Hog deer • Major Threats: Silta�on, water pollu�on and grazing in wetland zone
Kanjli Wetland • Area: 183 ha (Kapurthala District) • Area under water: 78 ha • 4 mammals, 90 species of birds and 35 species of fishes reported • Important Migratory Birds: Great Crested Grebe, Brahminy duck, Pintail,
Common Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, Wigeon, Blue Winged Teal, Shoveller,
Redcrested Pochard and Common Pochard • Immense socio -religious importance of Kali Bein/ Holy Bein as it is
associated with Guru Nanak Dev ji • Major Flora: Acacia, Albezzia, Azadirachta, Dalbergia, Delonix, Zizyphus, etc.,
common aqua�c plants like Hydrilla, Vallisneria, Potemogeton, Phragmites
and insec�vorous plant Utricularia
• Major Threats: Weed growth (Eichhornia crassipes), reduc�on in water
flow, pollu�on, deforesta�on, silta�on, etc.
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Photo Credit : WWF, India
|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >|< 74 75 >
KEY
Year 2013
State boundaryDistrict boundaryRiverDirect Sigh�ngYear 2011Year 2012Year 2013
Secondary informa�on
(Literature review & (Informal interviews)Year 2010Year 2011Year 2012
Biodiversity
Dolphin at Beas River
Utricularia Plant
Kanjli Wetland, Dis�. Kapurthala
Shoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar WetlandShoveller at Ropar Wetland
Small Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar WetlandSmall Cormorant at Ropar Wetland
Rudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar WetlandRudy Shelduck at Ropar Wetland Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Dr.
On
kar
Sin
gh B
rrai
chP
ho
to C
red
its
: D
r. O
nka
r Si
ngh
Brr
aich
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
s :
Dr.
On
kar
Sin
gh B
rrai
ch
Cropland ecosystem of Punjab
About 84% of the total land in the state is under agriculture (as
compared to na�onal average of 40.38%). The state was known to
harbour great gene�c variability; however, over the years this has
reduced due to change in cropping pa�ern with major focus on
wheat-paddy crop rota�on and higher dependence on certain high
yielding varie�es of crops. The change of area under cul�va�on of
various crops is discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Over the years the
farmers have adopted a narrow range of High Yield Varie�es(HYVs)
in place of a broad range of tradi�onal varie�es which were
naturally suited to the clima�c and edaphic condi�ons of the state.
The area under input intensive HYVs of wheat has increased from
69% in 1970-71 to 100% in 2000-01 and remained the same
therea�er. Similarly, area under HYVs of rice comprised 33% of total
area under rice in 1970-71. It increased to 100% in 2005. This has
resulted in the loss of domes�cated floral biodiversity of the state.
The increase in area under paddy has led to decline in area under
other major kharif crops like maize, bajra, jowar, sugarcane,
groundnut, pulses, etc. The increase in wheat cul�va�on has been
at the expense of cu�ng down the area under other rabi season
crops especially gram, barley, rapeseed, mustard and sunflower.
Area under total pulses and oilseeds has reduced sharply. This
includes many leguminous crops like groundnut, len�ls and guar.
The reduced crop diversity over the years due to monoculture of
wheat and paddy has further resulted in degrada�on of soil
including nutrient imbalance and deple�on of underground water
table. Intensive use of pes�cides and fer�lizers have caused
environmental and health problems. It also led to development of
resistance in pests beside affec�ng their natural predators.
Box 5.3 U�liza�on of medicinal plants by herbal industry in Punjab
Punjab is primarily an agricultural state. However, forests in the Shivaliks, Birs, Rakhs and Mand contribute to its rich biodiversity. Many of biological resources occurring in these areas especially medicinal plants have good commercial poten�al in biodiversity based industries. A few medicinal plants also occur as weeds in agricultural fields. A joint study was conducted by Punjab Biodiversity Board and PSCST in 2010-11 to iden�fy and assess major bioresources used in Punjab and their commercial poten�al. It was found that 255 registered herbal units were opera�ng in Punjab, which were u�lizing botanicals to prepare various product formula�ons (with or without the species included in 'normally traded commodity' list no�fied by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India). Out of 180 func�onal units, limited data was provided by 121 units only (67.2%) from 15 districts (out of 20 districts). These 121 units were using 919.9 MT/annum of raw plant materials. Usage of plant species by pharmacies/herbal units in Punjab ranges from 279 kg/annum in district Mansa to 527 MT/annum in district Amritsar. Districtwise details are given in Figure 5.4.
The raw material was being procured from the market/traders and not collected directly. Such traders operate in Majith Mandi at Amritsar, collec�on center at Pathankot and in other states as well. Majith Mandi is known as the trade hub of some of these biological resources. Raw materials from Punjab and nearby states is collected and categorized for export and/or domes�c consump�on. An es�mated 22,000 Metric Tonnes of botanicals (mainly 67 species) were being annually traded from Majith Mandi by 54 trader/dealers.
A total of 503 plant species were being used in the state, out of which, 334 species (66%) occured in Punjab and the rest were being brought/collected from other states. Data reveals that of the 334 plant species from Punjab, 127 were herbacious, 110 were trees species, 63 shrubs and 34 climbers. Out of total 503 species used, only 82 species were exempted from the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (as these were included in the list of 'normally traded commodi�es' no�fied by Govt. of India). Therefore, prior permission of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority was required for export of rest of the 421 plant species or their products being traded from the state. The most used medicinal plants are Aloe barbadensis , Emblica officinalis and Terminalia chebula (Figure 5.5). Data pointed that out of the 10 maximum used plant species, six species namely, Terminalia chebula, Commiphora wigh�i, Tinospora cordifolia, Tribulus lanuginosus,Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia belerica did not fall under 'normally traded commodity list' . Other important species excluded from the normally traded commodi�es list which are being collected from the state include Saraca asoca (11311 kg/annum), Boerhavia difffusa (10979 kg/annum), Sesamum orientale (10951 kg/annum), Asparagus racemosus (7314 kg/annum), Psoralea corylifolia (10951 kg/annum), Mucuna pruriens (5290 kg/annum), Eclipta prostata (5290 kg/annum), etc. Conserva�on of their habitat and regulated harves�ng needs to be promoted to ensure their long term sustainability.
Two plant species, namely Techomella undulata and Withania coagulans, being used by herbal units had been iden�fied as threatened species in the state. Techomella undulata had been iden�fied as an 'endangered species' and Withania coagulans as 'vulnerable species' as per IUCN Red Data List.
Source : Jerath et al., 2012
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 76 77 >
Biodiversity
Cropland ecosystem of Punjab
About 84% of the total land in the state is under agriculture (as
compared to na�onal average of 40.38%). The state was known to
harbour great gene�c variability; however, over the years this has
reduced due to change in cropping pa�ern with major focus on
wheat-paddy crop rota�on and higher dependence on certain high
yielding varie�es of crops. The change of area under cul�va�on of
various crops is discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Over the years the
farmers have adopted a narrow range of High Yield Varie�es(HYVs)
in place of a broad range of tradi�onal varie�es which were
naturally suited to the clima�c and edaphic condi�ons of the state.
The area under input intensive HYVs of wheat has increased from
69% in 1970-71 to 100% in 2000-01 and remained the same
therea�er. Similarly, area under HYVs of rice comprised 33% of total
area under rice in 1970-71. It increased to 100% in 2005. This has
resulted in the loss of domes�cated floral biodiversity of the state.
The increase in area under paddy has led to decline in area under
other major kharif crops like maize, bajra, jowar, sugarcane,
groundnut, pulses, etc. The increase in wheat cul�va�on has been
at the expense of cu�ng down the area under other rabi season
crops especially gram, barley, rapeseed, mustard and sunflower.
Area under total pulses and oilseeds has reduced sharply. This
includes many leguminous crops like groundnut, len�ls and guar.
The reduced crop diversity over the years due to monoculture of
wheat and paddy has further resulted in degrada�on of soil
including nutrient imbalance and deple�on of underground water
table. Intensive use of pes�cides and fer�lizers have caused
environmental and health problems. It also led to development of
resistance in pests beside affec�ng their natural predators.
Box 5.3 U�liza�on of medicinal plants by herbal industry in Punjab
Punjab is primarily an agricultural state. However, forests in the Shivaliks, Birs, Rakhs and Mand contribute to its rich biodiversity. Many of biological resources occurring in these areas especially medicinal plants have good commercial poten�al in biodiversity based industries. A few medicinal plants also occur as weeds in agricultural fields. A joint study was conducted by Punjab Biodiversity Board and PSCST in 2010-11 to iden�fy and assess major bioresources used in Punjab and their commercial poten�al. It was found that 255 registered herbal units were opera�ng in Punjab, which were u�lizing botanicals to prepare various product formula�ons (with or without the species included in 'normally traded commodity' list no�fied by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India). Out of 180 func�onal units, limited data was provided by 121 units only (67.2%) from 15 districts (out of 20 districts). These 121 units were using 919.9 MT/annum of raw plant materials. Usage of plant species by pharmacies/herbal units in Punjab ranges from 279 kg/annum in district Mansa to 527 MT/annum in district Amritsar. Districtwise details are given in Figure 5.4.
The raw material was being procured from the market/traders and not collected directly. Such traders operate in Majith Mandi at Amritsar, collec�on center at Pathankot and in other states as well. Majith Mandi is known as the trade hub of some of these biological resources. Raw materials from Punjab and nearby states is collected and categorized for export and/or domes�c consump�on. An es�mated 22,000 Metric Tonnes of botanicals (mainly 67 species) were being annually traded from Majith Mandi by 54 trader/dealers.
A total of 503 plant species were being used in the state, out of which, 334 species (66%) occured in Punjab and the rest were being brought/collected from other states. Data reveals that of the 334 plant species from Punjab, 127 were herbacious, 110 were trees species, 63 shrubs and 34 climbers. Out of total 503 species used, only 82 species were exempted from the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (as these were included in the list of 'normally traded commodi�es' no�fied by Govt. of India). Therefore, prior permission of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority was required for export of rest of the 421 plant species or their products being traded from the state. The most used medicinal plants are Aloe barbadensis , Emblica officinalis and Terminalia chebula (Figure 5.5). Data pointed that out of the 10 maximum used plant species, six species namely, Terminalia chebula, Commiphora wigh�i, Tinospora cordifolia, Tribulus lanuginosus,Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia belerica did not fall under 'normally traded commodity list' . Other important species excluded from the normally traded commodi�es list which are being collected from the state include Saraca asoca (11311 kg/annum), Boerhavia difffusa (10979 kg/annum), Sesamum orientale (10951 kg/annum), Asparagus racemosus (7314 kg/annum), Psoralea corylifolia (10951 kg/annum), Mucuna pruriens (5290 kg/annum), Eclipta prostata (5290 kg/annum), etc. Conserva�on of their habitat and regulated harves�ng needs to be promoted to ensure their long term sustainability.
Two plant species, namely Techomella undulata and Withania coagulans, being used by herbal units had been iden�fied as threatened species in the state. Techomella undulata had been iden�fied as an 'endangered species' and Withania coagulans as 'vulnerable species' as per IUCN Red Data List.
Source : Jerath et al., 2012
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 76 77 >
Biodiversity
Figure 5.4 Districtwise quan�ty of botanicals used by herbal units (121) in Punjab
Figure 5.5 Most used botanicals in Punjab
Source Jerath et al.,2012
Qu
an�
ty u
sed
(kg
/ a
nn
um
)
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Plant Name
Alo
e b
arb
aden
sis
Emb
lica
offi
cin
alis
Term
inal
ia c
heb
ula
Co
mm
iph
ora
wig
h�
i
Tin
osp
ora
co
rdif
olia
Wit
han
ia s
om
nif
era
Trib
ulu
s la
nu
gin
osu
s
Term
inal
ia a
rju
na
Aza
dir
ach
ta in
dic
a
Term
inal
ia b
eler
ica
14572154891944719607
23758245572470125274
38201
174733
Source ; Jerath et al.,2012
No
. of
Un
its
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
Qu
an�
ty u
sed
Am
rits
ar
Bat
hin
da
Fari
dko
t
Fate
hga
rh S
ahib
Fero
zep
ur
Ho
shia
rpu
r
Jala
nd
har
Kap
urt
hal
a
Lud
hia
na
Man
sa
Mo
ga
Mu
kats
ar
Pa�
ala
San
gru
r
T.Ta
ran
No. of Units Quan�ty used (Kg / annum)
28
527342
6
4
2 2
6
23
1
7
111581 21657
68022
153623
101061332
80128
17
26
14
68624812
1758 2742
2
279 15591 323323323
|< 78 79 >
Iden�fica�on of Biodiversity Rich Areas/Sites The Punjab Biodiversity Board has inden�fied the following
biodiversity rich sites in Punjab outside the protected area network:
Poten�al Biodiversity Heritage Sites
• Inami Baag in Block Bhunga, District Hoshiarpur for elite mango varie�es
• Chatpa�-Bani in village Kataru Chak, District Pathankot as community conserved sacred grove
• Kaya Kalp Vriksh (The Great Banyan Tree ) of Punjab at village Chol� Kheri, District Fatehgarh Sahib
• Areas falling outside Harike Wildlife Sanctuary from Village Gagrewal to Goindwal Sahib on river Beas for conserva�on of Indus river dolphin
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Biodiversity
Aloe barbadensisAloe barbadensisAloe barbadensis
Emblica officinalisEmblica officinalisEmblica officinalis
Terminalia belericaTerminalia belericaTerminalia belerica
Inami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. Hoshiarpur
Fruits of some elite varie�es at Inami Baag
Figure 5.4 Districtwise quan�ty of botanicals used by herbal units (121) in Punjab
Figure 5.5 Most used botanicals in Punjab
Source Jerath et al.,2012
Qu
an�
ty u
sed
(kg
/ a
nn
um
)
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Plant Name
Alo
e b
arb
aden
sis
Emb
lica
offi
cin
alis
Term
inal
ia c
heb
ula
Co
mm
iph
ora
wig
h�
i
Tin
osp
ora
co
rdif
olia
Wit
han
ia s
om
nif
era
Trib
ulu
s la
nu
gin
osu
s
Term
inal
ia a
rju
na
Aza
dir
ach
ta in
dic
a
Term
inal
ia b
eler
ica
14572154891944719607
23758245572470125274
38201
174733
Source ; Jerath et al.,2012
No
. of
Un
its
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
Qu
an�
ty u
sed
Am
rits
ar
Bat
hin
da
Fari
dko
t
Fate
hga
rh S
ahib
Fero
zep
ur
Ho
shia
rpu
r
Jala
nd
har
Kap
urt
hal
a
Lud
hia
na
Man
sa
Mo
ga
Mu
kats
ar
Pa�
ala
San
gru
r
T.Ta
ran
No. of Units Quan�ty used (Kg / annum)
28
527342
6
4
2 2
6
23
1
7
111581 21657
68022
153623
101061332
80128
17
26
14
68624812
1758 2742
2
279 15591 323323323
|< 78 79 >
Iden�fica�on of Biodiversity Rich Areas/Sites The Punjab Biodiversity Board has inden�fied the following
biodiversity rich sites in Punjab outside the protected area network:
Poten�al Biodiversity Heritage Sites
• Inami Baag in Block Bhunga, District Hoshiarpur for elite mango varie�es
• Chatpa�-Bani in village Kataru Chak, District Pathankot as community conserved sacred grove
• Kaya Kalp Vriksh (The Great Banyan Tree ) of Punjab at village Chol� Kheri, District Fatehgarh Sahib
• Areas falling outside Harike Wildlife Sanctuary from Village Gagrewal to Goindwal Sahib on river Beas for conserva�on of Indus river dolphin
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Biodiversity
Aloe barbadensisAloe barbadensisAloe barbadensis
Emblica officinalisEmblica officinalisEmblica officinalis
Terminalia belericaTerminalia belericaTerminalia belerica
Inami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. HoshiarpurInami Baag, Block Bhunga, Dis�. Hoshiarpur
Fruits of some elite varie�es at Inami Baag
Poten�al Urban Biodiversity Heritage Sites • Aam Khas Baag, District Fatehgarh Sahib and
Ram Baag, District Amritsar • Baradari Garden, Pa�ala for simbal tree & ferns • Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala • Royal Garden, Faridkot
Others Poten�al Sites • Pa� and Ferozepur area for na�ve buffalo breed of
Nili Ravi • Mand (Wetlands) area for conserva�on of Hog
Deer popula�on.
