social economic status of 16 marine protected …

SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS OF 16 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN NORTH MALUKU, MALUKU AND WEST PAPUA

WWF - INDONESIA

DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for the International Development (USAID) with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia (GoI). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of Tetra Tech and do not necessary reflect the view of USAID or the United States Government

Authors:

Fitryanti Pakiding

Albertus Girik Allo

Dariani Matualage

Indah Ratih Anggriyani

Trisye Hamatia

Susi M. Marini

Maya Paembonan

Translation:

Deasy Lontoh

Design and Layout:

Edwin

Kezia Simanjuntak

Kartika Zohar

Citation: Pakiding, F., Allo, A.G., Matualage, D., Anggriyani, I.R., Hamatia, T., Marini, S.M., and Paembonan, M. (2021) Social economic status of 16 marine protected areas in North Maluku, Maluku and West Papua Provinces. United States Agency for the International Development (USAID) and the Government of Indonesia (GoI), Jakarta, Indonesia.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ 5

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... 6

ACRONYM AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................ 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 4

SURVEY METHODS ...................................................................................................................................... 6 SURVEY LOCATION ................................................................................................................................ 6 DATA COLLECTION METHOD ............................................................................................................. 7 SAMPLING DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 8 RESPONDENT .......................................................................................................................................... 8 TYPES OF DATA COLLECTED................................................................................................................ 9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 9

MPA SOCIAL PROFILE ............................................................................................................................... 10 ADMINISTRATIVE AREA ........................................................................................................................ 10 DEMOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Educational facility ................................................................................................................................ 14 Religion ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Primary occupation .............................................................................................................................. 16 Ethnic group ......................................................................................................................................... 19

FISHERIES ................................................................................................................................................. 19 GOVERNANCE ....................................................................................................................................... 27

STATUS AND TREND OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC WELFARE ........................................................ 29 OVERVIEW OF THE BASELINE SURVEY .............................................................................................. 29 OVERVIEW OF THE POST-BASELINE SURVEY .................................................................................... 30

CLOSING..................................................................................................................................................... 37 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 37 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 38

Recommendations from Social Surveys that Have Been Conducted .................................................. 38 Recommendations for Future Social Survey ........................................................................................ 41

LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................................... 42

ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................................... 45 LIST OF ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................. 45

Annex 1. List of 14 MPAs supported by the USAID SEA project ....................................................... 45 Annex 2. Collection of information in social survey reports at 16 MPAs........................................... 47 Annex 3. MPA governance................................................................................................................... 53

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The number of villages surveyed during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) periods .............. 6 Table 2. Locations where FGD and KII methods used to collect data ................................................................ 7 Table 4. MPA administrative information ........................................................................................................................ 10 Table 5. Number of schools in each MPA ...................................................................................................................... 14 Table 6. Percentages of each religion within each MPA ........................................................................................... 16 Table 7. Percentages of household based on primary occupation ....................................................................... 18 Table 8. Ethnic group composition in each MPA ......................................................................................................... 19 Table 9. Fishing vessel in each MPA ................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 10. Types of targeted fish and fishing tools in various MPAs ..................................................................... 21 Table 11. Fishing seasons in each MPA............................................................................................................................. 23 Table 12. Processing and Marketing of Fishery Products ......................................................................................... 24 Table 13. Fisher cooperatives and insurance ................................................................................................................. 24 Table 14. Fishing gear ............................................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 15. Establishment status and zoning of each MPA .......................................................................................... 27 Table 16. Results from baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

on the effectiveness of MPA management ...................................................................................................... 29 Table 17. Recommendations from various social surveys conducted through the SEA Project ............ 39

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. WPPNRI 715 .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2. Respondent interview at Makian – Moti ......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Children at Buano island ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 4. Making concrete bricks is one the occupations in Talapao village at Makian-Moti MPA ........ 17 Figure 5. A fisher and his catch ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 6. Score on management effectiveness of each MPA and the increase on the number of MPAs

during the USAID SEA Project 2015/17-20 ................................................................................................... 28 Figure 7. Household electricity use recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys .... 31 Figure 8. Household asset recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys ....................... 31 Figure 9. Roofing materials recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys ..................... 32 Figure 10. Wall materials recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys......................... 32 Figure 11. Flooring materials recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys ................. 33 Figure 12. Number of rooms in a house recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1)

surveys............................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 13. Ownership of land transportation recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1)

surveys............................................................................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 14. Boat ownership recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys ...................... 34 Figure 15. Fishing tool ownership recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys........ 35 Figure 16. Ownership of livestock recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys ...... 35 Figure 17. Household access to clean water recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1)

surveys............................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Figure 18. Ownership of sanitation facility recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1)

surveys............................................................................................................................................................................ 36

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 3T = Tertinggal, Terdepan, Terluar (Behind, Frontier, Outermost)

KEPMEN = Keputusan Menteri (Ministerial decree)

KKP = Kawasan Konservasi Perairan (Marine Protected Areas)

KKP3K = Kawasan Konservasi Perairan dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil (Marine Protected Areas and Small Islands)

KKPD = Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Daerah (Regional Marine Protected Areas)

PLN = Perusahaan Listrik Negara (State Electricity Company)

PNS = Pegawai Negeri Sipil (Civil Servants)

POKMASWAS = Kelompok Masyarakat Pengawas (Community suveillance group)

PT = Perguruan Tinggi (Higher education institution)

RPJMD = Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (Regional Medium Term Development Plan)

RPP = Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan (Fishery Management Plan)

SD = Sekolah Dasar (Elementary School)

SEA = Sustainable Ecosystem Advance

SMA = Sekolah Menengah Atas (High School)

TP = Taman Pesisir (Coastal Park)

TPI = Tempat Pelelangan Ikan (Fish Landing Site)

TWP = Taman Wisata Perairan (Aquatic Tourism Park)

USAID = United States Agency for International Development

WPPNRI = Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia (State Fisheries Management Territory of the Republic of Indonesia)

1 | SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS OF 16 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN NORTH MALUKU, MALUKU AND WEST PAPUA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The USAID Sustainable Ecosystem Advance (SEA) project is a form of USAID support to the Indonesian government regarding the management of fisheries and marine resources, including biodiversity conservation. This project lasts for five years, starting in 2016 and ending in 2021. The working areas of the SEA Project include North Maluku Province (6 Marine Protected Areas; MPAs), Maluku Province (5 MPAs), and West Papua Province (5 MPAs), all of which are part of the State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia (WPPNRI) 715.

The socio-economic survey in each MPA area aims to provide an overview of communities' socio-economic conditions before and after the SEA Project. The survey was conducted using the household survey (all MPAs), Focus Group Discussion, and Key Informant Interviews (not all MPA). The number of respondents at the baseline survey (2017/2018) was 2,963 households, and the post-baseline survey (2020) was 985 households. The decrease in the number of respondents in the post-baseline survey was caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, which limited mobility between regions in Indonesia.

Data on education facilities in 16 MPAs show that access (for school-age children) to junior and senior high school education is minimal. These two facilities are usually located in the district capital, far from the residential area. Limited access to educational facilities should be a concern for the local government because they need to ensure that all children fulfill their rights to school.

From the household survey, we learned that fishing is the primary source of livelihood. In several areas, however, farming is more dominant than fishing. Most households have alternative livelihood

Most of the households in the 16 MPAs own a boat that functions to earn a living and for transportation. Many homes in the region have a motorless boat, followed by a boat with an internal motor.

Households in some MPAs can identify the best time to fish. Some, however, stated that the best time to fish is uncertain. Households in all MPAs are capable of identifying five types of frequently caught fish. Also, they can identify charismatic and important biota.

Generally, fishers sell their catch in nearby markets or to traders who come to the village. Some fishers processed the catch into other products before selling it to traders or in the markets.

MPA management in the three regions usually involves three parties, namely: local government (district and province), communities (customary and general), and non-profit organizations (NGOs). They work together to create better governance of the MPAs. The evaluation of MPA management's effectiveness, based on the Decree of the Director General of Marine, Coastal, and Small Islands KEP.44 / KP3K / 2012 concerning Technical Guidelines for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Management of Marine, Coastal, and Small Islands Conservation Areas (E-KKP3K) shows an average score increase of 243% for 14 MPAs.

Community welfare indicators show that there has been an increase in several indicators, such as electricity and household facilities in West Papua, ownership of private toilets in North Maluku, and access to clean water in Maluku. Iron sheeting is the most common roofing material in every province. Cement is commonly used as wall material in North Maluku and Maluku and wood in West Papua. Cement and ceramics are the primary flooring materials in the three provinces. Also, wood is commonly used for flooring. Most respondents do not have land transportation. Outboard motors and rowboats are typical boats used in the three provinces. Hand fishing is the primary method of catching fish, and poultry is a typical farm animal.

In this report, we summarize some of the recommendations generated from baseline surveys (T0) and post-baseline surveys (


T1) that have been carried out. The analysis results show that the broader community's involvement in establishing and managing MPAs is needed to support sustainable fisheries and marine resource management, and biodiversity conservation. In addition, there is a need for the development and improvement of public and fisheries infrastructures in the village. Several recommended ways to improve the community's economy include: post-harvest processing of fishery products, developing alternative livelihoods, activating institutions such as cooperatives and microfinance in fishing villages to help fishers manage their business, and encouraging women to be involved in marine resource management and sustainable fisheries business. The tourism sector needs to be developed to provide an alternative source of income. A network collaboration among various stakeholders that manage marine resources at WPPNRI 751 is urgently needed to implement these recommendations.

SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS OF 16 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN NORTH MALUKU, MALUKU AND WEST PAPUA | 4

INTRODUCTION Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 18 / PERMEN-KP / 2014 concerning the State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia (WPPNRI), WPPNRI 715 covers the waters of Tomini Bay, Maluku Sea, Seram Sea, and Berau Bay. Administratively, the provinces with the authority and responsibility for managing fish resources in the WPPNRI 715 consist of 6 (six) provinces covering North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Central Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku, and West Papua provinces. The WPPNRI 715 region has at least nine groups of fish resources: small pelagic, large pelagic, demersal, coral, penaeid shrimp, lobster, crab, small crab, and squid, with a total potential of 631,703 tonnes/year(1). Most of the fish resource utilization rates in WPPNRI 715 are in the over-exploited status, except for demersal fish with fully exploited status and reef fish with moderate status. Such fish utilization status encourages efforts for more sustainable fisheries management.

Figure 1. WPPNRI 715

The number of parties interested in marine resource management in WPPNRI 715 encourages the government to issue KEPMEN Number 82 / KEPMEN-KP / 2016 concerning the Fisheries Management Plan for the State Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia 715 (RPP WPPNRI 715). This WPPNRI RPP is a reference for the government, local government, and stakeholders in implementing fisheries management in WPPNRI 715. The vision of fisheries management in WPPNRI 715 is to achieve sovereign and sustainable fisheries management for the Indonesian fishery community's welfare in general and coastal communities in particular.


RPP WPPNRI 715 is prepared by integrating marine conservation areas, which implement fisheries management principles with an ecosystem approach, done primarily through 3 management strategies: strengthening institutions, strengthening regional resource management, and strengthening social, economic, and cultural aspects. The RPP WPPNRI 715 also accommodates all parties' roles in implementing these management principles, including Cooperation Partners and Non-Governmental Organizations.

As one of the Collaborative Partners of the Government of Indonesia, USAID, through the Sustainable Ecosystem Advance (SEA) Project, supports the Government of Indonesia to strengthen governance of fisheries and marine resources and conserve biodiversity. This project uses an ecosystem-based management approach and involves key stakeholders to achieve the following objectives: 1. To promote conservation and sustainable use of marine resources by reforming fisheries management and promoting marine conservation areas to increase fish productivity, food security, and sustainable livelihoods within the target area; and 2. To increase the ministries' leadership role and capacity of maritime affairs and fisheries and local governments to promote sustainable aquatic conservation and fisheries. At the end of this project, USAID assistance is expected to increase efforts to conserve and manage marine diversity in Indonesia by building capacity and implementing marine conservation and sustainable fisheries management.

