FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

(SKPU 1711)

This introductory section is intended for you, the student, to use as a guide and reference for fluid mechanics laboratory. It is important that you read the practices and procedures as outlined in this introduction. The labs are intended to provide you with the ability to

1. Conduct laboratory works according to the stipulated procedures, rules and safety requirements of the laboratory.2. Critically analyze experimental data and relevant theories involved.3. Communicate and commit effectively as an individual, member or leader in a team during data collection and laboratory report preparation.Laboratory Policy

Six experiments will be performed over the course of the semester. Students are divided into several groups consisting of three students per group. You are not allowed to change group members or section without prior approval from a laboratory supervisor. Attendance and punctuality are very important as poor attendance and tardiness will negatively impact your final laboratory grade. Your lab partners should not have to do your work for you. Unexcused absences from your scheduled laboratory time will result in a failing grade on your lab report for that experiment. Safety PrecautionsSafety is the most important aspect of this laboratory. You can cause an injury to yourself or to someone else by being careless. Ask the laboratory instructor if you need any assistance. You are expected to work in the laboratory for the full scheduled time. The followings are some precautionary measures worthy taking notes while carrying out experiments1. Determine the potential physical and chemical hazards as well as the safety precautions that apply to your apparatus before beginning.

2. No laboratory work should be carried out in the absence of the instructor.

3. Do not perform unauthorized experiments by yourself.

4. Be alert to unsafe conditions and actions and call them to the attention of the instructor immediately.

5. Never leave an experiment that is in progress unattended.

6. Avoid distracting or startling any other worker or indulging in any other acts of carelessness.

7. No eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing of gum is permitted in the work area. Contamination of food, drink, and smoking materials is a potential for exposure to toxic substances.

8. Never wear sandals, shorts, or short skirts in the lab.

9. Confine long hair and loose clothing when in the laboratory.

10. Do not make any repairs or alterations to the equipment without prior notification of instructor.

11. Report all damages to instructor ASAP.

12. Follow classroom instructions and manufacturers recommended procedures when operating machinery.

13. No playing or horsing around in the lab, this can be especially dangerous where you have moving equipment.

14. Leave equipment in proper places at the end of your experiments and clean up.

15. In case of a fire, chemical, or other emergency, alert the instructor and all students in the laboratory.

16. If in doubt ASK.

Regulations: Cheating and plagiarism will not be tolerated. These terms are described in the University Academic Regulations booklet. I expect you not to cheat or to help others cheat. Copying or Cheating may result in an E grade.

Laboratory Report Format

Each group must submit a lab report for each experiment performed. The following format is recommended and should be adhered to closely unless your instructor decides otherwise. Write legibly or (even better) type, and use proper grammar. Points may be taken off for misspelled words and incorrect grammar

1. Cover Sheet (3 points): Title of experiment, your name, date that experiment was performed, partner's names. 2. Report Summary (10 points). Write a concise statement of the principle result that is described in this report. This should answer the following questions: What is the objective significant?, What type of experiment is performed to achieve the objective?, What are the major results of the experiment? and what conclusions can be made from these results?3. Theory (12 points) : Summarize the basic fluid mechanics of your experiment. Include equations and other principle things the reader would need to know in order to understand the experiment.

4. Experimental procedure (12 points): This section gives details of how you performed the experiment and what specific conditions (temperature, pressure, equipment, etc.) you used. Describe briefly how you carried out the experiment. You should include descriptions of how you determine things that are necessary to the anticipated results. This should be very short as well. Do not merely paraphrase the lab handout, but give enough information that another person could repeat your experiment if desired. You may need to recreate a wiring diagram or draw the apparatus in order to refer to it later during discussion.

5. Raw data and analysis (20 points) - Present the raw data you took here. It is important to note that raw data are the exact measurements that you took. Data and analysis should be easy to follow, in tabular form. Poor data recording skills lead to poor write-ups. If your raw data and subsequent analysis are illegible, the grade will suffer.

- Graphs: Include title, labeled axes, smooth lines through experimental data points, and slope calculations. Each graph should convey a complete message and be fully understandable without referring to any other section in the report. When calculating a slope of a line on a graph, make sure to choose grid points that are at the front and end of the line respectively in order to have a large difference in x and y values. Draw a triangle or otherwise connect the two points. Label x and y, and calculate the slope right there on the graph. Scales should be chosen so that the plot should take up the whole page, so that plotting accuracy is increased.

- If you use a spreadsheet program (e.g. Excel) to plot your data and fit a line, be sure to set scales so that the data takes up the whole page (as above) and that the equation for the fitting line is displayed on the graph as well as the line itself.

6. Results & Discussion (25 points) - Results: This is a very important section of the lab! It is here that it becomes clear whether your data agree with the accepted value(s) or are self-consistent. Calculate final experimental results, standard or accepted values, if they exist, and percent errors and/or percent differences - Discuss how your results demonstrate basic principles of fluid mechanics. Most importantly, conclude whether your data agree with the accepted value(s) or are self-consistent. Give possible reasons for errors, personal observations, suggestions, and any other comments you feel are pertinent. (Hint: In discussing errors, think carefully about the limits of the measuring apparatus.) - Answers to questions: Answer all the assigned questions with complete sentences.7. Conclusion (10 points). A one to two paragraph summary of your results prevents the report from ending abruptly. The conclusion is not the abstract, although the two both summarize important features. The conclusion, however, can be more "judgmental" and contain things like how a better calibration of the system could have affected things.8. References (5 points). These should appear in the text above and should be in proper form and complete enough for an interested party to find them in the library without too much trouble.9. Appendices (3 points). One or more appendices can be added. Also in this section can be raw data that you do not need to place in the report text, sample calculations (particularly for the error - we need to see how you came up with your errors, but nobody ever would ask for sample calculations in a scientific article) and other background information (if you wrote a computer program, the code could go here).Grading policy

This is comprised of satisfactory attendance, participation, and submitted reports. The experiments and lab reports will be group exercises. Each report will be graded on a 100 point scale and will be due not later one week after the experiment is performed. You are strongly advised to keep a copy of each laboratory report for future reference (e.g. revision materials for final quiz). Late reports will be penalized 10 points per day without exception. Even if a report will receive zero points, it must be completed in a satisfactory fashion in order to pass the laboratory portion of the course.

You will also be expected to complete a peer evaluation form at the end of the course. These forms are for your benefit, if you feel that a group member is not pulling their own weight, or is having a negative impact on teamwork or your final product, this is your chance to speak up. I ask that you take these forms very seriously, because I will. Please use them in an appropriate manner to help aid your productivity.

There will also be a final quiz at the end of the course. The quiz will assess your general understanding of each experiment that you have conducted in terms of basic knowledge of fluid mechanics involved, proficiency in conducting experiments, analysing and interpreting data and as well as preparing reports.

Grade Determination: Your final grade will be determined by proportionally weighting performance in the following areas;

Laboratory reports:85 %

Peer Assessment:5 %

Presentation:10 %

TOTAL:100%Prepared by

Mohd Fauzi Hamid (Supervisor)

Associate Professor Issham Ismail (Supervisor)Jusni Ali (Supervisor)Mahmood Rasidon (Technician)

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory (SKPU 1711)

Semester 02 / Session 2011/2012 EMBED PI3.Image

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