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 80 81 >
Table 5.5 Threatened Flora of Punjab
• Sultanpur Lodhi area and area between Nangal and Ropar for conserva�on of fish
• Dhar block in District Pathankot & Nurpur Bedi area in Rupnagar district for Vultures, Indian Python and Hedge hog
• Pandori (area between Keshopur Miani and Kahnuwan) in District Gurdaspur as a sacred grove
• Keshopur Miani & Magarmudian in District Gurdaspur for conserva�on of Sarus Cranes.
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Major Threats to Biodiversity • Intensive & extensive agriculture with focus on HYVs and exo�c breeds
• Lack of apprecia�on : Treated as free goods of nature
• Habitat destruc�on & degrada�on
• Environmental pollu�on & climate change
• Unsustainable developmental model and urbaniza�on
• Infesta�on of invasive alien species
• Lack of coordina�on amongst concerned line departments
Threatened Flora and Fauna of Punjab Punjab Biodiversity Board in consulta�on with Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India and Forest
Department has iden�fied threatened flora and fauna of Punjab.
Sr. No. Botanical Name Family Habit Status
Angiosperms
(i) Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem Bignoniaceae Tree Endangered
(ii) Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Solanaceae Shrub Vulnerable
(iii) Anogeissus sericea Brandis var. nummularia King ex Duthie
Combretaceae Tree Endemic & Rare
(iv) Alysicarpus bupleurifolius(L) DC var. hybridus DC Leguminosae –Papilionoideae
Herb Endemic
(v) Hibiscus hoshiarpurensis T.K Paul & M.P Nayar Malvaceae Herb Endemic
(vi) Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Var lushii (J.Graham) Hook.f [=Ceropegia lushii(J.Graham)
Asclepiadoideae Herb Vulnerable
Pteridophytes
(i) Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophiglossaceae Herb At risk
(ii) Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun ex. Seub. Ophiglossaceae Herb Rare
Biodiversity
Rudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike Wetland
Poten�al Urban Biodiversity Heritage Sites • Aam Khas Baag, District Fatehgarh Sahib and
Ram Baag, District Amritsar • Baradari Garden, Pa�ala for simbal tree & ferns • Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala • Royal Garden, Faridkot
Others Poten�al Sites • Pa� and Ferozepur area for na�ve buffalo breed of
Nili Ravi • Mand (Wetlands) area for conserva�on of Hog
Deer popula�on.
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 80 81 >
Table 5.5 Threatened Flora of Punjab
• Sultanpur Lodhi area and area between Nangal and Ropar for conserva�on of fish
• Dhar block in District Pathankot & Nurpur Bedi area in Rupnagar district for Vultures, Indian Python and Hedge hog
• Pandori (area between Keshopur Miani and Kahnuwan) in District Gurdaspur as a sacred grove
• Keshopur Miani & Magarmudian in District Gurdaspur for conserva�on of Sarus Cranes.
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: A
jay
De
wan
Major Threats to Biodiversity • Intensive & extensive agriculture with focus on HYVs and exo�c breeds
• Lack of apprecia�on : Treated as free goods of nature
• Habitat destruc�on & degrada�on
• Environmental pollu�on & climate change
• Unsustainable developmental model and urbaniza�on
• Infesta�on of invasive alien species
• Lack of coordina�on amongst concerned line departments
Threatened Flora and Fauna of Punjab Punjab Biodiversity Board in consulta�on with Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India and Forest
Department has iden�fied threatened flora and fauna of Punjab.
Sr. No. Botanical Name Family Habit Status
Angiosperms
(i) Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem Bignoniaceae Tree Endangered
(ii) Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Solanaceae Shrub Vulnerable
(iii) Anogeissus sericea Brandis var. nummularia King ex Duthie
Combretaceae Tree Endemic & Rare
(iv) Alysicarpus bupleurifolius(L) DC var. hybridus DC Leguminosae –Papilionoideae
Herb Endemic
(v) Hibiscus hoshiarpurensis T.K Paul & M.P Nayar Malvaceae Herb Endemic
(vi) Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Var lushii (J.Graham) Hook.f [=Ceropegia lushii(J.Graham)
Asclepiadoideae Herb Vulnerable
Pteridophytes
(i) Ophioglossum gramineum Willd. Ophiglossaceae Herb At risk
(ii) Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun ex. Seub. Ophiglossaceae Herb Rare
Biodiversity
Rudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike WetlandRudy Shelduck, Blackwing S�lts and Large Cormorant at Harike Wetland
Sr. No Common Name Zoological NameThreat Category
(Indian Wildlife Protec� on Act, 1972)
Mammals
(i) Indus River Dolphin Platanista gange� ca ssp minor Endangerd: Schedule- I
Birds
(ii) White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Gmelin, 1788.since 2000
(iii) Sarus Crane Grus an� gone Linnaeus, 1758 Vulnerable
Rep� les
(iv) Indian Rock Python Python molurus Linnaeus, 1758 Endang ered
(v) Indian Roofed Turtle Kachuga tecta Gray, 1830 Endangered: Schedule-I
Table 5.6 Threatened Fauna of Punjab
Cri�cally Endangered: In Schedule-I
The list is, however, yet to be no�fied by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India under sec�on 38 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Punjab Biodiversity Board was no�fied by Punjab Government in December, 2004 as a statutory body u/s 22 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 for conserva�on of biological diversity of Punjab
Presently Hon'ble Chief Minister (as Minister Environment) is the Chairman
Major Roles and Responsibili�es
• To implement the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in Punjab
• To conserve wild and domes�cated flora & fauna of the State
• To promote sustainable u�liza�on of biological resources
• To ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of commercial use of biological resources and associated tradi�onal knowledge
• To advise the State Government on any ma�er concerning conserva�on of bio-diversity
• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the departments of the State Government and Biodiversity Management Commi�ees
• To facilitate se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees (BMCs) at village and town/district level
• To promote the prepara�on of People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) through BMCs to document available resources and protect tradi�onal knowledge
• To take up capacity building programs for masses, as well as training of line departments of the state government
• To iden�fy 'Biodiversity Heritage Sites' and take steps for promote their conserva�on therea�er
• To iden�fy & no�fy threatened flora and fauna of state
• To commission studies and sponsor inves�ga�ons and research
• To collect, compile and publish technical and sta�s�cal data related to biological resources of state
• To recommend, prescribe, modify, collec�on fee for access of biological resources from �me to �me
Box 5.5 Cons�tu�on of Punjab Biodiversity Board
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 82 83 >
Tecomella undulataTecomella undulataTecomella undulata Ceropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosa Ophioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineum
White Backed VultureWhite Backed VultureWhite Backed Vulture Sarus CraneSarus CraneSarus Crane Indian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed Turtle Indian Rock PythonIndian Rock PythonIndian Rock Python
Major Ini�a�ves undertaken
Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab
• Establishment of Protected Area Network of 345 sq.km consis�ng 13 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 zoological parks, 3 deer parks and 2 community reserves(first in India) for conserva�on of wild flora and fauna
• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission (2012-2020)” to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs 180 crore
Department of Agriculture, Punjab
• Diversifica�on of agriculture to reduce area under paddy from 22.5 Lakh ha (2012-13) to 8.5 lakh ha in 2017-18 and promote cul�va�on of basma�, co�on, maize, sugarcane, pulses, fodder, fruit & vegetable and agroforestry proposed
Biodiversity
Sr. No Common Name Zoological NameThreat Category
(Indian Wildlife Protec� on Act, 1972)
Mammals
(i) Indus River Dolphin Platanista gange� ca ssp minor Endangerd: Schedule- I
Birds
(ii) White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Gmelin, 1788.since 2000
(iii) Sarus Crane Grus an� gone Linnaeus, 1758 Vulnerable
Rep� les
(iv) Indian Rock Python Python molurus Linnaeus, 1758 Endang ered
(v) Indian Roofed Turtle Kachuga tecta Gray, 1830 Endangered: Schedule-I
Table 5.6 Threatened Fauna of Punjab
Cri�cally Endangered: In Schedule-I
The list is, however, yet to be no�fied by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India under sec�on 38 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Punjab Biodiversity Board was no�fied by Punjab Government in December, 2004 as a statutory body u/s 22 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 for conserva�on of biological diversity of Punjab
Presently Hon'ble Chief Minister (as Minister Environment) is the Chairman
Major Roles and Responsibili�es
• To implement the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 in Punjab
• To conserve wild and domes�cated flora & fauna of the State
• To promote sustainable u�liza�on of biological resources
• To ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of commercial use of biological resources and associated tradi�onal knowledge
• To advise the State Government on any ma�er concerning conserva�on of bio-diversity
• To provide technical assistance and guidance to the departments of the State Government and Biodiversity Management Commi�ees
• To facilitate se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees (BMCs) at village and town/district level
• To promote the prepara�on of People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) through BMCs to document available resources and protect tradi�onal knowledge
• To take up capacity building programs for masses, as well as training of line departments of the state government
• To iden�fy 'Biodiversity Heritage Sites' and take steps for promote their conserva�on therea�er
• To iden�fy & no�fy threatened flora and fauna of state
• To commission studies and sponsor inves�ga�ons and research
• To collect, compile and publish technical and sta�s�cal data related to biological resources of state
• To recommend, prescribe, modify, collec�on fee for access of biological resources from �me to �me
Box 5.5 Cons�tu�on of Punjab Biodiversity Board
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 82 83 >
Tecomella undulataTecomella undulataTecomella undulata Ceropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosaCeropegia bulbosa Ophioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineumOphioglossum gramineum
White Backed VultureWhite Backed VultureWhite Backed Vulture Sarus CraneSarus CraneSarus Crane Indian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed TurtleIndian Roofed Turtle Indian Rock PythonIndian Rock PythonIndian Rock Python
Major Ini�a�ves undertaken
Department of Forests & Wildlife Preserva�on, Punjab
• Establishment of Protected Area Network of 345 sq.km consis�ng 13 wildlife sanctuaries, 2 zoological parks, 3 deer parks and 2 community reserves(first in India) for conserva�on of wild flora and fauna
• Launching of “Green Punjab Mission (2012-2020)” to increase forest cover in the state to 15% at an annual cost of Rs 180 crore
Department of Agriculture, Punjab
• Diversifica�on of agriculture to reduce area under paddy from 22.5 Lakh ha (2012-13) to 8.5 lakh ha in 2017-18 and promote cul�va�on of basma�, co�on, maize, sugarcane, pulses, fodder, fruit & vegetable and agroforestry proposed
Biodiversity
Punjab Biodiversity Board
• Se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees(BMCs) & Technical Support Groups(TSGs) in all 22 districts and 33 village levels BMCs in biodiversity rich areas
• Prepara�on of Districts level People Biodiversity Register`s (PBRs) ini�ated in 12 districts to document biodiversity & associated tradi�onal knowledge
• Iden�fica�on of threatened flora ( 8 species) and fauna ( 5 species) of state
• Iden�fica�on of 3 poten�al Biodiversity Heritage sites along with other biodiversity rich areas
• Capacity building and training of BMCs/TSGs members in all districts
• Conducted 4 special projects/studies with the financial support of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority, UNESCO and Govt. of Punjab
• Outreach ac�vi�es
Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
• Prepara�on of Strategy and Ac�on plan for Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab
• Conducted comprehensive study “Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab”
• Conserva�on and management of wetlands
• Iden�fica�on and documenta�on of key species
• Biodiversity assessment studies undertaken in all major wetlands
• Ini�a�on of Bird Census & Bird Ringing at various wetlands in collabora�on with Bombay Natural History Society
• Se�ng up of wetland Interpreta�on Centres highligh�ng biodiversity at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal
• Management & gainful u�liza�on of water hyacinth through Self Help Groups by prepara�on of handicra�s
• Awareness ac�vi�es under Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 84 85 >
Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on
• Catchment area treatment for silt abetment in all wetland zones of Punjab
• Watershed development in Shivaliks
Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana
• Promo�on of organic farming, Integrated Pest Management & Agroforestry
• Conserva�on of wild germplasm of wheat (1616 accessions) & rice (2413 accessions) and development of climate resilient varie�es
Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab
• Implementa�on of na�onal project on conserva�on and development of indigenous breeds of cows and buffalo
• Promo�ng indigenous breeds of goat(Beetal) and cow(Sahiwal) by providing 25% subsidy
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Science University, Ludhiana
• Conserva�on and improvement of Sahiwal ca�le
• Conserva�on and improvement of Beetal goat under stall-fed condi�ons
NGOs
• Conserva�on of Sahiwal ca�le breed by Vishav Namdhari Sangat, Sri Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana and Divya Jyo� Jagra� Sansthan, Nurpur, Jalandhar
Biodiversity
Maize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment Hon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board& Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity BoardHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board Soil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at Harike Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala
Punjab Biodiversity Board
• Se�ng up of Biodiversity Management Commi�ees(BMCs) & Technical Support Groups(TSGs) in all 22 districts and 33 village levels BMCs in biodiversity rich areas
• Prepara�on of Districts level People Biodiversity Register`s (PBRs) ini�ated in 12 districts to document biodiversity & associated tradi�onal knowledge
• Iden�fica�on of threatened flora ( 8 species) and fauna ( 5 species) of state
• Iden�fica�on of 3 poten�al Biodiversity Heritage sites along with other biodiversity rich areas
• Capacity building and training of BMCs/TSGs members in all districts
• Conducted 4 special projects/studies with the financial support of Na�onal Biodiversity Authority, UNESCO and Govt. of Punjab
• Outreach ac�vi�es
Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
• Prepara�on of Strategy and Ac�on plan for Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab
• Conducted comprehensive study “Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab”
• Conserva�on and management of wetlands
• Iden�fica�on and documenta�on of key species
• Biodiversity assessment studies undertaken in all major wetlands
• Ini�a�on of Bird Census & Bird Ringing at various wetlands in collabora�on with Bombay Natural History Society
• Se�ng up of wetland Interpreta�on Centres highligh�ng biodiversity at Harike, Kanjli, Ropar and Nangal
• Management & gainful u�liza�on of water hyacinth through Self Help Groups by prepara�on of handicra�s
• Awareness ac�vi�es under Na�onal Green Corps and Na�onal Environment Awareness Campaign
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 84 85 >
Department of Soil & Water Conserva�on
• Catchment area treatment for silt abetment in all wetland zones of Punjab
• Watershed development in Shivaliks
Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana
• Promo�on of organic farming, Integrated Pest Management & Agroforestry
• Conserva�on of wild germplasm of wheat (1616 accessions) & rice (2413 accessions) and development of climate resilient varie�es
Department of Animal Husbandry, Punjab
• Implementa�on of na�onal project on conserva�on and development of indigenous breeds of cows and buffalo
• Promo�ng indigenous breeds of goat(Beetal) and cow(Sahiwal) by providing 25% subsidy
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Science University, Ludhiana
• Conserva�on and improvement of Sahiwal ca�le
• Conserva�on and improvement of Beetal goat under stall-fed condi�ons
NGOs
• Conserva�on of Sahiwal ca�le breed by Vishav Namdhari Sangat, Sri Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana and Divya Jyo� Jagra� Sansthan, Nurpur, Jalandhar
Biodiversity
Maize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibMaize & Co�on Fields, Fatehgarh SahibHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment Hon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board& Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity BoardHon'ble Chief Minister Punjab and Hon'ble former Minister for Environment & Forest, Govt. of India releasing Annual Report of Punjab Biodiversity Board Soil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at HarikeSoil conserva�on works at Harike Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala Biodiversity awareness campaign at Pa�ala
ORIGIN OF BREAD WHEAT T. Arara�cumT. Boeo�cumT. DicoccoidesT. MonococcumT. TurgidumT. UrartuAe. BicornisAe. CaudataAe. ComosaAe. CylindricaAe. GeniculataAe. JuvenalisAe. KotschyiAe. Loren�Ae. LongissimaAe. MarkgrafiiAe. NeglectaAe. OvataAe. PeregrinaAe. SpeltoidesAe. SharonensisAe. SearsiAe. TauschiiAe. TriuncialisAe. UmbellulataAe. VariabillAe. Ventricosa
*Available with Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
438066
3254
1545
4321535
226
1253501761
1653
2438683564
10
WILD GERMPLASM OF WHEAT*
Name No. of Accessions
WILD GERMPLASM OF RICE*
Species Name Genome
O. GlaberimaO. BarthiiO. RufipogonO. NivaraO. LongistaminataO. MeridionallsO. GlumaepatulaO. OfficinalisO. EichengeriO. Rhizoma�sO. GranulataO. MeyerianaO. AustraliensisO. BrachyanthaO. MinutaO. PunctataO. GrandiglumisO. La�foliaO. AltaO. RidleyiTotal
AAAA–
AAAAAAAACCCCCCGGGGEEFF
BBCCBBCCCCDDCCDDCCDDHHJJ
5212461594110939
141171121107052118405905320506
2413
*Available with Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Accessions
Box 5.5 Origin of bread wheat and Wild Germplasma of rice & wheat available with PAU, Ludhiana
Biodiversity
T : Tri�cum Ae : Aegilops
O : Oryza
unjab has made an Punparalleled progress in
the agriculture sector since
t h e a d v e n t o f G r e e n
Revolution in the mid sixties,
with traditional agriculture
progressively giving way to
modern and commercial
agriculture. The food grain
production in the state has
increased from 3.16 million
tons in 1960-61 to 28.57
million tones in 2012-13 as a
result of introduction of High
Yielding Varieties & new
technologies to the hard
working and highly receptive
farmers with the support of
the government policies. The
state known as“ Granary of
India” has played key role in
transforming India from a
famine af fected & grain
importing nation to self
reliant & export surplus
nation by contributing more
than 50% food grain to the
central pool over the years.
