THE GREAT MUGHALS

Who are mughals ??• The Mughal Empire  also known as  Mogul Empire, self-

designated as Gurkani was a Persianate empire extending over large parts of the Indian subcontinent .

•  Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century .

•  After which it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. 

Mughal nobility • Babur was accompied by a number of central asian nobles called turains and some Iranis.

• Afghan and indian muslims also became the nobles.

• In return of all these they maintained army to the impropr 

• 1561—1567ce  Akbar was engaged in subduing them .

• A large number of indian amirs began to serve the emprior.

The Great Mughal Emperors were:

• The Great Mughal Emperors were:

– Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals

– Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader

– Akbar (1556-1605) The Great

– Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability

– Shah Jehan (1627-1658)  The Master Builder

– Aurangzeb (1658-1707)  The Intolerant

Babur 

• (1526-30ce)• Full name---Zahiruddin Babur• Born in --- fraghana in central africa• Babur he became the ruler of fraghana at the tender age of 11 in the year of 1491ce 

• Then he conquest kabul in 1504ce• Babur got attracted by india’s wealth 

Babur 

• The battle of panipat ended the rule of lodis  and the Delhi suanate.

• Babur was the fifth descendant  from timur’s side and the fourteenth descendant from chengizo khan.

• Babur wrote books in persian and arabic  he wrote the biography’s call baburnama.in his mother tongue the turkish 

Babur 

• Babur acquired territory from indus to bihar and from himalayas to gwalior .• He died on 30-december-1530 ce • He was burried in Agra• He reigned for 4 short years and died at age 47 years 

Humayun The Luckless Leader

• From (1530—56 ce )• The eldest son of Zahiruddin muhammad• After Babur died, he was succeeded by his son Humayun in       

               1530.  Humayun was 23 years old. • Humayan suceeded babur as badshah in 1530ce • There were many new rulers called themselves badshah or 

padshah to show that they were far suprerior than sulthans.• Humayun life can be looked upon as the drama in four acyts !• The third act was in (1545—55ce )

Humayun’s Tomb

Humayun

• In 1555—56ce he got back the throne of delhi • He was not a soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader.

Akbar 1556 - 1605The Great

• Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14. • Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander

– Built the largest army ever in the empire. .• Great administrator

– developed a centralized government• Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially

Hindus)• Akbar was a prince • At the sge of 13 he became the governer punjab• In october 1556 hemu was defeated by akbar had no

definite kingdom • There was the vijayanagar kingdom.with the victory at

the battle of panipat in 1156

Akbar 1556 - 1605The Great

• Akbar was the master in the north • Bairam khan was arrogant and because of

his rude behavior he had many enemies. Akbar had 4 years of tutelage over bairam. Akbar became his own master and made

Agra the capital

Akbars conquest 

• Akbar set out on a plan of expansion and this took him the rest of his life.

• He conquered the ----- malwa in 1561 ce • ----- gondwanas in 1564 ce • ----- ranthambore in 1568• Akbar subdude in gujarath in 1573 ce

Akbar and rajputs • Akbar realized very easily that he had to be the

pradshah– hindu as well as muslims .• In middle of 1562ce ,he abolished the pilgrim tax on

bathing at the holy place like Banaras prayag etc.• In 1564 CE,he abolished the poll tax or jaziya which

the non muslims had to pay .• He also abolished the practice of forcibly converting

prisoners of war to Islam.• With these measures he laid a foundation of an

Empire where all the citizens were treated equally.

Akbar and rajputs

• Rana pratap met the Mughal’s in a pitched battle at the Haldighatti in 1576 ce.

Relegious belief’s

• Akbar was an muslim to begin with and spent several hours praying.

• He began the belive sulh or peace for all.and treated people of all relegion faith’s and all classes

• The administration supported the group’s as the rebllion of Turani amir in 1580 ce

Tuhid-I-Llahi

• Akbar made a new relegion’s order called Tuhid-I-Llahi or Divine Faith in the year 1582 ce.

• After 80 year,this path came to be known as Din-I-Llahi.

• As the part of Sulh-Kul Akbar celebrated Nauroz, The parsi New year.

