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Shodh ChetnaThe International Reffered, Reviewed & Multifocal Research JournalYear - 4 April to June, 2018 Vol. II

RNI No. UPBILL/2015/63870 ISSN : 2350-0441

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SJIF - 4.076

SHODH CHETNA – YEAR-4 (APR. TO JUN., 2018) VOL. 2, ISSN : 2350-0441 2

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Govt. T.R.S. College, Rewa (M.P.)

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Shri J.J.T. University, Jhunjhunu (Raj.)


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Govt. Acharya Sanskrit College, Alwar (Raj.)


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Deveg›eâce

1. "RISK MANAGEMENT IN MPSEB" 7Dr. A. P. Shukla*Richa Sharma**

2. GENDER EQUALITY IN PARTICIPATORY RURAL INSTITUTIONSOF MADHYA PRADESH 16Dr. Geeta Chauhan*

3. RESERVATION POLICY AS A CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE FORTHE ERADICATION OF DISPARITIES AMONG DIFFERENTGROUPS OF INDIAN SOCIETY 23Abdul Hamid Teli*Dr.Sona Shukla**Dr. Geeta Chauhan***

4. IAEA AS AN CHIEF INTERMEDIATE OF UN SECURITYCOUNCIL FOR THE PROLIFIC IMPLEMENTATION OFNPT AND REGIME THEORIES 27Dr. Sofi Yasir Hassan*Dr.Sona Shukla**

5. Marketing Strategies ofFMCG Companies in Rural India 36Naman Shukla*Imran Mehraj Dar**

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[ 5 ]

SHODH CHETNA – YEAR-4 ISSN : 2350-0441(JAN. TO MAR., 2018) VOL. 1


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ABSTRACT

"RISK MANAGEMENT IN MPSEB"

Dr. A. P. Shukla* Richa Sharma**

We commenced our operations in 1969 for the purpose of developingthe power infrastructure in rural areas. Our schemes have historicallyaimed at extending and improving the supply of electricity and theenergisation of agricultural pumpsets. Through our funding oftransmission and distribution projects in rural areas, we have significantlycontributed to the development of rural India and India’s agriculture.Since our inception in 1969, our mandate has evolved to permit us tofinance all segments of the power sector throughout the country.

We provide funding to our clients and assist them in formulatingand implementing various types of power project-related schemes. Ourclients include public sector power utilities at the central and state levelsand private sector power utilities. Additionally, we fund power projectsfor our joint sector clients. Our financial products primarily include long-term loans, short-term loans, bridge loans and debt refinancing. We occupya unique position within the area of rural electrification of India and webelieve we will continue to play an integral role in implementing theGovernment of India rural electrification strategy. We currently administergrants and provide loans as the nodal agency for the Rajiv Gandhi GraminVidut Yojna (RGGVY), which is primarily aimed at the electrification ofall villages in India. We are responsible for overseeing this programmefrom conception to completion.

Keyword : Risk, Management, Organization, Business, assessment.MPSEB.

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SHODH CHETNA – YEAR-4 ISSN : 2350-0441(APR. TO JUN., 2018) VOL. 2

* Prof. & Head, Dept. of Commerce, Govt. T.R.S. College Rewa (M.P.)** M.Com., M.Phil (Commerce), Dept. of Commerce, Govt. T.R.S. College Rewa (M.P.)

SH

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DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


Risk Management is an outgoingprocess within the organization. Thecompany has robust risk managementframework to identify, monitor and minimizerisk in also identify business opportunities.The business activities of the company carryvarious Internal and external risk. Theidentification, analysis, assessment, controland avoidance, minimization or eliminationof unacceptable risk. An organization mayuse risk assumption, risk avoidance, riskretention, risk tramsfee or any other strategyor combination of strategies in propermanagement of future events. Riskmanagement's objectives is to assureuncertainty does not deflect endeavor fromthe business goal.

Introduction :Risk management is to provide

innovative, efficient and tailored electricityproducts and services with a strong emphasison risk management for itself and itsconsumer maximise the value of assetsemployed in Madhya Pradesh power sectorby optimizing the utilization of these assets,whether they are generating plantstransmission lines, distribution network orother resources. Creates more businessopportunity for other segment in MadhyaPradesh power sector and enhance theprofitability for each of those segments. Thepurpose of risk management in to ensure thatis able to effectively, execute its strategiesand to reach its targets in the short term aswell as over the long run. The key is toidentify the risk that have the potential torestrain the company from reaching its goalsand to determine whether those risks are atan acceptable level.

The management of India powercorporation limited believes that pro-activeapproach in reporting, evaluating andresolving risks associated with the businessis the key to sustained operations there byprotecting shareholders value, improvinggovernance process and achieving strategicobjectives The principle objective of thepoling is being well prepared for adversesituation or unplanned circumstances, if theywere to occur in the life cycle of the businessactivities.

Risk in literal items can be defined asthe effective of uncertainty on the objectives.Risk is measured in terms of consequences'and likelihood. Risk can be internal andexternal and inherent in all administrativeand business achieves Every members of anyorganization continuously manages varioustypes of risks. Formal and systematicapproaches to managing risks risk haveevolved and they are now regarded as goodmanagement practice also called as riskmanagement. In order to achieve the keyobjective the policy establishes a structuredand disciplined approach to risk managementcommittee of the board of directors. in orderto guide decision on risk related. India powershall ensure implementation of effectiveResearch management by* Putting in place Risks Management-

framework and process.* Identifying risks and promoting a pro-

active approach to treating such risks.* Allocating adequate resources to

mitigate and manage risks and minimizetheir adverse impact on the business.

* Optimizing risk operations to manageadverse exposure and ensure that theyare with in acceptable appetite of thecompany.


* Providing clear and strong basis forinformed decision making at all thelevels of the organization.

* Strengthening the risk managementsystem through continuous learning anddevelopment.

* Complying with all relevant laws andregulations across in to areas ofoperations.

* Communicating the policy to therequired stakeholders and periodicallyreviewing its relevance in a continuouslychanging business environment.The process of developing business

community for Risk management plans forunforeseen

The main objectives are to achieveefficiency gains and making necessarychanges to mark the company commerciallyviable, progressively self sustainable and lessgovernment dependent and at the same timebalancing the interest of the consumers inregard to quality would include among otherthings, metering, billing, collection,identifying the present defencies and theimprovement to be made, mapping supplyfeeders, measurement of energy supplied tofeeders and energy audit. Study of losses andscheme for progressive reduction, reductioninput costs, consumer affairs handlinginvestments required for improvement in thedistribution systems.