The SEA Project is implemented through five strategic approaches, four key technical approaches, management support, cross-cutting in 14 MPAs (Annex 1) in the WPPNRI 715 region, including Maluku, North Maluku, and West Papua Provinces. One of the strategic approaches applied is creating incentives for the management of marine and fisheries resources. One of the targets to be achieved by applying this strategy is to increase the number of people getting economic benefits from the sustainable use of natural resources or conservation efforts carried out in their areas. The USAID SEA Project, through its partners, conducted a social survey before and after the USAID SEA Project program implementation to obtain this information. In addition to specific information on the community's economic benefits, the survey collected data on the social conditions of communities living within 14 MPAs. These 14 MPAs included implementation areas for the USAID SEA Project and two additional MPAs (Dampier Strait KKP and Mayalibit Bay KKP), which also received support from the USAID SEA Project.

This report summarizes social survey results in 14 target and two additional MPAs that were conducted during the project implementation period (2016-2021). The social survey reports that each partner in various target MPAs has prepared form the basis of this summary(2-17). In this report, a profile for each MPA is created, which include the following information: demographic conditions of the community, how community members use the waters, how marine resources are being managed, and also a specific explanation of the status of asset ownership, a welfare indicator used in the surveys. A social survey was conducted before and after program implementation. This report consists of 5 parts. The first part is an introduction that explains the USAID SEA Project's background and the purpose of this report. The second part is about the survey method, which describes survey locations, sampling techniques, and the number of replicates in each MPA. The third part is the social profile of the MPAs that contains information on demographic conditions, fisheries management, and management of marine resources in each MPA. The fourth part is about the status and trend of economic welfare that compares community welfare, as measured by ownership of household assets, before and after the SEA Project. Finally, the fifth part presents conclusions and recommendations.


SURVEY METHODS

SURVEY LOCATION

The social survey was conducted in 16 MPAs in the WPPNRI 715 area in two survey periods, during the baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) periods. The baseline surveys were generally conducted in 2017-2018, except for the Makian-Moti and Ay-Run KKP, undertaken in 2019. Meanwhile, the post-baseline surveys were completed in 2019-2020 in five target MPAs and two additional ones. The number of villages surveyed in each MPA varied (Table I), according to the number of villages decided to be sampled in each MPA.

Table 1. The number of villages surveyed during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) periods

MPA Baseline (T0) Post-baseline (T1)

Survey Year No. of villages Tahun Survei Survey Year North Maluku Province

Morotai 2017 19 N/A N/A

Guraici 2017 10 N/A N/A

Mare 2017 7 N/A N/A

Widi 2017 9 N/A N/A

Sula 2017 11 2020 9

Makian-Moti 2019 12 N/A N/A

Total 68 9

Maluku Province

Buano 2017 2 N/A N/A

Lease 2018 27 2020 7

Sawai (Srutbar) 2017 10 2020 4

Ay-Rhun 2019 2 N/A N/A

Koon-Neiden 2018 11 2020 9

Total 52 20

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan 2017 9 2020 11

Teluk Berau 2018 8 N/A N/A

Nusalasi 2018 4 N/A N/A

Teluk Mayalibit 2017 12 2019 5

Selat Dampier 2017 8 2019 10

Total 41 26


DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)

Figure 2. Respondent interview at Makian – Moti

Generally, data collection in all MPAs used the household survey method. In several MPAs, surveyors also collected secondary data to complement existing information. Apart from the household survey, surveyors also conducted Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Key Informant Interviews (KII) at several places (Table 2).

Table 2. Locations where FGD and KII methods used to collect data

MPA Data collection method

Focus Group Discussions (FGD) Key Informant Interviews (KII) T0 T1 T0 T1

North Maluku Province

Morotai √ N/A √ N/A Guraici √ N/A √ N/A Mare √ N/A √ N/A Widi √ N/A √ N/A Sula √ FGD dan KII planned but not

conducted due to limited time - FGD dan KII planned but not conducted due to limited time

Makian-Moti N/A √ N/A

Maluku Province

Buano √ N/A N/A

Lease N/A No explanation N/A No explanation

Sawai (Srutbar) √ No explanation √ No explanation

Ay-Rhun √ N/A √ N/A


MPA Data collection method

Focus Group Discussions (FGD) Key Informant Interviews (KII) T0 T1 T0 T1

Koon-Neiden √ No explanation √ No explanation

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan √ √ √ √

Teluk Berau - N/A √ N/A

Nusalasi - N/A √ N/A

Teluk Mayalibit - N/A - N/A Selat Dampier - N/A - N/A

SAMPLING DESIGN

Sampling sizes are generally determined following the Socio-Economic Monitoring Guidelines for Coastal Managers in Southeast Asia and the Socio-Economic Guidelines for Coral Reef Management protocols, which require sampling at least 5% of the total number of households in each village. Households were selected using a random sampling method. The team then used a simple random table to select respondents.

Several surveys, such as Morotai, Guraici, Mare, and Widi, used non-probability sampling methods. This method does not follow the probability theory of selecting elements from the sample population and provide an equal probability for each element to be selected. Non-probability sampling can be used when the number of elements in the population is unknown or cannot be identified individually(18). Therefore, the social survey in the above MPAs used quota and purposive sampling.

RESPONDENT

The number of respondents interviewed varied according to the method of determining the number of household samples taken at the survey time (Table 3). The number of villages surveyed during T0 was greater than the number of villages during T1, thus significantly reducing the number of respondents.

Table 3. The number of respondents per village


No. of respondent No. of respondent North Maluku Province

Morotai 254 N/A

Guraici 78 N/A

Mare 200 N/A

Widi 40 N/A

Sula 180 100

Makian-Moti 417 N/A

Total 1169 100

Maluku Province

Buano 22 N/A

Lease 739 86

Sawai (Srutbar) 108 108

Ay-Rhun 60 N/A



No. of respondent No. of respondent Koon-Neiden 243 243

1172 437

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan 74 67

Teluk Berau 84 N/A

Nusalasi 71 N/A

Teluk Mayalibit 266 278

Selat Dampier 127 103

622 448

TYPES OF DATA COLLECTED

Except for household asset data which is an indicator of household welfare, surveys conducted in various MPAs in the three target provinces collected different socio-economic information (Annex 2). This diverse information enriches understanding of the social situation in various MPAs at WPPNRI 715.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study has several limitations that readers should note:

1. The number of locations in the baseline survey (T0; 2017/2018) is not the same as the post-baseline survey (TI; 2020). During the baseline survey, data were collected in 16 MPAs (6 MPAs in North Maluku, 5 MPAs in Maluku, and 5 MPAs in West Papua) whereas, during the post-baseline survey, data were collected in a total of 7 MPAs (1 MPA in North Maluku, 3 MPAs in Maluku, and 3 MPAs in West Papua)

2. The number of respondents of the baseline and post-baseline surveys also differ significantly. There were 2,963 respondents at the baseline survey and only 985 respondents at the post-baseline survey.

3. The data collected for each KKP is quite variable, except for community welfare indicators collected in all MPAs. These indicators include electricity, household facilities, roofing materials, wall materials, floor materials, number of rooms in the household, vehicles, boats, fishing gear, livestock, water supply, and toilet facilities.

The Covid-19 pandemic caused limitations 1 and 2 during the post-baseline survey. The central government imposed large-scale social restrictions (PSBB), and there were local lockdowns at the village level, which limited mobility among regions in Indonesia.


MPA SOCIAL PROFILE

ADMINISTRATIVE AREA

Administratively, the 16 MPAs targeted for USAID SEA activities are in three provinces, 15 regencies, 42 districts, and 170 villages (Table 4).

Table 3. MPA administrative information

MPA Regency/ City District Village Male Female Total

Population No. of

families North Maluku Province

Morotai Pulau Morotai

Morotai Selatan Barat

Waringin 352 300 652 178

Wayabula 452 451 903 270

Tutuhu 456 407 863 248

Raja 367 365 732 202

Usbar Pantai 165 173 338 90

Bobula 226 243 469 140

Morotai Selatan

Kolorai N/A N/A N/A N/A

Galo-Galo 328 288 616 124

Pilowo 288 243 531 148

Juanga 515 535 1050 275

Daeo 673 649 1322 353

Pandanga 461 474 935 260

Pulau Rao Leo Leo Rao N/A N/A N/A N/A

Daruba N/A N/A N/A N/A

Loumadoro N/A N/A N/A N/A

Posi-posi Rao N/A N/A N/A N/A

Aru Burung N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ngele-ngele N/A N/A N/A N/A

Saminyamau N/A N/A N/A N/A

TOTAL 4283 4128 8411 2288

Guraici Halmahera Selatan

Kayoa Gunange 235 196 431 133

Dorolamo 99 87 186 40

Talimau 422 423 845 191

Lelei 334 340 674 148

Kida 99 108 207 49

Buli 194 177 371 82

Ligua 55 51 106 27

Kayoa Utara Modayama 324 325 649 N/A

Ngokomalako

228 192 420 N/A

Wayasipang 133 135 268 N/A

TOTAL 2123 2034 4157 670

Mare Tidore Kepualauan

Tidore Selatan

Dokiri 1491 1401 2892 856

Tuguiha 853 796 1649 465

Tomalou 1524 1633 3157 918

Gurabati 1384 1388 2772 821

Tongowai 624 672 1296 390



Population No. of

families Maregam 224 241 465 149

Marekofo 251 275 526 154

TOTAL 6351 6406 12757 3753

Widi Halmahera Selatan

Gane Timur Tengah

Tagea 177 162 339 N/A

Lelewi 191 159 350 N/A

Bisui 625 595 1220 N/A

Luim 211 206 417 N/A

Tabahidayah 360 317 677 N/A

Gane Timur Selatan

Gaimu 161 142 303 N/A

Kuwo 507 495 1002 N/A

Ranga-Ranga 453 416 869 N/A

Gane Luar 852 761 1613 N/A

TOTAL 3537 3253 6790 N/A

Sula Kepulauan Sula

Sanana Utara Bajo N/A N/A N/A 423

Fukweu N/A N/A N/A 216

Wainin N/A N/A N/A 115

Malbufa N/A N/A N/A 347

Sulabesi Tengah

Waiboga N/A N/A N/A 368

Bega N/A N/A N/A 231

Sulabesi Selatan

Waigai N/A N/A N/A 391

Mangoli Utara Timur

Waisum N/A N/A N/A 96

Waisakai N/A N/A N/A 372

Pelita Jaya N/A N/A N/A 85

Kawata N/A N/A N/A 447

TOTAL N/A N/A N/A 3091

Makian-Moti Ternate Makian Barat Talapao 303 286 589 159

Bobawae 298 298 596 151

Mateketen 263 245 508 130

Ombawa 110 109 219 54

Tegono 157 124 281 93

Malapat 321 338 659 218

Sebelei 490 474 964 322

Moti Tafamutu 531 479 1010 237

Figur 332 335 667 167

Pulau Makian Waigitang N/A N/A N/A 205

Wailoa N/A N/A N/A 61

Ctr Gitang N/A N/A N/A 146

TOTAL 2805 2688 5493 1943

Maluku Province

Buano Seram Bagian Barat

Huamual Belakang

Buano Selatan

945 883 1828 N/A

Buano Utara 4183 4109 8292 N/A

TOTAL 5128 4992 10120 N/A

Lease Maluku Tengah

Haruku Aboru 1102 1065 2167 579

Hulaliu 994 921 1915 497

Kariu 628 637 1265 367



Population No. of

families Wassu 434 409 843 217

Nusalaut Abubu 775 775 1550 N/A

Akoon 628 619 1247 N/A

Ameth 1577 1566 3143 N/A

Leinitu 347 350 697 N/A

Nalahia 553 548 1101 N/A

Sila 320 317 637 N/A

Titawaai 1985 1969 3954 N/A

Saparua Booi 457 486 943 244

Haria 3717 3635 7352 1347

Kulur 496 536 1032 320

Paperu 681 731 1412 362

Porto 1320 1357 2677 607

Saparua 1551 1575 3126 1043

Tiouw 733 727 1460 367

Saparua Timur

Ihamahu 814

799 374

Itawaka 1069 1030 2099 412

Mahu 402 390 792 158

Noloth 1436 1516 2952 697

Ouw 762 837 1599 548

Siri Sori Islam 958 1041 1999 585

Siri Sori Serani

1136 1102 2238 694

Tuhaha 1146 1149 2295 543

Ullath 812 808 1620 465

TOTAL 26833 26096 52914 10426

Sawai/Srutbar Maluku Tengah

Seram Utara Rumah Sokat 355 320 675 151

Besi 356 339 695 263

Sawai 2064 1866 3930 620

Malaku 625 611 1236 541

Wahai 3251 3056 6307 1352

Seram Utara Barat

Pasanea 633 570 1203 N/A

Saleman 1030 960 1990 N/A

Labuan 580 602 1182 N/A

Gale-gale 1236 1115 2351 N/A

Horale 119 113 232 N/A

TOTAL 10249 9552 19801 2927

Ay-Rhun Maluku Tengah

Banda Ay 777 743 1520 N/A

Rhun 781 662 1443 N/A

TOTAL 1558 1405 2963 N/A

Koon-Neiden Seram Bagian Timur

Pulau Gorom Dada 53 49 102 32

Kilubas (Amarsekaru

)

3673 3488 7161 1639

Loko 154 131 285 63

Ondor 628 583 1211 356

Rumeon 410 422 832 205



Population No. of

families Grogos N/A N/A N/A N/A

Gorom Timur

Adar 134 108 242 46

Kinali/Tinari 191 217 408 83

Kotasiri 553 515 1068 227

Miran 279 266 545 119

Rarat 171 146 317 57

TOTAL 6246 5925 12171 2827

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan

Sorong Selatan

Kokoda Tarof 431 399 830 N/A

Matemani Nusa 250 186 436 N/A

Mugim 202 165 367 N/A

Inanwatan Mate 315 286 601 N/A

Kais Yahadian 413 352 765 N/A

Saifi Sayolo 117 130 247 N/A

Botain N/A N/A N/A N/A

Konda Konda 295 256 551 N/A

Wamargege 412 379 791 N/A

Ampera N/A N/A N/A N/A

TOTAL 2435 2153 4588 N/A

Teluk Berau Fakfak Arguni Traver 117 111 228 N/A

Arguni 135 110 245 N/A

Andamata 130 120 250 N/A

Fior 170 122 292 N/A

Furir 79 87 166 N/A

Kokas Ugar 135 127 262 67

Mandoni Kokas

97 80 177 52

Sekar 211 225 436 98

Patimburak 87 69 156 41

Batufiafas 85 106 191 46

Kinam 161 174 335 60

Mambunibuni 209 163 372 125

Kriawaswas 68 68 136 37

Kimmina Kra 72 56 128 35

Sisir 260 233 493 112

Kampung Baru

126 118 244 48

Sosar 125 132 257 66

Pang Wadar 107 93 200 49

Masina 154 146 300 87

TOTAL 2528 2340 4868 923

Nusalasi Fakfak Karas Antalisa 144 110 254 67

Mas 154 154 308 76

Tuberwasa 137 127 264 56

Tarak 201 185 386 81

Faur 116 132 248 52

Kiaba 88 69 157 37



Population No. of

families Malakuli 549 565 1114 264

TOTAL 1389 1342 2731 633

Teluk Mayalibit

Raja Ampat Tiplol Mayalibit

Araway 99 76 175 75

Beo 128 143 271 45

Teluk Mayalibit

Lopintol 135 110 245 73

Mumes 95 85 180 55

Waigeo Timur

Yensner 258 226 484 136

TOTAL 715 640 1355 384

Selat Dampier Raja Ampat Batanta Selatan

Yenanas 421 369 790 204

Amdui 79 64 143 35

Waiman 454 397 851 199

Salawati Barat

Kaliam 232 202 434 105

Salawati Utara

Kapatlab 306 255 561 162

Jefman Barat 514 462 976 299

Jefman Timur 305 299 604 174

Salawati Tengah

Sakabu 335 269 604 182

Batanta Utara

Yensawai 640 478 1118 58

Arefi Selatan 371 255 626 182

Arefi Timur 168 143 311 71

TOTAL 3825 3193 7018 1671

Source: BPS (19-56)

DEMOGRAPHY

Educational facility

Sula is the only MPA with complete educational facilities, from Elementary School (SD) to Higher Education (PT). The greatest number of educational facilities, from SD to Senior High School (SMA), was recorded in Sula. Rao MPA has the least number of elementary schools. The number of educational facilities available in each MPA varies greatly. Not all villages have educational facilities, especially SD. However, two universities were recorded within all of the MPAs surveyed, one in Sawai and another in Sula.

Table 4. Number of schools in each MPA

MPA Elementary

School Middle School High School College

T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1


Morotai N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Guraici 24 N/A 10 N/A 5 N/A N/A N/A

Mare 15 N/A 8 N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A

Widi 11 N/A 4 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A

Sula 100 N/A 51 N/A 25 N/A N/A N/A

Makian - Moti 11 N/A 7 N/A 5 N/A N/A N/A

Maluku Province

Buano 10 N/A 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A


MPA Elementary

School Middle School High School College

T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1

Lease 79 20 22 4 12 6 N/A N/A

Sawai 22 N/A 13 N/A 9 N/A 1 N/A

Ay-Rhun 3 N/A 3 N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A

Koon-Neiden N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

West Papua Province Sorong Selatan 10 N/A 6 N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A

Teluk Berau 26 N/A 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A

Nusalasi 26 N/A 2 N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A Selat Dampier* 32 N/A 12 N/A 9 N/A - N/A

Teluk Mayalibit** 11 N/A 2 N/A - N/A - N/A

Note: * Selat Dampier include Batanta Utara, Mayamuk, Meos Mansar, Waigeo Selatan, and Waigeo Timur Districts. **

Teluk Mayalibit include Teluk Mayalibit and Tiplol Mayalibit Districts.

Access to primary education is good because, on average, every village has an elementary school. Middle and high schools are typically located at the district capital and higher education institutions at the district or provincial capital. In coastal areas, especially in the 3T (Disadvantaged, Frontier, Outermost) areas, teacher attendance is a problem. Research conducted by ACDP(58) showed that the teacher absence rate from class for the Papua and Maluku regions was 10.9 percent. In West Papua Province, a study conducted by UNCEN, UNIPA, SMERU, BPS, UNICEF(59) showed that the teacher's absence rate was 33.5 percent.

Coral Triangle Center (CTC) Figure 3. Children at Buano island


Religion

Most of the households surveyed adhere to the Muslim faith and are followed by Christianity. Apart from that, Hindu and Buddhist beliefs were recorded in the Teluk Berau and Nusalasi MPAs.

Table 5. Percentages of each religion within each MPA

MPA Moslem Christian and Catholic Hinduism Buddhism

T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1


Morotai 16.33 N/A 83.67 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Guraici 100.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Mare 100.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Widi 62.50 N/A 37.50 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Sula N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Makian - Moti 100.00 N/A 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Maluku Province

Buano N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lease N/A 1.94 N/A 97.09 N/A 0.97 N/A N/A

Sawai 80.00 N/A 20.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ay-Rhun 38.33 N/A 1.66 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Koon-Neiden 100.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Teluk Berau 97.62 N/A N/A N/A 2.38 N/A N/A N/A

Nusalasi 92.26 N/A 12.80 N/A 1.29 N/A 1.41 N/A

Selat Dampier* 27.39 N/A 72.61 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Teluk Mayalibit** 23.13 N/A 76.87 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Note: * Selat Dampier include Batanta Utara, Mayamuk, Meos Mansar, Waigeo Selatan, and Waigeo Timur Districts. **

Teluk Mayalibit include Teluk Mayalibit and Tiplol Mayalibit Districts.

Primary occupation

Most coastal households earn their income as fishers. Their catch is not only consumed but also sold to support the family economy (Table 6). The percentage of families that farm is also significant though lesser than fishing. Other occupation types recorded in the coastal villages include hunting and gathering, civil servants, and other income-generating work.


USAID SEA Project

Figure 4. Making concrete bricks is one the occupations in Talapao village at Makian-Moti MPA


Table 6. Percentages of household based on primary occupation

MPA Fisher Farmer Informal Hunter-

gatherer

Marketing marine

products Civil servants Fish

processing Other

T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1


Morotai 81.63 N/A 1.29 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.08 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Guraici 92.53 N/A 5.75 N/A 0.57 N/A N/A N/A 0.57 N/A 0.57 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Mare 85.00 N/A 8.00 N/A 3.00 N/A N/A N/A 0.50 N/A 2.50 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Widi 85.00 N/A 15.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Sula N/A 98.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.00

Makian - Moti N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Maluku Province

Buano N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lease 22.00 N/A 38.00 N/A 2.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 8.00 N/A N/A N/A 30.00 N/A

Sawai 58.33 65.74 21.30 18.52 8.33 4,63 N/A N/A N/A N/A 3.70 N/A N/A N/A 8.33 N/A

Ay-Rhun 23.33 N/A 21.66 N/A 5.00 N/A 0.00 N/A 0.00 N/A 3.83 N/A 0.00 N/A 11.66 N/A

Koon-Neiden 44.23 37.86 42.79 27.57 N/A 12,35 2,88 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10.10 22.22

West Papua Province Sorong Selatan

N/A 53.73 N/A 1.49 N/A 7.46 N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.88 N/A N/A N/A N/A 32.84

Teluk Berau 40.74 N/A 13.58 N/A 4.94 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 18.52 N/A N/A N/A 22.22 N/A

Nusalasi 30.30 N/A 21.21 N/A 18.18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10.61 N/A N/A N/A 19.70 N/A

Selat Dampier*

30.41 N/A 22.15 N/A N/A N/A 1.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 46.12 N/A

Teluk Mayalibit**

27.57 N/A 33.46 N/A N/A N/A 5.07 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 33.90 N/A

Note: * Selat Dampier include Batanta Utara, Mayamuk, Meos Mansar, Waigeo Selatan, and Waigeo Timur Districts. ** Teluk Mayalibit include Teluk Mayalibit and Tiplol Mayalibit Districts.


Ethnic group

The dominant ethnic groups differ among MPAs. Nearly all the villages in the MPA consists of indigenous ethnic group, although not 100%. A majority of indigenous people and a small portion of immigrants from other provinces in Indonesia typically made up the population within an MPA (Table 8).

Table 7. Ethnic group composition in each MPA

MPA Ethnic group Percentages


Morotai

Guraici Makian; Bajo 49.43; 38.51

Mare Tidore 85.50

Widi Tobelo; Gene; Tobelo-Galela 37.50; 22.50;12.50

Sula

Makian - Moti Makian; Makian Barat 47.96; 22.06

Maluku Province

Buano

Lease Ambon

Sawai Malku dan Buton N/A

Ay-Rhun

AY, Belu, Buton, Jawa, Jawa buton, Kei, Melayu, Seram, Tepa, Buton, flores, Gorontalo, Jawa, Kei, Maluku, Melayu, Tanimbar, Makassar

N/A

Koon-Neiden

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan Imeko; Tahit; Maybrat

Teluk Berau Mbaham 39.29

Nusalasi Karas 15.71

Selat Dampier Biak 17.87

Teluk Mayalibit Maya

FISHERIES

Approximately 84% of households in North Maluku use their boat for fishing. Residents of Morotai, Guraici, Mare, and Makian-Moti MPAs typically use boats with an inboard motor, while Sula MPA residents use motorless boats. Around 50% of households in Maluku Province own a boat. Boats with an inboard motor are typical in Buano, Lease, Sawai, Ay-Rhun MPAs, and motorless boats in Koon-Neiden MPA. About 57% of households in West Papua own a boat. Inboard motorboats are typical in Sorong Selatan, Teluk Berau, and Nusalasi MPAs, whereas motorless and outboard motorboats are mostly found in the Selat Dampier MPA.

Table 8. Fishing vessel in each MPA

MPA

Fishing vessel

Notes Survey period Boat owner

Types of motor Motor

less Outboard Inboard


Morotai (n=254) 65% 21% 11% 68%

The community uses wooden boats without a motor or with an outboard motor. Purse seine

T0


MPA

Fishing vessel




fishing fleets use ships with 5-7 GT capacity, typically with two Yamaha 40 horse-powered outboard engines. Some use lift nets.

Guraici (n=174) 94% 22% 1% 77%

The capacity of the outboard engine is generally 3-40 horsepower, while the inboard motors have a capacity ranging from 5-215 horsepower

T0

Mare (n=200) 78% 30% 10% 60%


T0

Widi (n=40) 90% 46% 13% 41%


T0

Sula (n=180) 93% 58% 13% 29%

The types of fishing fleets used by the community consist of motorless and motorized wooden boats and mini purse seine

T0

Makian-Moti 83% 33% 11% 56%

Most inboard motors have less than 10 horsepower capacities, while boats with outboard engines typically have 11-50 horsepower capacity. Few use motor with capacity greater than 50 horsepower.

T0

Maluku Province

Buano (n=22) 86% 40% 0% 60%

Katinting boat engine capacity is generally less than 10 horsepower. While motorized boats typically have 11-50 horsepower

T0

Lease (n=128) 32% 10% 20% 70% The community typically uses

wooden and fiber boats T1

Sawai (n=108) 61% 13% 2% 85%

Katinting boat engine capacity is generally less than 15.5 horsepower. The typical outboard motor capacity is 15-40 horsepower

T0

Ay-Rhun (n=60) 18% 19% 27% 54%

The community usually uses wooden boats (kole-kole) and fiber boats.

T0

Koon-Neiden (n=243) 52% 60% 18% 22%

The community commonly uses canoes, outboard motorboats, fiber boats, speed boats, and longboats.

T0

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan 78% 29% 12% 59%

The capacity of the outboard engines used ranges from 15 - 40 horsepower. Shrimp and crab fishers only use outboard motors with a capacity of 15 horsepower

T0


MPA

Fishing vessel




Teluk Berau (n=74) 47% 3% 22% 75%

The community uses outboard motorboats and motorless wooden boats and some also uses fish aggregating device

T0

Nusalasi (n=71) 51% 6% 3% 91%

The community uses outboard motorboats and motorless wooden boats and some also uses fish aggregating device

T0

Teluk Mayalibit (n=103)

86% 51% 71% 8% A family can own more than one type of boat. Most families own a wooden boat

T0

Selat Dampier (n=127)

21% 58% 88% 77% A family can own more than one type of boat. Most families own a wooden boat

T1

Fishers target on average 12 types of fish, and can identify five types of important biota in North Maluku. Unlike other MPAs, no important biota was found in the Makian-Moti MPA. High fish diversity is found in the Buano and Koon-Neiden MPAs in Maluku. On average, five types of fish can be found in each MPA in West Papua. In the majority of the MPAs, fishers use handline.

Table 9. Types of targeted fish and fishing tools in various MPAs

MPA Target fish species Charismatic and important biota Fishing tool Survey

period North Maluku Province

Morotai (Rao) Amberjack, snapper, parrotfish, silver biddy, mackarel, grouper, trevally, mackerel scads, yellowstripe scad, sardinella, anchovy, mackerel tuna, skipjack tuna, anchovy, flying fish, white snapper, shark fin

Turtle, dolphin, largetooth sawfish, dugong, whale, manta, and Tridacna clams

handline, drift gillnet, circular gillnet, spear, small gillnet, troll line, handline with motor, handline without motor, mini purse sein, fish trap, drift longline, shark longline, pool and line, lift net

T0

Guraici Amberjack, snapper, parrotfish, silver biddy, mackarel, grouper, trevally, mackerel scads, yellowstripe scad, sardinella, anchovy, mackerel tuna

Turtle, dolphin, largetooth sawfish, dugong, whale, manta and Tridacna clams

handline, drift gillnet, circular gillnet, lantern, gillnet, spear

T0

Mare Amberjack, snapper, parrotfish, silver biddy, mackarel, grouper, trevally, mackerel scads, yellowstripe scad, sardinella, anchovy, mackerel tuna

Turtle, dolphin, largetooth sawfish, dugong, whale, manta dan Tridacna clams

drift gillnet, bottom trawl, handline, fish trap, circular gillnet, purse seine

T0

Widi Amberjack, snapper, parrotfish, silver biddy, mackarel, grouper, trevally, mackerel scads, yellowstripe scad, sardinella, anchovy, mackerel tuna

Turtle, dolphin, largetooth sawfish, dugong, whale, manta dan Tridacna clams

handline, drift gillnet, circular gillnet

T0

Sula Large pelagics (Tuna, Skipjack tuna, Mackarel tuna), small pelagics (largehead hairtail,

Dolphin, whale, shark, parrotfish, turtle (green and sisik)

handline, small gillnet, troll line, giop/mini purse seine, fish trap, longline, spear, bottom gillnet

T0


MPA Target fish species Charismatic and important biota Fishing tool Survey

period halfbeak, yellowstripe scad, mackerel scads) and demersal fish (snapper dan grouper).

Makian-Moti Trevally, skipjack tuna, emperor, snapper, grouper, mackerel scads, blue and gold fusilier, yellowstripe scad, mackarel tuna, tuna, yellowfin tuna

Dugong, dolphin, whale, octopus, shark, turtle, reef fishes, clams, and lobster

handline, troll line, drift gillnet, circular gillnet, spear, and bottom longline

T0

Maluku Province

Buano Pelagic fish such as tuna, mackarel tuna, and skipjack tuna; Demersal fish such as grouper, emperor, snapper and sardinella

Dolphin, whale, and turtle (hawksbill and green)

troll line, gillnet, pole and line, gillnet

T0

Lease Snappers, trevally, skipjack tuna and mackarel scads (9%).

Sea snail, sea cucumber and turtle

handline, small gillnet, bottom gillnet

T1

Sawai Grouper, snapper, tuna, skipjack tuna, spanish mackarel

Dolphin, dugong, hiu, turtle handline, gillnet, and troll and line

T0

Ay-Rhun Tuna, skipjack tuna, trevally, grouper, red snapper, bigeye scad, mackarel, masami, matakaulu, mackarel scad, yellowstripe scad, spanish mackerel, tuna, ray-finned fish

Hammerhead shark, until large Napolean Wrasse (Cheilinus sp) and colorful Mandarinfish (Synchiropus splendidus)

small gillnet

Koon-Neiden Trevally, mackerel scads, fusilier, red snapper, brown-marbled grouper, tuna, mackarel, yellowstripe scad, emperor, halfbeak, rabbitfish, parrotfish,

Sea cucumber (sandfish, prickly redfish, white teatfish, balak), leatherback turtle, octopus, dolphin, Tridacna clam, sea urchins, blood clam, abalone, shrimp, squid, dolphin, and lobster

Large gillnet, small gillnet, mini purse seine, handline, longline, spear, traditional gear such as bamboo trap, fish trap, simple gillnet or mosquito net

T0

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan Eeltail catfish, white snapper, banana shrimp, endeavor shrimp, giant tiger prawn, mangrove crab or "karaka"

Shrimp Large gillnet, small gillnet, spear, bamboo trap, fish trap, handline, longline

T0

Teluk Berau Snapper, grouper, mackerel, skipjack tuna, and reef fishes

Sea cucumber Handline, small gillnet, large gillnet, and longline

T0

Nusalasi

Teluk Mayalibit Trevally, grouper, spanish mackerel, snapper, and chub mackerels

Trevally Handline, spear, and fish arrow

T0

Dampier Emperor, trevally, grouper, chub mackerels dan rabbitfish

Emperor, trevally, grouper, chub mackerels dan rabbitfish

Handline, spear, and fish arrow

T0

In general, fishing seasons vary across MPAs. Based on Table 11, it is known that the harvest month for fishing in MPAs in North Maluku is a famine month for fishing in MPAs in Maluku.


USAID SEA Project

Figure 5. A fisher and his catch

Table 10. Fishing seasons in each MPA

MPA Fishing season (Month) Survey

period Harvest season "Famine" (Off) season


Morotai June-August September- January T0

Guraici Varies Varies T0

Mare Varies Varies T0

Widi Varies Varies T0

Sula June-Agustus September- Januari T0

Makian-Moti Varies Varies T0

Maluku Province

Buano October-November and April-Mei June-July T0

Lease January Influenced by weather and monsoon, current, timing of fish migration and reproduction

T1

Sawai Varies Varies T0

Ay-Rhun Varies Varies T0

Koon-Neiden N/A N/A T0

USAID.GOV SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF 16 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS SUPPORTED BY THE USAID SEA PROJECT | 24

MPA Fishing season (Month) Survey

period Harvest season "Famine" (Off) season

Provinsi Papua Barat Sorong Selatan March-May and Agustus January, February, June, July, September,

December T0

Teluk Berau N/A N/A T0

Nusalasi N/A N/A T0 Teluk Mayalibit

once every 6 months or not more than several times a week

once every 6 months or not more than several times a week T0

Dampier once every 6 months or not more than several times a week

once every 6 months or not more than several times a week T0

Fishers in North Maluku and Maluku generally sell their catch as fresh fish to local traders or in a local market, whereas those in West Papua process their catch into salted fish (Table 12).

Table 11. Processing and Marketing of Fishery Products

MPA Processing of Fishery Products Marketing of Fishery Products Survey

period North Maluku Province

Morotai Fresh fish Local traders T0

Guraici Fresh fish Local traders T0

Mare Fresh fish Local traders T0

Widi Fresh fish Local traders T0

Sula Fresh fish N/A T0

Makian-Moti N/A N/A T0

Maluku Province

Buano Smoked fish Local traders or directly to consumers T0

Lease Fresh fish Traditional market, local traders, and sold in Ambon T1

Sawai Fresh fish Local traders or to the village T0

Ay-Rhun Fresh fish N/A T0

Koon-Neiden Fresh fish Sold in the village or neighboring villages T0 and T1

Papua Barat Province

Sorong Selatan Fresh shrimp and crab Local traders T0

Teluk Berau Salted fish and shrimp paste

Local market T0

Nusalasi T0

Teluk Mayalibit Salted fish and shrimp paste

Market in Sorong and Waisai and local traders T0

Selat Dampier Salted fish N/A T0

Fishing cooperatives are found in most of the MPAs in North Maluku. In the Mare MPA, the majority of the households are members of fishing cooperatives. Households that have fisher insurance were only found in the Morotai and Sula MPAs. In all of the MPAs in West Papua, households who are cooperative members also participate in fisher insurance.

Table 12. Fisher cooperatives and insurance

MPA Membership

Notes Survey period Cooperative Asuransi


Morotai (n=254) 32% 26% N/A T0


MPA Membership

Notes Survey period Cooperative Asuransi

Guraici (n=174) 9% N/A N/A T0

Mare (n=200) 44% N/A N/A T0

Widi (n=40) 3% N/A N/A T0

Sula (n=180) 11% 23% N/A T0

Makian-Moti (n=36) N/A N/A N/A T0

Maluku Province

Buano (n=22) 36% 64% N/A T0

Lease (n=128) N/A N/A N/A T1

Sawai (n=108) N/A N/A N/A T0

Ay-Rhun (n=60) N/A N/A N/A T0

Koon-Neiden (n=243) 0% 6% N/A T0

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan (n=74) N/A N/A

A group was formed composed of 11-12 fishers who catch shrimp. Capital provided to borrowers was in fishing gear, fuel, and logistical needs for shrimp fishing.

T0

Teluk Berau (n=74) 11% 3% N/A T0

Nusalasi (n=71) 27% 0% N/A T0

Teluk Mayalibit (n=103) <1% 41% N/A T1

Selat Dampier (n=127) 6% <1% N/A T0

Table 13. Fishing gear

MPA

Fishing gear Survey period Hand-

line Pelagic Troll

line Pole line

Small gillnet

Large Beach seine

Purse seine

Mini purse seine

Spear Spear gun

Bamboo trap (bubu)

Fish trap (sero) GPS FAD

longline Gillnet


Morotai (n=254) 21% 1% 1% 6% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% N/A N/A T0

Guraici (n=174) 78% 1% 19% 0% 0% 11% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% N/A N/A T0

Mare (n=200) 69% 0% 6% 19% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% N/A N/A T0

Widi (n=40) 98% 0% 20% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% N/A N/A T0

Sula (n=180) 74% 1% 1% 0% 21% 1% 3% 0% 3% 0% 0% 4% 0% N/A N/A T0 Makian-Moti (n=36) 67% 3% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% N/A N/A T0

Maluku Province

Buano (n=22) 59% 0% 0% 0% 18% 27% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% T0

Lease (n=128) 30% N/A N/A N/A 7% 2% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1% N/A N/A N/A T1

Sawai (n=108) 60% <1% 0% 0% 13% 2% 2% 2% 2% 5% 5% 0% 0% 5% 3% T0

Ay-Rhun (n=60) 8% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% N/A N/A T0 Koon-Neiden (n=243) 28% 1% N/A N/A 19% 2% N/A N/A <1% N/A 1% N/A N/A N/A N/A T0

West Papua Province Sorong Selatan (n=74) 52% 3% 10% 1% 62% 10% 0% 9% 0% 32% 1% 8% 5% N/A N/A T0

Teluk Berau (n=74) 82% 4% 0% 0% 6% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% N/A N/A T0

Nusalasi (n=71) 82% 0% 0% 0% 16% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% N/A N/A T0 Teluk Mayalibit (n=266) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A T1

Selat Dampier (n=127) 10% 0% 0% 0% 3% <1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% N/A N/A T0

27 | SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF 16 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS SUPPORTED BY THE USAID SEA PROJECT USAID.GOV

GOVERNANCE

The USAID SEA Project supported MPA management in North Maluku, Maluku, and West Papua by encouraging managers to develop and establish a management and zoning plan to improve environmental quality and community well-being. An MPA is managed collaboratively by the local community, local government, and provincial government even though most of the village level rules are customary rules. (Annex 3). The management status of the 16 target MPAs has been assigned, at least at the regency level (Table 15). The year when each MPA was established varies and will continue to change as stipulation at the ministerial level is still being pursued.