AGRICULTURE6“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs,
but not every man's greed” - Mahatma Gandhi
Agriculture State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >
Basic Characteris�cs of Agriculture in Punjab
Net sown area: 4158 Thousand Ha (83% of TGA)
Gross Cropped area: 7882 Thousand Ha
Average farm size: 3.76 Ha
Major Crops: Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Co�on & Sugarcane
Area under Paddy-wheat rota�on: 77% of cropped area
Cropping Intensity: 190% (Highest in India)
Contribu�on to Gross SDP of state : 21.83% (at factor cost)
Contribu�on to Central Pool • Wheat: 38.7 % ( 10.96 MT) • Paddy: 22.1% ( 7.73 MT)
Average yield : • Paddy : 3998 kg/ha • Wheat : 4716 kg/ha (Highest in India) • Co�on: 575 kg/ha
Irrigated Area : 98% (Highest in India) • Surface water: 27% • Ground water: 73%
Ground water development : 170% ( as on March, 2009)
Fer�lizer Consump�on : 239 kg/ha ( Highest in India)
Pes�cide Consump�on : 923g/ha (Highest in India, 2007)
Farm power availability : 2.6 kw/ha ( Highest in India)
Farm mechaniza�on • 11% ( 4,76,835) tractors of the country • One tractor for every 9 ha of net cul�vated land as compared to Na�onal
Average of 62 ha
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012 and Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2012-13
The gains resul�ng from the success of ever increasing food grain produc�on during the past 5 decades, have not been
without their consequent environmental & socio-economic costs. The major environmental issues assailing agriculture in
the state includes alarming decline in water table, deteriora�on of soil health, non-judicious use of farm chemicals,
reduced gene�c diversity, crop residue management and over all degrada�on of fragile agro-ecosystem. The stagnated
yields and high cost of inputs are also leading to diminishing economic returns to the farming community in the state.
Table 6.1 Punjab's share in agricultural produc�on in India
Wheat 18% (over 16 Million Tonnes)
Rice 11% (over 10.8 Million Tonnes)
Milk 7.5% (over 9.5 Million Tonnes)
Co�on 10% (over 1.7 Million Bales)
Kinnows and Oranges 75% (over 0.95 Million Tonnes)
Mushroom 45% (over 70,000 Tonnes)
Honey 26% (over 14,000 Tonnes)
Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
Agriculture State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >|< 88 89 >
Basic Characteris�cs of Agriculture in Punjab
Net sown area: 4158 Thousand Ha (83% of TGA)
Gross Cropped area: 7882 Thousand Ha
Average farm size: 3.76 Ha
Major Crops: Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Co�on & Sugarcane
Area under Paddy-wheat rota�on: 77% of cropped area
Cropping Intensity: 190% (Highest in India)
Contribu�on to Gross SDP of state : 21.83% (at factor cost)
Contribu�on to Central Pool • Wheat: 38.7 % ( 10.96 MT) • Paddy: 22.1% ( 7.73 MT)
Average yield : • Paddy : 3998 kg/ha • Wheat : 4716 kg/ha (Highest in India) • Co�on: 575 kg/ha
Irrigated Area : 98% (Highest in India) • Surface water: 27% • Ground water: 73%
Ground water development : 170% ( as on March, 2009)
Fer�lizer Consump�on : 239 kg/ha ( Highest in India)
Pes�cide Consump�on : 923g/ha (Highest in India, 2007)
Farm power availability : 2.6 kw/ha ( Highest in India)
Farm mechaniza�on • 11% ( 4,76,835) tractors of the country • One tractor for every 9 ha of net cul�vated land as compared to Na�onal
Average of 62 ha
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012 and Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2012-13
The gains resul�ng from the success of ever increasing food grain produc�on during the past 5 decades, have not been
without their consequent environmental & socio-economic costs. The major environmental issues assailing agriculture in
the state includes alarming decline in water table, deteriora�on of soil health, non-judicious use of farm chemicals,
reduced gene�c diversity, crop residue management and over all degrada�on of fragile agro-ecosystem. The stagnated
yields and high cost of inputs are also leading to diminishing economic returns to the farming community in the state.
Table 6.1 Punjab's share in agricultural produc�on in India
Wheat 18% (over 16 Million Tonnes)
Rice 11% (over 10.8 Million Tonnes)
Milk 7.5% (over 9.5 Million Tonnes)
Co�on 10% (over 1.7 Million Bales)
Kinnows and Oranges 75% (over 0.95 Million Tonnes)
Mushroom 45% (over 70,000 Tonnes)
Honey 26% (over 14,000 Tonnes)
Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
Map 6.1 Agroclima�c Zones of Punjab
Change in land use pa�ern
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Agricultural development and
changes in cropping pa�ern a�er
the success of green revolu�on
has led to a change in land use
pa�ern of the state. As per
revenue records, land under
agriculture has increased from
about 75% in 1960-61 to about
80% in 1971 a�er which it has
remained more or less constant at
83% in 2011. I t reached a
maximum of 84.4% in the year
2001. In contrast , barren ,
unculturable, fallow and other
uncul�vated lands have recorded
a sharp decline from 1961 to
2011. There has been an
increase in the area put to non-
agricultural use in state during the
last 20 years. This is obviously due
to increase in developmental ac�vi�es as more and more agricultural land is being used for industrial zones, housing &
shopping complexes, transport systems, recrea�onal purposes, etc. As per agriculture census 2010-11, there are about 1
million opera�onal land holdings in state with average size of holding being 3.76 ha as compared to all India average size of
1.16 ha (Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13).
However, as per remote sensing data, 87.1% of total area of state is under agriculture including hor�culture and agroforestry
planta�on (against land record of 83%) and 5.88% is under built up land category. The water bodies and wetlands comprise
an area of 1.59% and 0.30% respec�vely. The wastelands occupy 2.01% area of the state.
|< 90 91 >
Figure 6.1 Land use pa�ern in Punjab from 1961 to 2011
District H.Q.
District Boundary
Major Road
AGROCLIMATIC ZONES
Western Himalayas (Siwalik & Kandi Area), Subhumid(Dry Subhumid / Moist Subhumid), Growing Period 180-210 Days
Northern Plain, Dry Subhumid, Growing Period 120-160 Days
Northern Plain, Semiarid, Growing Period 90-120 Days
Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period 60-90 Days
Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period < 60 Days
Source: Department of Revenue, Punjab, 2013
Agro Clima�c Zones of Punjab
Punjab is divided into five agroclima�c zones on the basis of homogeneity, rainfall pa�ern, distribu�on, soil texture,
cropping pa�erns, etc.
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012-13
1000
10000
10
100
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Are
a in
Th
ou
san
d H
ecta
re
Net Area Sown Forest Barren & Unculturable Land
Put to Non Agriculture Use Uncul�vated Land Total Fallow Land
Agriculture
Map 6.1 Agroclima�c Zones of Punjab
Change in land use pa�ern
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Agricultural development and
changes in cropping pa�ern a�er
the success of green revolu�on
has led to a change in land use
pa�ern of the state. As per
revenue records, land under
agriculture has increased from
about 75% in 1960-61 to about
80% in 1971 a�er which it has
remained more or less constant at
83% in 2011. I t reached a
maximum of 84.4% in the year
2001. In contrast , barren ,
unculturable, fallow and other
uncul�vated lands have recorded
a sharp decline from 1961 to
2011. There has been an
increase in the area put to non-
agricultural use in state during the
last 20 years. This is obviously due
to increase in developmental ac�vi�es as more and more agricultural land is being used for industrial zones, housing &
shopping complexes, transport systems, recrea�onal purposes, etc. As per agriculture census 2010-11, there are about 1
million opera�onal land holdings in state with average size of holding being 3.76 ha as compared to all India average size of
1.16 ha (Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13).
However, as per remote sensing data, 87.1% of total area of state is under agriculture including hor�culture and agroforestry
planta�on (against land record of 83%) and 5.88% is under built up land category. The water bodies and wetlands comprise
an area of 1.59% and 0.30% respec�vely. The wastelands occupy 2.01% area of the state.
|< 90 91 >
Figure 6.1 Land use pa�ern in Punjab from 1961 to 2011
District H.Q.
District Boundary
Major Road
AGROCLIMATIC ZONES
Western Himalayas (Siwalik & Kandi Area), Subhumid(Dry Subhumid / Moist Subhumid), Growing Period 180-210 Days
Northern Plain, Dry Subhumid, Growing Period 120-160 Days
Northern Plain, Semiarid, Growing Period 90-120 Days
Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period 60-90 Days
Western Plain, Arid, Growing Period < 60 Days
Source: Department of Revenue, Punjab, 2013
Agro Clima�c Zones of Punjab
Punjab is divided into five agroclima�c zones on the basis of homogeneity, rainfall pa�ern, distribu�on, soil texture,
cropping pa�erns, etc.
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012-13
1000
10000
10
100
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Are
a in
Th
ou
san
d H
ecta
re
Net Area Sown Forest Barren & Unculturable Land
Put to Non Agriculture Use Uncul�vated Land Total Fallow Land
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 92 93 >
Map 6.2 Land use in Punjab
LAND USE CATEGORY %AREA
AGRICULTURE
BUILT-UP
FOREST
WATER BODIES
WASTELANDS
WETLANDS
87.11
5.88
3.11
1.59
2.01
0.30
Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13
Category Farm Size (ha) 1970-71(%) 1980-81(%) 1990-91(%) 2000-01(%) 2010-11
Marginal < 1 37.63 19.21 26.48 12.34 15.57
Small 1-2 18.91 19.41 18.25 17.35 18.51
Semi Medium 2-4 20.44 27.99 25.85 32.90 30.86
Medium 4 -10 18.02 26.02 23.41 30.19 28.39
Large >10 5.00 7.19 6.01 7.22 6.64
Total Holdings (No`s) 13,75, 392 10,27,127 11,16,951 9,97,000 10,53,000
Avg. size of holding (ha) 2.94 4.07 3.61 4.03 3.7
Table 6.2 Distribu�on of Opera�onal Land Holdings in Punjab (1970-2011)
Agrarian Economy
Agriculture and allied ac�vi�es occupy the most prominent place in Punjab's economy. About 70 per cent of the people are
engaged in agriculture. Being primary sector, agriculture & allied ac�vi�es had been the major contributor in state's GDP
un�l 2001-02. However, contribu�on of agriculture sector in the Gross State Domes�c Product (GSDP) is con�nuously
declining since 2004-05 from 32.67% to 21.83 % in 2012-13 due to stagna�on and slowing down of agricultural growth. The
growth rate of agriculture sector in Punjab was 2.22% as compared to 3.08 % at all India level during 2011-12.
Figure 6.2 Percentage distribu�on of GSDP at factor cost by primary sector at constant prices (2004-05)
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstarct of Punjab, 2012 & Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13
Agricultural produc�vity & contribu�on to Na�onal Food Security
The state has produced 28.57 Million Tonnes of foodgrains during 2012-13 as compared to Na�onal level produc�on of
255.36 Million Tonnes. Punjab leads other states in terms of contribu�on of wheat and rice to central pool with 38.7 per cent
of wheat and 22.1 per cent of rice to central pool in 2011-12. The Central Government has encouraged the strategy of
enhancing foodgrains produc�on in state, par�cularly wheat and rice for mee�ng the emergent food demand in the country.