Review Literature :We are one of the leading public

financial institutions in Indian powerinfrastructure. We are engaged in thefinancing and promotion of transmission,distribution and generation projectsthroughout India. We believe our

organisation occupies a key position in theGoI’s plans for the growth of the Indianpower sector.

s a public sector undertaking, we havebeen accorded “Mini Ratna Grade-I” statusby the Government of India by virtue of ouroperational efficiency and financial strength,which affords greater operational freedomand autonomy in decision-making. Inrecognition of our performance and ourconsistent achievement of targets negotiatedunder the memoranda of understanding thatwe enter into with the GoI on an annual basis,the GoI has rated our performance as“Excellent” continuously from Fiscal 1994through Fiscal 2006. We have also beenranked among the top ten public sectorundertakings in India by the Ministry ofHeavy Industries and Public Enterprises for

Fiscal 2000,Larence V. Snyder(2016) published on

Journal IIE Transaction : OR/MS models forsupply chain disruptions: a review TheOperations Research/Management Science(OR/MS) literature on supply chaindisruptions in order to take stock of the

research to date and to provide an overviewof the research questions that have beenaddressed. We first place disruptions in thecontext of other forms of supply uncertaintyand discuss common modeling approaches.We then discuss 180 scholarly works on thetopic, organized into six categories:evaluating supply disruptions; strategicdecisions; sourcing decisions; contracts andincentives; inventory; and facility location.We conclude with a discussion of futureresearch directions.


The concept of risk For further inquiry,it is essential to take a closer look at theconcept of risk. According to Renn (1992), aprerequisite for the existence of risk isuncertainty, i.e. that future is notpredetermined but is dependent on presenthuman activities. Bernstein (1998) argues forthe non-existence of absolute certainty,claiming that one can never be certain ofanything, since the mass of availableinformation is either inaccurate orincomplete. Consequently, uncertainty is anecessary and constant element of life. In hisbrief review of Bernstein (1998), Adams(1997) refers to virtual risks as a synonymof uncertainties. Such risks are mostly theproducts of our imagination (e.g. thepossibility of an extraterrestrial attack), theprobability of which therefore cannot beestimated. Klinke and Renn (2002) alsoattempted to decompose uncertainty, andidentified four components in the process.An evaluation of the components ultimatelyinfluences risk perception itself; however, asthey are often strongly correlated, it issufficient to examine only one of them. InKnight (1921/1964), risk is defined asmeasurable uncertainty, and the term‘uncertainty’ itself is only used in the oppositecase. In other words, risk is probableuncertainty, and consequently one of itsdescriptive features is the probability ofoccurrence Following Renn’s (1992)argument, the second descriptive feature ofrisk is a future state of reality i.e. the outcomeof risk. The third descriptive feature is theprobability of occurrence and the method ofaggregating the outcomes (Renn 1998) , theresult of which is the magnitude of risk.

Objectives

1. The main objectives are to achieveefficiency gains and making necessarychanges to make the company commerciallyviable, progressively self suitable and lessgovernment dependent and at the same time,balancing the interest of the consumer inregard to quality of services and economicaltariff.

2. The plan would include among otherthings, metering, billing collectionidentifying the present deficiencies and theimprovement to the made, mapping supplyfeeders, measurements of energy supply tofeeders and energy, audit, study of losses andscheme for progressive reduction, in putcost, consumer affair hardly, investmentrequired for improvement in the distributionsystem.

3. The main objectives of the companyis the better execution of work for achievingefficiency gain and to make companycommercially rival, progressively selfsustainable and less government dependent.

4. A balance between the quality andservice and logic tariff is to be maintained tosafeguard the interest of consumers.

5. We aim to provide an efficientdistribution services in a transparent and nondiscriminatory manner by adopting the bestpractices and standards laid down from timeto time.

Limitation

1. Prepare and manage inventory foremergency operations.

2. Training of electricity departmentworkers and make sure that proper normsare being followed at the time of installationof various electric units/instruments.


3. Make various applicable andimplementable schemes regarding the setupand examination of electrical units/instrument.

4. Make people aware so as to minimisethe damage to life/limb caused due toelectricity.

Proposed work AreaThe purpose of the proposed study is to

attempt a critical investigation of the RiskManagement in MPSEB perspective with thepurpose of identifying Madhya Pradesh RiskVidut Management Authority will work formanagement and implementing bodymanage-ment by following the guidelines ofcentral and state government disastermanagement authority. It's role andresponsibility is explained in under :

1. To prepare and implement MadhyaPradesh Vidut Vitran management plan. Toimplement and monitor national and statepolicy and plan. To identify Vidut Vitranprone area in district with proper preventionand mitigation and preparation by districtlevel government department and localbodies.

2. To give direction to district leveldifferent authorised institution and localauthorities about necessary prevention andmitigation measures. To make itimplementation, monitoring and control. Todevelop, manage, monitor and improve abody for communication of notice and pre-warning to people. To organize specialtraining program for district level Officers,employees and volunteers in the light of thisproject entitled "Risk Management inMPSEB".

3. Three distribution companies whichare distributing electricity in Madhya Pradeshare : 1) Madhya Pradesh Poorv kshetra vidyutvitran company ltd. 2) Madhya Pradeshmadhya kshetra vidyut vitan company ltd. 3)Madhya Pradesh paschim kshetra vidyutvitran company ltd.

4. All three of them have differentwebsite for online bill payment. and there areother option as well as based on convenienceand case of use, people can choose one ofthe multiple method that are available formaking the payment.

5. MPONLINE - (http//www.mponline.gov.in portal) Mponline portal providesmultiple services that include phone billpayment (both mobile and landline)electricity bill payment, this is the mostcommonly used and preferred portal by mostpeople in Madhya Pradesh.

6. Madhyaapradesh paschim kskhetravidyut vitran company ltd. (http//www,mpwz.co.in/portal) Indore.

7. Madhya Pradesh Madhya kshetravidyut vitran company ltd. (http//www.madhyavitran.org/it/bill/asp). Theportal is specifically for the consumers ofMadhya kshetra for central part of MadhyaPradesh.

8. Modes of payment accepted : 1)Debit/credit card, 2) VISA, 3) Master card,4) AMEX cards. If you are not aware ofwhich utility services your districts, you canuse our online bill payment tool to determinethe same.

9. Bijli Bachao - Bijli Bachao is aninitiative to provide electricity saving tips topeople & motivate them for saving electricityat their home and offices. Bijli Bachao has


been started with the vision of empoweringconsumers with useful information and toosto help them understand their electricityconsumption and learn ways to reduce thesame. The essentially is to make energyefficiency. 'A Cool Product'.

10. Wages and allowance Manual -Every employee shall be required to deciarehis/her dependents at the time of joining forclaiming medical benefits. and welfareprogramme. The dependents list shall beupdated by submitting a request to the HRdepartment which shall be subject toverification and approval. The details of thepolicy shall be notified by the company.

11. Medical Allowance at the rate of rs.150 per month shal be disbursed to allemployee for their OPD coverage. Grouplife/Accident Insurance;

12. All employees shall be coveredunder the a group life/accident insurancescheme which shall cover compensation tothe employees in account of death, partialdisablement permanent disablement. Detailsof the same shall be notified by the company.

Methodology of Research Work :Research Methodology is the prime

importance in the field of research. Itsguidelines serve the purpose how bothprimary as well as secondary data iscollected. For the requirement of particularstudy the primary material of the study areafor the authenticity of research and secondarysources will be evaluated accordingly, furtherits analysis will be done under the keensupervision of research guide. Besides theuse of internet different libraries will bevisited for the required purpose. In the courseof the research in the Internet, Text Book and

Departmental resources will be consulted.The textual, theoretical, comparative, critical,analytical, Graphical, Tabulation work andconceptual theories would be helpful for theresearch purpose.

Committee Responsibility andauthority :

* The risk management committee shallannually review and approve the riskmanagement policy and associatedframeworks, process and practice of thecompany.

