soil survey of guadalupe county, new mexico - usda

United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture

NaturalResourcesConservationService

In cooperation withUnited States Departmentof the Interior, Bureau ofLand Management, andNew Mexico AgriculturalExperiment Station

Soil Survey ofGuadalupeCounty,New Mexico

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided intogroups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planningthe use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identifythe name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to thesection General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of smallareas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to MapSheets. Note the number of the map sheet and go to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are inthat area. Go to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name andshows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailedsoil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may addressyour specific needs.

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How To Use This Soil Survey

Additional information about the Nations natural resources is available onlinefrom the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

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This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effortof the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, Stateagencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. TheNatural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) hasleadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1988. Soil names anddescriptions were approved in 1989. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in thispublication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1990. This survey was madecooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service; the United StatesDepartment of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; and the New MexicoAgricultural Experiment Station. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnishedto the Guadalupe Soil and Water Conservation District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of thesemaps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at alarger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all ofits programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited basesapply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means forcommunication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) shouldcontact the USDAs TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunityprovider and employer.

Cover: Grazing deer in an area of Bluhol loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, south of Santa Rosa.

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Contents

Cover ............................................................................................................................. iHow To Use This Soil Survey ..................................................................................... iiiContents ..................................................................................................................... vForeword ..................................................................................................................... xiIntroduction ................................................................................................................ 1

General Nature of the Survey Area ......................................................................... 2How This Survey Was Made .................................................................................... 4

General Soil Map Units .............................................................................................. 7 1. Redona-Hilken-Conger .................................................................................... 7 2. Sparks-Slaughter ............................................................................................. 8 3. Regnier-Rock outcrop-Lacoca ....................................................................... 10 4. Lacoca-San Jon-Rock outcrop....................................................................... 11 5. Travessilla-Hagerman-Rock outcrop .............................................................. 13 6. Winona-Gabaldon .......................................................................................... 14 7. Palo-Neso-Hilken ........................................................................................... 16 8. Pastura-Harvey-Cardenas ............................................................................. 17 9. Tuloso-Flugle-Deama ..................................................................................... 1910. Tucumcari-Chispa-La Lande ......................................................................... 2011. Clovis-Harvey-Palma .................................................................................... 21

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................................................................... 2310Regnier-Rock outcrop-Lacoca complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes ................. 2411Tucumcari-Hassell clay loams, 0 to 5 percent slopes .................................... 2613Tucumcari-Redona association, 0 to 5 percent slopes .................................. 2814Kolar-Neso association, 0 to 5 percent slopes .............................................. 3015Hilken-Palo fine sandy loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes ..................................... 3216Redona-Berwolf fine sandy loams, 1 to 5 percent slopes.............................. 3417Lacoca-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 25 percent slopes ............................... 3619Gallen very gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes .............................. 3820Walkon-Newkirk-San Jon fine sandy loams, 1 to 7 percent slopes ............... 3922Chispa-Redona association, 1 to 5 percent slopes ....................................... 4223Minneosa very fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .................................. 4425Ima-La Lande fine sandy loams, 2 to 10 percent slopes ............................... 4526Tucumcari-Montoya complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...................................... 4827San Jon-Lacoca-Rock outcrop complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes .................. 4928Lacoca-San Jon-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 20 percent slopes .................. 5129Pojo-Neso-Berwolf association, 0 to 3 percent slopes .................................. 5430La Lande-Chispa complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes ........................................ 5632Regnier-Lacoca-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 25 percent slopes ................... 5933Redona-Hilken loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes ................................................. 6134Palo-Neso complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes .................................................... 6335Hassell-Regnier clay loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes ........................................ 6536Alama silt loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes ........................................................... 6737Hollomex-Reeves complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes ....................................... 6850Conger-Hilken loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes .................................................. 7055Conger-Redona association, 0 to 5 percent slopes ....................................... 72

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56Karde loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes ............................................................... 7457Tuloso-Flugle association, 1 to 15 percent slopes ......................................... 7558Deama cobbly loam, 3 to 25 percent slopes .................................................. 7770Manzano loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded .................................... 7971Clovis fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ............................................... 8072Harvey-Darvey complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes ............................................. 8273Winona-Gabaldon complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes ...................................... 8475Pastura-Silver-Gabaldon complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes .............................. 8676Pastura-Clovis association, 0 to 8 percent slopes ......................................... 8877Cardenas-Palma loamy fine sands, 0 to 3 percent slopes ............................ 9079Travessilla-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 75 percent slopes .......................... 9280Travessilla-Hagerman-Rock outcrop complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes .......... 9381Darvey-Silver association, 0 to 3 percent slopes ........................................... 9682Clovis loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ................................................................. 9785Harvey-Dean loams, 3 to 15 percent slopes .................................................. 9986Palma loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes ............................................. 10189Clovis-Pastura association, 0 to 3 percent slopes ....................................... 10391Pastura-Harvey association, 0 to 8 percent slopes ..................................... 10592Winona-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes ............................ 10793Pastura loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ............................................................ 10994Palma fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes ............................................. 11095Flugle loamy fine sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes ............................................. 11196Mido loamy fine sand, 1 to 10 percent slopes ............................................. 11397Bond-Hagerman complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes....................................... 11498La Fonda-Palma fine sandy loams, 5 to 15 percent slopes ......................... 116101Mido loamy fine sand, 0 to 1 percent slopes ............................................. 118105Manzano loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........................................................ 120106Darvey loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........................................................... 121107Rune clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ....................................................... 123111La Lande loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........................................................ 125112Ima sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...................................................... 126114Alama silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ....................................................... 128116Bluhol loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................................. 129120Sparks loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........................................................... 131121Slaughter loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ....................................................... 132DAMDam .......................................................................................................... 134WWater ............................................................................................................ 134

Use and Management of the Soils ........................................................................ 135Interpretive Ratings ............................................................................................. 135Crops and Pasture ............................................................................................... 136

Irrigated Cropland............................................................................................ 136Nonirrigated Cropland ..................................................................................... 137Pasture ............................................................................................................ 137Yields per Acre ................................................................................................ 137

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Land Capability Classification ......................................................................... 138Prime Farmland ............................................................................................... 140

Rangeland ........................................................................................................... 141Hydric Soils .......................................................................................................... 143Woodland Management and Productivity ............................................................ 144Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings ........................................................... 146Recreation ........................................................................................................... 147Wildlife Habitat ..................................................................................................... 149Engineering ......................................................................................................... 151

Building Site Development .............................................................................. 151Sanitary Facilities ............................................................................................ 153Agricultural Waste Management ..................................................................... 155Construction Materials .................................................................................... 158Water Management ......................................................................................... 159

Soil Properties ........................................................................................................ 163Engineering Index Properties .............................................................................. 163Physical Properties .............................................................................................. 164Chemical Properties ............................................................................................ 166Water Features .................................................................................................... 167Soil Features ........................................................................................................ 168

Classification of the Soils ..................................................................................... 171Soil Series and Their Morphology ............................................................................ 171

Alama Series ....................................................................................................... 172Berwolf Series...................................................................................................... 173Bluhol Series ....................................................................................................... 173Bond Series ......................................................................................................... 174Cardenas Series .................................................................................................. 175Chispa Series ...................................................................................................... 176Clovis Series ........................................................................................................ 176Conger Series ...................................................................................................... 177Darvey Series ...................................................................................................... 178Deama Series ...................................................................................................... 178Dean Series ......................................................................................................... 179Flugle Series ........................................................................................................ 180Gabaldon Series .................................................................................................. 181Gallen Series ....................................................................................................... 182Hagerman Series ................................................................................................. 182Harvey Series ...................................................................................................... 183Hassell Series ...................................................................................................... 184Hilken Series ........................................................................................................ 185Hollomex Series ................................................................................................... 185Ima Series............................................................................................................ 186Karde Series ........................................................................................................ 187Kolar Series ......................................................................................................... 188Lacoca Series ...................................................................................................... 188

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La Fonda Series .................................................................................................. 189La Lande Series .................................................................................................. 189Manzano Series ................................................................................................... 190Mido Series .......................................................................................................... 191Minneosa Series .................................................................................................. 192Montoya Series .................................................................................................... 193Neso Series ......................................................................................................... 194Newkirk Series ..................................................................................................... 194Palma Series ....................................................................................................... 195Palo Series .......................................................................................................... 196Pastura Series ..................................................................................................... 197Pojo Series .......................................................................................................... 197Redona Series ..................................................................................................... 198Reeves Series ..................................................................................................... 199Regnier Series ..................................................................................................... 199Rune Series ......................................................................................................... 200San Jon Series .................................................................................................... 201Silver Series ......................................................................................................... 201Slaughter Series .................................................................................................. 202Sparks Series ...................................................................................................... 203Travessilla Series ................................................................................................. 203Tucumcari Series ................................................................................................. 204Tuloso Series ....................................................................................................... 205Walkon Series ...................................................................................................... 205Winona Series ..................................................................................................... 206

Formation of the Soils ........................................................................................... 209Factors of Soil Formation ..................................................................................... 209Geology ............................................................................................................... 211

References .............................................................................................................. 215Glossary .................................................................................................................. 217Tables ...................................................................................................................... 231

Table 1.Temperature and Precipitation ............................................................ 232Table 2.Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall .......................................................... 233Table 3.Growing Season .................................................................................. 233Table 4.Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ................................... 234Table 5.Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture ................ 236Table 6.Rangeland Productivity ....................................................................... 237Table 7.Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings........................................... 242Table 8.Recreational Development, Part I ........................................................ 245Table 8.Recreational Development, Part II ....................................................... 254Table 9.Wildlife Habitat, Part I .......................................................................... 262Table 9.Wildlife Habitat, Part II ......................................................................... 271Table 10.Building Site Development, Part I ...................................................... 285Table 10.Building Site Development, Part II ..................................................... 293Table 11.Sanitary Facilities, Part I .................................................................... 303

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Issued 2006

Table 11.Sanitary Facilities, Part II ................................................................... 313Table 12.Agricultural Waste Management, Part I ............................................. 321Table 12.Agricultural Waste Management, Part II ............................................ 335Table 13.Construction Materials, Part I ............................................................ 347Table 13.Construction Materials, Part II ........................................................... 356Table 14.Water Management, Part I ................................................................ 369Table 14.Water Management, Part II ............................................................... 377Table 15.Engineering Index Properties ............................................................ 387Table 16.Physical Properties of the Soils ......................................................... 406Table 17.Chemical Properties of the Soils ....................................................... 417Table 18.Water Features .................................................................................. 426Table 19.Soil Features ..................................................................................... 434Table 20.Classification of the Soils .................................................................. 440

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This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in GuadalupeCounty. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey alsohighlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and theimpact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters,and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the managementneeded for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan landuse, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensureproper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists inrecreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use thesurvey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may imposespecial restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report isintended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or landtreatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the landusers identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. Thelandowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws andregulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soilsare seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are toounstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils arepoorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soilpoorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soilsurvey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of eachsoil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication andadditional information are available at the local office of the Natural ResourcesConservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Rosendo TrevinoState ConservationistNatural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

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GUADALUPE COUNTY is in the east-central part of New Mexico (fig. 1). It has a totalarea of 1,941,785 acres, or 3,034 square miles. Santa Rosa, the largest town in thesurvey area, is the county seat. In 2000, the population of the county was 4,680.

Most of the survey area is in the western part of the Great Plains, and the rest is inthe adjacent hills. The survey area is dominated by gently sloping to gently rollingtopography. Elevations within the survey area range between 4,200 and 6,200 feet.The Pecos River flows through the approximate center of the county in asoutheasterly direction.

The area north and east of the Pecos River has a more variable topography thanthe rest of the survey area. This part is characterized by gently undulating to rollinguplands interspersed with relatively smooth valleys and basins, and it includes brokenlandscapes and escarpments along the Pecos River and major drainageways. A fewsmall areas along the eastern boundary of the survey area occur on the SouthernHigh Plains. They are part of an area of extensive gently sloping and smooth plainsthat extends southeastward. These areas generally terminate as abrupt westward-facing escarpments that are typically more than 100 feet high. Small isolated mesasand hills are also characteristic features of the area north and east of the PecosRiver. They are of variable size and undoubtedly are remnants of a higher plainremaining after the surrounding materials eroded away. Slopes decrease and mergeaway from the escarpments and mesas, forming gently sloping to undulatingtopography.

