smart light stanford university ee380€¢ “wavelength division multiplexing (wdm) is superior to...
TRANSCRIPT
Terabit
An Ultrafast Optical Digital Technology
2.28.07
Terabit Corporation
Smart Light
Stanford University EE380
Terabit
• Overview• Background• What and How
methodologyoptical state machines
• Whysmartspeedpowersizecost
Historical PerspectiveSummary
Overview
Terabit
• Overview• Background• What and How
methodologyoptical state machines
• Whysmartspeedpowersizecost
Historical PerspectiveSummary
Background
Terabit
Background - Starlite Packet Switch
Pipelined State Machine Architecture (Batcher / Banyan)
• 32 inputs each at 100 Mb/s (1982)
• evolved into AT&T’s First Broadband ATM Switch (1987)
927
92 7
92 7
927
Terabit
Background - Free Space Optical Switching / Computing at Bell Labs
4 Gates @ 10 KHz 216 sq. ft. (1984) 48 Gates @ 2 MHz 1 sq. ft. (1985)
4x48 Gates @ 2 MHz 4 sq. ft. (1986) 6x1024 Gates @ 50 MHz (1987)
Terabit
Technology - Beyond Electronics
Terabit
Sagnac Logic Gate
Input A
Output Y
Output X
Input Bpolarization coupler
fiber loop
counter propagating pulse streams
50/50 coupler
3 db coupler
Output C
polarization coupler
Terabit
Sagnac Logic Gate
1.6 Tb/s digital oscillator (Bell Labs 1993)2.5 Gb/s digital loop (Bell Labs 1993)
0-200 200
relative delay (ps.)
100
% tr
ansm
issi
on
Jitter Tolerance (Bell Labs 1992)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Intensity
Non-linear Transfer Function (Bell Labs 1990)
Terabit
Ultrafast All-Optical Time Division Multiplexing
Terabit
• Overview• Background• What and How
methodologyoptical state machines
• Whysmartspeedpowersizecost
Historical PerspectiveSummary
What and How?
Terabit
Methodology - Device
Application
State Machine
Device
“Introduction to VLSI Systems” by Mead and Conway
Terabit
Device … Sagnac Logic Gate
Input A
Output Y
Output X
Input Bpolarization coupler
fiber loop
counter propagating pulse streams
50/50 coupler
3 db coupler
Output C
polarization coupler
Terabit
Methodology … State Machines
Application
State Machine
Device
Terabit
Optical State Machine
electronic optical
Terabit
Pipelined WDM Optical State Machine
Terabit
Pipelined WDM Relay-Logic Optical State Machine
Terabit
“Plumbing” Simulations
Terabit
Logic Simulations
Terabit
Logic, “plumbing,” and “juggling”
PSPICE model
Terabit
power supply
D
D
X
Y
A
B
Time
0s 5ns 10ns 15ns 20ns 25ns 30ns 35ns 40ns 45ns 50nsV(Sagnac1:out_pwr)
-100mV
0V
100mV
200mV
300mV
400mV
500mV
600mV
Time
0s 20ns 40ns 60ns 80ns 100ns 120ns 140ns 160nsV(Sagnac1:out_pwr) V(ABM12:OUT)
-100mV
0V
100mV
200mV
300mV
400mV
500mV
Example: Analog Simulation of Optical Memory Loop
Terabit
Example: Analog Simulation of Sagnac “Divide by 4” Circuit
Terabit
Minard – Napoleon’s Moscow Campaign(The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Tufte)
How? … Power vs. Time design methodology
Power vs. Time diagram for an interlaced optical state machine
optic
al p
ower
Lcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler Lfiber_loop Lcoupler Lsplitter
input(λ0 λ1 λ2 λ3)(λ8 λ9 λ10)
noiseASEdependent loss
Ldelay
Pclock_laser
Dcirculator Dsplitter Dcoupler Dfiber_loop Dcoupler Dsplitter
jitter tolerance
inputlclock
input(λ0 λ1 λ2 λ3)(λ8 λ9 λ10)noiseASE
outputvariable
S
DOR_module DLCAD_moduleDclock_module
Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0
Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0
outputvariable
C
optic
al p
ower
input Adependent
lossLfiber_loop
Lcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler
Lmux
Lcoupler Lsplitter Lcirculator
Ldemux
Lisolator
Lfiber_loopLcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler
Lmuxinput B
dependentlossLcoupler Lsplitter Lcirculator
Ldemux
Lfiber_loopLcirculator Lsplitter Lcoupler
Lmux
feedbackvariable Cdependent
lossLcoupler Lsplitter Lcirculator
Dfiber_loopDcoupler Dcoupler Dsplitter Dcirculatoror
Ddelay
DdemuxDfiber_loopDmux Dcirculator Dsplitter Dcoupler Dcoupler DsplitterDcirculator
orDdelay
DdemuxDisolator Dmux Dcirculator Dsplitter Dmux Dcirculator DsplitterDfiber_loopDcoupler Dcoupler Dsplitter Dcirculatoror
Ddelay
Ddemux
jitter tolerance jitter tolerance jitter tolerance
DAND_moduleDAND_moduleDsource_module DAND_module
inputλ0λ1λ2λ3λ8λ9λ10
inputvariable
A
inputvariable
B
inputvariable
C
Psource_laser
DOR_module
GOR_amp
DOR_amp
output(λ0 λ1 λ2 λ3)(λ8 λ9 λ10)noiseASE
LdemuxLmux
Dmux
noiseASE
Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0 Ddelay_D0
Hetch Hetchy Hydraulical Map
Terabit
Methodology … Applications
Application
State Machine
Device
Terabit
How? … matching the speed of electronics to optics … interlacing
Terabit
How? … Optical Buffer algorithm
S0
M
P
S1
HD FIFOElement
S0
M
P
S1
HD FIFOElement
S0
M
P
S1
HD FIFOElement
...