* The risk management committee shallensure that the company in taking theappropriate measures to achieve prudentbalance between risk and reward in b o t hongoing and business activities.

* The Risk management committee willcoordinate in activies with the auditcommittee in instances where there is anyoverlap with audit activities e.g.internal or external audit issue relating to riskmanagement of policy or practice

* The risk management committee mayform and delegate authority tosubcommittees to appropriate. The riskmanagement committee shall report to theBoard.

* The Risk management committee shallreview and reassess the adequacy of t h eRisk management policy annually andrecommend any proposed changes to theBoard for approval.

The Risk management committees shallalso authority to obtain advice and assistanceform internal or external legal or accountingor other advisors. Risk management is acontinuous process of analyzing andmanaging all the opportunities and threats


faced by the company in its efforts to achieveits goals and to ensure the continuity of thebusiness. The basis for risk management islifecycle quality and products and thecontinuous systematic loss. Preventionefforts at all level of the group not only asan integrated part of management system, butas part of every employees daily work. In thelong term this is the only means for reducingthe overall risks related costs.

The company has been incorporated aspart of the implementation of the powersector reform in Madhya Pradesh initiatedby the government of Madhya Pradesh. Thecompany has taken over the Generationachieves of MPSEB. The company in apublic company fully owned by governmentof M.P. The company was incorporated on22-11-2001. The company obtained thecertificate of commencement of business on16.07.2002. The registered office of companyin at shakti bhawan, Rampur Jabalpur. Theauthorised capital of company at present isRs. 10000 (Rs. Divided into 10,000,000,00shares of Rs. Each).

The residual MPSEB was vestead withthe function of bulk purchase of electricityfrom generating companies and supply ofelectricity in bulk to the there income of thestate subsequently, the state government'schemes rules 2006 vide notified dated 3rdJune 2006 where by the function, properties,interest rights and obligation of the residualMadhya Pradesh state Electricity Boardrelating to bulk purchase and Bulk supply ofelectricity along with the related agreementand arrangements have been transferred andvested in M.P. Power Trading companylimited (TRADECO) has startingfunctioning w.e.f. 03|06|2006 and form that

date onwards, all three discoms are buyingthe power of their requirements from a singlesource i.e. TRADECO including short termpower.

I. Madhya poor kshetra vidyut vitarancompany limited.

II. Madhya Pradesh pashcim kshetravidyut company

III. Madhya Pradesh Madhya kshetravidyut vitaran company.

(i) Madhya Pradesh Poorv KshetraVidyut Vitran Company Limited :The government of Madhya Pradesh

vide order dated 1st July 2002 hasincorporated Madhya Pradesh Poorve kshetravidyut vitran company limited as a whollyowned government of Madhya Pradesh ofcorporation under the comprises out 1950 toundertake achieves of distribution and retailsupply for and on behalf of Madhya PradeshState Electricity board in the areas coveredby the communication of Jabalpur and Rewa

To achieve this mission, the companyand its employee commit themselves tohonesty and integrity, result oriented work,dedication to duty, cost consciousness,openness to suggestion and feedback fromall. Government of Madhya Pradeshproposed a transient phase in which theassets and liabilities would continue to beserviced by the board with only theoperational activities being wasted into theirnew company. Madhya Pradesh electricityRegularity commission in the order dated10th July 2002 has granted approval thisoperation and management arrangement forfacilitating the process of reform andreorganization bringing in economy andefficiency in operational achieves of theelectricity sector.


Poorve kshetra encompasses an areaserved by 59,489 kms of HT and 1,02,231km of LT distributing network. The seize ofthe administrative set up in a below :

1- Number of regions 032- Number of circle 133- Number of divisions 394- Number of sub- division 1895- Number of distribution centrers 3686- Number of fuse call centre 1888

(ii) Madhya Pradesh Paschim KshetraVidyut Vitaran company Ltd.

The Government of MadhyaPradesh vide order dated 1st July 02 hasincorporated Madhya kshetra vidyut vitarancompany limited as a wholly ownedgovernment of Madhya Pradesh corporationsunder the companies act 1956 to undertakeactivities of distribution and retail supply forand on benefit of Madhya Pradesh stateElectricity board in the areas covered by thecommission Aires of Indore and Ujjain.Madhya Pradesh Electricity Regulatorycommissionaires in the order dated 16th July02 has granted approval to this operation andmanagement arrangement for facilating theprocess of reform and organization andbringing in economy and efficiency in theoperational activities of the electricity sector.

(iii) Madhya Pradesh Madhya akshetra vidyut vitaran company

Madhya Pradesh Madhya kshtra vidyut-vitaran company Ltd. (MPMKVVLL) wasincorporated as a wholly owned Governmentcompany on 31rd may 2002, under thecompanies Act 1956, the same has beennotified vide order No. 5555/RS/413/2001dated 1st July 2002 of the Govt. of MadhyaPradesh. The company undertakes the

achieves of distribution and retail supply inthe areas covered by the commissionairesareas of Bhopal, Hoshangabad, Gwalior andChambal.

Result and Discussion :The expected outcome of the proposed

work will prove the unique attempt of thedeep study will be done on various RiskManagement in MPSEB and what were theconsequences of these policies on MPESEBLevel secnario.

The researcher has formed thehypothesis on the basis of Departmental Datadone studies that the analyse of Managementof in MPSEB role and the researcher mayprove or bring some exceptional points tothis Management. Development ofagricultural and industrial sector depend onadequate development of economic andsocial infrastructure like irrigation, powergeneration, transport, communication,technology and human resources. Powersector plays a crucial role in enhancing thegrowth of all social and economic sectors ofeconomy. State is treating Power Sector asone of the priority sector to strengthenagriculture and industrial base of the state.

The installed capacity of MadhyaPradesh Power Generation Company as on31.3.2012 is 3724.7 MW comprising of2807.5 MW Thermal and 917.2 MW StateHydel projects. In addition, state has shareof 2426.5 MW from hydel projects in jointventure and 2640.3 MW in the Central SectorProjects. Apart from the above, state hasinstalled capacity of 361 MW from Privateand Non-conventional sources. Thus totalinstalled capacity of 9452.8 MW is availablewith state as on 31.3.2012.


Reference :1. Annual plan 2013-14 All chapters Volume

state Planning Commission. (MP Planningcommission.gov.in) chapter final 22-08-2013 pd.

2. Alexander Eydeland, (2012) Energy andPower Risk Management NewDevelopments in Modeling Pricing andHedging, Published by John Wiley & Sons,Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey,

3. Davis W. Edwards (2010) Energy Tradingand Investing : Trading Finance &Investing. (Risk Management andStructuring McGraw-Hill.

4. Mohammad, Shahidehpour, (2015) MarketOperations in Electric Power systems :Electric Power systems : forecastingScheduling and Risk Management.

5. Tax Mann, (2017) Treasury, Investment andrisk Management Iind Edition, India.

6. EDr. Seyged Ali Powermousavhkani,(2005) Electric Power Components &systems Vol. 33, No. 10; University ofQueensland, America.