The total contribu�on of Punjab for wheat and rice to the central pool has increased from 6.8 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to
18.69 Million Tonnes during 2011-12 consis�ng of 7.73 Million Tonnes of paddy wheat and 10.96 Million Tonnes of wheat.
However its contribu�on is declining over the years.
Figure 6.3 Produc�on of foodgrains (cereals and pulses) in Punjab and India
*quick es�mates Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of India & Government of Punjab, 2014
32.6731.12
26.6625.02
23.87 23.0221.83
20
25
30
35
Per
cen
tage
to
GSD
P
0
5
10
15
2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
7.3
11.92
19.2225.32 25.66
28.57
108.42129.59
176.39196.81 204.06
255.36
5
50
500
1970 - 71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 -01 2004 - 05 2012 -13*
Pro
du
c�o
n in
Mill
ion
To
ns
Punjab India
Agriculture
Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 92 93 >
Map 6.2 Land use in Punjab
LAND USE CATEGORY %AREA
AGRICULTURE
BUILT-UP
FOREST
WATER BODIES
WASTELANDS
WETLANDS
87.11
5.88
3.11
1.59
2.01
0.30
Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13Source: Jerath et al.,2007 and *Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2012-13
Category Farm Size (ha) 1970-71(%) 1980-81(%) 1990-91(%) 2000-01(%) 2010-11
Marginal < 1 37.63 19.21 26.48 12.34 15.57
Small 1-2 18.91 19.41 18.25 17.35 18.51
Semi Medium 2-4 20.44 27.99 25.85 32.90 30.86
Medium 4 -10 18.02 26.02 23.41 30.19 28.39
Large >10 5.00 7.19 6.01 7.22 6.64
Total Holdings (No`s) 13,75, 392 10,27,127 11,16,951 9,97,000 10,53,000
Avg. size of holding (ha) 2.94 4.07 3.61 4.03 3.7
Table 6.2 Distribu�on of Opera�onal Land Holdings in Punjab (1970-2011)
Agrarian Economy
Agriculture and allied ac�vi�es occupy the most prominent place in Punjab's economy. About 70 per cent of the people are
engaged in agriculture. Being primary sector, agriculture & allied ac�vi�es had been the major contributor in state's GDP
un�l 2001-02. However, contribu�on of agriculture sector in the Gross State Domes�c Product (GSDP) is con�nuously
declining since 2004-05 from 32.67% to 21.83 % in 2012-13 due to stagna�on and slowing down of agricultural growth. The
growth rate of agriculture sector in Punjab was 2.22% as compared to 3.08 % at all India level during 2011-12.
Figure 6.2 Percentage distribu�on of GSDP at factor cost by primary sector at constant prices (2004-05)
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstarct of Punjab, 2012 & Economic Survey of Punjab, 2012-13
Agricultural produc�vity & contribu�on to Na�onal Food Security
The state has produced 28.57 Million Tonnes of foodgrains during 2012-13 as compared to Na�onal level produc�on of
255.36 Million Tonnes. Punjab leads other states in terms of contribu�on of wheat and rice to central pool with 38.7 per cent
of wheat and 22.1 per cent of rice to central pool in 2011-12. The Central Government has encouraged the strategy of
enhancing foodgrains produc�on in state, par�cularly wheat and rice for mee�ng the emergent food demand in the country.
The total contribu�on of Punjab for wheat and rice to the central pool has increased from 6.8 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to
18.69 Million Tonnes during 2011-12 consis�ng of 7.73 Million Tonnes of paddy wheat and 10.96 Million Tonnes of wheat.
However its contribu�on is declining over the years.
Figure 6.3 Produc�on of foodgrains (cereals and pulses) in Punjab and India
*quick es�mates Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of India & Government of Punjab, 2014
32.6731.12
26.6625.02
23.87 23.0221.83
20
25
30
35
Per
cen
tage
to
GSD
P
0
5
10
15
2004-05 2005-06 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
7.3
11.92
19.2225.32 25.66
28.57
108.42129.59
176.39196.81 204.06
255.36
5
50
500
1970 - 71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 -01 2004 - 05 2012 -13*
Pro
du
c�o
n in
Mill
ion
To
ns
Punjab India
Agriculture
Source: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, LudhianaSource: Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Figure 6.4 Percentage contribu�on of Wheat and Rice to Central Pool by Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 6.5 Produc�on of major crops in Punjab
Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013*Co�on in Thousand Bales
Figure 6.6 Produc�on of other crops in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2013, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab, 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruits not available for 1960 & 1970
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1980-81 1990-91 2000- 01 2011-12
Per
cen
tag
e
Wheat Rice
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Pro
du
ctio
n in
Th
ou
san
d M
T
Wheat Rice Cotton Sugarcane
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Pro
du
ctio
n in
Th
ou
san
d M
T
Total Oilseed Total Pulses Maize Other Cereals Fruits
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
Figure 6.7: Increase in cropping intensity in Punjab
Source: Jerath et. al, 2007 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
Per
cen
tage
(%
)
Cropping Intensity The cropping intensity (ra�o of net sown area to gross cropped area) in the state has increased sharply from 126% in 1960-61 to 190% in 2012-13 with adop�on of input intensive agricultural prac�ces. As per State of Indian Agriculture Report, 2012-13, Punjab has the highest cropping intensity in the country closely followed by West Bengal (185%), Haryana (181%), Himachal Pradesh (173%) and Odisha (162%) as compared to all India percentage of 138%.
The high cropping intensity severely affects soil fer�lity as it leaves no �me for natural rejuvena�on.
|< 94 95 >
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Figure 6.4 Percentage contribu�on of Wheat and Rice to Central Pool by Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Figure 6.5 Produc�on of major crops in Punjab
Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013*Co�on in Thousand Bales
Figure 6.6 Produc�on of other crops in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2013, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab, 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruits not available for 1960 & 1970
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1980-81 1990-91 2000- 01 2011-12
Per
cen
tag
e
Wheat Rice
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Pro
du
ctio
n in
Th
ou
san
d M
T
Wheat Rice Cotton Sugarcane
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Pro
du
ctio
n in
Th
ou
san
d M
T
Total Oilseed Total Pulses Maize Other Cereals Fruits
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
Figure 6.7: Increase in cropping intensity in Punjab
Source: Jerath et. al, 2007 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
Per
cen
tage
(%
) Cropping Intensity The cropping intensity (ra�o of net sown area to gross cropped area) in the state has increased sharply from 126% in 1960-61 to 190% in 2012-13 with adop�on of input intensive agricultural prac�ces. As per State of Indian Agriculture Report, 2012-13, Punjab has the highest cropping intensity in the country closely followed by West Bengal (185%), Haryana (181%), Himachal Pradesh (173%) and Odisha (162%) as compared to all India percentage of 138%.
The high cropping intensity severely affects soil fer�lity as it leaves no �me for natural rejuvena�on.
|< 94 95 >
Agriculture
|< 96 97 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Change in cropping pa�ern and loss of diversity
The state has witnessed a considerable change in cropping pa�ern in the post green revolu�on era with major focus on wheat-paddy crop rota�on. The area under wheat and paddy has increased manifolds during the last 5 decades, whereas the area under oilseeds, pulses, maize other cereals, etc has decreased sharply. The area under co�on & sugarcane has remained more or less constant. The HYVs have replaced the mul�- cropping pa�ern with monoculture of wheat and rice resul�ng in exploita�on of natural resources of state especially water and soil, besides leading to loss of floral biodiversity. The details are discussed in Chapter 5. Most HYVs are highly input intensive leading to higher use of irriga�on water, fer�lizers and pes�cides for their op�mum growth and yield.
Figure 6.8 Change in cropping pa�ern in major crops in Punjab
Figure 6.9 Change in cropping pa�ern in other crops in Punjab
Table 6.3 Total Area & Area Under HYVs of Major Food crops in Punjab (000 ha)
Source: Derived from Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Year
Total HYVs Total Total Total HYVs HYVs HYVs
Wheat Rice Maize Bajra
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2011-12
2299
2812
3273
3408
3528
1589
2757
3271
3408
3528
390
1183
2015
2612
2818
130
1095
1906
2506
2818
555
382
188
165
126
49
127
160
154
122
207
69
12
6
3
126
34
11
5
3
Low resolu�on satellite pictures (Panigrahy et al., 2009.) of cropping pa�ern in the state with percentage of area under each crop with respect to net sown area for Kharif, Rabi and Summer season are shown in Maps 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5.
Map 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5 Cropping pa�ern of Punjab during Kharif, Rabi and Summer Season
Legend
Rice (51.1)
Co�on (10.3)
Sugar Cane (1.9)
Maize (2.0)
Vegetables (2.0)
Other crops (18.6)
Non-Agri (14.1)
Pulses (0.1)
Legend
Wheat (69.8)
Sugar Cane (1.9)
Vegetables (4.5)
Veg. Potato (1.6)
Other Crops (6.9)
Non-Agril. (14.1)
Pulses (1.4)
Legend
C. Fallow (78.8)
Sugar Cane (1.9)
Vegetables (5.2)
Non-Agril. (0.1)
Pulses (14.1)
Kharif Rabi Summer (Post harvest of Rabi crop)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990- 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13
Are
a in
Th
ou
san
d H
ecta
re
Rice Wheat Co�on Sugarcane
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13
Are
a i
n T
ho
usa
nd
He
cta
re
Total Oil seeds Total Pulses Maize
Other Cereals Fruits & Vegetables
Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013 Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruit not available for 1960
Agriculture
Figures in brackets represent percentage area under crop/category
|< 96 97 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Change in cropping pa�ern and loss of diversity
The state has witnessed a considerable change in cropping pa�ern in the post green revolu�on era with major focus on wheat-paddy crop rota�on. The area under wheat and paddy has increased manifolds during the last 5 decades, whereas the area under oilseeds, pulses, maize other cereals, etc has decreased sharply. The area under co�on & sugarcane has remained more or less constant. The HYVs have replaced the mul�- cropping pa�ern with monoculture of wheat and rice resul�ng in exploita�on of natural resources of state especially water and soil, besides leading to loss of floral biodiversity. The details are discussed in Chapter 5. Most HYVs are highly input intensive leading to higher use of irriga�on water, fer�lizers and pes�cides for their op�mum growth and yield.
Figure 6.8 Change in cropping pa�ern in major crops in Punjab
Figure 6.9 Change in cropping pa�ern in other crops in Punjab
Table 6.3 Total Area & Area Under HYVs of Major Food crops in Punjab (000 ha)
Source: Derived from Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012
Year
Total HYVs Total Total Total HYVs HYVs HYVs
Wheat Rice Maize Bajra
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2011-12
2299
2812
3273
3408
3528
1589
2757
3271
3408
3528
390
1183
2015
2612
2818
130
1095
1906
2506
2818
555
382
188
165
126
49
127
160
154
122
207
69
12
6
3
126
34
11
5
3
Low resolu�on satellite pictures (Panigrahy et al., 2009.) of cropping pa�ern in the state with percentage of area under each crop with respect to net sown area for Kharif, Rabi and Summer season are shown in Maps 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5.
Map 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5 Cropping pa�ern of Punjab during Kharif, Rabi and Summer Season
Legend
Rice (51.1)
Co�on (10.3)
Sugar Cane (1.9)
Maize (2.0)
Vegetables (2.0)
Other crops (18.6)
Non-Agri (14.1)
Pulses (0.1)
Legend
Wheat (69.8)
Sugar Cane (1.9)
Vegetables (4.5)
Veg. Potato (1.6)
Other Crops (6.9)
Non-Agril. (14.1)
Pulses (1.4)
Legend
C. Fallow (78.8)
Sugar Cane (1.9)
Vegetables (5.2)
Non-Agril. (0.1)
Pulses (14.1)
Kharif Rabi Summer (Post harvest of Rabi crop)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990- 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13
Are
a in
Th
ou
san
d H
ecta
re
Rice Wheat Co�on Sugarcane
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1960 - 61 1970 -71 1980 - 81 1990 - 91 2000 - 01 2012 -13
Are
a i
n T
ho
usa
nd
He
cta
re
Total Oil seeds Total Pulses Maize
Other Cereals Fruits & Vegetables
Source: Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013 Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2012, Dep�. of Hor�culture, Punjab 2013 & Dep�. of Agriculture, Punjab, 2013
* Other cereals includes Bajra, Jowar and Barley (upto 2011-12)** Data for fruit not available for 1960
Agriculture
Figures in brackets represent percentage area under crop/category
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 98 99 >
Figure 6.10 State wise Irrigated Area (%) in India
Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13
Excessive use of farm chemicals
The ini�al increase in agricultural produc�on in the state was mainly due to increase in net sown area. However stunning rise
in food grain produc�on from 11.92 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to 28.57 Million Tonnes in 2012-13 can be largely a�ributed to
intensive use of farm chemicals. The state has the highest per hectare usage of fer�lizers (239kg) and pes�cides (923 gm) in
India. High usage of nitrogenous fer�lizers with rela�ve under-u�liza�on of other fer�lizers and micronutrients has lead to
imbalance in micro nutrients in soils of Punjab. Various studies undertaken in the state since 1970 have indicated the
presence of residues of chemical pes�cides like organochlorines, organophosphates, synthe�c pyrethroids and carbamates
in human beings, milk, water, vegetables and other food products at level, which are dangerous for human health. Non
judicious use of pes�cides has also resulted in the development of pes�cide resistance in various insects and pests (Jerath et
al., 2007). The pes�cide consump�on in the state has been decreasing since 2000-01, which could be due to the
introduc�on of Bt co�on in the state (which requires lesser number of sprays) as well as, be�er awareness among farmers.
Extensive irriga�on and exploita�on of groundwater
The state has highest net irr igated area (percentage) in the country and agriculture sector accounts for about 85% of water consump�on in the state (Jerath et. al, 2007). Out of the total area of 4158 Th. ha under agriculture in state, an area of 4070 Th. ha (97.9%) is ge�ng irriga�on from canals (27%) and tubewells (73%). However, there has been a significant reduc�on in canal irrigated area in the state since 1990 and area irrigated by centrifugal tubewells has been increasing (Fig. 3.3). This is due to increased demand of water, reduc�on in canal capacity due to silta�on and the easy credit facili�es for tubewell installa�on with some subsidy, besides liberal facili�es for electrifica�on of tubewells. Hence, the ground water is being over exploited to meet the increasing demands of water for irriga�on intensive agricultural prac�ces. The present ground water development in the state is 170% with ground water in 80% geographical area of the state being over exploited. The centrifugal pumps are becoming redundant and being replaced with submersible pumps especially in central Punjab due to deple�on of underground water table. The details have been discussed in Chapter 3.
