Space Fence System Overview

International Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Outer Space Tokyo, Japan

3-4 March 2016

Joseph A. Haimerl – Space Fence Chief Architect Gregory P. Fonder – Space Fence Lead System Analyst

Lockheed Martin MST 199 Borton Landing Road, Moorestown, NJ 08057 USA

Distribution Statement A - Cleared for public release by 66ABG PA, Case Number: 66ABG-2016-0022

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Overview • Agenda

– Need for Space Fence – Space Fence Solution Movie – System Concept – Evolution and Trades – Program Status – Detailed Modeling and Simulation (M&S) – End-to-End Prototype – Integration Test Bed (ITB) – Summary

• Key Messages – Space Fence Will Provide Unprecedented Capability for Space Situation Awareness – Solution Optimized for Performance and Affordability – Extensive Modeling, Simulation and Prototyping Completed – Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability

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Need for Space Fence

Effective Tracking/Cataloging Needed to Handle the Growing Number of Objects in Orbit

3000+ Cataloged Fengyun-1C ASAT Debris Threaten Space Operations (Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 18, Issue 1, January 2014 and Volume 13, Issue 1, January 2009)

IRIDIUM 33 / Cosmos 2251 Collision Creates 700+ Cataloged Objects (Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 13, Issue 2, January 2009)

ISS Makes 5 Debris Avoidance Maneuvers in 2014 (Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 19, Issue 1, January 2015)

STS-126 Window Damage from Micro-meteoroid or Orbital Debris – Particle Estimated 0.15mm Diameter (Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 13, Issue 2, January 2009)

Number of Countries in Space and Number of Objects in Orbit Continue to Grow (Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 18, Issue 1, January 2014)

Fengyun-1C ASAT Debris

IRIDIUM 33 / Cosmos 2251 Collision

2007

2014 2009 2008

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Space Fence Solution Movie

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System Concept • Element-level digital beamforming

(DBF) enables simultaneous surveillance and tracking

• Site footprints minimized with compact system design

• Hardware designed for easy maintenance while operating

• Astro-Standards based code for high TRL and compatibility with JSpOC / JMS

• Net-centric controls provide rapid response to external tasking

• Automatic uncorrelated target (UCT) processing for initial orbit determination (IOD)

• FOSS based GUIs for low cost and MOSA support / upgrades

GIG / DoDIN

Space Fence Operations Center (SOC)

@ IOC

JSpOC/JMS, SSN, Authorized Users

Sensor Site #2 (SS2): Australia @ FOC

Surveillance Tracking

Space Fence Uses Advanced S-Band DBF Radars to Provide Unprecedented Space Situation Awareness

Sensor Site #1 (SS1): Kwajalein @ IOC

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Evolution and Trades

System Design Evolution Provides Affordable, Optimized and Proven Design to Meet All Mission Needs

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Concept Development SDR Phase PDR Phase

2014 2015 EMDPD Phase

2013

Concept Development SDR Phase PDR Phase EMDPD Phase

System Configuration • SOC plus 3 SS • SOC plus 3 SS • SOC plus 2 SS • SOC plus 2 SS

Array Size • All SS identical • 78K Tx / 300K Rx

Elements

• All SS identical • 65K Tx / 217K Rx

Elements

Elements: • SS1 36K Tx / 100K Rx • SS2 18K Tx / 51K Rx

Elements: • SS1 36K Tx / 86K Rx • SS2 17K Tx / 86K Rx

Studies & Reviews

• Architecture selection: digital array, separate Tx & Rx

• Incorporated initial prototyping results

• SRR • SDR

• Cost / performance trades used to refine driving requirements

• PDR

• CDR • 100% Facility Design

Affordability • Affordability and

maintenance concepts development

• Matured LCCE model • Affordability and assumption challenges

• Opportunity realizations based on CDR prototype measurements

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Key Trade: Element-Level DBF Architecture

Element-level DBF and Frequency Multiplexing Allow Efficient Timeline Utilization and Minimize Power-aperture, Cost, and Power Usage