• He also translated Gita , Ramayanam, Bible and other holy books in persian.

Jahangir• Jahangir was the eldest son of Akbar succeeded to the throne in 1605—27 ce.• He ended the conflict between the Mewar and the Mughal’s • He also subduded the Afghan’s of the bengal’s.• Jahangir’s son was prince Khurram(shah Jahan) captured

the fort of Kangra• Jahangir lost the Kandahar to the Persian.• Jahangir married Nur Jahan in the year 1611 ce .

Shah Jahan 1627 - 1658The Master Builder

• Shah Jehan succeeded his father in 1627.• Better ruler than Jehangir.• The empire(kingdom) was expanded.• Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts • He also established the sliver rupia coin 

Shah jahan Prince Khurram ascended the throne inn the year

1627 ce. After the death of shahryar and took the little of

shah jahan. He got the Bijapur and the golconda in the deccan

to sign treaties with him and promise loyality. The most notable begin Padshahnama of the

Abdul Hamid Lahori. Inayat Khan’s Shahjahannama is a valuable work.

Shah jahan• Many merchant’s visited india in the 16th and the

17th and the 18th centries.• The most known are the Bernier’s • The foregin travellers who visited at the time of

jahangir ;-– Travel in the mughal Empire (1656-88ce)– Travel in india by Tavernier (1640-67ce)– Manucci’s storia do magor(1653-1708ce)

Shah Jehan• Shahjehan build the Taj Mahal • 1657 - Shah Jehan became seriously ill and a dispute

over the succession of the throne ensued between his three sons.

• Aurangzeb deposed Shah Jehan. He died in 1666 and was buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal.

Aurangazeb 1658 - 1707

• Aurangzeb ascended the throne after disposing his father and beating out his two brothers.

• Primary Interest - Promote Islam vs tolerance

The meaning of tolerance -----the ability or willingness to tolerate the existence of opinions or behaviour that one dislikes or disagrees with.

Aurangazeb

• Aurangazeb reled for 50 year’s• He streched from Kashmir in the north,to jinji in the

south.• He also streched from Hindukush in the west to

Chittagong in the east.• He also was a God-fearing muslim.• He led a simple life called”Zinda Pir”• Bernir was a foreginer (from france) who travcelled to

india In the year 1659—1667ce.• And he met Dara and Aurangazeb

Aurangazeb

• The ahoms of the north-east were able to hold their own against the mughal attacks.

• Aurangazeb came to India in the conflict with the sikh guru Teg Bahadur.

Aurangzeb’s Architectural Legacy

Bibi ka Maqbara, Aurangbab 1678Aurangzeb

Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-1652Shah Jehan

Built nearly 50 years apart, the Taj Mahal and the Bibi la Maqbara are very similar in architectural style.  Aurangzeb’s other architectural legacy included:

Sher shah

• After the defeat of of humayun in two battles • Sher shah became the sultan of delhi .• Sher shah improved his administration.• His carrier was cut short in 1545 ce when he

died in a explosion.• His name book are written by abbas khan in

1579ce .• Another connected lahor to multan.

The important Mughal’s

• Gūrkāniyān

• 1526(from the beginning of the dynasty ) – 1540

• Mu liyah Salṭanatg̱

• 1555-1857

Mughal dynasty india [1526-1707]

The time line of mughal’s

Map of mughal’s

1530 death of Babur 

1650 death of Akbar

1707 death of 

Aurangzeb

Administration • Due to the great work of Akbar.The mughal

administration was highly centralised • The empires word’s were the law• Akbar divided the administration into fifteen subas.• Each of the subas had a governer.• Akbar was the constantly on the move and and he

had canvas tent’s.• Abul fazl gave a description of awe—inspiring Ain

—i—Akbari.

• Predecessor: Humayun• Successor :Jahangir• Regent : Bairam Khan (1556–

1561)• Full nameAbu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din

Muhammad Akbar I • What is a Regent--- a person appointed to

administer a state because the monarch is a is absent

Show of the power

• Akbar observed many ritwal’s that showed him as the superior person to everyone.