98
85
76
61
56
49 4846 45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Irri
gate
d A
rea
(%)
Punjab Haryana UttarPradesh
Bihar WestBengal
AndraPradesh
Uttrakhand Gujrat All India
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 98 99 >
Figure 6.10 State wise Irrigated Area (%) in India
Source: State of Indian Agriculture, 2012-13
Excessive use of farm chemicals
The ini�al increase in agricultural produc�on in the state was mainly due to increase in net sown area. However stunning rise
in food grain produc�on from 11.92 Million Tonnes in 1980-81 to 28.57 Million Tonnes in 2012-13 can be largely a�ributed to
intensive use of farm chemicals. The state has the highest per hectare usage of fer�lizers (239kg) and pes�cides (923 gm) in
India. High usage of nitrogenous fer�lizers with rela�ve under-u�liza�on of other fer�lizers and micronutrients has lead to
imbalance in micro nutrients in soils of Punjab. Various studies undertaken in the state since 1970 have indicated the
presence of residues of chemical pes�cides like organochlorines, organophosphates, synthe�c pyrethroids and carbamates
in human beings, milk, water, vegetables and other food products at level, which are dangerous for human health. Non
judicious use of pes�cides has also resulted in the development of pes�cide resistance in various insects and pests (Jerath et
al., 2007). The pes�cide consump�on in the state has been decreasing since 2000-01, which could be due to the
introduc�on of Bt co�on in the state (which requires lesser number of sprays) as well as, be�er awareness among farmers.
Extensive irriga�on and exploita�on of groundwater
The state has highest net irr igated area (percentage) in the country and agriculture sector accounts for about 85% of water consump�on in the state (Jerath et. al, 2007). Out of the total area of 4158 Th. ha under agriculture in state, an area of 4070 Th. ha (97.9%) is ge�ng irriga�on from canals (27%) and tubewells (73%). However, there has been a significant reduc�on in canal irrigated area in the state since 1990 and area irrigated by centrifugal tubewells has been increasing (Fig. 3.3). This is due to increased demand of water, reduc�on in canal capacity due to silta�on and the easy credit facili�es for tubewell installa�on with some subsidy, besides liberal facili�es for electrifica�on of tubewells. Hence, the ground water is being over exploited to meet the increasing demands of water for irriga�on intensive agricultural prac�ces. The present ground water development in the state is 170% with ground water in 80% geographical area of the state being over exploited. The centrifugal pumps are becoming redundant and being replaced with submersible pumps especially in central Punjab due to deple�on of underground water table. The details have been discussed in Chapter 3.
98
85
76
61
56
49 4846 45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Irri
gate
d A
rea
(%)
Punjab Haryana UttarPradesh
Bihar WestBengal
AndraPradesh
Uttrakhand Gujrat All India
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 100 101 >
Figure 6.11 Consump�on of chemical fer�lizers in Punjab Figure 6.12 Consump�on of technical grade pes�cides in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013 Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013
*including insec�cides, weedicides, fungicidies and roden�cides
Decline in soil fer�lity
The soils in Punjab are alkaline in nature with
low to medium Nitrogen (N) content,
medium Phosphorus (P) content and
medium to high in Potash (K) content. The
soil is saline in the southern districts of the
state (Jerath et al., 2014). The intensive
agricultural prac�ces with mono-cropping
pa�ern of wheat-paddy crops in past three
decades has resulted in steady decline in its
fer�lity, both with respect to macro (NPK)
a n d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s ( z i n c , i r o n &
manganese). The burning of wheat and
paddy stubbles & le� over straw in fields is
also contribu�ng to loss of soil fer�lity.
Map 6.6, 6.7 & 6.8 GIS based fer�lity status of soils of Punjab
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Nu
trie
nt
00
0 T
on
ne
s
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
Nitrogen(N) Phosphorus(P) Potash(K)
3200
6500
6950
59755725
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2005 -06 2012 -13
Me
tric
To
nn
es
Sou
rce:
Ind
ian
Ins�
tute
of
Soil
Scie
nce
s, B
ho
pa
l, 2
01
0
Nitrogen Low (73%)Medium (27%)
Phosphorus High (53%)Medium (47%)
PotashHigh (89%)Medium (11%)
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 100 101 >
Figure 6.11 Consump�on of chemical fer�lizers in Punjab Figure 6.12 Consump�on of technical grade pes�cides in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013 Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013
*including insec�cides, weedicides, fungicidies and roden�cides
Decline in soil fer�lity
The soils in Punjab are alkaline in nature with
low to medium Nitrogen (N) content,
medium Phosphorus (P) content and
medium to high in Potash (K) content. The
soil is saline in the southern districts of the
state (Jerath et al., 2014). The intensive
agricultural prac�ces with mono-cropping
pa�ern of wheat-paddy crops in past three
decades has resulted in steady decline in its
fer�lity, both with respect to macro (NPK)
a n d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s ( z i n c , i r o n &
manganese). The burning of wheat and
paddy stubbles & le� over straw in fields is
also contribu�ng to loss of soil fer�lity.
Map 6.6, 6.7 & 6.8 GIS based fer�lity status of soils of Punjab
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Nu
trie
nt
00
0 T
on
ne
s
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2012-13
Nitrogen(N) Phosphorus(P) Potash(K)
3200
6500
6950
59755725
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2005 -06 2012 -13
Me
tric
To
nn
es
Sou
rce:
Ind
ian
Ins�
tute
of
Soil
Scie
nce
s, B
ho
pa
l, 2
01
0
Nitrogen Low (73%)Medium (27%)
Phosphorus High (53%)Medium (47%)
PotashHigh (89%)Medium (11%)
Agriculture
|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Increase in Farm Machinery
Farm mechaniza�on has played a key role to bring a significant improvement in agricultural produc�vity in the state. At
present, Punjab is the most mechanized state in the country with the highest farm power availability (2.6 kW/ha). The
sta�s�cs of 2012-13 indicates that there is one tractor for every 8.71 ha of net cul�vated land in Punjab as compared to
Na�onal Average of 62 ha. As per informa�on provided by Punjab State Farmers Commission, the state has almost double
the number of tractors( 16% of tractors in India) it requires as per net sown area with average use of tractors per annum
being only 450 hours which is half of the minimum 1,000 hours required for their produc�ve use in agricultural opera�ons.
This is leading to over capitaliza�on in farm mechaniza�on and its under-u�liza�on due to decrease in farm size. This leads to
higher cost of produc�on and lower net income to farmers, making it economically unviable. Use of harvester-combines for
wheat and paddy has been on the increase. Their use leaves uncut straw and stubble in the fields, which is o�en burnt,
causing air pollu�on apart from declining soil fer�lity.
Figure 6.13 Growth of Farm Machinery in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13
Figure 6.14 Growth of Combine Harvesters in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13
500
600
700
1970 -71 1980 -81 1990 -91 2000-01 2012 -13
0
100
200
300
400
Tractors Tillers/Cul�vators Disc Harrows Threshers
No
in '0
00
'
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2012 -13
No
. of
Co
mb
ine
s
Self Propelled Tractor Driven
Figure 6.14 Growth of Tubewells in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12
Figure 6.15 Consump�on of electricity by agriculture in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
1970 -71
1980 -81
1990 -91
2000 -01
2011 -12
Million KWH
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2011 -12
No
. of
tub
ew
ells
Diesel Operated Electric Operated
Agriculture
|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >|< 102 103 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Increase in Farm Machinery
Farm mechaniza�on has played a key role to bring a significant improvement in agricultural produc�vity in the state. At
present, Punjab is the most mechanized state in the country with the highest farm power availability (2.6 kW/ha). The
sta�s�cs of 2012-13 indicates that there is one tractor for every 8.71 ha of net cul�vated land in Punjab as compared to
Na�onal Average of 62 ha. As per informa�on provided by Punjab State Farmers Commission, the state has almost double
the number of tractors( 16% of tractors in India) it requires as per net sown area with average use of tractors per annum
being only 450 hours which is half of the minimum 1,000 hours required for their produc�ve use in agricultural opera�ons.
This is leading to over capitaliza�on in farm mechaniza�on and its under-u�liza�on due to decrease in farm size. This leads to
higher cost of produc�on and lower net income to farmers, making it economically unviable. Use of harvester-combines for
wheat and paddy has been on the increase. Their use leaves uncut straw and stubble in the fields, which is o�en burnt,
causing air pollu�on apart from declining soil fer�lity.
Figure 6.13 Growth of Farm Machinery in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13
Figure 6.14 Growth of Combine Harvesters in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2012-13
500
600
700
1970 -71 1980 -81 1990 -91 2000-01 2012 -13
0
100
200
300
400
Tractors Tillers/Cul�vators Disc Harrows Threshers
No
in '0
00
'
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2012 -13
No
. of
Co
mb
ine
s
Self Propelled Tractor Driven
Figure 6.14 Growth of Tubewells in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12
Figure 6.15 Consump�on of electricity by agriculture in Punjab
Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12Source: Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab, 2011-12
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
1970 -71
1980 -81
1990 -91
2000 -01
2011 -12
Million KWH
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 -01 2011 -12
No
. of
tub
ew
ells
Diesel Operated Electric Operated
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 104 105 >
Major Ini�a�ves undertaken
Diversifica�on of Agriculture: The State Government has envisaged a diversifica�on plan to re-orient agriculture in the state by replacing 12 lakh hectares of area from paddy to basma� and other crops like maize, co�on, sugarcane, vegetables, pulses, fruits and agroforestry by 2017-18. The major objec�ves of proposed plan are to arrest the deple�on of sub-soil water table, control the moun�ng power subsidy bill and break the stagna�on in terms of yield in the wheat-paddy cycle.
Figure 6.15 Proposed Plan for Diversifica�on of Agriculture in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14
Management of agricultural waste
The open field burning of straw a�er combine harves�ng is a common prac�ce in the state in order to ensure early
prepara�on of fields for the next crop. Apart form affec�ng the soil fer�lity, burning of agricultural residue is now recognized
as an important source of air pollu�on in rural areas. It leads to emission of large amounts of suspended par�culate ma�er
besides gases like CH , CO, N O, NO , SO and hydrocarbons. Punjab produces around 20 million tonnes of rice straw and 17 4 2 X 2
million tonnes of wheat straw annually. The wheat straw to an extent is used for ca�le feed, whereas paddy straw is not
preferred for the purpose due to presence of silica content. More than 80% of paddy straw is being burnt in fields every year.
The burning of straw leads to loss of precious nutrients as nearly 25% nitrogen & phosphorus, 50% Sulfur and 75% of
potassium uptake from soil are retained in the crop residues. It has been es�mated that burning of 1 tonne of paddy straw
accounts for loss of 5.5 kg nitrogen, 2.3 kg phosphorus and 1.2 kg sulfur, besides organic carbon. Further, heat generated by
paddy straw burning penetrates into the soil, leading to loss of moisture and useful microbes, thus adversely affec�ng soil
proper�es. High cost of collec�on and lack of economically viable op�ons to u�lize the straw are iden�fied as major factors,
compelling the farmers to burn it (Source: Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab, 2014)
Promo�ng Timely Planta�on of Paddy: The State Government has enacted Punjab Preserva�on of Sub - Soil Water Act, 2009 to preserve groundwater by prohibi�ng sowing paddy nursery before May 10 and transplan�ng paddy before June 10 to avoid the high evapora�on rates in early summer. Es�mates show that the Act has the poten�al to achieve annual savings of about 2,180 million cubicmeters of water (7% of annual groundwater dra�) and 175 million KWH of energy used for pumping groundwater.
0
5
10
15
20
25
22.5
5.54.8
1.3 0.7 0.2
4.4
0.81.5
8.57.5
6.8
5.3
2.41
5.5
1.52.7
0.5
Are
a in
Lak
h h
a
2012-13 2017-18
Pad
dy
Bas
ma�
Co
�o
n
Mai
ze
Suga
rcan
e
Pu
lses
Fod
der
Fru
it &
Veg
Agr
o f
ore
stry
Gro
un
dn
ut
& G
uar
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
|< 104 105 >
Major Ini�a�ves undertaken
Diversifica�on of Agriculture: The State Government has envisaged a diversifica�on plan to re-orient agriculture in the state by replacing 12 lakh hectares of area from paddy to basma� and other crops like maize, co�on, sugarcane, vegetables, pulses, fruits and agroforestry by 2017-18. The major objec�ves of proposed plan are to arrest the deple�on of sub-soil water table, control the moun�ng power subsidy bill and break the stagna�on in terms of yield in the wheat-paddy cycle.
Figure 6.15 Proposed Plan for Diversifica�on of Agriculture in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14
Management of agricultural waste
The open field burning of straw a�er combine harves�ng is a common prac�ce in the state in order to ensure early
prepara�on of fields for the next crop. Apart form affec�ng the soil fer�lity, burning of agricultural residue is now recognized
as an important source of air pollu�on in rural areas. It leads to emission of large amounts of suspended par�culate ma�er
besides gases like CH , CO, N O, NO , SO and hydrocarbons. Punjab produces around 20 million tonnes of rice straw and 17 4 2 X 2
million tonnes of wheat straw annually. The wheat straw to an extent is used for ca�le feed, whereas paddy straw is not
preferred for the purpose due to presence of silica content. More than 80% of paddy straw is being burnt in fields every year.
The burning of straw leads to loss of precious nutrients as nearly 25% nitrogen & phosphorus, 50% Sulfur and 75% of
potassium uptake from soil are retained in the crop residues. It has been es�mated that burning of 1 tonne of paddy straw
accounts for loss of 5.5 kg nitrogen, 2.3 kg phosphorus and 1.2 kg sulfur, besides organic carbon. Further, heat generated by
paddy straw burning penetrates into the soil, leading to loss of moisture and useful microbes, thus adversely affec�ng soil
proper�es. High cost of collec�on and lack of economically viable op�ons to u�lize the straw are iden�fied as major factors,
compelling the farmers to burn it (Source: Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab, 2014)
Promo�ng Timely Planta�on of Paddy: The State Government has enacted Punjab Preserva�on of Sub - Soil Water Act, 2009 to preserve groundwater by prohibi�ng sowing paddy nursery before May 10 and transplan�ng paddy before June 10 to avoid the high evapora�on rates in early summer. Es�mates show that the Act has the poten�al to achieve annual savings of about 2,180 million cubicmeters of water (7% of annual groundwater dra�) and 175 million KWH of energy used for pumping groundwater.
0
5
10
15
20
25
22.5
5.54.8
1.3 0.7 0.2
4.4
0.81.5
8.57.5
6.8
5.3
2.41
5.5
1.52.7
0.5
Are
a in
Lak
h h
a
2012-13 2017-18
Pad
dy
Bas
ma�
Co
�o
n
Mai
ze
Suga
rcan
e
Pu
lses
Fod
der
Fru
it &
Veg
Agr
o f
ore
stry
Gro
un
dn
ut
& G
uar
Agriculture
|< 106 107 >
Formula�on of dra� Policy for “U�liza�on and
Management of Paddy Straw” to evolve an
economically viable and farmer-friendly mechanism
for produc�ve disposal of paddy straw.
Enactment of Punjab Contract Farming Act, 2013 to
safeguard the rights of farmers as well as the buyers
besides ensuring & regula�ng efficient marke�ng
mechanism to boost crop diversifica�on program.
