starter activity: think: what do you know about respiration? discuss this with your partner and your...
TRANSCRIPT
Starter Activity:
Think: what do you know about respiration?
Discuss this with your partner and your teacher will then lead a class discussion.
Key Area 8
Respiration
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning whereour energy comes from.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the typeof energy our body uses and where it comesfrom.Be able to carry out an investigation to find outwhich food has the most energy.
Energy
• We need energy in order to carry out simple functions and strenuous tasks.
• The energy we need comes in the form of chemical energy from our food.
• This is mainly in the form of glucose.
Energy
• When food is burned, the chemical energy is converted to heat energy.
• Therefore, to test how much energy is in a food, we can burn it and measure the heat it gives off.
Food
Temperature of water
at start (oC)
Temperature of water
at end (oC)
Temperature
rise (oC)
1. Write the title and aim.
2. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
3. Method: Draw out the diagram below (in pencil).
4.Results: Copy and complete table.
5. Write a conclusion based on your results and relate it back to your aim.
6. Evaluation: Discuss the reliability and validity of your results.
The most energy
• Fats have double the amount of energy than carbohydrates and proteins.
• Energy is measured in kilojoules (kJ).
Respiration• Process that
releases chemical energy from food.
• Occurs in every living cell.
• Controlled by enzymes.
Think back to your starter . . .
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning whereour energy comes from.
Success Criteria: Be able to name the typeof energy our body uses and where it comesfrom.Be able to carry out an investigation to find outwhich food has the most energy.
Starter Activity:
On a show me board, in your own words, answer the following:
What is respiration?
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
the energy currency our body uses.
Success Criteria: Be able to name theenergy our body uses.Be able to describe the role it plays in thebody.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
•Provides us with an immediate energy source.
•Is reusable.•Quantity of ATP in the body stays more or less constant.
•Is composed of one adenosine group and three inorganic phosphates.
Adenosine Pi Pi Pi
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)•This is the structure that is formed when high energy ATP is broken down into its low energy ADP + Pi.
+ Adenosine Pi Pi Pi
Breakdown, releasing
energyBuilding up (phosphorylation) requiring
energy
energy
ATP
(HIGH ENERGY STATE)
ADP+Pi (LOW ENERGY STATE)
Adenosine
Adenosine Pi Pi Pi
Pi Pi Pi
Production of ATP
• ATP is released when energy-rich substances such as glucose are broken down.
In the lab , energy from glucose is released quickly as heat and light.
In living cells it is a gradual process with a steady release of energy.
Role of ATP
• Make energy available for many processes:
–Muscular contraction
–Active transport of molecules
–Transmission of nerve impulses
–Synthesis of proteins.
Role of ATP
Carbon dioxide + water
ATP
Glucose + Oxygen
ADP + Pi
Amino acids
Protein
ENERGY TRANSFERRESPIRATIONWORK
energy
energy
energy
energy
Turnover of ATP• Estimated that some active cells
require approx. 2 million molecules of ATP per second!!– Made possible by rapid turnover
ATP is manufactured at the same time as it is used so no need for vast stores
-approx. 50g ATP in body constantly
Find Someone Find Someone Who…Who…1. Can name
the part of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place.
2. Can draw a molecule of ATP.
3. Can explain how ATP is made.
4. Can tell you two uses of ATP in the body.
5. Can draw a molecule of ADP.
6. Can explain what happens when the last bond in ATP is broken.
7. Can identify the main food group that we get our energy from.
8. Can state the energy rich molecule found in the main food group that provides us with energy.
Fold one piece of A4 paper in half three times so you have eight sections.
Ask eight different people to answer the questions.
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
the energy currency our body uses.
Success Criteria: Be able to name theenergy our body uses.Be able to describe the role it plays in thebody.
Starter Activity:
Think: What are four roles of ATP in the body?
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the presence of oxygen.
Success Criteria: Be able to name stage 1 of
respiration with oxygen.Be able to describe the process ofrespiration with oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration
• Aerobic respiration is when respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen.
Stage 1- Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
• It is the sequence of reactions that converts 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules with the production of a relatively small amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
GLUCOSE (6C)
2xPYRUVATE (3C)
NET GAIN 2ATP
Aerobic Respiration
• Although “aerobic” means “with oxygen”, oxygen is not required for stage 1.
• Oxygen is required for stage 2.