Sequential Operation Across Wide Field-of-Regard

Compress

Sequential Tx and Simultaneous Rx Across Wide FoR

Element-Level DBF enables simultaneous beams anywhere in Field of Regard (FoR) for efficient time/energy management

East/West Scan

North

Sou

th Sc

an

Element-Level DBF: unconstrained instantaneous FoR

1-D Subarrayed DBF: instantaneous FoR constrained in one dimension

2-D Subarrayed DBF: instantaneous FoR constrained in both dimensions

Element-Level vs. Subarrayed DBF

Frequency Multiplexing enables multiple radar functions simultaneously for efficient time/energy management

Time

Tx Rx

Frequency

Instantaneous Receiver Band

Sequentially transmit multiple RFs within receiver band. Simultaneously receive all.

Frequency Multiplexing

f5 f4 f3 f2 f1

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Program Status

Space Fence Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability

Space Fence becomes operational in 2018. Second site planned 2021.

Groundbreaking on Kwajalein for Sensor Site 1 (Feb 2015) Conducted Critical Design Review and Prototype Demonstrations (March 2015)

(Source Image: US Army Reagan Test Site Media)

(Source Image: US Army Reagan Test Site Media)

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Program Status (continued)

Space Fence Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability

Construction of Building Foundations and Radome Ring-wall on Kwajalein for Sensor Site 1 (December 2015)

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Detailed Modeling & Simulation (M&S)

Key Functional Threads Operational in End-to-End System Modeling and Simulation Environment (Independently Assessed by USAF and MIT/Lincoln Laboratory)

High Fidelity M&S Components Component Name Description Origin

External World (USAF / MIT LL)

Perf. Assessment Simulator (PAS)

Government provided satellite / C2 simulators and data validation GFE / GFI

SF Operations Center (SOC)

SOC Mission Processing

Tactical software and functionality for multi-site control and data processing

Lockheed Martin

Space Fence (SF) Sensor Site (SS)

SS Mission Processing

Tactical software and functionality for SS control and processing (e.g., tasking, tracking, association)

Lockheed Martin

Radar Control Processing

Tactical software and functionality for the radar (e.g., tracker, beam scheduler)

Lockheed Martin

Radar Antennas and Signal Processing

Effects-based model of the radar performance (e.g., sensitivity, accuracy)

Lockheed Martin

High Fidelity M&S

Surveillance Search Track Catalog Buildup

Detect Miss

Probability of Observation > 99% (plot contains a single dot for each crossing object)

Captures orbital uncertainty

UCT long arc tracks

Known Objects

SS Tracks (Side View)

Object Database Buildup

Time

Over 90% Successful Correlation

LM scenario (using 2030 NASA debris catalog) demonstrated multi-day run, continued database buildup and > 90% correlation success on initial passes of UCTs

Num

ber o

f

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End-to-End Prototype

Key Radar Technologies Operational Since 2011 in End-to-End System Prototype (Assessed by USAF as TRL 7 / MRL 7 at CDR)

Prototype Antenna Building Prototype Mission Operations Center Space X Dragon and ISS Rendezvous

Flexible Coverage Demonstration CDR Demonstration CDR Demonstration

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Integration Test Bed (ITB)

• Scaled-down end-to-end system with end-item cabinets, electronics and antenna support structure

• Used for: ―Form/Fit check ―Hardware, software, firmware integration and test ―System test ―Requirements verification ―Training ―Extended operational test ―Maintainability demonstrations ―Remote resolution support of sensor site integration issues

• On-track to be operational in Q1 2016

Constructing Integration Test Bed to Reduce Sensor Site 1 Integration Risk

Installation of Radar Hardware (December 2015)

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Summary

• Space Fence Will Provide Unprecedented Capability for Space Situation Awareness

• Solution Optimized for Performance and Affordability

• Extensive Modeling, Simulation and Prototyping Completed

• Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability