Inclusive Growth, Innovation and Technology:

Interdisciplinary Perspectives

SPRU Dig-IT

Dialogue on Inclusive Growth, Innovation and Technology

Workshop

1 – 2 May 2013, University of Sussex

Report

04 - 07 -13

http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/newsandevents/digit-workshop

SPRU Dig-IT

Dialogue on Inclusive Growth, Innovation and Technology

Workshop

Inclusive growth, innovation and technology: interdisciplinary perspectives

Summary

The SPRU Dig-IT workshop, held in May 2013, took place over two days at the University of Sussex campus in Bright-

on and marked the launch of a series of SPRU Dig-IT workshops. The workshop brought up a number of pertinent is-

sues and was well attended with over one hundred and fifty registrations for each day of the workshop. The workshop

was designed to address the gap between studies which focus on innovation and technology (from a Schumpeterian,

evolutionary or STI perspective) and studies that focus on the dynamics of inequality, income distribution and „equity‟.

The workshop succeeded in its aim of bringing together scholars on both sides of the innovation debate, from a multi-

tude of different disciplines and schools of thought, resulting in news sparks and rigour being brought to the debate on

how to achieve growth that is not only „smart‟ but also „inclusive‟. The wide range of views and experience that SPRU

Dig-IT succeeded in bringing to the debate is evidenced in our attached list of speakers and registrations. Our diverse

range of topics covered is evident in the attached programme, original workshop motivation document and bibliog-

raphy of papers presented at the workshop.

Video footage of the workshop is currently being edited and will be available shortly on our website, where you can

also find materials produced from the workshop http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/newsandevents/digit-workshop

It is with this success in mind that SPRU Dig-IT aims to continue staging its series of workshops and we thank all our

sponsors for making this a possibility.

Sponsors

The SPRU Dig-IT team would like to extend their gratitude to all the sponsors who contributed to the success of the

workshop. One of our main aims was to make this workshop accessible in order to facilitate a wide range of views

being brought to the debate. Thanks to our sponsors we were able to offer this workshop free of charge, which we

feel helped in achieving our aim of accessibility.

iG4 contributed for travel and accommodation of European Commission attendees.

SPRU at the University of Sussex put forward £3000 towards the costs of the workshop.

The School of Business, Management and Economics put forward £3000 towards the costs of the workshop.

Research themes put forwards £2500 toward the costs of the workshop.

The Steps centre put forwards £1500 towards the costs of the workshop.

SPRU DIG-IT Science and Technology Policy Research

Dialogue on Inclusive Growth and Innovation Technology

Workshop May 1-2 2013 - Motivation

At the simplest level, it is obvious that the standard of living for all of us depends on the achieve-ments of science and technology.

Chris Freeman

We live in a world of increasing income inequalities within countries, and of large income inequality amongst people (Figure 1) and regions of the world (Figure 2). In order to recover economies from the recent recession and to pro-mote more equitable societies, recent economic recovery plans – such as the EC 2020 Strategy, the OECD Innova-tion Strategy or the UK BIS Growth Strategy – have called for growth strategies that are not only „smart‟ (i.e. innova-tion-led) but also inclusive (i.e. people led).

These documents are however very „impressionist‟ on their account of what „inclusiveness‟ means. When we turn to Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) studies for insight, there is little work done on income distribution, inclu-sion, and non-economic inequalities related to growth or wellbeing. STI scholars devote little attention to questions such as the distribution of value, the effect of technological progress on employment, „appropriate technologies‟, ac-cess to technologies, agency, opportunities and capabilities in the innovation process, with respect to „sister disci-plines‟ such as economics, development studies, sociology and anthropology. In turn, these disciplines have a limited focus on technology and innovation. This reduces the scope for the research on inclusive growth, inclusive innova-tion, technology and development. In order to bridge the gap between different branches of STI studies and between STI and other social sciences, in 2012 SPRU – the Science and Technology Policy Research department at Sussex University – established the Dia-logue on Inclusive Growth, Innovation and Technology (DIG-IT) to recast the STI focus on the link between techno-logical change, economic growth and development, income distribution, and wellbeing. The Workshop on Inclusive Growth, Innovation and Technology is a crucial step in this direction. We promote a unique forum for discussion of alternative and interdisciplinary frameworks to improve our understanding of the nexus between innovation, technological change, growth and inequalities within and between regions. The workshop was not intended as a stand-alone initiative, but as the first in a series designed to engage different STI communities – a number of which have representation at SPRU, and with related social sciences – which are extremely well represent-ed at Sussex University (including in SPRU) on the above questions. The workshop was organised along the follow-ing four themes.