South and west of the Pecos River, the area is dominated by nearly level tostrongly sloping and undulating topography. A few breaks and escarpments occuralong the major drainageways. The major tributaries in this area are the PintadaArroyo and the Canyon Blanco. The terrain rises gradually to the west to an elevationof 6,200 feet near the Torrance County border. Karst topography consisting of caliche-capped limestone is the dominant land feature in the southwestern part of the surveyarea.

Most runoff in the survey area enters the Pecos River drainage system, whichoriginates in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the northwest. A small portion ofrunoff in the northeastern part of the survey area enters the Canadian River system.

Soil Survey ofGuadalupe County, New MexicoBy Robert A. Hill, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Robert A. Hill, Kenneth F. Scheffe, and Tom McCarty, Natural ResourcesConservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,in cooperation withUnited States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, andNew Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station

Soil Survey of Guadalupe County, New Mexico

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The soil maps for this survey area were prepared at two different levels of detail.The low-detail maps cover the rangeland in the survey area. The high-detail mapscover about 28,780 acres and can be used to make interpretations for intensive usesof the soils, such as irrigated farming and urban development.

Descriptions, names, and delineations of soils in this soil survey do not fully agreewith those on soil maps of adjacent survey areas. Differences are the result of abetter knowledge of soils, modifications in series concepts, the intensity of mapping,or the extent of soils within the survey area.

General Nature of the Survey AreaThis section provides general information about Guadalupe County. It describes

history and climate.

History

Paleo-Indian people were living in New Mexico by 10,000 B.C. Family groups ofnomadic hunters crossed the eastern woodlands and grasslands in search of themastodons and prehistoric bison. Evidence of these people can be found in the lithicmaterials that remain at scattered locations. Arrowheads include Clovis, Folsom,Plainview, and Eden point types.

After the Paleo period ended, about 8,000 years ago, the indigenous people beganto settle into areas for longer periods of time. This period, known as the Archaic,lasted for about 6,000 years. During this span of time, the people adapted theirexistence from one of nomadic hunter to one of hunter-gatherer. Eventually,horticulture and agriculture began to be practiced along the river bottoms, leading tomore stable settlements and more reliable food resources. The largest concentrationof Archaic settlements in survey area was in the Santa Rosa Reservoir District alongthe Pecos River.

Over time, the indigenous people or immigrants changed the culture back to one ofhunting and gathering. This was probably due to their utilization of the large bison

Figure 1.Location of Guadalupe County in New Mexico.


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herds living on the eastern plains. In 1541, when the Coronado expedition crossedthe eastern plains, various bands of Apache and Comanche Indians inhabited thearea and their life revolved around the bison herds.

Spanish expeditions in 1582 and 1583 followed the Pecos River and entered thearea of present-day Guadalupe County. A group led by Antonio de Espejo enteredNew Mexico to rescue two friars who had stayed behind to convert the Indians afterprevious Spanish explorations. After learning of their deaths, the party spent sometime searching for mineral wealth in the northern mountains. Another party led byGaspar Castano de Sosa, lieutenant governor and captain general of Nuevo Leon,entered New Mexico via the Pecos River. This group, consisting of 160 people,planned to settle near the Santa Domingo Pueblo but were arrested and removed bysoldiers for undertaking the expedition without a royal license.

As more Spaniards began to colonize New Mexico, there was a need to establishcommunities away from the Rio Grande Valley. One of the ways to encouragesettlement was through a system of land grants. Tracts of land were given by thegovernment to individuals or groups who agreed to establish settlements in outlyingareas. In 1824, a Mexican Land Grant, the Hacienda de Agua Negra Land Grant, wasgiven to Don Antonio Sandoval. Another ranch was established by Don Celso Baca in1865 on El Rito Creek, east of the Pecos River. Eventually the Baca holdings includedmost of the property of the Hacienda de Aqua Negra Land Grant.

During the 1860s, Texas cattlemen moved onto the eastern plains of New Mexico.Oliver Loving helped to develop the Goodnight-Loving Trail. This trail was used tomove the longhorn cattle along the Pecos River to railheads at Denver, Colorado, andCheyenne, Wyoming. The trail was used from 1866 to 1880.

In 1891, Guadalupe County was created by the New Mexico Territorial Legislation.The county was formed from the southern portion of San Miguel County. It covered2,999 square miles. Puerto de Luna was the first county seat, from 1891 to 1903. Thecounty seat was later changed to its present location in Santa Rosa.

In 1902, the Rock Island and El Paso Railroad Company laid track through theSanta Rosa area. The railroad brought 4,000 workers. This led to the formation of thetown and economic prosperity. When the railroad crews left in 1910, the towndwindled to a population of 1,000 and the economy returned to ranching and farming.

In the 1930s, Route 66 was established, bringing ever-increasing numbers oftravelers and tourists through the region. Santa Rosa continues to be the largest cityin the county, with a population exceeding 4,000. Known today as the City of NaturalLakes, the town has water recreational opportunities at various locations. Water, bothfrom the Pecos River and the natural springs, continues to be an important resourcefor the people living on the eastern plains.

Climate

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation for the survey area asrecorded at Santa Rosa, New Mexico, in the period 1971 to 2000. Table 2 showsprobable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 providesdata on the length of the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 41.0 degrees F and the average dailyminimum temperature is 26.0 degrees. The lowest temperature on record, whichoccurred at Santa Rosa on January 13, 1963, was -25 degrees. In summer, theaverage temperature is 75.5 degrees and the average daily maximum temperature is91.0 degrees. The highest temperature, which occurred at Santa Rosa on June 24,1990, was 109 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are equivalent to heat units.During the month, growing degree days accumulate by the amount that the averagetemperature each day exceeds a base temperature (50 degrees F). The normal


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monthly accumulation is used to schedule single or successive plantings of a cropbetween the last freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall.

The average annual total precipitation is 15.71 inches at Santa Rosa and between14 and 16 inches across nearly all of Guadalupe County. Of the 15.71 inches atSanta Rosa, about 12.6 inches, or 80 percent, usually falls in April through October.The growing season for most crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day rainfallduring the period of record was 3.63 inches at Santa Rosa, recorded on April 30,1999. Thunderstorms occur on about 40 days each year, and most occur betweenMay and September. More than 22 days in July and August typically havethunderstorms.

