T I A N A A N T H O N Y

2012 Grammer Book

Table of Contents

Presente Ser & Estar Gustar & Verbs Like Gustar Nouns/articles/adjectives Preterite vs. Imperfect Subjunctive in Noun Clauses Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses Commands Object Pronouns Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns Reflexives Por & Para To Become: Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse & Llegar a Ser

Presente

-ar -er -ir

yo O O O

Tu As Es Es

El/Ella/

Usted

A E E

Nosotros

(as)

Amos Emos Imos

Ellos (as)/

Ustedes

An En En

The present tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending –ar, -er, or -ir and adding personal endings

The present tense is used to express actions or situations that are going on at the present time and to express general truths.

e ie Stem Changers

o ue

e I

u ue

Also called boot verbs. There is no stem change in the nosotros/vosotros

-oy(dar) -go(tener) -zco(conocer)

doy damos tengo tenemos conozco

das dais tienes tieneis conoces conoseis

da dan tiene tienen conoce conocen

***Irregular “YO” verbs only change in the yo form

Irregulars

Ser and Estar

Estar

Ser

estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán

soyeresessomossoisson

Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be.“

Ser shows nationality and place of origin, profession or occupation, characteristics of people, animals and things, generalizations, possession, material of composition, time, date or season, or where or when an event takes place. Ser is used to express the idea of permanence.

Estar is used to express temporality. Estar shows location or spatial relationships, health, physical states and conditions, emotional states, certain weather expression, ongoing actions, or results of actions.

Verbs like Gustar

aburrir to bore fascinar to be fascinating to bastar to be sufficient importar to be important to caer bien (mal) to (not) suit interesar to be interesting to dar asco to be loathsome molestar to be a bother disgustar to hate something parecer to appear to be doler (o:ue) to be painful picar to itch encantar to "love" something quedar to be left over, remain faltar to be lacking something volver (o:ue) loco to be crazy about

When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used. Gustar is often used in the conditional to soften a request.

Since the subject of the sentence must be either singular (book) or plural (books), the only forms of gustar you will use are "gusta" and "gustan.“

Remember, gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do with which IO pronoun is used.

Nouns,Articles, and Adjectives

Nouns Nouns ending in –o, -or, -l, -s, or –ma are masculine. Nouns ending

in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, or –z are feminine. There are few exceptions.

Articles Definite and indefinite: articles agree in number and gender with the nouns

they modify.

Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe.

Masculine- 0,0s-e,es-le,les

Feminine- a,as-e,es-le,les

el --masculine singularla --feminine singular los --masculine plural las --feminine plural

Un-- masculinesingularuna -feminine singularunos -masculine plural unas -feminine plural

Preterite Vs. Imperfect

The preterite tells us specifically when an action took place.

The imperfect tells us in general when an action took place.

Some words signal the use of preterite or imperfect. Preterite- ayer, anteayer, anoche, desde el primer momento, durante dos siglos, el otro día

Imperfect-menudo, a veces, cada día, cada semana, cada mes, cada año, con frecuencia

Preterite

Preterite: regular -ar verbs-é-aste-ó-amos-asteis-aron Preterite: regular –ir/er verbs-í-iste-ió-imos-isteis-ieron

The preterite form allows you to refer to specific past actions.

At a fixed point in time

A specific number of times

During an elapsed amount of time

Imperfect

Imperfect: regular -ar verbs

-aba

-abas

-aba

-ábamos

-abais

-aban

Imperfect: regular –er/ir

-ía-ías-ía-íamos-íais-ían

Gar

Gué

Gaste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Preterite- Car/Gar/Zar

Car

Qué

Aste

ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Zar

Cé

Aste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Irregular verbs

Ir/ser Dar/Ver Hacer

Fui d/vi hice

Fuiste d/viste hiciste

Fue d/vio hizo

Fuimos d/vimos hicimos

Fueron d/vieron hicieron

“Cucaracha” verbs

Andar: anduv- Estar: estuv- Poder: Pud- Poner: Pus- -e Querer: Quis- -iste Saber: sup- -o Tener: tuv- -imos Venir: Vin- -isteis Conductir: conduj- -ieron Productir: produj- Traducir: traduj- Decir: dij- Traer: tra-

Subjunctive in Noun Clause

Subjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical

Main Clause + Connector + subordinate clause

-ar--------------e,es,e,emos,en

-er/ir-----------a,as,a,amos,an

Irregular: Tenga Venga Dé/diga I vaya Sea Haga/haya Esté Sepa

Wishing/wanting Emotions Doubt Disbelief Impersonal expressions Negation God/grief

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que…

Es mejor que…

Es malo que…

Es importante que…

Es nevesario que…

Es urgente que…

Expressions of Emotion

Alegrarse (de)- to be happy

Esperar- to hope, to wish

Sentir(e-ie)- to be sorry, to regret

Sporender- to surprise

Terner- to be afraid; to dear

Es triste- its sad

Ojala(que)- I hope (that); I with (that)