7. Theodone Wildi (2006) Electrical MachinesDrives and Power systems (Fifth Edition)Sperika Enterprises Ltd.

8. Sanal Kumar Vulayudhen (2007) RuralMarketing : targeting the non urbanConsumer. B1/B11, Mohan CooperativeIndustrial Area Mahatma Road, New Delhi-110044

9. Pradeep Kashyap (2014) Rural MarketingIIIrd Edition. Online Amazon.in India.

10. Frankyates (1953) Sampling methods forCensuses and servery, hafner Publising Co.

11. George Simpson and Fritz Kafka (1965)Statisties oxford IBH Publishing Co. 36chowringhee Road Calcutta.

12. H.N. Morse (1924) The social survey intown and country areas.

13. J.L. Gillin and J.F. Gillin (1954) Culturalsociology the MaCmilln, New York.

14. Jones, M.E. (1949) Basic sociologicalPrinciples Ginns Co.

15. Maclyer and Page. (1955) Socity-AnIntroductory analysis, Macmillans Co.London.

16. Majumdar D.N. (1958) Racgs and culturesof India. Asia public house, Bombay.

17. Nurullaha S. and Naik J.P. (1951) A historyof education in India.

18. Weber, Max : (1958) The Religion of India,The Free Press Unions,

19. William J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt :Methods in social Research, Megraw hillkogakusha Ltd.

20. Info@Indianpower sector.com copyright2012. Indian power sector.com,<home>2010/10

21. Guidelines regarding Sections 126 and 135of the Electricity Act 2003 for the FieldOfficers. M.P. Poorve Kshetra Vidyut vitranCompany Limited, Black No. 7, ShaktiBhawan, Rampur, Jabalpur 482008

22. https://www.dailytechtutus.com.

ABSTRACT

GENDER EQUALITY IN PARTICIPATORY RURALINSTITUTIONS OF MADHYA PRADESH

Dr. Geeta Chauhan*

The well-being and development of women depends on theirempowerment social, economic, cultural and political. Women contributealmost half of the world population. As compared to men the contributionof women to the social and economic development of societies is alsomore than half due to their dual role in productive and reproductivespheres. Since women contribute half of the world population they shouldhave equal participation and representation in the world democracies butwhen it comes to their representation in the political position in thegovernment, their percentage is very low. Poor representation of womenis not specific in the political domain alone but also in the administrativeand managerial position. This gender inequality, which is of major concernto the issue of human development all over the world, is manifested inmany forms.

Keywords : Empowerment, Population, Administration, Managerialposition, Gender equality, Rural Institutions.

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* Guest FacultyDept. Of Legal Studies and Research ,Barkatullah University,Bhopal,M.P.

IntroductionThe well-being and development of

women depends on their empowermentsocial, economic, cultural and political.Women contribute almost half of the worldpopulation. As compared to men thecontribution of women to the social andeconomic development of societies is alsomore than half due to their dual role inproductive and reproductive spheres. Since

women contribute half of the worldpopulation they should have equalparticipation and representation in the worlddemocracies but when it comes to theirrepresentation in the political position in thegovernment, their percentage is very low.Poor representation of women is not specificin the political domain alone but also in theadministrative and managerial position. Thisgender inequality, which is of major concern

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to the issue of human development all overthe world, is manifested in many forms.

The marginalized status of women is anestablished historical phenomenon all overthe world. It is said that while writingPolitics, Aristotle pondered over the questionof moral rightness or justification of slaverybut there was no doubt regarding the inferiorstatus and subordination of women to men.Women's inferior status is also evident fromthe universal feature of women's absencefrom public arena. Women across the globalhave fought for equality, dignity and freedomagainst inequality, oppression andsubordination. The objective ofcontemporary feminist approach is to changethe essenceof politics and feminise politicsrather than be a part of the men's stream.

There has been a slight positive changeduring the last decade of the 20th centurywith regard to political participation ofwomen all over the world. It is interesting toobserve that there areregionalvariation onpolitical participation of women. It has beennoted that women in South Asia have thelowest participation in governancestructure.The status of women had caught theattention of the United Nations as early asits inception.Major world conferences havebeen organized by the UN on the status ofwomen during the last 40 years or so. Thedebate on the political representation ofwomen continues to be of great importanceto the international community. Though therehas been worldwide attempt to involvewomen in the decisionmaking process, theeffectiveness of participation of women is offurther concern and needs to be evaluated.

In India, the demand for representationof women at higher level of political decision

making process has been continuing for along time. There is also a growing demandfor reservation of seats for women in theparliament. The essence of the growingdemand for greater participation of womenin the political process by womenthemselvesis the growing realization thatbesides representing the neglected half ofthe population it would provide and equipthem with the power to specify the politicalagenda and persuade their interest.

Panchayatsas people’sbodies have beenan integral part of Indian society and politysince long in the country . However theparticipation of rural women in availingdifferent level of education, employmentopportunities and political activities has beenmuch lower as compared to women in theurban areas.Taking into account, theunsatisfactory progress that has beenachieved in improving socio economic statusand empowerment of women in the past ithas been felt important to maximize theparticipation of women in the PanchayatiRaj Institutions including the issues relatedto decision making and the implementationof various rural and developmentprogrammes.With this objective the 73rdconstitutional amendment act 1992, proposedthat not less than one third of total seats inall the three tiers of panchayats to be reservedfor women. This act definitely empoweredwomen in terms of number at the grass rootlevel but being in large number is notsufficient as reservation only provides thepossibility of a voice for women it does notguarantee it. The reason being maledominance, illiteracy, casteism, deeprootedcultural beliefs and values which donot promote women's assertion but retain


them in their traditional role of dependenthousewife and mother.It becomes necessaryto examine the nature and effectiveness withwhich the women members are able toparticipateamidst such social, cultural andeconomic constraints in the working of thePanchayati Raj Institutions.

ReviewofLiteratureG.S.Mehta (2002) in his book entitled,

“Participation of women in the PanchayatiRaj System,” has attempted to examine theissues related to the implementation patternof reservation policy and its awarenessamong rural women, socio-economic andpolitical background and personalcharacteristics of women elected to PRIs andtheir participation of developmentprogrammes and welfare activities andimprovements in the socio economic statusand empowerment after representing thePanchayats.

Ashok Kumar Jha (2004) in his editedbook on “ Women in Panchayati RajInstitution,” sated that despite of reservationfor women , effective participation inPanchayati Raj Institutions have failed dueto misuse and manipulation by local powerbrokers. Ignorance of women about theirrights and procedures and about theirpotential and responsibilities have kept themfar behind men in the local bodies. It is verymuch doubtful that mere increase in numberof reserved seats for women in local bodiesis likely to increase participation of women.Unless structural changes are brought aboutand a sincere effort is made to educatewomen and the power structure existing inrural areas are neutralized , nothing much canbe achieved.

GiriMohiniV.(2007) in her essay on“Federation of Panchayati Women in India :Beginning of a social Transformation,” takesinto consideration the experiences ofPanchayat women in six states of India;Haryana, Madhya Pradesh , Orissa,Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.The author considers that the politicalempowerment and consequent decisionmaking roles of women ensures harmony insociety and paves the way for undisturbedeconomic and social progress.The authoropines that various social supports, whencreated can make rooms for women to actpowerfully within society and thereby withinits local political structure.

