Skeletal System

Sports Training and PhysiologyKociuba

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Skeletal System - Objectives

• Name the parts of the skeletal system• Describe their function • Name the major bone shapes• Name and describe the 2 patterns of bone

formation• Describe the process of bone repair• Discuss age related issues with the

skeletal system

Skeletal System – Objectives 2

• Define general anatomic terms for various bone features

• List the bones in the body• Define and explain how joints are named

and classified• Define and demonstrate the types of

movement at the joints in the body• Discuss age related issues with joints

Functions of the Skeletal System

• Support– Carries weight– Cartilage– Ligaments

• Protection– organs

• Movement– Muscles attach to

bones that cause movement

• Storage– Minerals– Fat

• Blood cell production– Red bone marrow to

produce blood cells and platelets

Bone Shapes• Long Bones

– Longer than they are wide

• Short Bones– As wide as they are

long

• Flat Bones– Relatively thin flatten

shape and are curved• Irregular Bones

– Have shapes that don’t fit into the other categories

2 patterns of bone formation

• Intramembranous Ossification– The formation of a

bone within a connective tissue membrane

– EX: When babies skull forms around the brain

• Endochondral Ossification– The formation of bone

within cartilage– EX: most of the

remaining skeleton is formed this way

Bone Repair

Bone Repair

1. Hematoma formation: clotting of the blood vessels that were broken

2. Callus formation: a mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site

3. Callus ossification: the tissues turn into spongy bone

4. Bone remodeling: the tissues then turn into compact bone and the blood vessels are reconnected

Bones and Aging

• Bones turn brittle• Bone mass is at it’s highest at about the

age of 30• Men generally have denser bones than

women because of testosterone • Menopause increases age related bone

loss

Skeleton

• Axial Skeleton– Upright axis of the

body– Protects the brain,

spinal cord, and the vital organs housed within the thorax

• Appendicular Skeleton– Upper and lower limbs

and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

Human Skeleton

Joints or Articulations

A place where two or more bones come together.

Types of Joints

• Fibrous Joints– Two bones that are

united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement

• Cartilaginous Joints– Two bones united by

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

• Synovial Joints– Freely movable joints– Contain synovial fluid– Have a joint cavity– Mostly found in the

appendicular skeleton– Either uniaxial, biaxial,

or multiaxial

3 Types of Joints Found in the Body

6 Types of Synovial Joints

• Plane Joints a.k.a.: Gliding Joints• Pivot Joints• Hinge Joints• Ball-and-Socket Joints• Ellipsoid Joints a.k.a.: Conyloid Joints• Saddle Joints

6 Synovial Joints

Types of Joint Movement

• Gliding Movement• Angular Movement

– Flexion and Extension– Abduction and

Adduction• Circular Movement

– Rotation– Pronation and

Supination – Circumduction

• Special Movements– Elevation and

Depression– Protraction and

Retraction – Excursion– Opposition and

Reposition– Inversion and Eversion

Aging on the Joints

• Replacement of cartilage slows• Production of synovial fluid declines• Arthritis

– Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)– Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Arthritis (OA)