Figure 1

Source: Ortiz, I., and M. Cummins, 2011, “Global Inequality: beyond the bottom billion - A Rapid Review of Income Distribution in 141 Countries”, UNICEF Social and Economic Policy Working Paper, Table 1, p. 12.

Figure 2

Source: UNDP & Gapminder, 2005, Human Development Trends 2005, Available at: http://www.gapminder.org/downloads/human-development-trends-2005/

Introduction

Inclusive Growth, innovation and technology: interdisciplinary perspectives

Freeman, C., 2004, “Income inequality in changing techno-economic paradigms”, In: E. Reinert, 2004, Globalization, Economic Development and Inequality: An Alternative Perspective, Chatelham: Edgar Elgar, 243-257, p. 243.

Session 1: Economic growth, technological innovation and inequality

This session addressed mainly economic issues, with questions such as: What is the relation between economic growth, innovation and welfare? How do market dynamics and institutions affect income distribution? How does the trend towards the concentration of capital and production affect innovation and inequality? How are the costs and risks of innovation shared among the people? How is the value added, generated by technology and innovation distributed?

Session 2: The direction and measurement of technological change and inclusiveness

This session looked at issues of direction of technological change and addressed questions such as: How is the direction of technological change related to inclusiveness? How do we measure economic growth, welfare, wellbeing and inequali-ty? How does this reflect on the trade-off between growth and environmental sustainability? How are gains from growth and pains from environmental stress distributed? How is the „direction‟ of technological change managed to promote inclu-sive growth? Is managing this process possible and/or desirable to promote inclusion?

Session 3: Users and producers of technological change: grassroots and social innovation

This session looked at the different „modes‟ of the innovation process (e.g. opened/closed, bottom up/top-down, grass-roots innovations, and social innovation), and addressed questions such as: What is the relation between the different modes of innovation processes and inclusiveness? Are the different modes equal in term of outcomes (e.g. welfare, well-being, equality, inclusiveness)? What is the relation between power over the innovation process and distributional out-comes? How does science contribute to indigenous innovations? What are the effects on development and inclusion? How does innovation in agriculture occur, and when is it sustainable and inclusive?

Session 4: Technological change and development

This session focussed on the dynamics and effects of technological change in low-income countries, and addressed ques-tions such as: How does the direction of innovation affect the direction of development? Appropriate vs. imported technol-ogies. What is the relationship between innovation and technological change, on the one hand, and wealth and poverty of nations („uneven development‟), on the other? Which sectors promote more or less inclusive development and growth? How can innovation be inclusive in resource-intensive development contexts? What is the role of sustainable agriculture in development?

Workshop and contribution formats

The workshop was structured as follows

Invited speakers presented a paper that focused on one of the four themes. Presenters were expected to contribute with

challenging and controversial ideas, to motivate and engage in discussion with participants. Both theoretical and empirical

contributions were encouraged. We also expressed a desire for presenters to relate their Focus to the wider theme.

Invited challengers discussed one of the papers presented and put forward alternative and/or complementary ideas drawn from their own work. Although these were not intended as paper presentations, the challengers were able to compare the discussed work with their own work, where possible. Invited chairs actively engaged with all presentations and discussions at the end of each session. They then lead the floor discussion, and made their own contribution based on the work presented by the speakers and discussants. Each session involved three speakers, three discussants and a chair and lasted approximately 105 minutes structured in the following format:

15/20 minutes for presenter (3 per session); 10/5 minutes for discussant (3 per session); 5 minutes floor discussion; 15 minutes chair discussion of the three papers and floor.

We found this structure successful in enabling discussion and allowing each speaker to present their ideas within the

given time frame.

P.4 P.1

P.2 P.3

Papers presented at the workshop included*,

Bell, M. (2013) „Innovation, participation and inclusive growth: reflections in Latin American and African experience.‟ Preliminary

notes for presentation at SPRU Dig-IT workshop on Inclusive growth, innovation and technology: interdisciplinary perspec-

tives. University of Sussex (May 2013)

Chang, H. (2009) „Hamlet without the prince of Denmark: how development has disappeared from today‟s „development‟ dis-

course.‟ In S. Khan and J. Christiansen (eds.) Towards new developmentalism: market as means rather than master.

Routeledge: Abingdon

Kaplinsky, R. et al. (2013) „Inclusive innovation: an architecture for policy development.‟ Working paper no. 65. The Open Universi-

ty (March 2013).