Methodology and Hypothesis

To examine the issues related to theimplementation pattern of reservation policyand its awareness among rural women. Theirparticipation in different stages of theimplementation of developmentprogrammesand welfare activitiesandimprovements that have occurred inthemobility,freedom,socio economic status,political awareness and empowerment afterrepresenting the panchayats.The presentstudy is based on primary and secondarysources.The primary data has been collectedthrough survey based questionnaire and thesecondary data has been collected fromdifferent published articles, books and

websites.

Objectives of the studyThe principle objective of this research

is to study the nature of participation ofwomen members in PRIs in Madhya Pradeshwith a special represent to Bhopal, Sehore


and RaisenDistricts.In doing so the focus ofthe present study has been on the followingissues:

* To study the gender wise variation inthe profile of elected male and femalemembers at all the three levels of PRIs.

* To find out the level of awarenessamong women in the villages about their role,responsibilities, powers and authority in thePRIs.

* To examine the practices in our societywhich have adversely affected women'srights and welfare.

* To critically assess the participationof women in Panchayati Raj in study area.

* To increase women’s effectiveparticipation in decision making in PRIs instudy areas.

Area of the studyThe work is based on a comprehensive

study which looks into the whole issue ofwomen’s participation at all the three tiersof Panchayati Raj Institution- GramPanchayat, Janpad Panchayat and ZilaPanchayat in the three districts of MadhyaPradesh State in India, namely Bhopal,Sehore and Raisen.The special focus of thestudy was on women representatives but theviews of male counterparts was also takeninto account in order to compare thefunctioning and also the perceptions aboutthe participation of women.

InterpretationDue to reservation of seats there is

greater participation of women in electionprocess. It is an effort or a nursery of creatingwomen politicians for national politics. Theparticipation of common women citizen invarious activities like attending gram sabha

meetings has increased. Women have startedparticipating actively in rural developmentas per their capacity. There is increasedparticipation of women in decision makingand they give their suggestion for variousworks and problem. They are acting as anagent of change in the society and raise theirvoice against injustice. There is reduction inviolence against women as they contest theelection and are becoming aware of theirpowers and rights. This growing participationof marginalisedsection in general and womenin particular is transforming the democraticsetup from representative democracy toparticipatory democracy.The officials ofblock panchayats should ensure theparticipation of local people specially womenin meetings of Gram Sabha to instill in themthe seed of democracy.

Challenges faced by womenrepresentatives in Panchayat RajInstitution :* Male domination of politics, political

parties and culture of formal politicalstructure is a major factor that hinderspolitical participation of women.

* Women also find it hard to activelyparticipate in village politics due tolimited time available to them becauseof their domestic responsibilities.Women also face cultural constraints ontheir mobility.

* Economic dependence on malemembers also limit the scope of politicalwork.

* Women mostly act as proxies for men.There is too much intervention of themale family membersin the functioningof the elected women.


* Lack of political awareness amongwomen regarding their rights,authorityand working of the panchayats.

* Women often lack social capital becausethey are not the head of communities ortribes . There is negative public opinionregarding leadership capacity of women.

* Lack of proper training course regardingthe working of panchayats especially forwomen representatives

* Another stumbling block is illiteracyamong women in rural areas.

* There is also dominance of elected malerepresentatives in the panchayats.

Conclusion and SuggestionsThe educational qualification plays a

vital role. It influences the nature and extentof participation in various activities of blockand village panchayats including issuesrelated to decision making, implementingand supervising developmental programmein a proper way and attending various social,cultural and political activities. In thisbackdrop it is suggested that someeducational qualification should be fixed forthe candidates willing to contest the electionof Sarpanch and members of GramPanchayats, Janpad and Zila Panchayat.

Educational qualification alone cannotserve the purpose unless women come outof the purdah to ensure their activeparticipation and end the proxy system whichis prevalent now at various levels ofpanchayats. The direction for the presenceof members and exclusion of husband ormale members of the family from meetingsshould be enforced with heavy hand.Besideilliteracy and purdah system economicdependence of women on the male membersof their family is also an important factor

responsible for their ineffective participation.Therefore it is necessary to have a networkof cottage industries for women in rural areas.Some industries which are based onagricultural produce should also bedeveloped in each Panchayat. The GramPanchayats must be provided with telephonefacility, television and a small library toenlighten and educate the members and alsothe residents of the village.

* Awareness should be created amongthe people about the implication andobjectives of the new system. In order tobring awareness to PRI representatives aboutthe constitutional rights, functions and duties,the nature of Indian democracy and policiesand programmes for women, methodologyto be adopted for successful implementationof different developmental programmes andmaximize the local participation andproviding information about the nature ofdevelopmental programmes, governmentagencies should organize frequent training.

* Training is a very important aspect.Most of the women members are not wellqualified and if qualified they are not wellversed with the panchayat act and rules andthe accounting process. They should be giventhorough training in the relevant subject sothat they may not remain at the mercy ofgovernment officials and the male membersof their family. Besides other hinderingfactors for their failure to perform theirmandatory roles most of the elected womenrepresentatives have low capabilities. Thetask of evolving a suitable future strategy forenhancing the capabilities of the electedwomen representatives thorough trainingshould be taken very seriously. Electedmembers should be provided with adequate


information on the 29 subject's ear markedfor local body institutions in the Eleventhschedule of the Constitution. The electedmembers should be acquainted with theprocess of planning from the grass root level.They should be equipped with the devicesof resource management. The role ofGovernment machinery should be that offacilitator.

* There should be proper supervision ofevery work. The supervisors should be welltrained and should realize their responsibilityto ensure quality control. Meetings convenedby the Government on panchayats must beattended by women members. Every womenrepresentative at village. block and ZilaPanchayat should be asked to attend themeetings and different activities ofpanchayat. They should be asked to take partin discussion and present their views onpolicy decisions. It will enhance theleadership qualities, culture and selfconfidence. Gradually they will performbetter in mandominated meetings of thepanchayats.

* The goal of political empowerment ofwomen does not end up only with theirinduction into power positions in thepanchayat institutions. The policy of politicalempowerment of women should aim atensuring their actual participation in theprocess of decision making in theseinstitution. After being elected to theseinstitutions their actual role begins. Theachievement of the goal of rural developmentdepends on the active participation of therepresentatives of PRI's in the meetings.attending the meetings would be consideredas a precondition to exercise influence on thedecision making process. Regularity in

attending the meetings could be consideredas an indication of their involvement whileparticipation in the discussion in PRImeetings by the women leaders would beconsidered as an indication of their activeparticipation in decision making.

* A necessary condition for theefficiency of reservation policy in PRIs is thatthe elected women representatives haveindependent power and autonomy. Thehusband of women office bearers should notbe allowed to meddle with the affairs ofGram, janpad of Zila panchayat.Sarpanchpati or husband of Janpad and ZilaPanchayat women office bearers should notbe encouraged by the officers to representon behalf of the women office bearer.

* In villages there are veterinaryhospitals, Primary school,Anganwadikendras, health care centre's runby State Government. It should be madecompulsory that the officers inform Sarpanchof their visit, meet them and endorse a copyof the inspection note also to the Sarpanch.Efforts should be done for the formation ofMahilaMangal Dal, MahilaManch WelfareSocieties to achieve the maximumparticipation of women in these institutions.It will improve the socio-economic status andempower the women in rural areas.