Table 14. Establishment status and zoning of each MPA

MPA Type of MPA Year established Establishment Status Area (Ha) Types of zone


Morotai KKPD / TWP 2018 Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 361/KPTS /MU/2018

65,892

Guraici KKD/ Taman (Park) 2012

Completed: SK Bupati Halmahera Selatan: no. 99 Tahun 2012.

91,539

Mare KKPD / TWP 2012 Completed: SK Walikota Tidore Kepulauan: no. 72.2 Tahun 2012.

7,061

Widi KKD / Taman (Park) 2015

Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 251/KPTS /MU/2015.

315,118

Core zone; Tourism utilization sub zone Community use sub zone Fishing sub zone Cultivation fishery sub zone

Sula KKP3K / TP 2018 Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 360/KPTS /MU/2018

120,724 Mangrove zone

Makian - Moti

KKD / Taman (Park) 2018

Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 359/KPTS /MU/2018.

67,349 No zonation yet

Maluku Province

Buano KKD/ Taman (Park) 2019 Completed: SK Gubernur

Maluku: no. 328 Tahun 2019 31,887 Seagrass zone Mangrove zone

Lease KKD/ Taman (Park) 2016 Completed: SK Gubernur

Maluku: no. 387 Tahun 2016 81,573

Core zone Tourism zone Sustainable fishing zone Sasi traditional fishing zone

Sawai KKD/ Taman (Park) 2019 Completed: SK Gubernur

Maluku: no. 329 Tahun 2019 106,826 Reef zone

Ay-Rhun KKD / Taman (Park) Completed: SK Gubernur

Maluku: no. 388 Tahun 2016

Koon-Neiden KKP3K / TPK 2018 Completed: SK Gubernur

Maluku: no. 75.a Tahun 2018 9,901 No fishing zone

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan TBD 2019

Completed: SK Gubernur Papua Barat no. 523/25/1/2019

338,338 Mangrove zone

Teluk Berau KKP3K / TP 2017

Completed: SK Gubernur Papua Barat no. 523/136/7/2017

98,944 Core zone Traditional fisheries sub zone


MPA Type of MPA Year established Establishment Status Area (Ha) Types of zone

Saltwater lake protection sub zone Small island sub zone protection Kerakera sub zone

Nusalasi KKP3K / TP 2017 247,864

Core zone Tourism sub zone Traditional fisheries sub zone Saltwater lake protection sub zone Small island sub zone protection Sub-zone kerakera

Evaluation of the effectiveness of management of MPAs in Indonesia uses the Decree of the Director-General of Marine, Coastal and Small Islands Number KEP.44 / KP3K / 2012 concerning Technical Guidelines for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Management of Marine, Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas (E-KKP3K). The SEA project used these guidelines to evaluate supported MPAs. The evaluation results showed that the effectiveness of management score of MPAs supported by the USAID SEA Project has increased by an average of 243 percent (Figure 6 and Table 16). This significant increase needs to be maintained and internalized to the community, local government, and provincial governments so that MPA management can be sustainable.

Figure 6. Score on management effectiveness of each MPA and the increase on the number of MPAs during the USAID SEA Project 2015/17-20


Table 15. Results from baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys on the effectiveness of MPA management

MPA T0 (2019) T1 (2020)

Change (%) Red (1) Yellow (2) Green (3) Red (1) Yellow (2) Green (3)


Morotai 100 41 24 100 100 81 + 238%

Guraici 100 41 14 100 100 86 + 514%

Mare 100 41 24 100 100 81 + 238%

Widi 100 41 14 100 100 90 + 543%

Sula 100 41 19 100 100 86 + 353%

Makian-Moti 81 27 10 100 100 86 + 760%

Maluku Province

Buano 100 77 29 100 82 48 + 66%

Lease 100 68 33 100 91 62 + 88%

Sawai 88 77 43 100 86 48 + 12%

Ay-Rhun 100 95 52 100 100 57 + 10%

Koon-Neiden 100 82 33 100 82 71 + 115%

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan 100 23 10 100 82 29 + 190%

Teluk Berau 100 100 76 100 100 100 + 32%

Nusalasi 100 100 76 100 100 100 + 32% Notes: Red = Level 1 (initiated); yellow = level 2 (established); green = level 3 (managed); blue = level 4 (optimally managed); orange =

Level 5 (self-sustained).

STATUS AND TREND OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC WELFARE

OVERVIEW OF THE BASELINE SURVEY

Household assets are one way to measure the level of welfare of a household, in addition to expenses and income. The expenditure approach is usually used to measure people's welfare in developing countries and the income approach for developed countries. The household asset approach is an alternative method to measure Sahn's household's welfare level (2003). The more assets a home owns (quantified in nominal terms or approached by an index), the more prosperous the household is said to be. At the beginning of the project, the SEA project conducted household social surveys in several areas within the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (WPP) 715, including North Maluku, Maluku, and West Papua. The survey areas in North Maluku include Guraici, Jiew, Mare, Morotai, Sula, and Widi. Survey locations in Maluku includes Buano, Bula, Parigi, Sawai, and Koon. West Papua survey areas include Bintuni, Selat Dampier, Fakfak, Kabui, Teluk Mayalibit, Misool, and Sorong Selatan. In general, the survey results for electricity showed that West Papua is still lagging behind the other two provinces. Most households in West Papua (53%) do not have lighting which comes from electricity, either provided by PLN or independently. While in Maluku and North Maluku, most households (97% and 93%, respectively) have enjoyed electricity. Electrification is one of the policies that can improve community welfare, especially in rural areas(60). Ownership of electronic equipment in the household (mobile phone, computer or smartphone, TV, VHS or DVD, satellite disc, refrigerator or freezer, electric fan, radio, and cable) is closely related to


electricity. West Papua survey results indicated lower electrification and low ownership of electronic assets. Only 23% of households in West Papua own TV, compared to 65% in Maluku and 66% in North Maluku. House construction (roofing material, wall material, floor material, and the number of rooms in the household) in the three survey areas are similar. For example, most homes use iron sheeting for roofing, typical for most coastal homes in Indonesia. House construction (roofing material, wall material, floor material, and the number of rooms in the household) in the three survey areas are similar. For example, most homes use iron sheeting for roofing, typical for most coastal homes in Indonesia. A boat is an essential asset for households in coastal areas. The survey results showed that families in the three study areas use boats with an outboard motor for sea transportation. Despite its importance in the lives of coastal communities, many households do not own a boat. In West Papua and North Maluku, 18% of households do not own a boat, and in Maluku, about 8%. Most people living on the coast earn their livelihood as fishers, and fishing tools are a necessity. The survey results indicated that most households in the three study areas use the hand-line as their primary fishing tool. Livestock is an alternative protein source for coastal communities. When fishers cannot go to sea during the high wind and wave season, livestock provides protein for fisher households. In the three survey areas, most families raise poultry. More households in West Papua raise poultry than the other two provinces. Survey results in West Papua showed that 45% of households have limited access to clean water, whereas, in Maluku and North Maluku, fewer households have limited access to clean water. In the past few decades, most coastal households did not have private or communal toilet facilities. Household members use the sea or forest as their main toilet.

OVERVIEW OF THE POST-BASELINE SURVEY

The SEA project repeated the household social survey in their working area at the end of the project. The survey was conducted on some of the same households as the baseline survey and different ones. The asset component in question is the same as the asset component in the baseline survey. The post-baseline survey was conducted in fewer areas than the baseline survey, namely: West Papua (South Sorong); Maluku (Koon, Srutbar, Lease); and North Maluku (Sula). West Papua is an area that is experiencing rapid growth in the supply of electricity compared to the other two areas (Figure 7). The provision of electricity by PLN is a significant factor in this increase. The survey results showed that 75% of households get electricity from PLN. However, not all households can have electricity for 24 hours. Unlike in West Papua, households in Maluku and North Maluku enjoy a more extended period of electricity. On average, 90% of Maluku and North Maluku households use electricity as a primary lighting source.


Figure 7. Household electricity use recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

Figure 8. Household asset recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

Households that live in well-electrified areas tend to have many electronic assets compared to those living in non-electrified areas. Survey data indicated that households living in West Papua tend to have fewer electronic holdings than those in Maluku and North Maluku (Figure 8). However, when we compare T0 and T1 for each type of equipment, we found that West Papua exhibited the greatest increase (96%) in ownership of electronic devices than the other regions. This significant increase occurs in ownership of radio.


Figure 9. Roofing materials recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

Results from the post-baseline survey showed that iron sheeting is still the most dominant material used for roofing (Figure 9). Households started to abandon traditional roofing materials such as bamboo and wood, but a small proportion of the households surveyed still use them.

Figure 10. Wall materials recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

There are differences among West Papua, Maluku, and North Maluku in materials used for walls. Households living in West Papua tend to use wood as the primary material for walls, whereas those in Maluku and North Maluku tend to use cement (Figure 10). A similar pattern was observed for flooring materials (Figure 11).


Figure 11. Flooring materials recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

The number of rooms in the house indicates the number of household members. More rooms mean more people living under one roof. The post-baseline survey results revealed that the number of rooms in a household in West Papua has increased by 25% on average, but it has decreased by 4% in Maluku (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Number of rooms in a house recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys


Figure 13. Ownership of land transportation recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

The surrounding environment affects the types of transportation owned. Those living in areas with more extensive land and good road access tend to have land rather than sea transportation, and vice versa. Survey data showed that households in the three regions tend not to have land transportation. If they do, they tend to have a motorbike (Figure 13). Households in West Papua and North Maluku generally have a boat with an outboard motor. At baseline survey, most Maluku households have a boat with an outboard motor; however, at post-baseline survey, data showed that on average a household did not own a boat (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Boat ownership recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys


Figure 15. Fishing tool ownership recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

In general, households in the three provinces use handline as the primary fishing tool. Small and large gillnet use, however, is growing more rapidly in West Papua than in the other regions. Families in Maluku showed a decrease in ownership of all types of fishing equipment. In North Maluku, the greatest growth is observed in handline ownership.

Figure 16. Ownership of livestock recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

Livestock is seen as an asset to increase household income and serves as a buffer for household protein. Households living in West Papua and North Maluku experience a decline in livestock ownership. Meanwhile, those in Maluku experience the opposite. Households in the three areas experienced a greater increase in cow or buffalo ownership than in poultry or pig (Figure 16).


Figure 17. Household access to clean water recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys

Access to clean water and proper sanitation facility is a component in the classification of poor households in Indonesia. These two things are part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) number 6: to ensure the availability and management of clean water and sustainable sanitation for all. Survey results showed that access to clean water increased in all three areas, as indicated by decreasing number of households having limited access to clean water. More households in West Papua and North Maluku have a private well or are connected to a water pipe network (a 53% increase). In Maluku, households increased their access to clean water by accessing communal facilities. For sanitation, most households in all three regions have a private toilet. The use of communal facilities increased in West Papua and North Maluku but decreased in Maluku.