• He was weighed on auspicious occasion and the weighed was given to the needy as a gift.

• He had addressed as Alampanah or Jahanpanah

• The picture of peacock Throne of Shah Jahan

Show of the power

• At the end an engraved seal ,cast in brass is a emprior shah jahan

• The seals were mostly used for signature’s on farmers and in royal document’s

• The french rulers and travelers by Aurangzed.• The thrones of empriors were made from gold

and silver • There was a tree covered with diamond and all

types of jewels.

Manasabdari system.

• Akbar changed his army and noblity into Manasabdari system.

• The meaning of Manasabdari system.--Mansabdari system was the system of taking back the ranks to the officials of the Mughal Empire. 

• The lowest rank were 10 and heigher was reserved 5,000 and prince recevided 7,000 to 40,000.

Manasabdari system.

• The mughal army was very efficient as long as this system followed

• The Manasabdari loyal officers through which empire controlled the empire.

• The mughal Manasabdari was  given jagir “keeping, holding“ instead of salaries.

• The revenues from from jagir became the income.• He usually appointed the Zamindars to do his jobs

Manasabdari system.

• The emperor  always stood in the court according to his rank.

• The emperor was not armed or attendant.• This type of Manasabdari system continued till the 18th centuary.

Army

• The army contained of 4 tings;-• The Cavalry,• The  Infantry• The Artillery • The Elephant’s

Army

• A large part  cavalry was given to the mansabdar’s and some rulers

• The Ahadis were especially chosen forces loyal only to the emperor 

The revenue system • The mughal emperor’s needed the revenu to maintain their army.

• They also wanted to build more buildings and monuments.

• Land revenue are also called as kharaj.

The revenue system

• They also had money from tax,duties,tax on property.

• Akbar had an revenu system and was desined by Raja Todar Mal.

• Surveyour visited the village with the help of Patwari.

The revenue system

• The fertility of the land was taken in to importance.

• The people normally paid 1/3 of the produce as the tax.

• When the crop’s were harvested the village headmen Muqaddamcollected the land revenue’s.

Rebellions by peasents

• The tax burden was heavy by the peasent’s to pay.

• Many peasents wanted to run away from the city or town where Shah jahan and Aurangzeb ruled.

• Some of the peasents rebelled over Shah jahan and Aurangzeb.

• Aurangzeb needed a large army to supress him.

Rebellions by peasents

• The mughal’s had a lot of land in those time • The ughals had killed many peasents also

during these time.

Economic and social condition’s

• Many foreign traveler's visited india during this period.

• During those period india was very rich and wealthy.

• The countries were not the same during these period.   

Village life

• In the village the landless peaents normally had to do hardwork.

• There was enough to eat but iin the summer season they suffered a lot.

• These peasent’s leaved in the mud house’s• There was no funiture in these days.• These people had to go to the money lenders

to borrow money.

Village life

• There was a variety of crops like wheat,rice,barley.etc.

• The peasent’s also bought tobacco and cotton.

• Barter system or exchanging of the goods took place in this period.

• The childrens got education from the temples or the mosques.

Village life

• These people could write in the language of hindi, gujarati

• The girls from lower cast families were illiterate.

• Pan was used as todays lipstick.• Most of the girls were taught cooking by their motheir.

Womans of the loyal familie’s

• There was women’s like Nur Jahan she gained a lot of power.

• During the rule of Nur jahan she made coin’s

Womans of the loyal familie’s

• New coins had month’s Zodiac sign stamped on the back.

• There was a central bazar in which 1,560 shop’s were present 

• Jaharnara was a well educated woman and she wrote many poetry’s.

• Emperior ahah jahan was very found of her .• Zeb—Un—Nisa, was Aurangzeb’s  daughter

Womans of the loyal familie’s

• Zeb—Un—Nisa, died at the age of 53 at the red fort.

• Ahah jahan’s daughter was Jahanara and Roshanara

• They were also involved in the struggle that took place between their brother’s

• Their brothers were Dara and Aurangazeb

A painting of the chandni chowk as it looked in the 17th centuary