Smith, A. et al. (2013) „Grassroots innovation movements: challenges and contributions.‟ Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier 1-

11

Smith, A. and Ely, A. (2012) „Rio+20 must make inclusive innovation stepping stone to a sustainable future.‟ The Guardian [www]

Poverty matters blog (18th June 2012). Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-

matters/2012/jun/18/rio20-inclusive-innovation-sustainable-future

Soete, L. (2013) „Innovation, growth and welfare: from creative destruction to destructive creation.‟ Working paper. SPRU Dig-IT

workshop on Inclusive growth, innovation and technology: Interdisciplinary perspectives. University of Sussex (May 2013)

Stirling, A. (2013) „Pluralising progress: from inclusive innovation to innovation democracy.‟ Working paper. SPRU Dig-IT workshop

on Inclusive growth, innovation and technology: interdisciplinary perspectives. University of Sussex (28th March 2013)

*Further papers and material presented at the conference can be found here; http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/newsandevents/digit-workshop

List of Invited speakers

Martin Bell - SPRU, University of Sussex

Ha-Joon Chang - Cambridge University

Tommaso Ciarli - SPRU, University of Sussex

Adrian Ely - SPRU, University of Sussex

Elizabeth Harrison - University of Sussex

Jonathan Haskel – Imperial College

Spencer Henson - IDS, University of Sussex

Sir Richard Jolly - IDS, University of Sussex

Raphie Kaplinsky – Open University

Matthias Kollatz-Ahnen - PWC Germany

Matthew Lockwood - University of Exeter

Ben Martin - SPRU, University of Sussex

Mariana Mazzucato - SPRU, University of Sussex

Pierre Mohnen - Maastricht University/UNU-MERIT

Dick Nelson - Columbia University

Caetano Penna - SPRU, University of Sussex

Carlota Perez - TUT/LSE/Cambridge/SPRU

Dinah Rajak - SPRU, University of Sussex

Shyama Ramani - UNU-MERIT and Brunel University

Matias Ramirez - SPRU, University of Sussex

Maria Savona - SPRU, University of Sussex

Ian Scoones - IDS, University of Sussex

Paul Segal - SPRU, University of Sussex

Adrian Smith - SPRU, University of Sussex

Luc Soete - UNU-MERIT

Metka Stare - University of Ljubjana

Frances Stewart - Oxford University

Andy Stirling - SPRU, University of Sussex

Jim Watson - SPRU and UK ERC

Richard Wilkinson - Nottingham/UCL/York

SPRU Dig-IT

Dialogue on Inclusive Growth, Innovation and Technology

SPRU Dig-IT

Dialogue on Inclusive Growth, Innovation and Technology

Roberto Borghi University of Cambridge

Xavier Potau Nunez Technopolis

Andrew Agyei-Holmes Open University, The

Caterina Alacevich Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

Farah Alkhalisi University of Sussex

Jonathan Alltimes

Rocio Alvarez Tinoco Sussex University

Antonio Andreoni University of Cambridge

Richmond Atta-Ankomah The Open University

Alfonso Avila University of East Anglia

Nuri Erkin Başer Dokuz Eylül University

Alice Bell SPRU

Martin Bell SPRU

Victoria Blessing University of Sussex

Registration list

Gerald Bloom IDS

Alexander Borda-Rodriguez The Open University

Roberto Borghi University of Cambridge

David Botchie The Open University

Kirstin Bretthauer University of Sussex

Robert Byrne SPRU, University of Sussex

Marco Carreras University of Sussex

Youngha Chang SPRU, University of Sussex

Ha-Joon Chang University of Cambridge

Kuang-Yi Chao University of Wroclaw

Jose Christian Brighton University

Tommaso Ciarli SPRU, University of Sussex

Norman Clark Open University

Alex Coad SPRU, Univ Sussex

Paul Connelly United Practices Accountancy Ltd.

