some aspects of pollen allergen

SOME ASPECTS of POLLEN ALLERGEN

Surasarit Khawlaor

5-11-2010

OUT LINES

• Types of pollen• Pollen identification• Distribution of pollens• Cross-reactivity• Some effects of climate on

Allergen concentrationInteraction between pollen & pollutants

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3 types of pollens 1.grass pollen

Cultivated grass : johnson (หญ้�าพง), sugar cane, corn, typhaceae (ธู�ปฤาษี�)Wild grass : bermuda (หญ้�าแพรก), paragrass (หญ้�าขน), sedge (กก)

ตำ�าราโรคภู�มิ�แพ� 2000’s 2547

โรคภู�มิ�แพ�ในเวชปฏิ�บั ตำ� 2003 2546

7th Middleton’s Allergy Principles & practice

Types of pollen

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Types of pollen

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johnson bermuda paragrass

sedge

Types of pollen

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sugar cane cat-tail

2.tree pollen : Australian wattle-Acacia, Casuarina spp. (สนทะเล), Mimosa spp. (ไมิยราพ), มิะมิ'วง, ชมิพ� ', walnuts 3.weed pollen : Amaranthaceae (ผั กโขมิ : Thailand), Chenopodiaceae(russian thistle : hay fever), Asteraceae (ragweed : North America) 4.Fern pollen : Acrosticum spp.(ปรงทอง)

Types of pollen

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ตำ�าราโรคภู�มิ�แพ� 2000’s 2547



Types of pollen

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southsea ironwood ไมิยราพ

walnuts

Types of pollen

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careless weed russian thistle

ragweed

Types of pollen

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ผั�กเบี้��ยใหญ่ (pigweed)

สาบี้เส�อ (siamweed)

Types of pollen

10 ต้�นปรงทอง

Pollen identification

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o Rely on Size Shape : spheroidal & ellipsoidal Germinal apertures : pores & furrows

Porate : posses only pores

Colpate : posses only furrows

Colporate : posses both pores & furrows

Sculpture & Cell content



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o Inaperturate : o only 2 of trees Cottonwood

(Populus) Cedar (juniperus)

o Periporate : o 3 weed families Chenopodiaceae Amaranthaceae Plantaginaceaeo 2 trees genus Juglans liquidambar



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o GrassesDifficult to distinquish morphologicallyMost spherical to ovoidalMonoporateSize range 20-110 mThickened, slightly raised exine

surrounding pore



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pine

cedar (Juniperus)

monoecious, 50-100 m with 2 bladders or wings

diecious, 25-35 m with thick intine & stellate

cytoplasm contents



birch, walnut

monoecious, 25-28 m with protruding domes

extending around apertures(aspidate) & large onci (thickened intine below pores)

30-45 m, rounded, triangular, polygonal

& tri-,tetra-,periporate

with onci



Acacia pollen, 50 m polyads (aggregation of > 4 pollens), roughly quadrangular(จั�ต้�ร�ส) grains



Saltbush (Atriplex), 23-28 m, periporate of pigweed

& chenopod families

spheroidal ragweed (Ambrosia), 20 m

with outer surface of exine sculptured & short,broad-based

spines

Distribution

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Distribution


Northern regiontimothy, kentucky

bluegrass, perennial ryegrass

Artemisia, ChenopodiumQuercus, red birch

Western regionBermuda, johnson Artemisia, AmaranthusChenopodium Quercus, Olea, red cedar

Central regionTimothy, bermuda, johnson, kentucky

Kochia, AmaranthusChenopodium Quercus, box elder, Sugar maple

Eastern region

Timothy, bermuda, johnson Kochia, AmaranthusChenopodium Quercus, box elder, Sugar maple

Distribution : Thailand

21ตำ�าราโรคภู�มิ�แพ� 2000’s 2547


Pollen in Chaing Mai %

ไมิยราพ (Mimosa) 27.14

หญ้�า (Wild grass) 18.61

ตำ�าแย (Urticaceae) 15.20

กก (Cyperaceae) 8.70

ไมิยราพย กษี* (Giant mimosa)

5.56




Pollen in Ubon %




หญ้�าเพาะปล�ก (Cultivated grass)

3.95

เฟิ,ร*น (Fern) 2.27




Pollen in Bangkok %





11.29

ผั กโขมิ (Amanranthaceae

)

8.23




Pollen in Chon Buri %


23.63








Pollen in Songkhla %

สนทะเล (Casuarinaceae)