* The problems like education, landreform and primary health are not touchedby the Panchayati Raj system. The powersgiven to the panchayats are narrow in scope.The control of the Panchayat over the statefunctionaries is illusionary. The scope forpanchayat autonomy is limited because thestate controls the flow of funds to thepanchayats and also primary implementationof the major development projects. Although


Madhya Pradesh was the first state to set upthree tier system of panchayats, it’sfunctioning was severely affected byfinancial constraints and inadequate resourcemobilization. Taxes assigned to them are nottoo productive of revenue. Panchayati RajInstitutions should be enabled to levy localtaxes on their own.

Since the Panchayati Raj Institutions areat the nascent stage much care and cautionis required on the part of government tostrengthen them. These institutions shouldbe given more and more financial help andsupport. Moreover the problems which arebeing felt by the Panchayati Raj Institutionsshould be addressed in a participatory anddemocratic way. If proper support andattention is given, these institutions willcertainly change the scenario of the countrywith regard to upliftment of women,development, overall improvement in thequality of living conditions and thinking atthe grass root level.

Empowerment as process is slow butself-perpetuating. The reservation policy forwomen under the Panchayati Raj systemprovides an opportunity to bring significantimprovement in their socio economic statusand makes them aware of their rights andauthority. Providing women with opportunityand support system like reservation andsimilar concrete effort has the potential to

put into motion a sustainable process forbringing a change in gendered power relationallowing them to break the shackles ofexisting inequality and differences and tobring them at par .Thus allrounddevelopment and harmonious growth of anation would be possible only when womenare considered as equal partners in progresswith men.

References:* Altekar, A.S., The Position of Hindu

Civilization, MotilalBanarasiDas , Delhi1962.

* Bajpai , A. and Verma M S, Panchayati Rajin India- A New Thrust, Vol.I,Sahitya, Delhi1995.

* Khanna, B.S., Rural Local Government in

India and South-Asia, Deep & Deep

Publishers, New Delhi, 1979.

* Palanithurai, G., Dwaraki B.R. and

Narayanaswami S. (ed), Major Issues in

New Panchayati Raj System, Kanishka

Publishers, 1994.

* Pylee, Dr. M.V., An Introduction to the

Constitution of India, Vikas Publishing

House, New Delhi, 2007.

* Sharma ,Parul ,Panchayati Raj Prashashan,

Ritu Publication, Jaipur2007

* Verma ,Sudhir , Women’s Struggle for

Political Space, Rawat Publishers, New

Delhi, 1997.

ABSTRACT

RESERVATION POLICY AS A CONSTITUTIONALMANDATE FOR THE ERADICATION OF DISPARITIESAMONG DIFFERENT GROUPS OF INDIAN SOCIETY

Abdul Hamid Teli* Dr.Sona Shukla** Dr. Geeta Chauhan***

Reservation policy, not a concern of India only but is deeply rootedin the big powers of the world also, with different labels such as affirmativeaction in the USA, positive discrimination in the United Kingdometc.Reservation policy is by and large expressed as positive or protectiveor compensatory discrimination in favour of the backward classes forthe purpose of ensuring justice and justifying inequalities that areembedded in the socio-economic and political system. In order to bringthe unequals with the rest of the society the Constitution makes availablemeans in the form of reservation.

Key words: Reservation Policy, inequality, discrimination, backwardclasses, constitution

[ 23 ]


IntroductionReservation policy also called

affirmative action or protectivediscrimination denotes a policy of initiativesused in India to counterbalance theinequalities of those who have beenhistorically discriminated in the fields suchas services, business, education, politics andother fields.Reservation policy is anendeavour to bring the unequals equal withthe rest of the society; an attempt not only toeliminate discrimination but one to redress

the wrongs done in the past. Reservation bydefinition demands some preferences for thedeprived that may otherwise lose in an opencompetition with those who belong to theprivileged classes. It has been incorporatedin the Indian Constitution as a measure forthe deprived and discriminated classes ofcitizens, so that they would improve theirwell being (Arora, 2010, p. 5.18).

Reservation policy is just not only a toolfor keeping a respective portion of seatsreserve, but a mission to evolve a nation,

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based on social harmony wherein no onecould face any sort of inequality on thosegrounds which an individual gets throughbirth and not by intention like caste creed,religion, sex etc. It also intends to create anetwork of support or social capital and tomeet the deficit of ‘cultural capital’ for thosewho were alienated from social mainstreamand deprived of opportunity, human freedomand dignity (Yadav, 2010, p. 3.

Prior to the advent of IndianConstitution, reform movements,sanskritisation westernization, preferencepolicies etc. bring about some revolutionarychanges among dalits. But after the India’sIndependence, amelioration of conditions ofthe underprivileged groups engaged theattention of the framers of the Constitution(Ahuja, 1999, p. 57). They committedthemselves for bringing dignity and socialjustice for those at the bottom of the socialorder. They called for attacking the inequitiesof the caste system, a lasting feature of Hindusociety. An independent and modern Indiacould not possibly live with the notion that,depending on the Caste in which one is born,a human being’s rights and responsibilitieswould be different; that discrimination wouldcontinue to be practiced as in olden days; andthat roughly one fifth of the HinduCommunity, whose touch would pollutethose hierarchically above, could be calleduntouchables. A modern polity could notaccept radically different bundles of rightsbased on birth (Varshney, 2014, p. 5).Indiahas embraced equality as a central value, thishappened against the background of extremeinequalities(Haan, 1995, p.3).

It is because of the past experiences,which draw the keen attention of foundingfathers of Indian Constitution to reflect bothon civil and political rights on the one hand

and social and economic rights on the other.They incorporated within the fold of IndianConstitution, the political and civil rightsmovements of USA and the social andeconomic rights movements of USSR,aiming at radical social revolution in thecountry (Sandanshiv, 1986, p. 34). TheConstitutional ethos of the social revolutionrunning through the ‘preamble’, fundamentalRights and the directive principles expresslyemphasize the establishment of an egalitariansocial order and based on human values ofjustice, Social, economic and political,equality of status and of opportunity andfraternity assuring human dignity (Kumar,2016, p. 96).

Research Methodology & Data SourcesFor the methodological purposes, the

study relies wholly and solely on non-empirical methods. Under the non-empiricalor doctrinal study, the historicalanddescriptive methods have been used partlyin carrying out this work.

In this study the researcher has made useof secondary data. The secondary data hasbeen culled fromvarious books, journals,magazines, working/discussion papers,published articles,Annual Reports ofNational Commission for Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes etc.

Statement of the ProblemReservation policy is a constitutional

obligation that seeks to recompensepeople,unfavourably located in scheme ofresource endowment for the loss incurred onaccount of their exploitation and stagnation.