The average seasonal snowfall at Santa Rosa is 15.1 inches. It is slightly greaterover northernmost portions of the county; it is about 31 inches per year in Dilia andabout 21 inches per year in Newkirk. The greatest snow depth at any one time duringthe period of record at Santa Rosa was 17 inches, recorded on February 9, 1986. Onaverage, about 7 days per year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. Theheaviest 1-day snowfall on record at Santa Rosa is 15.0 inches, recorded onFebruary 4, 1964.

The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is about 40 percent in the winterand between 15 and 20 percent in the summer. Humidity is higher at night, and theaverage at dawn is about 70 percent in winter and 45 percent in summer. The sunshines about 75 to 80 percent of the time possible in summer and about 65 to 70percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the northwest in winter and early springand from the south and southeast the rest of the year. Average windspeed is highest,around 12 miles per hour, in April.

How This Survey Was MadeThis survey was made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The information includes a description of the soils andmiscellaneous areas and their location and a discussion of their suitability, limitations,and management for specified uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length,and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops andnative plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil profile,which is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends fromthe surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. Theunconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and has notbeen changed by other biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area are in an orderly pattern thatis related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area.Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind oflandform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneousareas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of thelandform, a soil scientist develops a concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerabledegree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on thelandscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as theircharacteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soilscientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only alimited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by anunderstanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verifypredictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied.They noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of


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rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enablethem to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determiningtheir properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soilcharacteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis forcomparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomicclassification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character ofsoil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soilscientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared theindividual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so thatthey could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience andresearch.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the areagenerally are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soilscientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behaviorof the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field testedthrough observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels ofmanagement. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some newinterpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from othersources, such as research information, production records, and field experience ofspecialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management areassembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds ofsoil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also onsuch variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable overlong periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soilscientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have ahigh water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that ahigh water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in thesurvey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs andidentified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings,fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.

This survey area was mapped at two levels of detail. At the more detailed level,map units are narrowly defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted and verified atclosely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level, map units are broadly defined.Boundaries were plotted and verified at wider intervals. The broadly defined units areindicated by map unit numbers 100 and above. The detail of mapping was selected tomeet the anticipated long-term use of the survey, and the map units were designed tomeet the needs for that use.

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The general soil map shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils,relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil map is a unique naturallandscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous areasand some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils ormiscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit can occur in another but in adifferent pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the suitability of large areas forgeneral land uses. Areas of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for planning the management ofa farm or field or for selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. The soilsin any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and othercharacteristics that affect management.

1. Redona-Hilken-CongerSetting

Depth class: Very shallow to deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Eastern and southeastern parts of the countyLandform position: Mesa tops and hillsPresent vegetation: Grasses and shrubsElevation range: 4,200 to 5,300 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 58 to 60 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 180 to 200 daysSlope range: 0 to 5 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit in the county: 4 percentExtent of the components in the map unit:

Redona and similar soils45 percentHilken and similar soils27 percentConger and similar soils12 percentMinor inclusions16 percent

Minor Inclusions

Montoya soils in swales and on the lower toeslopes Karde soils on dunes adjacent to playa lakes

Soil Properties and Qualities

Redona

Typical profile:0 to 7 inchesbrown fine sandy loam

General Soil Map Units


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7 to 23 inchesbrown sandy clay loam23 to 37 inchesstrong brown sandy clay loam37 to 60 inchespinkish white sandy clay loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Mixed eolian and alluvial materials from red bed sandstone and

shaleDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Hilken

Typical profile:0 to 3 inchesbrown fine sandy loam3 to 21 inchesyellowish red sandy clay loam21 to 27 inchesyellowish red very gravelly sandy clay loam27 to 37 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Conger

Typical profile:0 to 5 inchesbrown loam5 to 13 inchesbrown loam13 to 23 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (8 to 20 inches)Parent material: Alluvium from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Hazard of soil blowing and depth to indurated caliche in

areas of the Hilken and Conger soils

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairie with scattered,stunted juniper trees on the tops of mesas and the rock and ledge side slopes

Characteristic wildlife: Ravens and hawks, which nest among the ledges; coyote,bobcat, fox, and woodrats, which den among the rocks

2. Sparks-Slaughter

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow and deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Eastern edge of the countyLandform position: High plainsPresent vegetation: GrassesElevation range: 4,000 to 5,300 feetAverage annual precipitation: 15 to 17 inches


9

Average annual air temperature: 58 to 60 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 180 to 200 daysSlope range: 0 to 2 percent

Composition


Sparks and similar soils56 percentSlaughter and similar soils21 percentMinor inclusions23 percent

Minor Inclusions

Soils that are similar to the Slaughter soils but that have indurated caliche below adepth of 20 inches


Sparks

Typical profile:0 to 8 inchesbrown loam8 to 19 inchesbrown clay19 to 39 inchesreddish brown clay loam39 to 60 incheslight reddish brown and pink clay loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from Ogallala outwashDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Slow

Slaughter

Typical profile:0 to 6 inchesreddish brown loam6 to 16 inchesreddish brown clay loam16 to 26 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (9 to 20 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial material from Ogallala outwashDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately slow

Use and Management

Major Uses: Dryland production of crops, including wheat and sorghum, andlivestock grazing on wheat pasture and rangeland

Major Limitations for Uses: Hazard of soil blowing and depth to indurated caliche inareas of the Slaughter soils

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairie and croplandCharacteristic wildlife: Pronghorn antelope, badger, blacktailed jackrabbit, and

meadowlarkOther wildlife: Wintering waterfowl and sandhill cranes, which use cropland


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3. Regnier-Rock outcrop-Lacoca

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow and shallowDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Areas along the Pecos River and its tributariesLandform position: Escarpments, ledges, and hillsPresent vegetation: Grasses and shrubsElevation range: 4,200 to 5,300 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 58 to 60 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 180 to 200 daysSlope range: 0 to 80 percent (fig. 2)

Composition


Regnier and similar soils35 percentRock outcrop30 percentLacoca and similar soils20 percentMinor inclusions15 percent

Minor Inclusions

The deep Gallen, Minneosa, and La Lande soils in the less sloping areas

Figure 2.An area of Regnier-Rock outcrop-Lacoca complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes. This area issubject to geologic erosion due to the steep slopes.