Se�ng up of Borlaug Ins�tute for South Asia (BISA) at
Laddowal, Ludhiana to develop new varie�es of
wheat and maize crops and to harness the latest
technology in agriculture to improve farming
produc�vity & sustainability.
Figure 6.16 Rise/fall of water table with date of transplan�ng of paddy
Source: Jerath et al., 2007
- 80
- 70
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
- 10
0
10
20
-70
-60
-50
-28
-10
1
10
Ris
e fa
ll in
wat
er t
able
(Cm
/ Ye
ar)
1 May
10 May
30 May
10 June
20 June
1 July
20 May
Se�ng up of 1509 Agriculture Machinery Service
Centers in the state for providing costly
machinery on custom hiring basis to small and
marginal farmers of the state through coopera�ve
socie�es with a purpose to reduce the cost of
cul�va�on
Promo�on of resource conserva�on technologies
i.e zero �llage, direct seeding of paddy, ridge
plan�ng of paddy, leaf colour chart, tensiometre
and machinery (on subsidy) such as Zero �ll drill,
Happy seeder, Laser leveler, Rotavator, Baler, etc.
Emphasis on region specific cul�va�on of crops
Promo�on of conjunc�ve use of water through
Community Underground Pipeline Systems and
Micro Irriga�on ( sprinkler & drip)
8
500
2754
4113
4924
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2005 -06 2007 -08 2009 -10 2011 -12 2012 -13
No
. of
Ma
chin
es
Out of total area of 42 lakh ha area under agriculture, 12.61 lakh ha area is laser leveled
Figure 6.17 Laser Levelers in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Laser Leveler Happy Seeder
Agriculture
|< 106 107 >
Formula�on of dra� Policy for “U�liza�on and
Management of Paddy Straw” to evolve an
economically viable and farmer-friendly mechanism
for produc�ve disposal of paddy straw.
Enactment of Punjab Contract Farming Act, 2013 to
safeguard the rights of farmers as well as the buyers
besides ensuring & regula�ng efficient marke�ng
mechanism to boost crop diversifica�on program.
Se�ng up of Borlaug Ins�tute for South Asia (BISA) at
Laddowal, Ludhiana to develop new varie�es of
wheat and maize crops and to harness the latest
technology in agriculture to improve farming
produc�vity & sustainability.
Figure 6.16 Rise/fall of water table with date of transplan�ng of paddy
Source: Jerath et al., 2007
- 80
- 70
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
- 10
0
10
20
-70
-60
-50
-28
-10
1
10
Ris
e fa
ll in
wat
er t
able
(Cm
/ Ye
ar)
1 May
10 May
30 May
10 June
20 June
1 July
20 May
Se�ng up of 1509 Agriculture Machinery Service
Centers in the state for providing costly
machinery on custom hiring basis to small and
marginal farmers of the state through coopera�ve
socie�es with a purpose to reduce the cost of
cul�va�on
Promo�on of resource conserva�on technologies
i.e zero �llage, direct seeding of paddy, ridge
plan�ng of paddy, leaf colour chart, tensiometre
and machinery (on subsidy) such as Zero �ll drill,
Happy seeder, Laser leveler, Rotavator, Baler, etc.
Emphasis on region specific cul�va�on of crops
Promo�on of conjunc�ve use of water through
Community Underground Pipeline Systems and
Micro Irriga�on ( sprinkler & drip)
8
500
2754
4113
4924
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2005 -06 2007 -08 2009 -10 2011 -12 2012 -13
No
. of
Ma
chin
es
Out of total area of 42 lakh ha area under agriculture, 12.61 lakh ha area is laser leveled
Figure 6.17 Laser Levelers in Punjab
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Laser Leveler Happy Seeder
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Table 6.4 Area covered under Underground Pipeline Systems & Micro Irriga�on
Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14
Coverage of an area of 55074 ha under contour bunding, gully reclama�on and wasteland development
Lining of canals, distributaries and minors for proper supply for irriga�on water upto tail end
Promo�on of Integrated Pest Management in Co�on, Paddy and Maize
Establishment of 750 Net houses for promo�on of modern/organic vegetable cul�va�on
Integrated Farmer Training Centre established at village Abul Khurana, District Muktsar for impar�ng training regarding
latest technologies in agriculture & allied sectors
Strengthening of 76 soil and water tes�ng laboratories
Establishment of 5 citrus estates at Abohar, Tahliwala-Ja�an, Bhunga, Badal, Hoshiarpur, Litchi estate at Pathankot and
Pear estate at Amritsar to promote hor�culture ac�vi�es
Eleven new Pack Houses set up equipped with scien�fic ripening of fruits along with provision for storage to facilitate
marke�ng infrastructure for fruits and vegetables
Se�ng up of 4800 dairy farms, 100 goatry and 50 piggery farms to promote allied agriculture prac�ces
Establishment of 200 Indigenous Breed Development (IBD) Centres to improve breed of buffalos and cows
Development of fisheries in South-Western Districts of the State
Organiza�on of Agricultural Summit on 16-19 February, 2014 to a�ract investment in agriculture for mechaniza�on and
technology up-grada�on
Figure 6.18 Area covered by Happy Seeders
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2006 -07 2007 -08 2008 -09 2009 -10 2010 -11 2011 -12 2012 -13
50 250
1000
1950
5000
8700
10213
Are
a in
He
cta
res
Sale of Happy Seeders in Punjab 2010 : 2512011 : 3112012 : 3402013 : 348
Year Area covered (ha) UGPL Micro Irriga�on
2007-08 2696 4187
2008-09 5950 7396
2009-10 8461 11924
2010-11 23257 16849
2011-12 45402 21758
2012-13 49298 24548
|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >
Farmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at Bathinda
Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at Mohalipress during Agriculture Summit at MohaliHon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at MohaliSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at Sangrur
Agriculture
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Table 6.4 Area covered under Underground Pipeline Systems & Micro Irriga�on
Source: Department of Soil and Water Conserva�on, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14
Coverage of an area of 55074 ha under contour bunding, gully reclama�on and wasteland development
Lining of canals, distributaries and minors for proper supply for irriga�on water upto tail end
Promo�on of Integrated Pest Management in Co�on, Paddy and Maize
Establishment of 750 Net houses for promo�on of modern/organic vegetable cul�va�on
Integrated Farmer Training Centre established at village Abul Khurana, District Muktsar for impar�ng training regarding
latest technologies in agriculture & allied sectors
Strengthening of 76 soil and water tes�ng laboratories
Establishment of 5 citrus estates at Abohar, Tahliwala-Ja�an, Bhunga, Badal, Hoshiarpur, Litchi estate at Pathankot and
Pear estate at Amritsar to promote hor�culture ac�vi�es
Eleven new Pack Houses set up equipped with scien�fic ripening of fruits along with provision for storage to facilitate
marke�ng infrastructure for fruits and vegetables
Se�ng up of 4800 dairy farms, 100 goatry and 50 piggery farms to promote allied agriculture prac�ces
Establishment of 200 Indigenous Breed Development (IBD) Centres to improve breed of buffalos and cows
Development of fisheries in South-Western Districts of the State
Organiza�on of Agricultural Summit on 16-19 February, 2014 to a�ract investment in agriculture for mechaniza�on and
technology up-grada�on
Figure 6.18 Area covered by Happy Seeders
Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, 2013-14
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2006 -07 2007 -08 2008 -09 2009 -10 2010 -11 2011 -12 2012 -13
50 250
1000
1950
5000
8700
10213
Are
a in
He
cta
res
Sale of Happy Seeders in Punjab 2010 : 2512011 : 3112012 : 3402013 : 348
Year Area covered (ha) UGPL Micro Irriga�on
2007-08 2696 4187
2008-09 5950 7396
2009-10 8461 11924
2010-11 23257 16849
2011-12 45402 21758
2012-13 49298 24548
|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >|< 108 109 >
Farmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at BathindaFarmers Field Training Programme at Bathinda
Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at Mohalipress during Agriculture Summit at MohaliHon'ble Chief Minister, Punjab addressing the press during Agriculture Summit at MohaliSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at SangrurSoil & water tes�ng laboratory at Sangrur
Agriculture
1 MW Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant, Village Khera Kalmout, District Pa�ala
nergy generation and consumption are Econsidered as the key indicators for
growth and development. This, in turn, has
direct and indirect implications on
environment. Making available clean energy
on sustainable basis, therefore, is a major
global challenge for which using renewable
sources of energy and enhancing energy
efficiency are considered to be most
important. Conserving fossil fuels and saving
energy would signif icantly help for
conserving and saving the environment.
ENERGY7
Guru Hargobind Thermal Power Plant, Lehra Mohabbat, District Bathinda
"Energy conservation is the foundation
of energy independence"
Thomas H. Allen
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: Er
. San
jeev
Ku
mar
Gar
g
Total installed capacity • 1967-1968 : 614 MW • 2012-2013 : 7706 MW including central share of 2507 MW
Total Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 1564.80 Million Units • 2012-2013 : 36241 Million Units
Per Capita Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 130 KWH • 2012-2013 : 1291 KWH
Projected Power Consump�on • 2021-2022 : 55127 Million Units • 2031-2031 : 89796 Million Units
T & D Losses • 1967-1968 : 37.99% • 2012-2013 : 16.78%
ENERGY SCENARIO IN PUNJAB
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
Mil
lio
n U
nit
s
Availability (MU)
Demand (MU)
*Demand includes T&D losses also Source: PSPCL, 2013
Figure 7.2 Trends and projec�ons of power consump�on in Punjab
|< 112 113 >Source: PSPCL, 2013
2031-32
2026-27
2021-22
2016-17
2014-15
2012-13
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2000-01
1990-91
1979-80
1974-75
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
1565
4084
11871
19346
31934
32740
34295
36241
40762
4319455127
70358
89796
Figure 7.1 Trends of supply and demand* of power during 2003-04 to 2013-14 in Punjab
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Energy
Source : Punjab State Power Corpora�on Ltd. (PSPCL) & Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA)
Energy Genera�on from New & Renewable Energy Sources • Solar – Power Project : 19.50 MW (as on Dec., 2013) – Roo�op Photovoltaic : 1100 KWp
• Hydro – Capacity : 250MW – Projects in Opera�on : 130.70 MW (as on Dec., 2013)
• Co-genera�on – Capacity : 500MW – Projects Commissioned : 147.20MW (as on Dec., 2013)
• Large Biogas Plants : 1MW
• Biomass/agrowaste – Capacity : 1500MW – Projects Commissioned : 62.5 MW (as on Dec., 2013)
Million Units (MU)
Total installed capacity • 1967-1968 : 614 MW • 2012-2013 : 7706 MW including central share of 2507 MW
Total Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 1564.80 Million Units • 2012-2013 : 36241 Million Units
Per Capita Consump�on • 1974-1975 : 130 KWH • 2012-2013 : 1291 KWH
Projected Power Consump�on • 2021-2022 : 55127 Million Units • 2031-2031 : 89796 Million Units
T & D Losses • 1967-1968 : 37.99% • 2012-2013 : 16.78%
ENERGY SCENARIO IN PUNJAB
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2003
-04
2004
-05
2005
-06
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-13
2013
-14
2014
-15
Mil
lio
n U
nit
s
Availability (MU)
Demand (MU)
*Demand includes T&D losses also Source: PSPCL, 2013
Figure 7.2 Trends and projec�ons of power consump�on in Punjab
|< 112 113 >Source: PSPCL, 2013
2031-32
2026-27
2021-22
2016-17
2014-15
2012-13
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2000-01
1990-91
1979-80
1974-75
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
1565
4084
11871
19346
31934
32740
34295
36241
40762
4319455127
70358
89796
Figure 7.1 Trends of supply and demand* of power during 2003-04 to 2013-14 in Punjab
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014Energy
Source : Punjab State Power Corpora�on Ltd. (PSPCL) & Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA)
Energy Genera�on from New & Renewable Energy Sources • Solar – Power Project : 19.50 MW (as on Dec., 2013) – Roo�op Photovoltaic : 1100 KWp
• Hydro – Capacity : 250MW – Projects in Opera�on : 130.70 MW (as on Dec., 2013)
• Co-genera�on – Capacity : 500MW – Projects Commissioned : 147.20MW (as on Dec., 2013)
• Large Biogas Plants : 1MW
• Biomass/agrowaste – Capacity : 1500MW – Projects Commissioned : 62.5 MW (as on Dec., 2013)
Million Units (MU)
To meet with the increase in demand massive
capacity addi�on has been done. Three new
thermal power sta�ons at Rajpura, Talwandi
Sabo and Goindwal Sahib with total capacity of
3920 MW have come up in the state of Punjab
in private sector. Punjab has also been allocated
2273 MW share from Ultra mega power
Projects. With all these ini�a�ves, no power
cuts are envisaged in Punjab w.e.f. 2014-15.
Punjab will be a surplus power state.
Table 7.1 Key achievements in energy conserva�on in Punjab
|< 114 115 >
Figure 7.3 Trends of T&D losses(%) in Punjab
Source: PSPCL, 2013
37.9940
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1967-68
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2014-15
24.67
25.35
24.27
25.07
23.92
22.53
19.91
20.12
17.96
17.42
16.78
16
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Source: PSPCL, 2014
• Shi�ing of 42.80 lac meters outside consumer premises out of 66.41 lac meters ending March, 2014
• Out of total 2821 overloaded feeders, distribu�on network of 1758 feeders de-loaded ending March, 2014
• 92275 no. overloaded distribu�on transformers de-loaded out of total overloaded transformers of 134661 ending March, 2014
• 9142 KM of LT lines augmented with higher size conductor ending March, 2014
Energy
Talwandi Sabo Power Plant, Dis�. Mansa
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. Su
nil
Mi�
al
Reduc�on in Transmission& Distribu�on losses
• Installa�on of energy efficient pump sets• Conserved 29 million KWH through CFL & Star labeled appliances• Conducted energy audits in 27 Government and public sector
buildings• No�fica�on issued for compulsory SWHS, CFL, ISI Marked Pumps
and EE building design.• Saved 72 million KWH in large industries/Designated Consumers• Energy audit undertaken in 24 SMEs• 10% energy saved in brick, cupola and rolling mills through
improved technology• Total saving of 44.51 MUs with replacement of 16.38 lac
incandescent lamps with CFLs in 4.94 lac households under Bachat Lamp Yajana Scheme in 2012-13
• About 1.60 lac incandescent lamps replaced on agricultural tubewell kothas
• Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant, Lehra Mohabat bagged an award form Union Power Minister for excellent performance in the field of energy conserva�on in the year 2010 and won the meritorious performance awards for two consecu�ve years 2011-12 and 2012-13
To meet with the increase in demand massive
capacity addi�on has been done. Three new
thermal power sta�ons at Rajpura, Talwandi
Sabo and Goindwal Sahib with total capacity of
3920 MW have come up in the state of Punjab
in private sector. Punjab has also been allocated
2273 MW share from Ultra mega power
Projects. With all these ini�a�ves, no power
cuts are envisaged in Punjab w.e.f. 2014-15.