B C
DA
input output
Terabit
Logic Simulations
Terabit
λT
framesync
shutterSagnac
wavelengthconverterSagnac
wavelength todelay converter
t0 data outλ0
λ1
λn
...
t1
tn
λ0
λ1
λn
t0t1tn
λT λT λTλ0λ1λn
t0t1tn
λ0
λ1
λn
t0
t1
tn
Multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
fra m es yn c
w a v e le n g thc o n v e r te r
S a g n a c
d e la y tow a v e le n g th
c o n v e r te r
λ 0
λ 1
λ n
...d a ta in
sh u t te rS a g n a c
t0t1tn
λ 0
t0t1tn
λ 1
t 0t1tn
λ n
t0
t1
tnλ 0
λ 1
λ n
...
λ 0
λ 1
λ n
t0t1tn
λ T λ T λ T
t0t1tn
λ 0
t 0t1tn
λ 1
t0t1tn
λ n
t n
λ 0
t1
λ 1
t0
λ n
Terabit
• Overview• Background• What and How
methodologyoptical state machines
• Whysmartspeedpowersizecost
Historical PerspectiveSummary
Why?
Terabit
Why? … Smart
State Machines = Logic + Delay = Logic + Memory
Terabit
Why? … Speed … Greater than 1 Tb/s
electronics … 50 Gb/s
optics … 1,250 Gb/s
optics = 25 x electronics
1.28 Tbit/s-70km OTDM transmission using third- and fourth-order simultaneous dispersion compensation with a phase modulator, M. Nakazawa, T. Yamamoto, and K.R. Tamura, Electronics Letters, vol. 36, no. 24, pp. 2027, Nov. 23, 2000.
Terabit
Why? … Power, Size, and Cost are independent of the data rate
1 secen
ergy
1 sec
ener
gy
10 Gb/s
100 Gb/s
400 Gb/s
• The power consumption of the Sagnac gates, passive components, and optical amplifiers are independent of the data rate.
• The size of the Sagnac gates, passive components, and optical amplifiers are independent of the data rate.
• The cost of the Sagnac gates, passive components, and optical amplifiers are independent of the data rate.
Power consumption of a Sagnac gate
Terabit
Why? … Electronics vs. Optics
pow
er
bits / sec
bits / sec
size
bits / sec
cost
size
bits / sec
optics
electronics
cost
bits / sec
optics
electronics
pow
er
bits / sec
optics
electronics
optics vs. electronics optics
Terabit
data rate
pow
er
data rate
pow
er
data rate
pow
er
• Optical crossbar with electronic control (10% optical & 90% electronic) (1999)
• Add / Drop Packet Ring (30% optical & 70% electronic) (2001)
• Optical state machines(100% optical) (2005)
How? … Power as a function of data rate and percent of electronics
Terabit
• Overview• Background• What and How
methodologyoptical state machines
• Whysmartspeedpowersizecost
Historical PerspectiveSummary
Historical Perspective
Terabit
Historical Perspective … Enabling Experiments
1.6 Tb/s digital oscillator (Bell Labs 1993)2.5 Gb/s digital loop (Bell Labs 1993)
0-200 200
relative delay (ps.)
100
% tr
ansm
issi
on
Jitter Tolerance (Bell Labs 1992)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Intensity
Non-linear Transfer Function (Bell Labs 1990)
Terabit
Historical Perspective … Methodology and Tools
logic
plumbing & timing
methodology
Application
State Machine
Device
plumbing
tools
Terabit
Historical Perspective … Optical Time Domain Multiplexing
• Bell Labs 1990 … not 2.5 Gb/s
• British Telcom 1995 … not wireless
• NTT 2000 … not WDM
Terabit
physics EE CS
optical state machines
Historical Perspective … Technological Evolution
Terabit
Historical Perspective … Paradigm Shifts
• control … electronic −> optical
• multiplexing … wavelength division −> time division
• switching … circuit −> packet
• granularity … circuit −> bit
• representation … analog −> digital
• data rate / bandwidth … electronic −> optical
Terabit
Historical Perspective … 20 / 20 Hindsight
• “Electrons (fermions) are for control while photons (bosons) are forcommunications …” (incorrect inference)
• “There is no such thing as optical memory …” (closed minded)
• “Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is superior to time division multiplexing (TDM) …” (lack of perspective)
• “Optics is analog while electronics is digital …” (ignorance)
• “In an optical switch the same photon must come out the other end” … (ignorance)
• “There is no need to go faster than electronics since all the inputs areelectronic …” (lack of imagination)
Terabit
• Overview• Background• What and How
methodologyoptical state machines
• Whysmartspeedpowersizecost
Historical PerspectiveSummary
Summary
Terabit
Summary … Technological Advantages
• Smart … logic and memory
• Speed > 1.0 Tb/s
• Power is independent of the Clock Rate
• Size is independent of the Clock Rate
• Cost is independent of the Clock Rate