Craig Cowley Sussex university

Emily Cox University of Sussex

Philippa Crane SPRU

Edwin Cristancho University of Sussex

Edwin Cristancho-Pinilla University of Sussex

Marcia Daros UNU-MERIT

Julia Day STEPS Centre

Mattia Di Ubaldo University Of Sussex

Yusuf Dirie University of Sussex

Marialuisa Divella SPRU

Richard Duncombe IDPM

Adrian Ely SPRU

Marton Fabok University of Liverpool

Nicolette Fox SPRU

Nick Gallie University of Sussex

Flora Giarracca Technopolis Limited

Young Go IDS

Nicola Grassano SPRU-University of Sussex

Matthew Gross Spru

Puneet Gupta Confederation of Indian Industry

Matt Haikin Aptivate

Daniel Hain Aalborg University

Ungkyu Han Warwick Business School

Ae Jin Han University of Sussex

Elizabeth Harrison University of Sussex

Jonathan Haskel Imperial College

Adeel Hassan SPRU

Attila Havas Institute of Economics, CERS, HAS

Richard Heeks University of Manchester

Spencer Henson IDS

Sabine Hielscher SPRU

Andrej Horvath Technopolis Limited

SeongWoong Hwang SPRU, Sussex University

Michiko Iizuka UNU-MERIT

Adesina Iluyemi Portsmouth Uni

Zsuzsa Javorka Technopolis Limited

bong kyung jeon University of Sussex

Sir Richard Jolly IDS

Leanne Jones DFID

Roman Jurowetzki Aalborg University

Despina Kanellou CENTRIM/UOB

Raphie Kaplinsky Open University

Dimitrios Katsaros SPRU. University of Sussex

Florian Kern SPRU, University of Sussex

Jeong-Hoon Kim Ministry of Science, IT and Future Planning

So Hyung Kim University of Sussex

Matthias Kollatz-Ahnen PWC Germany

Eyad Kouja Sussex university

Oleksiy Kulyk DonNU

Tomoko Kunimitsu Institute of Development Studies

Simon Lambor Ids

Phan Le IDS

Melissa Leach STEPS Centre, IDS, Sussex

NaYeoun Lee SNU

Finbarr Livesey University of Cambridge

Matthew Lockwood University of Exeter

Maria Maestre Mo-rales

IDS

Guilherme Magacho University of Cambridge

Oleksandra Mamedova DonNU

Jose Miguel Marín Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Fiona Marshall SPRU

Eshan Masood Research Fortnight

Mariana Mazzucato Sussex Univ

Rie Minamoto IDS

Ben Martin SPRU

Rachel Masika University of Sussex

Serena Masino Manchester/UNU-WIDER

Pierre Mohnen Maastricht University/UNU-MERIT

Jordi Molas Gallart INGENIO (CSIC-UPV)

Maria Morales IDS

Piera Morlacchi University of Sussex

Yu Nagaiwa IDS

Jose Miguel Natera Marín Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Dick Nelson Columbia University

Cian O'Donovan

Oluyomi Ola-David Covenant University

Elsie Onsongo Friedrich Schiller University Jena

Michael Oyinloye University of Sussex

Theo Papaioannou The Open University

Marcel Paradies SPRU

JoonWoo Park IDS

Hyun sook park IDS

Parimal Patel SPRU

Caetano Penna SPRU

Leisa Perch UNDP

Carlota Perez TUT/ LSE/ Cambridge/ SPRU

Mickael Pero Fraunhofer

Keston Perry Newcastle University

Dimitra Petrakaki University of Sussex

Justin Pickard STEPS Centre

Ana Prieto-Blanco Spru

Anita Quas Technopolis

bob radebe Sussex University

Slavo Radosevic UCL

Ismael Rafols SPRU & Ingenio (CSIC-UPV)

Dinah Rajak University of Sussex

Shyama Ramani UNU-MERIT & Brunel University

Matias Ramirez SPRU

Stephen Reid NEF

Marco Resende University of Cambridge

Rafael Ribeiro University of Cambridge

Veronica Roa SPRU

Igor Rocha University of Cambridge

Joao Romero University of Cambridge

Thiago Santos SPRU University of Sussex

Maria Savona SPRU University of Sussex

Ian Scoones IDS

Ruth Segal SPRU, University of Sussex

Paul Segal University of Sussex

Frank Seidel University of Sussex

Peter Senker University of East London

Jeongseon Seo SPRU

Sangwoo Shin SPRU

Fabricio Silveira University of Cambridge

Beck Smith Campaign for Science and Engineering

Luc Soete UNU-MERIT

Metka Stare University of Ljubljana

Fabio Staude Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Ed Steinmueller SPRU

Frances Stewart University of Oxford

Andy Stirling SPRU

Paul Stoneman Warwick Business School

Beth Stratford Friends of the Earth

Puay Tang SPRU, University of Sussex

Rachael Taylor SPRU, University of Sussex

Tsegay Tekleselassie University of Sussex

Paul Tod IDS

Elvira Uccello ids

sophie valeix SPRU/STEPS Centre

Philip Vergragt Clark University

Shanila Wahid IDS

Xinfang Wang SCI, and Tyndall Centre

Jim Watson SPRU & UKERC

Rebecca White SPRU, Sussex University

Stephen Whitfield IDS

Richard Wilkinson Nottingham / UCL / York

Werner Wobbe European Commission, DG RTD

Bettina Zenz The Sussex Energy Group

Hammed Roohani sussex

Luis Rosado UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX

Cristina Rosemberg Technopolis Limited

Suriya Ruangpattana SPRU University of Sussex

Alex Ryabchyn SPRU University of Sussex

Shuan SadreGhazi UN University-MERIT

Tomas Saieg Sussex University

Thomas Salmon University of Sussex