Punjab will be a surplus power state.
Table 7.1 Key achievements in energy conserva�on in Punjab
|< 114 115 >
Figure 7.3 Trends of T&D losses(%) in Punjab
Source: PSPCL, 2013
37.9940
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1967-68
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2014-15
24.67
25.35
24.27
25.07
23.92
22.53
19.91
20.12
17.96
17.42
16.78
16
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Source: PSPCL, 2014
• Shi�ing of 42.80 lac meters outside consumer premises out of 66.41 lac meters ending March, 2014
• Out of total 2821 overloaded feeders, distribu�on network of 1758 feeders de-loaded ending March, 2014
• 92275 no. overloaded distribu�on transformers de-loaded out of total overloaded transformers of 134661 ending March, 2014
• 9142 KM of LT lines augmented with higher size conductor ending March, 2014
Energy
Talwandi Sabo Power Plant, Dis�. Mansa
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: D
r. Su
nil
Mi�
al
Reduc�on in Transmission& Distribu�on losses
• Installa�on of energy efficient pump sets• Conserved 29 million KWH through CFL & Star labeled appliances• Conducted energy audits in 27 Government and public sector
buildings• No�fica�on issued for compulsory SWHS, CFL, ISI Marked Pumps
and EE building design.• Saved 72 million KWH in large industries/Designated Consumers• Energy audit undertaken in 24 SMEs• 10% energy saved in brick, cupola and rolling mills through
improved technology• Total saving of 44.51 MUs with replacement of 16.38 lac
incandescent lamps with CFLs in 4.94 lac households under Bachat Lamp Yajana Scheme in 2012-13
• About 1.60 lac incandescent lamps replaced on agricultural tubewell kothas
• Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant, Lehra Mohabat bagged an award form Union Power Minister for excellent performance in the field of energy conserva�on in the year 2010 and won the meritorious performance awards for two consecu�ve years 2011-12 and 2012-13
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND UTILISATION OF FLYASH
About 36000 MT coal is daily consumed in three thermal power plants (TPPs) in the state sector which generate huge
quan��es of flyash. The state government has, however, taken appropriate measures to control this menace. More than
80% of fly ash generated is being u�lized by different companies for cement manufacturing, brick manufacturing and for
making ready-mix concrete.
Table 7.2 Power genera�on and coal consump�on in the state run Thermal Plants
Thermal Power PlantPower
Genera�on (MW)Daily Coal
Consump�on (MT)
Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant (GHTP), Lehra Mohabat, Bathinda
Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Plant (GGSSTP), Rupnagar
Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant (GNDTP), Bathinda
920
1260
440
13000
16000
7000
Figure 7.4 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GHTP, Lehra Mohabat
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
20
05-0
6
20
06-0
7
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10-1
1
20
11
-12
20
12
-13
20
13-1
4
Coal Consumption (MT)
Ash Generation (MT)
Ash Utilization (MT)
Metr
ic T
onnes
Source: PSPCL, 2014
Figure 7.5 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
2005-0
6
2006-0
7
2007-0
8
2008-0
9
2009-1
0
2010-1
1
2011-1
2
2012-1
3
2013-1
4
Coal Consumption (MT)
Ash Generation (MT)
Ash Utilization (MT)
Me
tric
To
nn
es
Figure 7.6 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GNDTP, Bathinda
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
2005-0
6
2006-0
7
2007-0
8
2008-0
9
2009-1
0
2010-1
1
2011-1
2
2012-1
3
2013-1
4
Coal Consumption (MT)
Ash Generation (MT)
Ash Utilization (MT)
Me
tric
To
nn
es
|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >
Source: PSPCL, 2014
Energy
Usage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
Flyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
Source: PSPCL, 2014
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND UTILISATION OF FLYASH
About 36000 MT coal is daily consumed in three thermal power plants (TPPs) in the state sector which generate huge
quan��es of flyash. The state government has, however, taken appropriate measures to control this menace. More than
80% of fly ash generated is being u�lized by different companies for cement manufacturing, brick manufacturing and for
making ready-mix concrete.
Table 7.2 Power genera�on and coal consump�on in the state run Thermal Plants
Thermal Power PlantPower
Genera�on (MW)Daily Coal
Consump�on (MT)
Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant (GHTP), Lehra Mohabat, Bathinda
Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Plant (GGSSTP), Rupnagar
Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant (GNDTP), Bathinda
920
1260
440
13000
16000
7000
Figure 7.4 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GHTP, Lehra Mohabat
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
20
05-0
6
20
06-0
7
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10-1
1
20
11
-12
20
12
-13
20
13-1
4
Coal Consumption (MT)
Ash Generation (MT)
Ash Utilization (MT)
Metr
ic T
onnes
Source: PSPCL, 2014
Figure 7.5 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
2005-0
6
2006-0
7
2007-0
8
2008-0
9
2009-1
0
2010-1
1
2011-1
2
2012-1
3
2013-1
4
Coal Consumption (MT)
Ash Generation (MT)
Ash Utilization (MT)
Me
tric
To
nn
es
Figure 7.6 Annual coal consump�on, flyash genera�on and flyash u�lisa�on at GNDTP, Bathinda
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
2005-0
6
2006-0
7
2007-0
8
2008-0
9
2009-1
0
2010-1
1
2011-1
2
2012-1
3
2013-1
4
Coal Consumption (MT)
Ash Generation (MT)
Ash Utilization (MT)
Me
tric
To
nn
es
|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >|< 116 117 >
Source: PSPCL, 2014
Energy
Usage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, RupnagarUsage of flyash for cement manufacturing at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
Flyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, RupnagarFlyash hoppers at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
Source: PSPCL, 2014
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Air pollutants emana�ng from the Thermal Plants par�cularly in the coal handling and local conveyance areas needs special
containment/control measures. The Thermal Power Sta�ons are taking steps to contain air pollu�on by way of sprinkling
water at various point sources of pollu�on through sta�onery and mobile systems.
NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PUNJAB
Energy produc�on using fossil fuels is the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, which is perceived to be the main cause for global warming. Evidences collated by IPCC (IPCC, 2007) clearly indicate that the warming is having a deleterious effect on ecosystems and its services across the globe. Transi�oning to a low-carbon energy economy is a way out for mi�ga�on of impacts of climate change and energy genera�on through New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) provide an opportunity for such transi�on.
Punjab has been developing its renewable energy resources for some �me now and a status of their developments is as under:
Solar Energy
The state is endowed with vast poten�al of solar energy es�mated at 4-7 KWH/sqm of solar insula�on levels. About 10.50 MW of solar power projects have been commissioned by December 2013. Addi�onally, under roo�op programme about 1100 KWp capacity Solar Photovoltaic Power Projects have been commissioned in the state at various important Government, Ins�tu�onal, and Religious buildings namely Punjab Raj Bhawan, Punjab Civil Secretariat, Golden Temple, Wagah Border, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala.
|< 118 119 >
Energy
Containment of air pollu�on using automated water sprinkler at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda
Solar Water HeatersSolar Water HeatersSolar Water Heaters
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Air pollutants emana�ng from the Thermal Plants par�cularly in the coal handling and local conveyance areas needs special
containment/control measures. The Thermal Power Sta�ons are taking steps to contain air pollu�on by way of sprinkling
water at various point sources of pollu�on through sta�onery and mobile systems.
NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PUNJAB
Energy produc�on using fossil fuels is the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, which is perceived to be the main cause for global warming. Evidences collated by IPCC (IPCC, 2007) clearly indicate that the warming is having a deleterious effect on ecosystems and its services across the globe. Transi�oning to a low-carbon energy economy is a way out for mi�ga�on of impacts of climate change and energy genera�on through New and Renewable Sources of Energy (NRSE) provide an opportunity for such transi�on.
Punjab has been developing its renewable energy resources for some �me now and a status of their developments is as under:
Solar Energy
The state is endowed with vast poten�al of solar energy es�mated at 4-7 KWH/sqm of solar insula�on levels. About 10.50 MW of solar power projects have been commissioned by December 2013. Addi�onally, under roo�op programme about 1100 KWp capacity Solar Photovoltaic Power Projects have been commissioned in the state at various important Government, Ins�tu�onal, and Religious buildings namely Punjab Raj Bhawan, Punjab Civil Secretariat, Golden Temple, Wagah Border, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Pushpa Gujral Science City, Kapurthala.
|< 118 119 >
Energy
Containment of air pollu�on using automated water sprinkler at GGSSTP, Rupnagar
1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda1 MW Solar Power Plant at Village Phulokhari, Bathinda
Solar Water HeatersSolar Water HeatersSolar Water Heaters
Table 7.3 Details of the Solar Power projects in Punjab
1.0 MW
1.0 MW
1.0 MW
1.5 MW
1.5 MW
2.0 MW
1.5 MW
1.0 MW
Source: Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA), 2013
Hydro-electricity
The poten�al power genera�on
capacity of the state from its
extensive canal systems is about
250 MW at Canal falls, out of
which 130.70 MW capacity
p ro j e c t s a re i n o p e ra� o n .
Another 20.65 MW capaci�es are
under execu�on including hydel
projects undertaken by Punjab
State Power Corpora�on Limited
(PSPCL).
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Large Biogas plants
H i g h ra te B i o m e t h a n a � o n
Projects (biogas) based on
anaerobic diges�on technology
for Recovery of Energy of about
1MW from Dairy Waste at
H a i b o w a l , L u d h i a n a i s
opera�onal since 2004. Plans are
on to increase the capacity of
energy genera�on to 10 MW.
Another Ca�le Dung based
Power Project of similar capacity
~ 1MW shall be installed at
Jalandhar on Build, Operate &
Own (BOO) basis.
Co-genera�on
Co-genera�on technologies are used for conver�ng dry biomass (crop residues) for co-genera�on in sugar, paper,
fer�lizer chemical, tex�le and other industries. These industries together are having an es�mated co-genera�on
poten�al of 500 MW. As of December 2013, about 147.20 MW of power has been commissioned through co-genera�on.
Power genera�on from Biomass/Agro-residue and waste
Punjab being primarily an agrarian economy, has a high poten�al for energy genera�on from agro- residues like paddy
straw, paddy husk, co�on stalk, etc. It is es�mated that surplus agro residues (including rice straw) and agro
industrial/processing waste produced annually can generate 1500 MW of power. Biomass based Power Plants of total
capacity of 62.5 MW (7 plants) have been commissioned in the state and the Government is commi�ed to support and
facilitate harnessing the total poten�al by the year 2022. Details have been discussed in Chapter 1.
|< 120 121 >
Energy
Micro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. Ludhiana
1 MW Dairy Waste Power Plant, Haibowal, Ludhiana
Khera Kalmout
Mehandipur
Boparai Kalan
Bhu�wala
Bhagsar
Awan
Shahdra
Phollukhari
M/s Soma Enterprises Ltd., Pa�ala
M/s Sovox Renewables Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
M/s Econergy Inc., USA
M/s G.S. Atwal & Co. (Engineers) Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata.
M/s Carlill Energy Pvt. Ltd., Chandigarh
M/s. Azure Power
Enterprises Business Solu�on Inc., Jalandhar
Punjab Energy Development Agency
Pa�ala
S.B.S. Nagar
Ludhiana
Mukatsar
Mukatsar
Amritsar
S.B.S. Nagar
Bathinda
TOTAL 10.5 MW
Village District Agency Capacity
Table 7.3 Details of the Solar Power projects in Punjab
1.0 MW
1.0 MW
1.0 MW
1.5 MW
1.5 MW
2.0 MW
1.5 MW
1.0 MW
Source: Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA), 2013
Hydro-electricity
The poten�al power genera�on
capacity of the state from its
extensive canal systems is about
250 MW at Canal falls, out of
which 130.70 MW capacity
p ro j e c t s a re i n o p e ra� o n .
Another 20.65 MW capaci�es are
under execu�on including hydel
projects undertaken by Punjab
State Power Corpora�on Limited
(PSPCL).
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Large Biogas plants
H i g h ra te B i o m e t h a n a � o n
Projects (biogas) based on
anaerobic diges�on technology
for Recovery of Energy of about
1MW from Dairy Waste at
H a i b o w a l , L u d h i a n a i s
opera�onal since 2004. Plans are
on to increase the capacity of
energy genera�on to 10 MW.
Another Ca�le Dung based
Power Project of similar capacity
~ 1MW shall be installed at
Jalandhar on Build, Operate &
Own (BOO) basis.
Co-genera�on
Co-genera�on technologies are used for conver�ng dry biomass (crop residues) for co-genera�on in sugar, paper,
fer�lizer chemical, tex�le and other industries. These industries together are having an es�mated co-genera�on
poten�al of 500 MW. As of December 2013, about 147.20 MW of power has been commissioned through co-genera�on.
Power genera�on from Biomass/Agro-residue and waste
Punjab being primarily an agrarian economy, has a high poten�al for energy genera�on from agro- residues like paddy
straw, paddy husk, co�on stalk, etc. It is es�mated that surplus agro residues (including rice straw) and agro
industrial/processing waste produced annually can generate 1500 MW of power. Biomass based Power Plants of total
capacity of 62.5 MW (7 plants) have been commissioned in the state and the Government is commi�ed to support and
facilitate harnessing the total poten�al by the year 2022. Details have been discussed in Chapter 1.
|< 120 121 >
Energy
Micro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. LudhianaMicro Hydel Project at Narangwal, Dis�. Ludhiana
1 MW Dairy Waste Power Plant, Haibowal, Ludhiana
Khera Kalmout
Mehandipur
Boparai Kalan
Bhu�wala
Bhagsar
Awan
Shahdra
Phollukhari
M/s Soma Enterprises Ltd., Pa�ala
M/s Sovox Renewables Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
M/s Econergy Inc., USA
M/s G.S. Atwal & Co. (Engineers) Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata.
M/s Carlill Energy Pvt. Ltd., Chandigarh
M/s. Azure Power
Enterprises Business Solu�on Inc., Jalandhar
Punjab Energy Development Agency
Pa�ala
S.B.S. Nagar
Ludhiana
Mukatsar
Mukatsar
Amritsar
S.B.S. Nagar
Bathinda
TOTAL 10.5 MW
Village District Agency Capacity
References
BEE/NPC, 2009. State wise electricity consump�on and conserva�on poten�al in India. Prepared by Na�onal Produc�vity Council for Bureau of Energy Efficiency. Accessed from h�p://www.emt-india.net/eca2009/ 14Dec2009/CombinedSummaryReport.pdf in Dec 2012.
BEE/TUV SUD, 2010. Pilot Agricultural Demand Side Management (Ag- DSM) Project at Muktsar & Tarn Taran, Punjab. Prepared by TUV SUD South Asia for Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K., 1968. A revised classifica�on of the Forest Types in India. Manager Publica�ons. pp: 105-15.
CPCB, 2009. Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters (Series: EIAS/5/2009-10) as cited in Down to Earth, January, 2013. pp: 18-20.
Department of Agriculture & Coopera�on, Govt. of India, 2012-13. State of Indian Agriculture. pp:247.
Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab, 2014. Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab.
Dep�. of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14. Agriculture at a Glance.
Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2011. Environmental Sta�s�cs of Punjab.
Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab. 2012. Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab.
Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2012-13. Economic Survey, Punjab.
Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2005. India State of the Forest Report.
Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2011. India State of the Forest Report.
IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. (Eds.) Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M.M.B. & Miller, H.L., Working Group 1 Contribu�on to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Technical Summary and Chapter 10 (Global Climate Projec�ons).
Jain, A.K., 2013. Role of Water Management for Sustainability of Ground Water Resources in Punjab. Dep�. of Soil & Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. In: Workshop on "Roadmap for Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources in States of Punjab & Haryana". Organized by Central Ground Water Board,
thChandigarh on 27 February, 2013.
Jerath, N., Nangia, P., Kaur, A. and Chadha, J., 2002. Strategy & Ac�on Plan for the Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp: 338.
|< 122 123 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Source: Jerath et al., 2014
Sector Es�mated Annual
Saving Poten�al (MU) as of 2010-11
Agriculture 4360
Commercial 114.87
Domes�c 1217
Municipali�es 157
SME Clusters 175.75
Industrial 1217
TOTAL 7241.62
ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
The three top electricity consumers are the Industrial sector, agriculture sector and domes�c sector that consumed 34.22% (or 11030.57 Million KWH), 31.38% (or 10116.89 Million KWH) and 24.56% (or 7915.24 Million KWH) of the total sales of electricity in the state respec�vely. There lies a large scope of reducing electricity consump�on through enhancement in energy efficiency in these sectors with total energy saving poten�al in Punjab being around 7241 million units (MU). By adop�ng BEE star labeled agricultural pump sets, the efficiency can be enhanced upto 50-52% (BEE/NPC, 2009 and BEE/TUV, 2010) and appreciable electricity savings can be achieved in agriculture sector. Further, as agriculture sector is one of the major fossil fuel consumer (for diesel operated pumps), the state government has taken ini�a�ve to cover maximum number of diesel pump sets on electricity to save diesel. Similarly there is a huge energy saving poten�al in other sectors like commercial buildings, municipali�es, SME Clusters and domes�c sector.
12 MW biomass based power plant at Village Baghaura, Rajpura, District Pa�ala
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
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un
jab
Bio
mas
s P
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.
Energy
References
BEE/NPC, 2009. State wise electricity consump�on and conserva�on poten�al in India. Prepared by Na�onal Produc�vity Council for Bureau of Energy Efficiency. Accessed from h�p://www.emt-india.net/eca2009/ 14Dec2009/CombinedSummaryReport.pdf in Dec 2012.
BEE/TUV SUD, 2010. Pilot Agricultural Demand Side Management (Ag- DSM) Project at Muktsar & Tarn Taran, Punjab. Prepared by TUV SUD South Asia for Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K., 1968. A revised classifica�on of the Forest Types in India. Manager Publica�ons. pp: 105-15.
CPCB, 2009. Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Industrial Clusters (Series: EIAS/5/2009-10) as cited in Down to Earth, January, 2013. pp: 18-20.
Department of Agriculture & Coopera�on, Govt. of India, 2012-13. State of Indian Agriculture. pp:247.
Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Punjab, 2014. Dra� Policy for Management and U�liza�on of Paddy Straw in Punjab.
Dep�. of Agriculture, Govt. of Punjab, 2013-14. Agriculture at a Glance.
Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2011. Environmental Sta�s�cs of Punjab.
Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab. 2012. Sta�s�cal Abstract of Punjab.
Directorate of Economics and Sta�s�cs, Government of Punjab, 2012-13. Economic Survey, Punjab.
Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2005. India State of the Forest Report.
Forest Survey of India, Government of India, 2011. India State of the Forest Report.
IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. (Eds.) Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M.M.B. & Miller, H.L., Working Group 1 Contribu�on to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Technical Summary and Chapter 10 (Global Climate Projec�ons).
Jain, A.K., 2013. Role of Water Management for Sustainability of Ground Water Resources in Punjab. Dep�. of Soil & Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. In: Workshop on "Roadmap for Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources in States of Punjab & Haryana". Organized by Central Ground Water Board,
thChandigarh on 27 February, 2013.
Jerath, N., Nangia, P., Kaur, A. and Chadha, J., 2002. Strategy & Ac�on Plan for the Conserva�on of Biodiversity in Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp: 338.
|< 122 123 >
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
Source: Jerath et al., 2014
Sector Es�mated Annual
Saving Poten�al (MU) as of 2010-11
Agriculture 4360
Commercial 114.87
Domes�c 1217
Municipali�es 157
SME Clusters 175.75
Industrial 1217
TOTAL 7241.62
ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL IN DIFFERENT SECTORS
The three top electricity consumers are the Industrial sector, agriculture sector and domes�c sector that consumed 34.22% (or 11030.57 Million KWH), 31.38% (or 10116.89 Million KWH) and 24.56% (or 7915.24 Million KWH) of the total sales of electricity in the state respec�vely. There lies a large scope of reducing electricity consump�on through enhancement in energy efficiency in these sectors with total energy saving poten�al in Punjab being around 7241 million units (MU). By adop�ng BEE star labeled agricultural pump sets, the efficiency can be enhanced upto 50-52% (BEE/NPC, 2009 and BEE/TUV, 2010) and appreciable electricity savings can be achieved in agriculture sector. Further, as agriculture sector is one of the major fossil fuel consumer (for diesel operated pumps), the state government has taken ini�a�ve to cover maximum number of diesel pump sets on electricity to save diesel. Similarly there is a huge energy saving poten�al in other sectors like commercial buildings, municipali�es, SME Clusters and domes�c sector.
12 MW biomass based power plant at Village Baghaura, Rajpura, District Pa�ala
Ph
oto
Cre
dit
: P
un
jab
Bio
mas
s P
ow
er
Ltd
.
Energy
Jerath, N., Nangia, P. and Chadha, J. (eds.)., 2006. Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecoystem of Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
Jerath, N., Singh, G. and Sehgal, D., 2012. Bioresources based Industry in Punjab: A Trea�se. Punjab Biodiversity Board & Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp : 157.
Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Kaur, S., Sharma, V., Saile, P., Tripathi, P., Bha�acharya, S. and Parwana, H.K., 2014. Punjab State Ac�on Plan on Climate Change. Punjab State Council for Science and Technology and GIZ (Deutsche Gesellscha� for Interna�onale Zusarnmenarbeit GmbH - German Interna�onal Coopera�on, India). pp: 329.
Panigrahy, S., Sharma, P.K., Sood, A., Ray, S.S., Chaudhary, B.U., Manjunath, K.R., 2009. Cropping System Analysis in Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS. Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana.
PPCB, 2010-11 & 2011-12. Annual Report, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Pa�ala.
PSCST, 2009-10. Protected Area Network of Punjab (Vol. 7 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2010-11. Water Bodies in Punjab (Vol. 8 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2013-14. Air Quality: Status & Trends in Punjab (Vol. 11 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2013-14. Indigenous Farm Animals of Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 2), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2013-14. Indus River Dolphin: Status and Conserva�on in Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 3), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSPCL, 2013. Electricity Sta�s�cs of Punjab and personal communica�on, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited.
thRegistrar and Census Commissioner, Government of India, 2011. 15 Na�onal Census of India.
Roy, P.S., Chandrashekhar, S., Jerath, N., Prakash, C., 2001. Biodiversity Characteriza�on at landscape level using satellite remote sensing and GIS: Shivalik Hills Punjab. Forestry and Ecology Division. Indian Ins�tute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun.
Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Singh, G., Paul, R., Dua, D.K. and Parwana, H.K., 2007. State of Environment; Punjab-2007, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology. pp: 243.
|< 124 125 >
Abbrevia�ons
APCDs : Air Pollu�on Control Devices
As : Arsenic
Avg. : Average
B.G.L : Below Ground level
BCM : Billion Cubic Meter
BEE : Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BMCs : Biodiversity Management Commi�ee
BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand
C : Carbon
Ca : Calcium
Cd : Cadmium
CGWB : Central Ground Water Board
CH : Methane4
cm : Cen�meter
CO : Carbon Monoxide
CO : Carbon Dioxide2
CPCB : Central Pollu�on Control Board
Cu : Copper
d/s : Down-stream
Dep�. : Department
Dis�. : District
DO : Dissolved Oxygen
EC : Electrical Conduc�vity
ENVIS : Environmental Informa�on System
ETP : Effluent Treatment Plant
Fe : Iron
Fig. : Figure
GDP : Gross Domes�c Product
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
GHGs : Green House Gases
gm : Gram
Govt. : Government
GSDP : Gross State Domes�c Product
ha : Hectare
HCL : Hydrochloric Acid
HP : Horse Power
HYVs : High Yielding Varie�es
IAS : Indian Administra�ve Services
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPM : Integrated Pest Management
JFM : Joint Forest Management
JICA : Japan Interna�onal Coopera�on Agency
K : Potassium
Kg : Kilogram
Km : Kilometer
KW : Kilo Wa�
KWH : Kilo Wa� Hour
KWp : Kilowa� peak
L&M : Large & Medium
LPA : Long Period Average
LPG : Liquified Petroleum Gas
MAF : Million Acre Feet
Max. : Maximum
Mg : Magnesium
mg/l : Milligram per liter
Mham : Million hectare meter
MINARS : Monitoring of Indian Na�onal Aqua�c Resources System
Jerath, N., Nangia, P. and Chadha, J. (eds.)., 2006. Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecoystem of Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
Jerath, N., Singh, G. and Sehgal, D., 2012. Bioresources based Industry in Punjab: A Trea�se. Punjab Biodiversity Board & Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh. pp : 157.
Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Kaur, S., Sharma, V., Saile, P., Tripathi, P., Bha�acharya, S. and Parwana, H.K., 2014. Punjab State Ac�on Plan on Climate Change. Punjab State Council for Science and Technology and GIZ (Deutsche Gesellscha� for Interna�onale Zusarnmenarbeit GmbH - German Interna�onal Coopera�on, India). pp: 329.
Panigrahy, S., Sharma, P.K., Sood, A., Ray, S.S., Chaudhary, B.U., Manjunath, K.R., 2009. Cropping System Analysis in Punjab using Remote Sensing and GIS. Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana.
PPCB, 2010-11 & 2011-12. Annual Report, Punjab Pollu�on Control Board, Pa�ala.
PSCST, 2009-10. Protected Area Network of Punjab (Vol. 7 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2010-11. Water Bodies in Punjab (Vol. 8 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2013-14. Air Quality: Status & Trends in Punjab (Vol. 11 No. 1), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2013-14. Indigenous Farm Animals of Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 2), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSCST, 2013-14. Indus River Dolphin: Status and Conserva�on in Punjab (Vol. 11, No. 3), ENVIS Centre, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology, Chandigarh.
PSPCL, 2013. Electricity Sta�s�cs of Punjab and personal communica�on, Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited.
thRegistrar and Census Commissioner, Government of India, 2011. 15 Na�onal Census of India.
Roy, P.S., Chandrashekhar, S., Jerath, N., Prakash, C., 2001. Biodiversity Characteriza�on at landscape level using satellite remote sensing and GIS: Shivalik Hills Punjab. Forestry and Ecology Division. Indian Ins�tute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun.
Tiwana, N.S., Jerath, N., Ladhar, S.S., Singh, G., Paul, R., Dua, D.K. and Parwana, H.K., 2007. State of Environment; Punjab-2007, Punjab State Council for Science & Technology. pp: 243.
|< 124 125 >
Abbrevia�ons
APCDs : Air Pollu�on Control Devices
As : Arsenic
Avg. : Average
B.G.L : Below Ground level
BCM : Billion Cubic Meter
BEE : Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BMCs : Biodiversity Management Commi�ee
BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand
C : Carbon
Ca : Calcium
Cd : Cadmium
CGWB : Central Ground Water Board
CH : Methane4
cm : Cen�meter
CO : Carbon Monoxide
CO : Carbon Dioxide2
CPCB : Central Pollu�on Control Board
Cu : Copper
d/s : Down-stream
Dep�. : Department
Dis�. : District
DO : Dissolved Oxygen
EC : Electrical Conduc�vity
ENVIS : Environmental Informa�on System
ETP : Effluent Treatment Plant
Fe : Iron
Fig. : Figure
GDP : Gross Domes�c Product
State of Environment, Punjab - 2014
GHGs : Green House Gases
gm : Gram
Govt. : Government
GSDP : Gross State Domes�c Product
ha : Hectare
HCL : Hydrochloric Acid
HP : Horse Power
HYVs : High Yielding Varie�es
IAS : Indian Administra�ve Services
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPM : Integrated Pest Management
JFM : Joint Forest Management
JICA : Japan Interna�onal Coopera�on Agency
K : Potassium
Kg : Kilogram
Km : Kilometer
KW : Kilo Wa�
KWH : Kilo Wa� Hour
KWp : Kilowa� peak
L&M : Large & Medium
LPA : Long Period Average
LPG : Liquified Petroleum Gas
MAF : Million Acre Feet
Max. : Maximum
Mg : Magnesium
mg/l : Milligram per liter
Mham : Million hectare meter
MINARS : Monitoring of Indian Na�onal Aqua�c Resources System
mm : Millimeter
Mn : Mangnese
MoEF : Ministry of Environment & Forests
MRL : Maximum Residual Limit
MT : Metric Tonnes
MU : Million Units
MW : Mega Wa�
N : Nitrogen
Na : Sodium
NAAQS : Na�onal Ambient Air Quality Standards
NABARD : Na�onal Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAMP : Na�onal Air Quality Monitoring Program
NGO : Non Government Organiza�on
NO : Nitrate3
Nos. : Numbers
NOX : Nitrogen oxide
NPC : Na�onal Produc�vity Council
NTFP : Non-Timber Forest Products
NWMP : Na�onal Water Monitoring Programme
P : Phosphorus
PAU : Punjab Agricultural University
Pb : Lead
PBB : Punjab Biodiversity Board
PPCB : Punjab Pollu�on Control Board
PRSC : Punjab Remote Sensing Centre
PSCST : Punjab State Council for Science & Technology
PSFC : Punjab State Farmers Commission
PSPCL : Punjab State Power Corpora�on Limited
Qt : Quintal
R & D : Research & Development
R.O. : Regional Office
Rs. : Rupees
RSC : Residual Sodium Carbonate
RSPM : Respirable Suspended Par�culate Ma�er
S.N : Serial Number
SMEs : Small & Medium Enterprises
SO : Sulphur Dioxide2
SO : Sulphate4
SoER : State of Environment Report
SPM : Suspended Par�culate Ma�er
Sq.km : Square kilometer
TDS : Total Dissolved Solids
TERI : The Energy & Resources Ins�tute
TGA : Total Geographic Area
Th ha : Thousand hectares
TMT : Thousand Metric Tonnes
TOF : Trees Outside Forest
TPA : Tonnes Per Annum
u/s : Up-stream
VOCs : Vola�le Organic Compounds
WHO : World Health Organiza�on
WWF : World Wide Fund for Nature
Zn : Zinc
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