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Regnier

Typical profile:0 to 3 inchesreddish brown loam3 to 8 inchesreddish brown clay loam8 to 12 inchesreddish brown clay loam12 to 22 inchesreddish brown shale

Depth class: Shallow (12 to 20 inches)Parent material: Colluvial and alluvial materials from sandstone and shaleDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately slow

Rock outcrop

This part of the map unit consists of barren or nearly barren areas of sandstone,shale, and indurated caliche.

Lacoca

Typical profile:0 to 8 incheslight brown fine sandy loam8 to 18 inchessandstone

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (4 to 20 inches)Parent material: Colluvial and alluvial materials from sandstoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and small irrigated areas on theterraces of the Pecos River

Major Limitations for Uses: Shallow depth to bedrock and the slope

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Intermingled aquatic, wetland,and riparian habitats; cropland; areas of rocks and ledges; and juniper woodlands

Characteristic wildlife: Many animals use this map unit because of the excellentvariety of habitats; migrating songbirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl seasonally usethe river and riparian zones

4. Lacoca-San Jon-Rock outcrop

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow and moderately deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Central and eastern parts of the countyLandform position: Ridges, benches, and hills (fig. 3)Present vegetation: Grasses and shrubsElevation range: 4,200 to 5,300 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 58 to 60 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 180 to 200 daysSlope range: 0 to 25 percent


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Composition


Lacoca and similar soils31 percentSan Jon and similar soils27 percentRock outcrop14 percentMinor inclusions28 percent

Minor Inclusions

The moderately deep Hassell soils on hills The deep gypsiferous Hollomex and Reeves soils on hills


Lacoca

Typical profile:0 to 8 incheslight brown fine sandy loam8 to 18 inchessandstone

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (4 to 20 inches)Parent material: Alluvial and colluvial materials from sandstoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Figure 3.Sinkholes are common in Guadalupe County. This sinkhole is in an area of San Jon-Lacoca-Rock outcrop complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes.


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San Jon

Typical profile:0 to 6 inchesbrown loam6 to 10 inchesreddish yellow loam10 to 20 incheslight brown clay loam20 to 33 incheslight brown clay loam33 to 44 inchessandstone

Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials derived from sandstone and shaleDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately slow

Rock outcrop

This part of the map unit consists of barren or nearly barren areas of exposedsandstone and shale.

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Hazard of soil blowing, extent of Rock outcrop, and

depth to bedrock in the Lacoca soils

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairie (treesoccurring along arroyos and around stock tanks provide nesting sites for raptors)

Characteristic wildlife: Wildlife populations are low and have low species diversity;pronghorn antelope, coyote, and blacktailed jackrabbit are common

5. Travessilla-Hagerman-Rock outcrop

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow and moderately deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Western part of the countyLandform position: Mesas, hills, and areas along escarpmentsPresent vegetation: Grasses, shrubs, and scattered treesElevation range: 4,700 to 6,200 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 52 to 55 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 160 to 180 daysSlope range: 1 to 75 percent

Composition


Travessilla and similar soils46 percentHagerman and similar soils20 percentRock outcrop16 percentMinor inclusions18 percent

Minor Inclusions

The deep Flugle and Clovis soils on mesas and toeslopes The very shallow or shallow Tuloso soils on ridges and hills


14


Travessilla

Typical profile:0 to 6 inchesbrown fine sandy loam6 to 12 incheslight brown fine sandy loam12 to 22 inchessandstone

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (4 to 20 inches)Parent material: Eolian sediments from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately rapid

Hagerman

Typical profile:0 to 7 inchesbrown loam7 to 21 inchesbrown clay loam21 to 28 incheslight brown clay loam28 to 38 inchessandstone

Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)Parent material: Alluvial and eolian materials derived from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Rock outcrop

This part of the map unit constists of barren or nearly barren areas of sandstoneand shale.

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Hazard of soil blowing, extent of Rock outcrop, the

slope, and depth to bedrock

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairie interspersedwith shrub and juniper woodlands

Characteristic wildlife: Ravens and hawks, which nest among the ledges; coyote,bobcat, gray fox, and woodrats, which nest among the rocks; mule deer in areasof drainageways that contain large amounts of shrubs and juniper

6. Winona-Gabaldon

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow and deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Southwestern part of the countyLandform position: Hills and depressions in karst topography (fig. 4)Present vegetation: Grasses and shrubsElevation range: 4,700 to 6,200 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 52 to 55 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 160 to 180 daysSlope range: 1 to 30 percent


15

Composition


Winona and similar soils65 percentGabaldon and similar soils14 percentMinor inclusions21 percent

Minor Inclusions

The deep Silver soils in swales, in pockets, and on the lower toeslopes The shallow Pastura soils on mesas Rock outcrop on hills


Winona

Typical profile:0 to 4 inchesvery channery fine sandy loam4 to 12 incheslight brownish gray very cobbly fine sandy loam12 to 22 incheslimestone

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (4 to 20 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from limestoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Gabaldon

Typical profile:0 to 4 inchesdark grayish brown silt loam4 to 13 inchesgrayish brown silty clay loam

Figure 4.An area of Winona-Gabaldon complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes. The Winona soil is veryshallow or shallow to limestone and is generally cobbly or channery with limestone coarsefragments. The deep Gabaldon soil is in depressions and has very few coarse fragments.


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13 to 25 inchesgrayish brown silty clay loam25 to 60 inchesbrown silty clay loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Alluvium derived from limestoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately slow

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: The slope, depth to bedrock, and hazard of soil blowing

in areas of the Gabaldon soils

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairieCharacteristic wildlife: Large populations of pronghorn antelope, coyote, swift fox, and

blacktailed jackrabbit

7. Palo-Neso-Hilken

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow and moderately deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: South-central and southeastern parts of the countyLandform position: Mesas and hillsPresent vegetation: GrassesElevation range: 4,200 to 5,300 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 58 to 60 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 180 to 200 daysSlope range: 0 to 5 percent

Composition


Palo and similar soils49 percentNeso and similar soils16 percentHilken and similar soils16 percentMinor inclusions19 percent

Minor Inclusions

The deep Berwolf and Redona soils on toeslopes and footslopes


Palo

Typical profile:0 to 4 inchesreddish brown fine sandy loam4 to 11 inchesreddish brown sandy clay loam11 to 16 inchesreddish brown gravelly sandy clay loam16 to 26 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (9 to 20 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from mixed sources