Figure 18. Ownership of sanitation facility recorded during baseline (T0) and post-baseline (T1) surveys


CLOSING

CONCLUSIONS

1. Demography a. Most of the WPPNRI 715 supported by the USAID SEA Project have limited access to

educational facilities, particularly middle and high schools, most of which are located in the district or regency capitals. This limited access will impact the school dropout rate.

b. The primary source of livelihood for coastal households is fishing, followed by farming. c. There is cultural assimilation in most WPPNRI 715 as indicated by the number of other

ethnic groups besides the original ethnic group in an MPA.

2. Governance a. MPAs in WPPNRI 751 are jointly managed by the community, district government, and

provincial government. b. Regulations for MPA management are dominated by customary (traditional) rules and

supported by the district or provincial governments in their formal legal form. c. Evaluation of MPA management's effectiveness at WPPNRI 751 showed that all MPAs had

passed the initiation stage, and only two MPAs (Teluk Berau and Nusalasi) have been at Level 4.

d. MPA management's effectiveness supported by the USAID SEA Project has increased by an average of 243 percent.

3. Status and Trends of Community Economic Welfare a. More than 90% of North Maluku and Maluku households and 87% of West Papua

households have enjoyed electricity (from PLN and Non-PLN). b. Households that live in well-electrified areas tend to have many electronic assets

compared to non-electrified areas. c. Houses with iron sheeting roofs are still dominant compared to other types. d. Households in West Papua use wood for their houses' walls, whereas those in North

Maluku and Maluku use cement. e. The average amount of space in a household in West Papua has increased by 25%.

Meanwhile, it has declined by 4% in the Maluku region. f. Households in the three regions tend not to have land transportation, and if they do, they

tend to use two-wheeled motorbikes. g. Households in West Papua and North Maluku typically have a boat with an outboard

motor. Households in Maluku also commonly have outboard motorboats but only so at the baseline survey.

h. In general, handline is the primary fishing tool for households in the three regions. i. Households living in West Papua and North Maluku tended to experience a decline in

livestock ownership, whereas those living in Maluku experienced the opposite. j. There was an increase in access to clean water in the three survey areas. k. In ownership of sanitation facilities, households in the three provinces tend to have private

toilets.

4. Information presented in this report can be viewed as basic information essential for managing the 16 MPAs. Due to limited data obtained during baseline and post-baseline surveys, however, the information presented should not be understood as the impact of program interventions supported by the USAID SEA project.


RECOMMENDATIONS

This section consists of two parts: recommendations from social surveys that have been conducted and recommendations for future social surveys. Recommendations from social surveys that have been conducted are compiled by summarizing recommendations in the social survey reports of the 16 MPAs in the USAID SEA-Project working area. Meanwhile, recommendations for future social surveys section include suggestions on what should be considered when conducting social surveys in an MPA in the future.

Recommendations from Social Surveys that Have Been Conducted

This section is prepared by summarizing recommendations from social survey reports for 16 MPAs within the USAID SEA-Project working area. Recommendations for each MPA are summarized from the social survey reports conducted during survey periods T0 and T1. Recommendations to several KKP, such as KKP Guraici, Mare, and Widi; Berau Bay and Nusalasi MPAs; and KKP Dampier and Teluk Mayalibit, are joint recommendations based on available reports. Meanwhile, the social survey recommendations at the Ay-Rhun KKP are given jointly in the KKP-Banda survey. Similarly, KKP Sawai's recommendations were issued together in the social survey conducted in the Srutbar District. Although recommendations from the social surveys for each MPA are specific to the local conditions and communities (Table 17), we note 14 points that generally describe the recommendations given to all regions:

1. Involve local community in establishing and managing MPAs 2. Develop and improve public and fisheries infrastructures in the village 3. Increase community economy through post-harvest processing of fishery products 4. Periodically socialize regulations on marine resource management by involving key community

members and aiming it towards community groups living within or outside an MPA 5. Encourage establishment of formal and informal water management rules 6. Develop alternative livelihoods in coastal villages 7. Establish economic support institutions such as cooperatives and microfinance in villages to help

fishers manage their business 8. Encourage women to be involved in managing marine resources and increasing sustainable

fisheries businesses 9. Encourage monitoring and enforcement of regulations on resource use within marine

conservation areas 10. Customize survey protocols and instruments to fit the community's conditions to obtain desired

information that is accountable 11. Encourage efforts to develop the tourism sector as a source of income for the community

through preparing a sustainable tourism system and infrastructure 12. Raise awareness about natural resources at various age levels; the earlier, the better, so

community members can actively preserve the environment around them 13. Utilize local wisdom or community culture in the formulation and implementation of a

sustainable conservation program 14. Increase networking activities among stakeholders related to marine resource management

The fourteen general recommendations illustrate the need to improve infrastructures, involve the community in managing natural resources in their area, build community capacity to improve their welfare, compile resource management regulations, monitor compliance, and form partnerships to manage marine resources sustainably.


Table 16. Recommendations from various social surveys conducted through the SEA Project

MPA Recommendations

North Maluku Province Morotai 1. Involve the wider community (not only fishermen and men's groups) in MPA management

Guraici, Mare, Widi

1. Encourage the development of market and information infrastructure 2. Increase the catch value by developing a downstream process of marine products

according to the community's capacity. 3. Cooperate with the community in socializing MPA regulations 4. Regularly socialize MPA regulations to not only fishers but also community members

related to the stipulated rules Sula 1. Promote sustainable use of coastal and marine biological resources

2. Establish the Sula Islands MPA to protect habitat and marine species 3. Develop marine tourism as a source of income for the community 4. Prepare supporting infrastructures for marine tourism, such as safe modes of

transportation and accommodation facilities 5. Establish fisher cooperatives to support economic activities

Makian-Moti 1. Involve fishing communities in the management of marine resources, especially when the majority of the community are non-fishermen

2. Disseminate information on the condition and management of marine resources, especially to non-fishing communities

3. Involve women in the management of marine resources Maluku Province

Buano 1. Prioritize the establishment of the Buano Island MPA 2. Actively involve local community and government in establishing the Buano Island MPA 3. Strive to regulate fishing areas to avoid conflicts among fishers 4. Supervise fishing activities 5. Increase catch value by developing a downstream process of marine products according

to the capacity of local community 6. Incorporate the proposed Buano Island MPA into the Zoning Plan for Coastal Areas and

Small Islands of Maluku Province 7. Include the development of marine tourism on Buano Island in the RIPPRD of Maluku

Province and West Seram Regency Lease 1. The regency government need to develop a social survey protocol so that can be used to

assess the impact of the Sula Island MPA 2. Build infrastructures that encourage tourism on Sula Island 3. Modify the protocol used to collect information on fishers' perceptions because most of

the population is not fishers 4. Record data on paper, which will be inputted electronically after the team has finished the

survey Sawai (Srutbar) 1. Procure infrastructure that supports local fisheries in the Sawai Bay village.

2. Local government needs to conduct a preliminary assessment before providing assistance to ensure they are right on target.

3. Involve all stakeholders in conservation planning in Sawai Bay Ay-Rhun 1. Socialize the Coastal Park that will be established in Ay-Rhun

2. Build infrastructures that support tourism in the region. 3. Develop a useful database for the tourism 4. Modify the protocol used to collect information on fishers' perceptions because most of

the population is not fishers 5. Pay attention to the number of respondents to ensure conclusions generated are

representative of the population. If time and budget are limited, respondents among community members who work as fishers can be randomly selected

6. Modify repeated questions for future social surveys 7. Select the right survey method, especially in gathering information about the income and

expenses of the respondents Koon-Neiden 1. Implement a program to increase community capacity, especially in managing government

assistance 2. Strengthen and disseminate non-formal, formal, and favorable traditional regulations for

better management and use of marine natural resources and to prevent destructive fishing

3. Local governments need to encourage the development of alternative sources of income for local community according to the needs and conditions of the region

4. Manage the Koon Island MPA more intensively with better facilities


MPA Recommendations

5. Check communal water sources to ensure good quality of water used by the local community for their basic needs

6. Educate people living inside and outside the Koon Island MPA about the MPA 7. Maintain good relations between community members and managers of the Koon Island

MPA 8. Develop sanitation facilities in remote villages. 9. Raise awareness about healthy living and waste management for communities in the Koon

Island MPA 10. Develop conservation programs that are in line with local wisdom

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan 1. Provide assistance in the form of fishing gear and outboard motor 2. Increase community capacity to process fishery resources to improve the welfare of the

community 3. Enact regulations related to destructive fishing activities and monitor compliance 4. Increase the capacity of women in managing finances to ensure the sustainability of

fisheries businesses 5. Improve transportation, education, access to clean water, and sanitation infrastructures 6. Develop custom-based conservation efforts. 7. Establish an MPA that involves various policymakers 8. Stipulate regulations on sustainable shrimp fishing and monitor compliance 9. Collect data on fishery activities. 10. Assist fishers in completing their business permits 11. Increase community capacity for sustainable fisheries. 12. Increase community support for fisheries management based on local wisdom 13. Assist fishers to manage their production assets better 14. Disseminate the importance of saving money to community members, and provide

microfinance institutions in fishing villages 15. Raise awareness on sustainable shrimp fishing practices 16. Increase networks among fishery management institutions

Teluk Berau dan Nusalasi

1. Increase public awareness on conservation efforts in the Fakfak Regency by using television which is the most commonly used media

2. MPA manager needs to collaborate with local governments to conduct community empowerment programs to improve village economy, which will guarantee program sustainability in the future

3. MPA manager needs to collaborate with the Fakfak District Education Office to include environmental education in the local curriculum.

4. Raise awareness about boundaries and regulations of the MPA in communities living inside and outside the MPA

5. Target intervention efforts to ensure community groups have opportunities and incentives to participate in the long-term MPA management

6. Improve data-collection instruments so interviews with respondents can be more structured

Teluk Mayalibit dan Selat Dampier

1. Minimize the impact of unsustainable tourism in the Selat Dampier MPA 2. Involve women of various age levels in conservation programs 3. Improve regional economy through empowerment programs in leading sectors of the

region or develop potential downstream fishery commodities 4. Maintain local wisdom of protecting marine resources through environmental education

in a formal and informal setting 5. Raise awareness on the importance of local community involvement in protecting the

marine environment


Recommendations for Future Social Survey

One of the lessons the author learned when compiling this report was the need for a better social survey design from the beginning of program implementation. A social survey design starts with specifying the objectives of the study and research questions that will be answered by analyzing the data collected. The research questions then determine the data collection method. For example, if the survey question you want to answer is "what is the social impact of a conservation area?" then the survey methodology will be designed to be able to analyze the impact of an intervention using, for example, Quasi-Experimental methods(61). Quasi-experiments enable researchers to turn the implementation of conservation interventions into 'policy experiments,' allowing causal inferences to be made between an intervention and its impact in real-world conditions and in situations where randomization of interventions is impractical or unethical(62). The Quasi-Experimental method mimics a randomized controlled trial by (a) identifying the observable bias that leads to the establishment of a conservation intervention at a particular site or influencing its results, and (b) adopting this same bias as the criterion for identifying appropriate controls(63). When the research question is "what are the synergies and trade-offs between ecological and social impacts of MPAs?" then the survey must be designed to select locations that allow for simultaneous ecological and social impact analyses. For example, an ecological monitoring location should represent an area where sampled communities exploit marine resources. The same method is applied when selecting a control site for the survey. Another thing to consider is selecting household survey instruments with robust indicators. There are numerous indicators of human well-being. Instruments and indicators chosen must yield strong quantitative and qualitative data to answer research questions determined at the beginning of the study. If the survey is conducted in several MPAs, the instruments have to be the same for each MPA. It is necessary to train enumerators to avoid bias in data collection and compile a field reference for the team. One of the lessons learned from a decade of conducting social surveys in the Bird's Head Seascape of Papua is that the institution implementing the study should have the capacity to focus on conducting research, such as a local research institute or university. Having a research institution conduct social surveys in MPAs confer some advantages. A research institute tends to be more neutral than other stakeholders. Also, a research institute's focus is to produce information. Thus information generated from the data collected will be obtained relatively quickly than if the survey was conducted by an organization that also implements various programs in the field. Apart from these advantages, involving local research institute provides added value for the sustainability of the program's benefits in the long term. Another challenge is how to store data and information generated from the surveys. Once again, drawing from a decade of conducting social and ecological surveys in the Bird's Head Seascape of Papua is the importance of having a central place to store updated and easy-to-access social and ecological data of MPAs in eastern Indonesia. An idea that can be realized is to form a "Science for Conservation" consortium consisting of policymakers (central, provincial, and local government), research institutions, NGOs, and donors. In addition to managing the data repository, the consortium will also determine how to analyze the data to produce information needed by the government and managers to make science-based policies for sustainable management of the MPAs. In addition to being partners in implementing policies in their working areas, NGOs' ability to network with various global institutions is a significant strength for the consortium. Of course, donors play a critical role in supporting the consortium and ensuring the consortium produces science-based recommendations for MPA management.


