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sour water

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Sour water: where it comes from and how to handle it S our water strippers are common in gas processing facilities, sulphur recovery units, wellhead facilities, and refinery applications. Understanding the variables allows engineers to better optimise the initial design and operation. This paper reviews options for sour water strip- per configuration and presents a method to optimise stripper operation by finding the most efficient operating parameters. Options investi- gated include: single or double column for increased product purity; addition of acid or caustic for improved performance; refluxed or non-refluxed columns to mitigate water in the overhead gases; condenser or pumparound and their effects on overhead composition; reboiler, direct steam injection, or a combination of these and the effect they have on corrosion concerns. In addition, optimisation of the steam rate is investigated. Overall stage efficiency for trayed strippers, HETP for packed strippers and indi- vidual component efficiencies are discussed based on available sour water stripper operating data. Sources of sour water Gas processing Water is the single largest waste stream in oil and gas production worldwide. Wastewater streams come from a variety of sources, the larg- est of which is associated or production water. Other sources of wastewater include water used during startup and industrial hygiene, purge water from amine sweetening units (ASU), and wash water used in the tail gas treating section (TGTU) of the sulphur recovery unit (SRU). Of these sources, associated water is the largest in total volume; however, the latter two are the largest sources of sour water. Water always exists in oil and gas reservoirs, Luke Addington, Carl Fitz, Kevin Lunsford, and Lili Lyddon Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc. Dr. Ing. Mariana Siwek Verfahrenstechnik und Automatisierung GmbH often sitting towards the bottom of the produc- tion zone. While production may be relatively dry at the beginning of a field’s life, water-to-hy- drocarbon ratios will increase over the life of a well as hydrocarbons are depleted and water begins migrating upwards to areas of produc- tion. The United States averages around ten barrels of associated water per barrel of oil produced 1 . There are a variety of impurities found in this associated water, such as oil and grease, suspended solids, BTEX/VOCs, as well as sulphur and ammonia. Table 1 lists the concen- tration of typical contaminants in associated water from sources in the Gulf of Mexico 2 and in Pennsylvania 3 . Notice that the largest concentra- tion of contaminants is the suspended solids while the smallest is typically sulphur species and ammonia, those components typically removed in a sour water stripper. As a waste stream, associated water is disposed of in a variety of ways, depending on the produc- tion site’s geographical location, geological concerns, the types of contaminants in the water, and whether production is onshore or offshore. The overwhelming majority of associated water is reinjected into either the production reservoir for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or into www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000741 September 2011 1 Typical associated water contaminant concentrations Gulf of Mexico Venango County, (mg/L) 2 Pennsylvania (mg/L) 3 Oil and Grease 26.6 2.74-78 Suspended Solids 141 20-614 BTEX/VOCs 20 1-1,000 Sulphur 42 1-584 Ammonia 12.2 2.22-17 Table 1