41.53

ไมิยราพ (Mimosa) 10.86





26Phaiboolya P. et al. APJAI

1989; 7: 113-118



1989; 7: 113-118

30Phaiboolya P. et al. APJAI 1997; 15: 183-185

-59 females, 41 males-ages ranged 10-59 yrs.(mean 27.9 yrs.)-associated disease -sinusitis 21% -nasal polyp 7% -asthma 2% -stop intaking of antihistamine 48 hrs prior to SPT-inclusion criteria 1.pt. with history of & clinical presentation of AR, Dx by otolaryngologist 2.+SPT >= 3 mmwheal with erythema-exclusion criteria 1.severe underlying dz. 2.immunocompromised

Cross-reactivity

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• Family Poaceae• Cross-allergenicity strong• Marked homology of major

allergen gr.1, 2/3, 5• Timothy adequate choice to

represent subfamily• Sweet vernal has some

unique allergens• 1 of 2 should suffice for

treatment

32Richard W. Weber. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007; 99: 203-212

Cross-reactivity : grass

• Family Poaceae• Lack of gr.2 & 5 allergens • Southern grasses

(Bermuda, Bahia, Johnson)

are treated separately• Chloridoideae members are

cross-reactive : Bermuda most potent & appropriate choice to cover other members



• Cross-allergenicity within family of Junaceae but no cross with family Poaceae

• Palm & sedge if clinically relevant, need to be treated separately



• Order Coniferales : gymnosperms Family Cupressaceae (cypress)

strong cross-allergenicity Marked homology of gr.1 & 2

allergens Weak cross-reactivity with

angiosperms Jun a 1 has highly conserved

region of pectate lysate catalytic site (important during fertilization)


Cross-reactivity : conifer

• Tricolpate angiosperms• Strong cross-allergenicity

among Betulaceae members based on homology of gr.1 & 2 allergens

• Fairly strong cross-allergenicity between Betulaceae & Fagaceae

• Bet v 5, isoflavone reductase-related protein has cross-reactvity to pear & lychee


Cross-reactivity : tree

• Birch or alder should cover other members

• In area oaks are predominant, Quercus, expectted to cover birch


Cross-reactivity : tree

• Other tricolpate trees 1 member of family can

be expectedto be adequate for IT

Exceptions nettle & pellitory no significant cross-allergenicity



• Tricolpate weed• Strong cross-allergenicity

among Amaranthus• Strong cross-allergenicity

among Atriplex species• Both can each be

represented by single member

• Others need to be separately


Cross-reactivity : weed

• Tricolpate weed• Strong cross-allergenicity

among short, giant, western, false ragweeds : 1 or 2

are adequate• Strong cross-allergenicity

among Artemisia species• Artemisia & marshelders

(Iva) need to be separately


Cross-reactivity : weed

Some effects of Climate

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1Cecchi L. et al. Allergy 2010; 65: 1073-10812Ziska LH. JACI 2003; 111: 290-295


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On allergen concentration Increase in allergen content produced by

plant growing at higher temperature & in CO2-enriched atmosphere increase sensitization rate a/o severity of symptoms in pollen allergy1

In field experiment, ragweed grew faster, flowered earlier, and produced significantly greater above-ground biomass and pollen2


43Ziska LH. JACI 2003; 111: 290-295


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Birch trees growing at higher temperatures produce pollen with increased Bet v 1

Ahlholm JU et al. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1384-1388

Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) increase both in biomass & urushiol (toxic oily organic allergen cause contact dermatitis) when grow in higher temperatures

Mohan JE et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 9086-9089

1Cecchi L. et al. Allergy 2010; 65: 1073-1081



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On interaction between pollen & pollutantsMainly in 3 waysoAir pollution increase

expression of allergenic proteins such as Cupressus arizonica (สน) from polluted cities showed higher Cup a 3 concentration than less polluted



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On interaction between pollen & pollutants (cont.)oComponents of air pollution

interact with allergen carried by pollen pollen, latex, -glucan bound to air particles

Particle in air can act as carriers of allergen & as depots of allergens inhaled into airways



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On interaction between pollen & pollutants (cont.)oPollution enhance risk of

exacerbation of symptom in sensitized subjects inducing airway mucosal damage & impaired mucociliary clearance

• 11 males, 4 females• Ages range 21-28 yrs.• None had Hx of asthma,

respiratory, other illness, medication

• -ve SPT for aeroallergens, no respiratory infection at least 6 Mo prior to or during study

• Each subject was exposed to air or DE for 1 hr on 2 different occasions in randomized sequence

• Output PFT Bronchoscopy : BAL,

BW(proximal bronchial wash), biopsy

Cell, adhesion molecule,

48Sundeep S. et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med

1999; 159: 702-709



1999; 159: 702-709


• In conclusionDiesel emission are capable of causing

marked pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response involving a variety of cell types


1999; 159: 702-709


Thank you for your attention

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some aspects of pollen allergen

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