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ANNEXES LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1. List of 14 MPAs supported by the USAID SEA project

MPA AREA (HA) MPA Category RESERVATION STATUS

MANAGEMENT & ZONING PLAN STATUS (RPZ)

DECLARATION STATUS


Morotai 65,892 KKPD / TWP Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 361/KPTS /MU/2018 Completed Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no.

67/2020

Guraici 91,539 KKD/ Taman (Park)

Completed: SK Bupati Halmahera Selatan: no. 99 Tahun 2012. Completed Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no.

103/2020

Mare 7,061 KKPD / TWP Completed: SK Walikota Tidore Kepulauan: no. 72.2 Tahun 2012. Completed Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no.

66/2020

Widi 315,118 KKD / Taman (Park)

Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 251/KPTS /MU/2015. Completed Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no. 102/

2020

Sula 120,724 KKP3K / TP Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 360/KPTS /MU/2018 Completed Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no. 68/

2020

Makian - Moti 67,349 KKD / Taman (Park)

Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku Utara: no. 359/KPTS /MU/2018. Completed Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no.

104/2020

Maluku Province

Buano 31,887 KKD/ Taman (Park)

Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku: no. 328 Tahun 2019

Submitted to MMAF (September 2020)

Lease 67,484 KKD/ Taman (Park)


Sawai 106,826 KKD/ Taman (Park)



MPA AREA (HA) MPA Category RESERVATION STATUS

MANAGEMENT & ZONING PLAN STATUS (RPZ)

DECLARATION STATUS

Ay-Rhun 61,179 KKD / Taman (Park)


Koon-Neiden 9,901 KKP3K / TPK Completed: SK Gubernur Maluku: no. 75.a Tahun 2018 Completed Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no.

65/2020

West Papua Province

South Sorong 338,338 TBD Completed: SK Gubernur Papua Barat no. 523/25/1/2019 In progress

Berau Bay 98,944 KKP3K / TP Completed: SK Gubernur Papua Barat no. 523/136/7/2017 Completed

Completed: MMAF Ministerial Decree no. 79/2020 Nusalasi 247,864 KKP3K / TP

TOTAL HA. 1,630,106


Annex 2. Collection of information in social survey reports at 16 MPAs

MPA Information in social survey reports

T0 T1 North Maluku Province

Morotai 1. Demographics; 2. Socio-economic attributes: asset ownership, household expenditure,

community infrastructure, age, gender, ethnicity, religion, belief, education, population status, household size;

3. Leadership: social norms / capital, knowledge of socio-ecological management systems, knowledge of human factors;

4. Dependence on resources: dependence on fisheries, the number and diversification of jobs in the household, length of time as fishermen, shift of work, adaptation strategies, percentage of fish caught eaten, frequency of fish eating, technology used, fishing gear, target catch;

5. Management: rules, knowledge, systems, perceived impact of rules, agreement in rules, participation in management decision-making, support.

Guraici 1. Demographics; 2. Socio-economic attributes: asset ownership, household expenditure,


3. Leadership: social norms/capital, knowledge of socio-ecological management systems, knowledge of human factors;



Mare 1. Demographics; 2. Socio-economic attributes: asset ownership, household expenditure,





T0 T1 4. Dependence on resources: dependence on fisheries, the number

and diversification of jobs in the household, length of time as fishermen, shift of work, adaptation strategies, percentage of fish caught eaten, frequency of fish eating, technology used, fishing gear, target catch;


Widi 1. Demographics; 2. Socio-economic attributes: asset ownership, household expenditure,





Sula 1. Demographics: population, climate, topography; 2. Fishery: fishing business, fishing season, production and production

value, fishermen household income / expenditure; 3. Maritime tourism.

1. Demographics; 2. Household conditions: ownership of assets, materials (walls,

roofs, floors), number of rooms, access and sources of electricity, access to clean water, sanitation, land transportation, gardens, livestock;

3. Number of school age children; 4. Ownership of land transportation; 5. Ownership of land transportation; 6. Type of work; 7. Financial assets: savings, loans, insurance; 8. The number of households that are members of the social group; 9. Fishing gear; 10. Household income; 11. Public perception about the state of the sea; 12. Knowledge of the fishing zoning system; 13. Knowledge of the MPA; 14. Awareness of MPA activities; 15. Awareness of local marine tourism areas;



T0 T1 16. Household income regarding environmental impact.

Makian-Moti 1. Demographics; 2. Health facilities, educational facilities, transportation facilities, village

infrastructure, asset ownership, household expenses, income, trust in actors / community leaders, participation in community organizations, the level of public trust in information sources, knowledge of human factors;

3. Fisheries: community perceptions about the number of fish and the condition of the reef in the sea, community adaptation when the catch is reduced by 50%, actions taken to increase fish numbers and improve coral conditions, dependence on fishing work, length of time working as fishermen, proportion of the catch sold , the frequency of capture consumption, traditional fishing practices;

4. Fishery technology: Main fishing, diversification of fishing gear, fishing capacity, type of fishing boat engine, fishing gear and types of target fish, selling price of fish, operating costs and income per trip.

5. Fisheries management: Knowledge of area regulations, fishing gear, fishing time, fish species, participation in making regulations, perceptions of fairness in decision making related to marine resource management, support for fisheries management, monitoring and sanctions, conflict, monitoring, catch per village and per trip, objection to the regulations;

6. Effects of MPA management on community.

Maluku Province

Buano 1. Demographics: population, climate, topography; 2. Traditional wisdom of coastal communities; 3. Fisheries: fishermen characteristics (age, education, experience,

fisherman status / ownership status, fishing fleet (fishing rods, nets), fishing operations (labor, costs, conflicts, side jobs, season and production, marketing, income / expenditure fisheries (fishing business income), expenses (fishermen problems: capital etc., fishermen's local knowledge).

Lease 1. House condition: material (floor, wall, roof); 2. Electricity; 3. Source of clean water; 4. Sanitation; 5. Ownership: assets (housing facilities), livestock, gardens, land and

sea transportation); 6. Livelihoods;

1. Demographics; 2. Occupation; 3. Household conditions: ownership of assets, materials (walls,

roofs, floors), access to clean water, sanitation, land transportation, ownership of boats / boats, culture, livestock;

4. Individual income / expenditure per village; 5. Fishing gear;



T0 T1 7. Fishing gear. 6. Type of target fish;

7. Fishing spot; 8. Catch season calendar; 9. Fishery infrastructure: community perceptions about the

condition of corals, perceptions of the condition of marine resources in the next three years, perceptions of the existence of MPAs, perceptions of marine and coastal environments, condition of corals, conditions of mangroves, damage to the sea, level of community awareness;

10. Knowledge of activities that threaten coastal and marine ecosystems;

11. Perceptions regarding sanctions; 12. Traditional policies and laws; 13. Perceptions about sources of information; 14. Organization: knowledge of the existence of the organization,

percentage of community participation in the organization, organizational benefits related to marine resource management, knowledge of tourism potential.

Sawai (Srutbar) 1. Demographics; 2. Social status: facilities (transportation, fishing gear, cooking fuel,

availability of electricity, telecommunications), education (health, clean water, sanitation), community (economic organization, agricultural and fishery production, community history, cultural identity);

3. Fisheries: target species, fishing gear, fishing vessels, fishing grounds, fishing season, types of fish, production and sale, fishery business actors;

4. Maritime tourism: business, marine tourism potential areas, facilities, community-based tourism potential;

5. Use and governance of marine resources: regulation and use rights, management access rights, direct and indirect use, users of marine resources, decision makers, conflicts.


roofs, floors), access to clean water, sanitation, land transportation, gardens, livestock;

3. Main and side jobs; 4. Financial assets: savings, loans, insurance; 5. Education; 6. Government assistance; 7. The number of rooms in the house.

Ay-Rhun 1. Demographics; 2. Household conditions: ownership of assets, materials (walls, roofs,

floors), access to clean water, sanitation, land transportation, boats / boats, gardens, livestock;

3. Fishing activities: fishing gear, target fish species, fishing grounds, fishing season, fishery infrastructure, community perceptions of the current and future state of corals and fish, regulations, conflicts.



T0 T1 Koon-Neiden 1. Demography, religion, household leadership, education;

2. Settlements: materials for roofs, walls and floors, number of rooms, sanitation / WC, clean water sources, cooking fuel, government assistance;

3. Management of marine resource utilization: management rules, area boundaries, user groups, institutional roles, community institutions, organizations, decision-making processes, community participation, local culture, economic groups, potential conflicts;

4. Economic conditions: livelihoods, fishing facilities, fishing gear, fish consumption and sale, food security, asset ownership, savings and loans, insurance;

5. Social impacts: types of social impacts, largest beneficiaries, contributions and benefits of marine resources.


roofs, floors), access to clean water, sanitation; 3. Financial assets: savings, loans, insurance, income from other

work, government assistance; 4. School age children education; 5. Local wisdom.

West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan 1. Demographics; 2. Socio-economic conditions: facilities, transportation, fishing gear,

cooking fuel, availability of electricity, telecommunications, education, health, clean water, sanitation, economic organization, alternative income, agricultural and fishery products, history of communities;

3. Capture fisheries activities: Target Fish Species, fishing gear (fishing gear map), fishing locations, fishing season variants, fisheries trends in five years, fish landings;

4. Fishery business system: price, production, fishery business, marketing chain;

5. Utilization and governance: regulations, customary rights, use rights, management access rights, direct and indirect use, users of marine resources, community groups, policy makers, conflicts.


roofs, floors), access to clean water, sanitation, land transportation, gardens, livestck;

3. Main and side jobs; 4. Financial assets: savings, loans, insurance; 5. Education.

Teluk Berau 1. Demographics; 2. Socio-economic indicators: household facilities, materials (walls,

floors, roofs), number of rooms, land transportation, ownership of boats / boats, fishing gear, livestock, gardens, sanitation, access to clean water, loans, savings, cooperative membership, insurance, another income alternative;

3. Fisheries: target fish, place and fishing gear, resource ownership rights.

Nusalasi 1. Demographics; 2. Socio-economic indicators: household facilities, materials (walls,

floors, roofs), number of rooms, land transportation, ownership of



T0 T1 boats / boats, fishing gear, livestock, gardens, sanitation, access to clean water, loans, savings, cooperative membership, insurance, another income alternative;

3. Fisheries: target fish, place and fishing gear, resource ownership rights.

Teluk Mayalibit 1. Demographics: population distribution based on age and gender, gender of the head of household, school participation, religion, ethnicity;

2. Social indicators, children's food security, family food security; 3. Economic characteristics: main occupation, ownership of assets; 4. Education: local marine environment, global marine environment; 5. Culture: attachment to a place to live; 6. Utilization of marine resources: income from fishing, frequency of

fishing, access to markets, frequency of selling fish, fishing techniques, important fish species, fishing activities (perceptions of the relationship between human intervention and fish abundance, influence of fishing practices and methods on catch sustainability, trust in villagers, government, religious leaders, local fishermen, and outside fishermen).

1. Social indicators, children's food security, family food security; 2. Fishing techniques: perceptions of the relationship between

human intervention and fish abundance; 3. Customary fisheries management: knowledge of customary

fisheries management, sources of information, choice of activities, the most preferred media of information;

4. Awareness and compliance with regulations (CFM): personal awareness of compliance with rules, awareness of fishermen to comply with the rules, change in fishing behavior, benefits of awareness and compliance with regulations for the community, participation in activities, participation in CFM development, trust in villagers, government, religious leaders, local fishermen, and outside fishermen;

5. Socio-economy: asset ownership, livestock ownership, garden ownership, clean water sources, sanitation / WC, materials (roofs, walls, floors), number of rooms, finance (savings, loans, cooperative membership, insurance).