Constitutional SafeguardsHaving an eye on the conditions of

different sections of society, the foundingfathers of the Constitution felt that certain


sections in the country have got entangled inextreme social, educational and economicbackwardness which arose out of age-oldpractice of untouchability and certain otherson account of the primitive agriculturalpractices, lack of infrastructure facilities andgeographical isolation, and who need specialconsideration for safeguarding their interestsand to find out the way in order to help themout of the gravest backwardness (NationalCommission for Scheduled Tribes, 2015).The Constitution framers with their greatefforts geared up the Indian Constitution andwelcome the social revolution in India. TheSocial revolution anticipated to get India outof the traditional evil practices based on birth,custom and community and renovate socialstructure on modern fundamentals of law,individual merit and secular education(Austin, 1972, p. 26).They framed the IndianFundamental law in such a manner that theyput into it the remedy to the inequalities andinjustices which had engulfed the Indiansociety. Our Constitution intends to provideequality and justice (Basu, 1982, p. 327) Inorder to bring the unequals with the rest ofthe society the Constitution makes availablemeans in the form of reservation. Byproviding reservation the state is free to takea positive action for encouraging the down-trodden and to remove unequal treatmentarising from social, economic and politicalconditions of the society.

Following are the Constitutionalsafeguards which make the base ofReservation policy in India terribly strong.

Article 14 of the Indian Constitutionestablishes the general right of equality: TheState shall not deny to any person equalitybefore the law or the equal protection of thelaws within the territory of India.

The Article 14 concept of equalityespouses the principle that similarly situatedpersons will be treated alike. The law,therefore, need not apply identically to eachand every person. The principle of equalitydoes not mean that every law must haveuniversal application for all persons who arenot by nature, attainment or circumstancesin the same position, as the varying needs ofdifferent classes of persons often requireseparate treatment (Chandola, 1992, p. 107).

Further, Article 15, prohibits thediscrimination on the grounds of religion,race, caste, sex, or place of birth (Basu, 1982,p. 59).It provides that the state can makespecial provisions for the upliftment of anysocially and educationally backward classesof citizens or for the Scheduled Castes andScheduled Tribes.Accordingly Article 15provides the basis for incorporatingReservation in the Constitutional framework(Purane, 2000, p. 41). Article 16 providesequality of opportunity in publicemployment. This Article under clause (4)allows the state to reserve the seats forbackward classes of citizens(NationalCommission for Religious and LinguisticMinorities, 2010, p. 15).

Article 46 has been framed to pay keenattention towards the promotion ofeducational and economic interests ofScheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and theweaker sections (Singh, 1992, p. 37).

The original Indian Constitutionmandates representation for SCs and STs inthe lower house of Parliament (Lok Sabha)under Article 330 and in the statelegislativeassemblies under Article 332.Furthermore, the 73rd and 74th Amendmentsof 1993 mandated representation for SCs,STs and OBCs at a more local level ofgovernment (Chin & Prakash, 2009, p. 6).


According to Article 335, “the claimsof the members of the scheduled castes andscheduled tribes shall be taken intoconsideration in the matter of appointmentto services and posts under the union and thestates, as far as may be consistent with themaintenance of efficiency of administration”(Basu, 1982, p. 87).

ConclusionThe Constitution of India therefore,

shapes the growth of modern India and itsroad map for inclusive growth of India’ssociety. The Constitution provides a legalframework for social transformation from asociety of castes and communities to amodern society of citizens based on the equalconsideration of individuals without regardfor caste, creed or gender.

In order to bring the unequals with therest of the society the Constitution makesavailable means in the form of reservation.By providing reservation the state is free totake a positive action for encouraging thedown-trodden and to remove unequaltreatment arising from social, economic andpolitical conditions of the society.

References* Ahuja R. (1999),Indian Social System.

Rawat Publications,New Delhi* Arora N. D. (2010),Political Science for

Civil Services Examination, Tata McGraw–Hill Education Pvt. Ltd,New Delhi

* Austin G. (1972),The Indian Constitution:Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford UniversityPress,Bombay

* Basu D. D. (1982). Introduction to theIndian Constitution, Prentice-hall of IndiaPvt. Ltd,New Delhi

* Chandola, M. V. (1992),Affirmative Actionin India and the United States: TheUntouchable and Black Experience. IndianaComparative Law Review, Vol. 03, No.01,pp. 101-133.

* Chin, Aimee., and Prakash, Nishith. ( 2009),The Redistributive Effects ofPoliticalReservation for Minorities:Evidence from India. IZA Discussion Paper,No. 4391.

* Haan, A. D. (1995). Bibliographical reviewon social exclusion in South Asia. Geneva:International Institute for Labour Studies.IILS Publications.

* Kumar, V. (2016). Social Justice andEmpowerment in India: Dr.Ambedkar’sThoughts. Social Justice and Emancipation.International Seminar on "Globalization ofDr. Ambedkar’s Thoughts & Philosophy."Indore: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University ofSocial Sciences (BRAUSS).

* National Commission for Religious andLinguistic Minorities, Ministry of MinorityAffairs, Government of India. (2010).

* National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.(2015). Handbook. New Delhi: Governmentof India.

* Purane K. D. (2000),Untouchability andLaw-the Ground Reality, Gyan PublishingHouse,New Delhi

* Sandanshiv D. N. (1986). Reservations forSocial Justice,Current Law Publishers,Bombay

* Varshney A. (2014). Battles Half Won:India's Improbable Democracy, Penguin,UK.

* Yadav, S. (2010).Reservation & InclusiveGrowth.New Delhi: Indian Institute ofPublic Administration.

ABSTRACT

IAEA AS AN CHIEF INTERMEDIATE OF UN SECURITYCOUNCIL FOR THE PROLIFIC IMPLEMENTATION

OF NPT AND REGIME THEORIES Dr. Sofi Yasir Hassan* Dr.Sona Shukla**

IAEA was founded in 1957; this safeguard system has provided avital instrument for nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful nuclearcooperation. Also the NPT makes it compulsory for all NNWS parties toconclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with the IAEA, and thusallow for their safeguard application to all of their sources of fissionablematerial.It was established independently from the United Nations underits own international treaty but it follows the UN as a part of regulatorysystem. Article III of the agreement obligates, the IAEA to report to theSecurity Council and General Assembly in any case of non-complianceby signatory states to the Treaty. On the other hand the existence ofeffective international institutions to a unipolar (hegemony) configurationof power in the issue-area in question. Without the existence of ahegemonic power international cooperation in various domains like trade,monetary, and other matters in international affairs becomes exceptionallydifficult, if not impossible to achieve.

Keywords : IAEA, Security Council, NPT and regime theories andits approaches.

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IntroductionWorld under the umbrella of nuclear

weapons cannot serve without theimagination of disaster. Nuclear weapons arehaving the capacity to destruct the world within the blink of eye. So to stop or limit themanufacturing of these weapons we have aninternational organization i.e., UNO. One of

the main organs of UNO is its securitycouncil.Non-proliferation treaty abbreviatedas NPT was established by the UNCommittee of disarmament carrying thepurpose of restricting the number of nuclearcountries to gain international control overpotential of armed conflicts and to commitfor the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

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Text of the TreatyThe NPT is divided into three different

pillars. These are non-proliferation, the rightto peaceful use of nuclear technology, anddisarmament. They also act as the guidelinesfor the signatory states. The major incentiveunder NPR is to acquire nuclear weaponsbased on a national security concerns but toeliminate such incentives that will leadinsecurity to the mankind, the concerns mustbe allayed. In the case of many countries theconcerns have been met through a nuclearumbrella offered by alliances.