Expressions of doubt, disbelief, and denial

Dudar-to doubt

Negar(e-ie)- to deny

Es imposible- its impossible

Es improbable- its improbable

No es cierto- its not true, its not certain

No es seguro- its not certain

No es verdad- its not true

Verbs of will and influence

Acobsejar- to advise

Importar- to be important; to matter

Insistir(en)-to insist(on)

Mandar- to order

Prohibir-to prohibit

Rcomendar (e-ie)- to recommend

Rogar (o-ue)-to beg, to plead

Sugerir (e-ie)- to suggest

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

Main clause + connector + subordinate clause

The subjunctive is used in questions with adjective clauses when the speaker is trying to find out information about which he or she is uncertain.

When the antecedent of an adjective is a negative pronoun the subjunctive is used.

Commands

Tu- simply drop the „s‟

Los Irregulares- di, har, ve, pon,sal, se, ten, ven

Ud./Uds.- put it in the „yo‟ form and change to opposite vowel

Los irregulares- TVDISHES

Tu- put it in the „yo‟ form and change the opposite vowel, and add an „s‟

Los irregulares- TVDISHES

Ud./Uds.- same as above

Los irregulares-TVDISHES

DOP-IOP + se can attach to an infinitive.

DOP-IOP + se must go before the irreguar command

Object Pronoun

DirectObject

Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Os

Le/La Les/Las

Indirect Object

Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se."

Can be an objectCan be a person

Can be a person

Object Pronouns etc.

When object pronouns are attacked to infinitives,participles, or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain proper word stress

Infinitive: Cantarmela

Present Participle: Escribiendole

Command: Acompaneme

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Adjectives

mi(s)my

tu(s)your (fam. sing.)

su(s)his, her, your (formal), their

nuestro(-a, -os, -as)our

vuestro(-a, -os, -as)your (fam. pl.)

Possessive adjectives agree with the nouns they modify. That is, they agree with the thing possessed, not the possessor.

Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives

Pronouns

Singular Pluralel mío los míos la mía las mías el tuyo los tuyos la tuya las tuyas el suyo los suyos la suya las suyas el nuestro los nuestros la nuestra las nuestras el vuestro los vuestros la vuestra las vuestras

Possessive pronouns have the same form as stressed possessive adjectives and are preceded by a definite article.

The pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns they replace.

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Demonstrative adjectives specify to which noun a speaker is referring, and they precede the nouns they modify and agree in gender and number.

Este points out nouns that are close to the speaker and the listener. Ese modifies nouns nouns that are close to the listener but not the

speaker. Aquel refers to nouns that are far away from both the speaker and

the listener. Demonstrative Pronouns are identical to the adjectives, except that

most use accent marks and that there is a neuter form (adjectives don't have a neuter form). The accents do not affect the pronunciation, but are used merely to distinguish adjectives and pronouns.

Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives

Ese Esos

Esa Esas

Esta Estas

Esta Estas

Aquel Aquellos

Aquella Aquella

Far

Near

Over there

Reflexive verbs

me (myself)

te (yourself)

se (himself, herself, yourself)

nos (ourselves)

os (yourselves)

se (themselves, yourselves)

Example: aburrir - to boreaburrirse - to be boredacordar - to agreeacordarse de - to rememberacostar - to put to beddespedir - to firedespedirse de - to say goodbyedormir - to sleepdormirse - to fall asleepparecerse a - to resembleponer - to putponerse - to put onprobar - to try, to tasteprobarse - to try onquitar - to take awayquitarse - to take off

The subject of reflexive verbs both performs and receives the action. Reflexive verbs are always preceded by reflexive pronouns.

Por vs. Para

Por Para

-to express gratitude or apology-for multiplication and division-for velocity, frequency and proportion -meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of"-to mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of,"-to express a length of time-to express an undetermined, or general time, meaning "during"-for means of communication or transportation-when followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use por + infinitive-to express cause or reason

-to indicate destination-to show the use or purpose of a thing-to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of"-to indicate a recipient-to express a deadline or specific time-to express a contrast from what is expected-to express an action that will soon be completed

To Become: Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, and Llegar a Ser

TO BECOME

Hacerse can be followed by a noun or an adjective, and

it often implies a change that results from the subject‟s

own efforts.

Ponerse + [adjective] expresses a change in

mental, emotional, or physical state that is usually not long-

lasting.

Volverse + [adjective] expresses a radical mental or

psychological change, and it often conveys a gradual or irreversible change

in character.

Llegar a ser may be followed by a noun or an adjective, and it indicated a change over time and does

not imply the subject‟s voluntary

effort.