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Drainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Neso

Typical profile:0 to 4 inchesbrown gravelly fine sandy loam4 to 12 inchesbrown very gravelly fine sandy loam12 to 22 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (8 to 14 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately rapid

Hilken

Typical profile:0 to 3 inchesbrown fine sandy loam3 to 21 inchesyellowish red sandy clay loam21 to 27 inchesyellowish red very gravelly sandy clay loam27 to 37 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Shallow and moderate depths to indurated caliche and

hazard of soil blowing

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairieCharacteristic wildlife: Pronghorn antelope, coyote, swift fox, and blacktailed

jackrabbit

8. Pastura-Harvey-Cardenas

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow, shallow, and deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Western and southwestern parts of the countyLandform position: HillsPresent vegetation: GrassesElevation range: 4,700 to 6,200 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 52 to 55 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 160 to 180 daysSlope range: 0 to 9 percent

Composition


Pastura and similar soils55 percentHarvey and similar soils17 percent


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Cardenas and similar soils7 percentMinor inclusions21 percent

Minor Inclusions

The deep Clovis soils on toeslopes and footslopes Gabaldon soils in sinkholes The shallow Winona soils on shoulder slopes


Pastura

Typical profile:0 to 4 inchesbrown loam4 to 14 incheslight brown loam14 to 24 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (5 to 20 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Harvey

Typical profile:0 to 10 inchesbrown loam10 to 22 inchespink loam22 to 38 incheslight reddish brown loam38 to 60 inchesyellowish red sandy clay loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from sandstone, shale, and

limestoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Cardenas

Typical profile:0 to 4 inchesbrown loamy fine sand4 to 14 inchesbrown fine sandy loam14 to 24 inchesindurated caliche

Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials from mixed sourcesDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately rapid

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Depth to indurated caliche in the Pastura and Cardenas

soils and the hazard of soil blowing

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairie with a shrubcomponent; widely scattered playas which support wetlands only in wet years

Characteristic wildlife: Pronghorn antelope, coyote, and blacktailed jackrabbit;migrating waterfowl use ponded playas for resting and feeding areas


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9. Tuloso-Flugle-Deama

Setting

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow and deepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Northwestern part of the countyLandform position: Mesas and hillsPresent vegetation: Grasses and shrubsElevation range: 4,700 to 6,200 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 52 to 55 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 160 to 180 daysSlope range: 1 to 25 percent

Composition


Tuloso and similar soils29 percentFlugle and similar soils22 percentDeama and similar soils19 percentMinor inclusions30 percent

Minor Inclusions

The shallow Travessilla soils on ridges The moderately deep Hagerman soils on footslopes Rock outcrop on hills


Tuloso

Typical profile:0 to 2 inchesbrown very cobbly fine sandy loam2 to 11 inchesbrown very cobbly fine sandy loam11 to 21 inchessandstone

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (6 to 20 inches)Parent material: Alluvial materials from sandstoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately rapid

Flugle

Typical profile:0 to 6 inchesreddish brown fine sandy loam6 to 19 inchesreddish brown sandy clay loam19 to 31 inchesyellowish red sandy clay loam31 to 60 inchesyellowish red fine sandy loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Alluvial and eolian materials derived from sandstone and shaleDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Deama

Typical profile:0 to 7 inchesbrown very cobbly loam7 to 14 inchespale brown very cobbly loam


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14 to 17 inchesvery pale brown very gravelly fine sandy loam17 to 27 incheslimestone

Depth class: Very shallow or shallow (6 to 20 inches)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials derived from limestoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Depth to bedrock in the Tuloso and Deama soils and the

hazard of soil blowing

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Aquatic, wetland, and riparianhabitats; cropland; escarpments areas; and woodlands

Characteristic wildlife: Mule deer, gray fox, and scrub jay in the woodlands; migratorysongbirds and waterfowl inhabit areas along the river and riparian zones

10. Tucumcari-Chispa-La Lande

Setting

Depth class: DeepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Central and eastern parts of the countyLandform position: HillsPresent vegetation: GrassesElevation range: 4,200 to 5,300 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 58 to 60 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 180 to 200 daysSlope range: 0 to 15 percent

Composition


Tucumcari and similar soils34 percentChispa and similar soils26 percentLa Lande and similar soils15 percentMinor inclusions25 percent

Minor Inclusions

The deep Montoya and Bluhol soils in swales and depressions Berwolf soils on mesas


Tucumcari

Typical profile:0 to 5 inchesreddish brown loam5 to 49 inchesreddish brown and light reddish brown clay loam and clay49 to 60 inchesreddish brown clay

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)


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Parent material: Alluvial and eolian materials derived from red bed sandstone andshale

Drainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Slow

Chispa

Typical profile:0 to 8 inchesbrown fine sandy loam8 to 22 incheslight brown loam22 to 60 inchespink and light brown loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Alluvial and eolian materials derived from red bed shale and

sandstoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

La Lande

Typical profile:0 to 4 inchesreddish brown loam4 to 17 inchesreddish brown loam17 to 60 incheslight reddish brown loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Alluvial and eolian materials derived from red bed sandstone and

shaleDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Hazard of soil blowing

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairieCharacteristic wildlife: Pronghorn antelope, coyote, and blacktailed jackrabbit; tree-

lined drainageways are important for nesting birds; wildlife populations are lowand there is low species diversity

11. Clovis-Harvey-Palma

Setting

Depth class: DeepDrainage class: Well drainedLocation: Western part of the countyLandform position: HillsPresent vegetation: Grasses and shrubsElevation range: 4,700 to 6,200 feetAverage annual precipitation: 11 to 13 inchesAverage annual air temperature: 52 to 55 degrees FAverage frost-free period: 160 to 180 daysSlope range: 0 to 15 percent

Composition

Extent of the map unit in the county: 23 percent


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Extent of the components in the map unit:Clovis and similar soils50 percentHarvey and similar soils13 percentPalma and similar soils12 percentMinor inclusions25 percent

Minor Inclusions

The deep Mido and Manzano soils on toeslopes and terraces The very shallow or shallow Pastura soils on footslopes


Clovis

Typical profile:0 to 7 inchesreddish brown loam7 to 20 inchesreddish brown clay loam20 to 31 inchesreddish brown clay loam31 to 60 inchespink loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Alluvial and eolian materials from sandstone, shale, and limestoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Harvey

Typical profile:0 to 10 inchesbrown loam10 to 22 inchespink loam22 to 38 incheslight reddish brown loam38 to 60 inchesyellowish red light sandy clay loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Alluvial and eolian materials from sandstone, shale, and limestoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderate

Palma

Typical profile:0 to 5 inchesbrown loamy fine sand5 to 21 inchesbrown and strong brown fine sandy loam21 to 34 incheslight brown sandy loam34 to 60 inchespinkish white and pink fine sandy loam and sandy loam

Depth class: Deep (60 inches or more)Parent material: Eolian and alluvial materials derived from sandstone, shale, and

limestoneDrainage class: Well drainedPermeabilty: Moderately rapid

Use and Management

Major Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitatMajor Limitations for Uses: Hazard of soil blowing

Wildlife Habitat

Types of wildlife habitat supported by this map unit: Shortgrass prairieCharacteristic wildlife: Pronghorn antelope, coyote, and blacktailed jackrabbit; wildlife

populations and species diversity are low

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The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps represent the soils ormiscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section,along with the maps, can be used to determine the suitability and potential of a unitfor specific uses. They also can be used to plan the management needed for thoseuses.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one ormore major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and namedaccording to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomicclass there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On thelandscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have thecharacteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observedproperties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soilsof a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas ofother taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils ormiscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor components that belongto taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.

Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in themap unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are callednoncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in aparticular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have propertiesand behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require differentmanagement. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They generallyare in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used.Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identifiedby a special symbol on the maps. The contrasting components are mentioned in themap unit descriptions. A few areas of minor components may not have beenobserved and consequently they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especiallywhere the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enoughobservations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes theusefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate puretaxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landformsegments that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation ofsuch segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development ofresource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsiteinvestigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives the principal hazardsand limitations to be considered in planning for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except fordifferences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizonsthat are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basisof such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown

Detailed Soil Map Units


24

on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phasecommonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Gallenvery gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes, is a phase of the Gallen series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.These map units are complexes or associations.

A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricatepattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similarin all areas. Tucumcari-Montoya complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, is an example.

An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils ormiscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present oranticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered practicalor necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern andrelative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. Chispa-Redona association, 1 to 5 percent slopes, is an example.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil materialand support little or no vegetation. Dam is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent of each map unit. Other tablesgive properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for manyuses. The Glossary defines many of the terms used in describing the soils ormiscellaneous areas.

10Regnier-Rock outcrop-Lacoca complex, 30 to 80percent slopes

Setting

Major Land Resource Area: 70Elevation: 4,200 to 5,300 feet (1,280 to 1,615 meters)Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches (304 to 356 millimeters)Mean annual air temperature: 58 to 60 degrees F (14.4 to 15.6 degrees C)Frost-free period: 180 to 200 days

Composition

Regnier and similar soils: 35 percentRock outcrop: 30 percentLacoca and similar soils: 20 percentMinor components: 15 percent

Component Descriptions

Regnier

Landscape: BreaksLandform: Scarp slopesPosition on landform: BackslopesParent material: Colluvium and slope alluvium derived from red bed sandstone and

shaleSlope range: 30 to 80 percentContent of surface fragments: About 2 percentDepth to restrictive feature: 12 to 20 inches to bedrock (paralithic)Drainage class: Well drainedSlowest permeability: 0.2 to 0.6 in/hr (moderately slow)Available water capacity: About 1.8 inches (very low)Shrink-swell potential: About 4.5 percent (moderate)


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Runoff class: Very highAverage content of calcium carbonate in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 20

percentAverage content of gypsum in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 3 percentAverage salinity in horizon of maximum accumulation: 1 mmho/cm (nonsaline)Average sodium adsorption ratio in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 2

(slightly sodic)Ecological site: Breaks (North Exposure)Potential native vegetation: Black grama, sideoats grama, New Mexico feathergrass,

blue grama, little bluestem, and oneseed juniperLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 7eTypical profile:

A0 to 3 inches; loamC3 to 12 inches; clay loamCr12 to 22 inches; bedrock

NoteA complete soil description with range in characteristics is included, inalphabetical order, in the Soil Series and Their Morphology section.

Rock outcrop

Parent material: Sandstone and shaleSlope range: 30 to 80 percentDepth to restrictive feature: Bedrock (lithic) at the surfaceLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 8s

Lacoca

Landscape: BreaksLandform: Structural benchesPosition on landform: ShouldersParent material: Colluvium, residuum, and slope alluvium derived from red bed

sandstone and shaleSlope range: 30 to 50 percentContent of surface fragments: About 5 percentDepth to restrictive feature: 4 to 20 inches to bedrock (lithic)Drainage class: Well drainedSlowest permeability: 0.6 to 2.0 in/hr (moderate)Available water capacity: About 1.1 inches (very low)Shrink-swell potential: About 1.5 percent (low)Runoff class: Very highAverage content of calcium carbonate in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 18

percentAverage content of gypsum in horizon of maximum accumulation: NoneAverage salinity in horizon of maximum accumulation: 0 mmhos/cm (nonsaline)Average sodium adsorption ratio in horizon of maximum accumulation: 0 (nonsodic)Ecological site: Breaks (North Exposure)Potential native vegetation: Blue grama, little bluestem, sideoats grama, New Mexico

feathergrass, black grama, and sand bluestemLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 7sTypical profile:

A0 to 8 inches; loamR8 to 18 inches; bedrock



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Minor Components

La Lande and similar soilsComposition: About 10 percentSlope range: 0 to 2 percentEcological site: Loamy

Redona and similar soilsComposition: About 3 percentSlope range: 1 to 5 percentEcological site: Sandy Loam

Berwolf and similar soilsComposition: About 2 percentSlope range: 1 to 5 percentEcological site: Sandy Loam

Use and Management

Major Land Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Typical uses

This map unit has a significant woody plant component in the potential plantcommunity. This plant component includes oneseed juniper, pinyon, skunkbushsumac, oak, and sacahuista.

The slope limits access by livestock and promotes overgrazing in the less slopingareas.

Mechanical treatment practices are not practical because of the Rock outcrop andthe slope.