Stage 2
This stage has no official name.
It takes place in the mitochondria.
This process requires oxygen, and is therefore aerobic.
It converts pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water and releases 36 ATP.
This is controlled by enzymes.
Series of enzyme controlled reactions
36ADP + 36Pi
36ATP
Pyruvate
Carbon dioxide +Water
Aerobic Respiration
• Requires a suitable temperature as it is controlled by a series of enzymes.
• Stage 2 requires oxygen.
• Every 1 glucose molecule makes 38 ATP in total (2ATP from stage 1 and 36ATP from stage 2).
Summary of Complete process of Aerobic
Respiration
2ADP + 2 Pi
2ATP
36ADP + 36Pi
36ATP
Stage 1 – Glycolysis
Does not require oxygen
Stage 2
Requires oxygenCombined total
38ATP
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning about
respiration in the presence of oxygen.
Success Criteria: Be able to name stage 1 of
respiration with oxygen.Be able to describe the process ofrespiration with oxygen.
Starter Activity:
On a show me board, using no notes, can you draw out aerobic respiration.
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in animals.
Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that ananimal would be in to carry out this process.
Fermentation Pathway in Animals
Fermentation is a type of respiration thatoccurs in the cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen.
Animals have to use this pathway:
a) In oxygen poor environments e.g. stagnant water or mud.
b) When exercising vigorously.
Stage 1- Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
• It is the sequence of reactions that converts 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules with the production of a relatively small amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
GLUCOSE (6C)
2xPYRUVATE (3C)
NET GAIN 2ATP
Stage 2
Pyruvate
Lactic Acid
No ATP is made during this stage
Effects of Lactic Acid on Muscle Cells.
• Muscle cells respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise (sprinting, marathon running and weight lifting).
• MUSCLE FATIGUE is caused as lactic acid builds up in the muscle cells making them ache and contract less powerfully.
• The OXYGEN DEBT is the volume of oxygen required to convert lactic acid back to pyruvate during the recovery period after exercise.
• Fermentation in animals is reversible! • The RECOVERY PERIOD is important to remove the
lactic acid which has built up.
Fermentation Pathway in Animals
• The fermentation pathway in animals is reversible.
• It produces on 2ATP for every glucose molecule.
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in animals.
Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that ananimal would be in to carry out this process.
Starter Activity:
Answer the following questions in your question jotter:
1) What is the name given to the type of respiration carried out in animals in the absence of oxygen?
2) Name stage 1 of this type of respiration.
3) How does this type of respiration differ from aerobic respiration?
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in plants and yeast.
Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeastwould be in to carry out this process.
Fermentation Pathway in Plants and Yeast
Fermentation is a type of respiration thatoccurs in the cytoplasm in the absence ofoxygen.
Plants and yeast have to use the fermentation
Pathway:a) When root cells of plants are in
waterlogged soil.b) When yeast cells are being used to make
wine.
Stage 1- Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
• It is the sequence of reactions that converts 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules with the production of a relatively small amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
GLUCOSE (6C)
2xPYRUVATE (3C)
NET GAIN 2ATP
Stage 2
Pyruvate
Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol
No ATP is made during this stage
Fermentation Pathway in Plants and Yeast
• This pathway is irreversible as the carbon dioxide produced is lost to the environment.
Fermentation Pathway in Plants and Yeast
• The fermentation pathway in plants and yeast is irreversible
• It produces on 2ATP for every glucose molecule
Comparing Respiration
• Copy and complete the table below.Type of Respiration
Where it takes place
Products How many ATP produced in stage 2
Total ATP produced
Is the reaction reversible?
Aerobic
Fermentation in Plants & Yeast
Fermentation in Animals
AnswersType of Respiration
Where it takes place
Products How many ATP produced in stage 2
Total ATP produced
Is the reaction reverisble?
Aerobic Cytoplasm then
mitochondria
Carbon dioxide and water
36 38 no
Fermentation in
Plants & Yeast
Cytoplasm Carbon dioxide and ethanol
0 2 no
Fermentation in
Animals
Cytoplasm Lactic acid 0 2 yes
Respiration
Learning Intention: We are learning aboutrespiration in the absence of oxygen that takesplace in plants and yeast.
Success Criteria: Be able to name theprocess of respiration in the absence of oxygenBe able to describe the process of respiration inthe absence of oxygen .Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeastwould be in to carry out this process.