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Sour Water

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Sour water: where it comes from and how to handle itSourwaterstrippersarecommoningas processingfacilities,sulphurrecoveryunits, wellhead facilities, and refnery applications. Understandingthevariablesallowsengineersto betteroptimisetheinitialdesignandoperation. Thispaperreviewsoptionsforsourwaterstrip-perconfgurationandpresentsamethodto optimisestripperoperationbyfndingthemost effcientoperatingparameters.Optionsinvesti-gatedinclude:singleordoublecolumnfor increasedproductpurity;additionofacidor causticforimprovedperformance;refuxedor non-refuxedcolumnstomitigatewaterinthe overheadgases;condenserorpumparoundand theireffectsonoverheadcomposition;reboiler, directsteaminjection,oracombinationofthese andtheeffecttheyhaveoncorrosionconcerns. Inaddition,optimisationofthesteamrateis investigated.Overallstageeffciencyfortrayed strippers,HETPforpackedstrippersandindi-vidualcomponenteffcienciesarediscussed basedonavailablesourwaterstripperoperating data. Sources of sour waterGas processingWateristhesinglelargestwastestreaminoil andgasproductionworldwide.Wastewater streams come from a variety of sources, the larg-estofwhichisassociatedorproductionwater. Othersourcesofwastewaterincludewaterused duringstartupandindustrialhygiene,purge waterfromaminesweeteningunits(ASU),and washwaterusedinthetailgastreatingsection (TGTU)ofthesulphurrecoveryunit(SRU).Of thesesources,associatedwateristhelargestin totalvolume;however,thelattertwoarethe largest sources of sour water.Wateralwaysexistsinoilandgasreservoirs, Luke Addington, Carl Fitz, Kevin Lunsford, and Lili Lyddon Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc.Dr. Ing. Mariana Siwek Verfahrenstechnik und Automatisierung GmbHoftensittingtowardsthebottomoftheproduc-tionzone.Whileproductionmayberelatively dryatthebeginningofafeldslife,water-to-hy-drocarbonratioswillincreaseoverthelifeofa wellashydrocarbonsaredepletedandwater beginsmigratingupwardstoareasofproduc-tion.TheUnitedStatesaveragesaroundten barrelsofassociatedwaterperbarrelofoil produced1.Thereareavarietyofimpuritiesfoundinthis associatedwater,suchasoilandgrease, suspendedsolids,BTEX/VOCs,aswellas sulphurandammonia.Table1liststheconcen-trationoftypicalcontaminantsinassociated water from sources in the Gulf of Mexico2 and in Pennsylvania3.Noticethatthelargestconcentra-tionofcontaminantsisthesuspendedsolids whilethesmallestistypicallysulphurspecies andammonia,thosecomponentstypically removed in a sour water stripper.As a waste stream, associated water is disposed of in a variety of ways, depending on the produc-tionsitesgeographicallocation,geological concerns, the types of contaminants in the water, andwhetherproductionisonshoreoroffshore. Theoverwhelmingmajorityofassociatedwater isreinjectedintoeithertheproductionreservoir forEnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)orinto www.digitalrening.com/article/1000741 September 20111Typical associated water contaminant concentrationsGulf of MexicoVenango County, (mg/L) 2 Pennsylvania (mg/L)3Oil and Grease26.62.74-78Suspended Solids14120-614BTEX/VOCs201-1,000Sulphur421-584Ammonia12.22.22-17Table 1depletedorunusedundergroundreservoirs.As muchas95%ofonshoreassociatedwateris disposedofinthisway4.Theimplicationisthat althoughassociatedwaterisahugewaste,much ofitisminimallytreatedandreadilydisposedof back into reservoir rock. Theremaininguninjectedassociatedwateris eitherusedbenefciallyordisposedofonthe surfaceinevaporationponds.Benefcialuses includeagriculturalusewhencircumstances allow,suchasUSonshorereservoirsthat producewaterwithalowsaltcontentandlie westofthe98thmeridian5.Somewaterisalso treatedandreusedingasprocessingfacilities6. Evaporationponds,asameansofonshore disposal,arefallingoutoffavourduetothe additionalprocessingneededandenvironmental concernssuchassaltcontaminationofsurface soil and erosion7. Table 2 provides a summary of US onshore associated water disposal practices.Offshorewaterdisposalpracticesforassoci-atedwatervaryfromonshorepractices.Drilling injectionwellsandsettinguptheinfrastructure togettheproducedwaterfromtheplatform 2 September 2011www.digitalrening.com/article/1000741backtotheinjectionsitecanbecostprohibitive, soassociatedwaterisnottypicallyreinjected offshore4.Someproductionwateristreatedand reused;however,themajorityissimplytreated anddischargedintothesea1.Theprimary contaminantsofconcernforthisdischarged wateraresuspendedsolids,oil,andBTEX/VOCs. Removal of these contaminants, by means ofcoalescersordegassingunits,oftenresultsin theby-removalofanysourcomponents.This wastewater,therefore,doesnotneedtobeintro-ducedtoasourwaterstripper.Thenetresultis thattheprimarysourceofsourwaterbeingsent tosourwaterstrippersinupstreamapplications is not comprised of associated water.Inrarecases,aminesweeteningunitsin upstreamapplicationsmaybesourcesofsour water.Inmostcases,thesweetgastemperature ishigherthantheinletgastemperaturedueto absorptionofacidgascomponentsinthe absorber.Theincreaseingastemperature resultsinwateractuallybeingremovedfromthe aminesolution.If,however,thesweetgas temperatureislowerthantheinletgastempera-ture,watermayactuallybuildupintheamine solutionandberemovedfromthesourliquid condensateintheamineregenerator.Thiscould occuriftheinletgascontainslittleacidgasand theleanaminesolutionisatalowertempera-ture than the inlet gas.Quenchsystemsforsulphurrecoveryunittail gasaretheprimarysourceofsourwaterin upstreamapplications.Hydrogenatingtailgas units,suchasShellsSCOTsystem,areoften usedtoimprovetheoverallremovaleffciencyof SRUs.Inthesesystems,anysulphurremaining Method% of Onshore Produced WaterInjected for Enhanced Recovery57Injected for Disposal36Benecial Use4Evaporations2Treat and Discharge1Others


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