Selat Dampier 1. Demography: distribution of population based on age and gender, gender of the head of household, school participation, religion, ethnicity;

2. Social indicators, children's food security, family food security; 3. Economic characteristics: main occupation, ownership of assets; 4. Education: local marine environment, global marine environment; 5. Culture: attachment to a place to live; 6. Utilization of marine resources: income from fishing, frequency of

fishing, access to markets, frequency of selling fish, fishing techniques, important fish species, fishing activities (perceptions of the relationship between human intervention and fish abundance, influence of fishing practices and methods on catch sustainability, trust in villagers, government, religious leaders, local fishermen, and outside fishermen).

1. Social indicators, children's food security, family food security; 2. Fishing techniques: perceptions of the relationship between

human intervention and fish abundance; 3. Customary fisheries management: knowledge of customary

fisheries management, sources of information, choice of activities, the most preferred media of information;

4. Awareness and compliance with regulations (CFM): personal awareness of compliance with rules, awareness of fishermen to comply with the rules, change in fishing behavior, benefits of awareness and compliance with regulations for the community, participation in activities, participation in CFM development, trust in villagers, government, religious leaders, local fishermen, and outside fishermen;

5. Socio-economy: asset ownership, livestock ownership, garden ownership, clean water sources, sanitation / WC, materials (roofs, walls, floors), number of rooms, finance (savings, loans, cooperative membership, insurance).


Annex 3. MPA governance

MPA Manager Threats Rules and regulations Sanctions for violations North Maluku Province

Morotai (T0) – KKPD Rao

1. Government; 2. Village

community leaders/figures.

1. Fishers from outside the village who use prohibited fishing gear such as bombs, potassium, and trawl;

2. Fishers who catch dolphins and turtles, and; Dynamite fishing from Guaria;

3. Jailolo who were dynamite fishing.

Here are locations where fishing is prohibited: 1. Kohatola, the location of the company's

FADs; 2. FADs owned by fishermen, residents,

companies; 3. Pasi Sagawele, amberjack fish habitat; 4. One mile from the tidal area; 5. Waters of Sakam Village; 6. Gerong Waters; 7. Pulau Sayafi (surrounding waters); 8. Around Sali island in South Halmahera, 100

meters from the shoreline and in the current area;

9. Cape in front of the village, because parents have ordered you not to take fish there;

10. Loloda waters.

More than half (70.59%) of respondents who stated that there are regulations regarding where fishing is prohibited, provide information that this rule is stipulated by fisher or the local community.

1. People are adviced not to go to sea on Fridays at Mare and Widi MPAs. Meanwhile at Rao MPA, there is a recommendation not to go to sea on Sundays;

2. Protected species are turtles, dolphins, saw sharks, dugongs, whales, mantas and Tridacna clams;

3. Many respondents know about the rules regarding fishing gear because they have been stipulated for a long time. The use of bombs is prohibited under Article 8 of Law No. 31 of 2004 on Fisheries.

Although some operational rules related to species have been established for a long time, namely through Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems and

N/A

Guraici (T0)

Mare (T0)

Widi (T0)


MPA Manager Threats Rules and regulations Sanctions for violations Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 concerning Preservation of Plant and Animal Species, these rules are less well known to the general public.

Sula (T1) Government N/A Governor Decree Number 360 of 2018 concerning Inauguration of the Sea, Coasts and Small Islands Areas in the Sula Islands of North Maluku.

N/A

Makian – Moti (T0) 1. Local fishers and community lokal/masyarakat desa;

2. Government; 3. NGOs and

others.

Most respondents cited the following destructive fishing methods as a threat: anesthesia, bombs, planting nets, trawlers, kalase nets, and potassium.

1. Locations where fishing is permitted: Tanjung Bobawae, Rumpon Wailoa, around mangrove trees, Sebelei sea, Buruan Mabeva, Tanjung Tubuku, Tanjung Taboso, and Waikion;

2. Destructive fishing gear and method is banned by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2009 concerning amendments to Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries and Regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia Number 71 / PERMEN-KP / 2016 concerning Fishing Routes and Placement of Fishing Tools in the Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia (Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries, 2009);

3. Fishing is prohibited during the high-wave season, Saturdays, last Wednesday of the month, on religious holidays and special worship days such as Fridays and 1 Muharram; generally, fishers do not go out to sea when a neighbor dies or gets married;

4. Rules for protected species state that it is prohibited to catch dugongs, dolphins, whales, octopuses, sharks, turtles, reef fish, Tridacna clams, lobsters, and walking sharks;

There are various forms of sanctions given to those who violate the fishing rules. According to key figures, sanctions for breaking the rules can be in the form of:

1. social sanctions; 2. boats being seized and

burned; 3. being notified/warning and

fishing gear taken; 4. fishing gear destroyed and

the perpetrator handed over to the police, (5) imprisonment;

5. expelled, and; 6. no sanctions because

violations must be reported to the authorities;

7. When the same violation is committed, rarely are the penalties increased.

Maluku Province

Buano (T0) Customary arrangements (marine tenure)

Bombing Fishing using potassium or poison

1. Within the Sasi area, sea cucumbers and sea snails are not allowed to be taken when Sasi is closed, typically for a year. After one year, when Sasi is opened for a certain period,

N/A


MPA Manager Threats Rules and regulations Sanctions for violations people can harvest sea cucumbers and sea snails;

2. Marine tenure traditionally divided zones based on clans;

3. Users who utilize the resources in these waters must pay “ngase” in the form of money as remuneration for the resources used. The resource user and owner mutually agree on the amount of ngase.

Lease (T1) Government 1. Fish bombing; 2. Illegal fishing practices;

Maluku Governor Decree no. 387 of 2016 designated Lease Island as a Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas

1. Warning letter; 2. Fines; 3. Confiscation of the catch; 4. Confiscation of boats; 5. Verbal warning; 6. Imprisonment.

Sawai (T1) 1. Government 2. Indigenous

people

1. Littering at sea; 2. Fishing using potassium

or poison from Derris root.

1. Local wisdom called ewang Laut and Church Sasi;

2. Ban from regional military units (Babinsa) is widely implemented in Teluk Sawai, Labuan Matahari Masok, Gale-Gale Village and Pulau Tujuh.

N/A

Ay-Rhun Ay-Rhun has just been proposed to be designated as an MPA. Until now, the primary manager has not been established, but a survey in Ay-Rhun islands showed that the local community supports setting aside the waters of Ay-Rhun Island as a conservation area.

1. Erosion around the village;

2. Littering; 3. Fishing with lift nets; 4. Bamboo trap (Bubu); 5. Seawater intrusion; 6. Overfishing.

Sasi is a local wisdom that is still practiced today. However, most people in Ay-Rhun do not see compliance or see that sasi would be implemented there.

1. Warning letter; 2. Fine; 3. Confiscation of catch; 4. Confiscation of boats; 5. Verbal warning; 6. Imprisonment.

Koon-Neiden (T1) Government

1. Bombing; 2. Fishing using potassium.

1. Sasi Ngam Lola has been implemented for more than ten years;

2. Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 65/2020 designated Koon as a Conservation Area;

3. No-fishing areas are specified in the Decree of the East Seram Regent No.523 / 189 / KEP / 2011 on the reserve waters of Neiden

During the baseline survey, respondents reported that conflicts are typically resolved peacefully through mediation. Verbal reprimand is a standard penalty.


MPA Manager Threats Rules and regulations Sanctions for violations Island and Koon Island in Pulau Gorom District as a conservation area; and Maluku Province No. 75a of 2018 on the resettlement of the Coastal Conservation Area and Small Islands Koon Island, Small Islands and Surrounding Waters.

4. Non-formal regulations in the form of bans on the use of fish bombs and nets around the harbor;

5. Ban of taking coral reefs, bahar roots, and so on;

6. Ban on littering. West Papua Province

Sorong Selatan (T0) 1. Government 2. Customary

council

1. Decreased fish catch; 2. Good locations to

fishing locations are farther away;

3. Emerging conflict between communities regarding locations to exploit marine resources;

4. Conversion of land to settlement;

5. Increasing development activities can reduce customary norms that affect coastal indigenous peoples' cultural entity in South Sorong Regency.

1. Marine Resources Management Regulations - Regional Regulations of the South Sorong

Regency No. 11 of 2008 concerning the South Sorong District Spatial Plan;

- The 2016-2021 Medium-Term Regional Development Plan (RPJMD) has been agreed upon and is still being advocated into becoming a regional law;

- West Papua Province government designated the South Sorong Regency as Strategic Fishery Area, mainly for shrimp and small pelagic fish;

- In the West Papua Province Land Allocation Documents, the Kais, Metamani, Inanwatan, and Kokoda Districts are designated as protected forests composed of mangrove forests riparian areas;

- Formation of Community Surveillance Groups (POKMASWAS) helped access markets and provided fish hatchery facilities.

2. Customary rights

- Permission to utilize marine resources in the waters of Kampung Konda and Wamargege is given verbally for activities of short duration. If the activities last a long time or permanent, permission must be in writing;

N/A


MPA Manager Threats Rules and regulations Sanctions for violations - The indigenous people of Botain village in

the Saifi District are the Yaben tribe. The area is controlled by the large clans of Ajamsaru, Saru, Saminya, Kasminya, and Oliminya;

- Residents of Konda and Wamargege villages exploiting marine natural resources, especially fisheries, must obtain oral or written permission. One of the activities that the Yaben tribe has banned in Botain village is hunting of certain animals, agreed upon by the customary council since 2012;

- The people of Yahadian Village, Kais District, belong to the Nerigo Tribe, consist of the large clans of Genuni, Regori, Hahar, Betobahar, and Yaben. The customary area of the Nerigo tribe covers most of the mangrove forest and marine waters around the Kais District;

- The eastern border is the Inanwatan District at the Yahadian River, whereas the western border is the Konda District at Kais river;

- The people of Tarof village in Kokoda District are Emiyode Tribe. The eastern boundary is part of the Teluk Bintuni Regency, which includes customary areas of the Kamundan River and Tanjung Kara-Kara;

- The western territory of the Emiyode tribe reaches Tanjung Lampu. The water area around the mangrove has been used from generation to generation and has become a traditional use area by the Emiyode tribe.

3. Use Rights

- Mangrove forests in the South Sorong Regency function as: 1) production forest at Saifi and Konda Districts, 2) protected forest at Kais, Metamani, and Kokoda, and 3) limited production forest at Inanwatan and Metamani Districts;


MPA Manager Threats Rules and regulations Sanctions for violations - Some of the forest areas at Kais, Metamani,

and Kokoda Districts were converted into oil palm plantations;

- Oil and gas companies have been targetting Saifi and Kais districts for exploration. Active oil and gas concessions are in two South Sorong regency locations: the Kasuari Block and the Berau Block (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2016).

4. Management Asset Rights

- When fishers from the Teminabuan District, the Wamargege village at Konda District, and the Botain village in Saifi District want to exploit marine resources, they must obtain permission from the customary owner by paying between 500,000-1,500,000 IDR per month per fisher.

5. Policy-making on marine resources

- Decision-making in all survey locations used a customary approach process called custom mats or better known as musyawarah. Custom mats are usually held to solve problems related to marine, social, and traditional resource use. Other decisions, such as the licensing system for the utilization of marine resources, are made only through customary rights owners in each village.

Teluk Berau (T0) Indigenous people and customary rights owners

N/A There are marine control arrangements, including Sasi, in Antalisa, Kiaba, Patimburak, Tuberwasak, and Ugar, all of which do not have written rules.

N/A

Nusalasi (T0)

Teluk Mayalibit 1. Government; 2. Indigenous

people.

Threats to local waters: use of bore roots, bombs, nets, collecting corals for house building, using compressors, using potassium for fishing, logging, and dumping waste into the sea.

Implementation of customary sasi. There are unwritten rules on using poison, bombs, bore roots for fishing, littering, and selling poison for fishing.

1. verbal warning; 2. written warning; 3. loss of access to exploit

marine resources; 4. fines; 5. confiscation of equipment; 6. imprisonment.


MPA Manager Threats Rules and regulations Sanctions for violations Selat Dampier 1. Government;

2. Indigenous people;

3. Church.

The use of bore roots, big waves, trawlers, collecting corals for house construction, compressors, using potassium for fishing, diving using crowbars, etc

Implementation of customary sasi and church sasi. There are unwritten rules on using poison, bombs, and bore roots for fishing, littering, and selling poison for fishing.

1. verbal warning; 2. written warning; 3. loss of access to exploit

marine resources; 4. fines.