Fences, livestock water pipelines, and drinking troughs are difficult to installbecause of the slope, the Rock outcrop, and the shallow depth to bedrock.

For more information about managing this map unit, see the sections SoilProperties and Use and Management of the Soils.

11Tucumcari-Hassell clay loams, 0 to 5 percent slopes

Setting


Composition

Tucumcari and similar soils: 50 percentHassell and similar soils: 40 percentMinor components: 10 percent


Tucumcari

Landscape: Piedmont slopesLandform: PedimentsPosition on landform: Toeslopes


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Parent material: Slope alluvium derived from red bed sandstone and shaleSlope range: 0 to 3 percentDrainage class: Well drainedSlowest permeability: 0.2 to 0.6 in/hr (moderately slow)Available water capacity: About 11.8 inches (high)Shrink-swell potential: About 4.5 percent (moderate)Runoff class: MediumAverage content of calcium carbonate in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 20

percentAverage content of gypsum in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 1 percentAverage salinity in horizon of maximum accumulation: 2 mmhos/cm (nonsaline)Average sodium adsorption ratio in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 0

(slightly sodic)Ecological site: ClayeyPotential native vegetation: Blue grama, alkali sacaton, tobosa, sideoats grama, and

fourwing saltbushLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 6eTypical profile:

A0 to 5 inches; clay loamBt5 to 19 inches; clay loamBtk19 to 49 inches; clay loamBss49 to 60 inches; clay


Hassell

Landscape: Piedmont slopesLandform: PedimentsPosition on landform: FootslopesParent material: Slope alluvium and residuum derived from red bed sandstone and

shaleSlope range: 0 to 5 percentDepth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to bedrock (paralithic)Drainage class: Well drainedSlowest permeability: 0.06 to 0.2 in/hr (slow)Available water capacity: About 5.8 inches (low)Shrink-swell potential: About 7.5 percent (high)Runoff class: HighAverage content of calcium carbonate in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 25

percentAverage content of gypsum in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 2 percentAverage salinity in horizon of maximum accumulation: 1 mmho/cm (nonsaline)Average sodium adsorption ratio in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 0


fourwing saltbushLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 6cTypical profile:

A0 to 4 inches; clay loamBt4 to 22 inches; silty clayBtk and By22 to 32 inches; clayCr32 to 42 inches; bedrock


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Minor Components

Montoya and similar soilsComposition: About 5 percentSlope range: 1 to 3 percentEcological site: Clayey

Lacoca and similar soilsComposition: About 5 percentSlope range: 5 to 20 percentDepth to restrictive feature: 4 to 20 inches to bedrock (lithic)Ecological site: Sandstone Savannah

Use and Management

Major Land Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat

Typical uses

Fences and livestock water pipelines and troughs, which facilitate rangemanagement, are suited to this map unit. Grazing management that sustains orincreases the vigor, production, and reproduction of the more palatable andproductive grasses and shrubs should be implemented.


13Tucumcari-Redona association, 0 to 5 percent slopes

Setting


Composition

Tucumcari and similar soils: 50 percentRedona and similar soils: 40 percentMinor components: 10 percent


Tucumcari

Landscape: PlainsLandform: SwalesPosition on landform: ToeslopesParent material: Slope alluvium derived from red bed sandstone and shaleSlope range: 0 to 2 percentDrainage class: Well drainedSlowest permeability: 0.2 to 0.6 in/hr (moderately slow)Available water capacity: About 11.7 inches (high)Shrink-swell potential: About 4.5 percent (moderate)


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Runoff class: MediumAverage content of calcium carbonate in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 20



fourwing saltbushLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 6eTypical profile:

A0 to 5 inches; loamBt5 to 19 inches; clay loamBtk19 to 49 inches; clay loamBss49 to 60 inches; clay


Redona

Landscape: PlainsLandform: PedimentsPosition on landform: FootslopesParent material: Eolian and slope alluvium derived from red bed sandstone and shaleSlope range: 0 to 5 percentDrainage class: Well drainedSlowest permeability: 0.6 to 2.0 in/hr (moderate)Available water capacity: About 10.2 inches (high)Shrink-swell potential: About 4.5 percent (moderate)Runoff class: LowAverage content of calcium carbonate in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 25


(slightly sodic)Ecological site: LoamyPotential native vegetation: Blue grama, sideoats grama, tobosa, black grama, and

vine mesquiteLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 6eTypical profile:

A0 to 4 inches; loamBt4 to 23 inches; sandy clay loamBk23 to 60 inches; loam


Minor Components

Montoya and similar soilsComposition: About 7 percentSlope range: 0 to 2 percentFlooding hazard: RareEcological site: Swale


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Gullied land

Composition: About 3 percent

Use and Management

Major Land Uses: Livestock grazing and wildlife habitat (fig. 5).

Typical uses

Fencing, livestock water pipelines, watering facilities, and earthen ponds, whichfacilitate range management, are suited to this map unit.


14Kolar-Neso association, 0 to 5 percent slopes

Setting


Composition

Kolar and similar soils: 55 percentNeso and similar soils: 25 percentMinor components: 20 percent

Figure 5.Area of Tucumcari-Redona association, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Mesquite can easilyinvade this site if the site is overgrazed. An area of Regnier-Rock outcrop-Lacoca complex, 30to 80 percent slopes, is in the background.


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Kolar

Landscape: PlainsLandform: PlateausPosition on landform: ToeslopesParent material: Eolian material and slope alluvium derived from red bed sandstone

and shaleSlope range: 0 to 3 percentContent of surface fragments: About 2 percentDepth to restrictive feature: 9 to 20 inches to petrocalcic materialDrainage class: Well drainedSlowest permeability: 2.0 to 6.0 in/hr (moderately rapid)Available water capacity: About 1.3 inches (very low)Shrink-swell potential: About 1.5 percent (low)Runoff class: Very highAverage content of calcium carbonate in horizon of maximum accumulation: About 15

percentAverage content of gypsum in horizon of maximum accumulation: NoneAverage salinity in horizon of maximum accumulation: 1 mmho/cm (nonsaline)Average sodium adsorption ratio in horizon of maximum accumulation: 0 (nonsodic)Ecological site: ShallowPotential native vegetation: Black grama, blue grama, little bluestem, New Mexico

feathergrass, and sideoats gramaLand capability subclass (nonirrigated): 7sTypical

soil survey of guadalupe county, new mexico - usda

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