NWS members assure NNWS in the UNSecurity Council about abstaining from useof nuclear armaments against them.1Consequently there is a strong thrust to avoidthe danger of nuclear war and therebysafeguard the security of nations as it is feltthat, the proliferation of nuclear weaponswould seriously improve the danger ofnuclear war. Under Article I and Article II ofthe treaty what can be viewed as the non-proliferation pillar. The NWS agree not totransfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclearweapons or any other nuclear explosivedevices or control over such weapons orexplosive devices directly, or indirectly; andnot in any way to assist, encourage, or induceany NNWS to manufacture or otherwiseacquire nuclear weapons or other nuclearexplosive devises, or control over suchweapons or explosive devices, and eachNNWS party to the treaty undertakes not toreceive the transfer from whatsoever ofnuclear weapons or other nuclear explosivedevices or of control over such weapons orexplosive devices directly, or indirectly; notto manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclearweapons or other nuclear explosive devices;and not to seek or receive any assistance inthe manufacture of nuclear weapons or othernuclear explosive devices.2

The partition between NWS and NNWSmakes the NPT an irregular regime becauseon one hand the treaty places similarobligations on both NWS and NNWS toprevent the proliferation of these weaponsand on other hand it allows the fiverecognized NWS legally permitted to be inthe possession of nuclear weapons. In mostcases where there is a lack of incentive forstates to participate in internationalinstitutions the carrot principle came intoexistence as a new incentive. For NNWS,the carrot is to sign the NPT is fundamentallyin return of foregoing the attainment ofnuclear weapons as long as the nuclear statesentrust to provide them with nucleartechnology suitable for the development ofnuclear energy industry. Creating anincentive to join the treaty in exchange ofnuclear energy capability that the majorityof the member states most likely would notbe able to achieve otherwise because mostof the countries that build their first nuclearreactor usually need outside technical help.The only countries that have built their firstreactor entirely unaided were the US, SovietUnion and France.3 Article IV of the treatygives the member states the inalienable rightto develop research, production, and use ofnuclear energy for peaceful purposes withoutdiscrimination and in conformity withArticles I and II of the NPT. All the partiesto the treaty undertake to facilitate, and havethe right to participate in the fullest possibleexchange of equipment, materials andscientific and technological information forthe peaceful use of nuclear technology.Member states of the NPT in a position todo so shall also cooperate in contributingalone or together with other states orinternational organizations to the furtherdevelopment of the applications of nuclearenergy for peaceful purposes, especially in


the territories of the NNWS party to thetreaty, with due consideration for the needsof the developing areas of the world.4Theregime and the IAEA are playing contrastingroles where it has to check the proliferationof nuclear weapons, and meanwhile it has topromote and provide the use of civil nuclearenergy. There is always a risk of convertingnuclear energy that is currently for civilpurposes into nuclear weapons.

The disarmament pillar is mainly basedon the Article VI of the treaty where each ofthe party to the treaty undertakes to pursuenegotiations in good faith on effectivemeasures relating to cessation of the nucleararms race at any early date and to nucleardisbarment, and on a treaty on general andcomplete disbarment under strict andeffective international control.5

According to this the pillar of the treaty,NWS can negotiate in good faith theelimination of nuclear arsenals in theirpossessions but not strictly required to disarmthemselves of nuclear weapons.

Regime TheoriesJohn Ruggie defined regimes as “a set

of mutual expectations, rules and regulations,plans, organizational energies and financialcommitments which have been accepted bya group of states”.6 The most used definitionwas presented in 1983 by Stephen D.Krasner, “sets of implicit or explicitprinciples, norms, rules and decision makingprocedures around which actor’sexpectations converge in a given area ofinternational relations. Principles are beliefsof facts, causation, and rectitude. Norms arestandards of behavior defined in terms ofrights and obligations. Rules are specificprescriptions or proscriptions for action.Decision making procedures are prevailingpractices for making and implementingcollective choice”.7

The three theories that can explainregimes as an international institution arepower based, interest based and knowledgebased.

Power BasedNeorealist envisions a world of

competition on fundamental ground andwhere states cooperate with each other. It isdifficult to achieve and more difficult tosustain. This cooperation is limited due tologic of security competitions which is farpossible to overcome by cooperative actions.International distribution of power is theprinciple of the rules reflecting statecalculation of self interest. The mostpowerful states shape the institutionaccording to them to maintain and improvethe share of world power. Thereforeinstitutions are the platform for expressingthe power relationships.8Osme argumentshave also arrived from Neorealists like Waltzand Mearsheimer who have argued that theinternational regimes is a reflection of themost powerful states in the system.Neorealism is not able to explain the workingstrategy of international regimes but ifNeorealism is supplemented with the theoryof hegemonic stability, the explanation ofworking of international regime is possible.

It links the existence of effectiveinternational institutions to a unipolar(hegemony) configuration of power in theissue-area in question. Without the existenceof a hegemonic power internationalcooperation in various domains like trade,monetary, and other matters in internationalaffairs becomes exceptionally difficult, if notimpossible to achieve.9 The existence of ahegemonic power doesn’t necessarily meanthat it is domination of the entire world;according to Mearsheimer we can separatemore narrowly between global hegemons,


which dominates the world, and regionalhegemons, which dominates distinctgeographical areas.

It also claims the presence of a single,strongly dominant actor in internationalpolitics leads to combined desirableoutcomes for all states in the internationalsystem. They may enforce strict adherenceto rules; or may rely on positive sanctions.Both hegemonic powers and smaller statesare interdependent and collaborate inmaintaining a regime. The hegemonic poweralthough dominates yet providing benefits tosmall and middle powers. An assumptionthus exits that there must be a sufficientincentives from hegemonic power to providepublic good and bear all the expenses ofcooperation provisions but this could bepossible only when hegemonic power issufficiently large relative to all other states.Smaller states enjoy the advantage of goodsregardless of whether or not they contributein the maintenance of goods and thereforeoften referred to as free rider. This can be ahurdle in the progress therefore hegemonicpower must be capable of preventingcheatings ad free ridings by smaller states.This can be gained through enforcement ofrules of the regimes and encouraging smallerstates to contribute in costs of maintenanceof the system.10Another factor that mightlead to the dissolvent of the regime is if otherstates begin to regard the actions of thehegemony as self-serving and contrary totheir own political and economic interests.

According to the theory of hegemonicstability, the explanation behind success orfailure of NNPT will be the presence of ahegemonic power in the international societywhose motive is to prevent nuclearproliferation and benign and coercive meansto do so. Even if the regime is not effectiveit may be robust as long as it is in the interest

of the hegemonic power to maintain it, basedon its coercive and non-coercive power.

Interest-BasedAccording to Keohane, international

cooperation occurs only when actors behaveaccording to the actual or anticipatedpreference of other actors through a processof policy coordination. With this descriptionit is possible to differentiate amongcooperation, harmony, and discord. Harmonyand cooperation are usually havingsuperimposed meanings but in world politicsthey should be, because harmony isapolitical. As under harmony nocommunication is necessary, and noinfluence needs to be exercised whileCooperation is highly political, as somehowpatterns of behavior must be altered whichcan be accomplished through negative aswell as positive inducements. Certainly,strategies that involve treats and punishment,as well as promises and rewards, are moreeffectual in attaining cooperative outcomesthan those that rely on persuasion and goodexample. Cooperation, therefore, does notmean an absence of conflict. On the contrary,it is typically mixed with conflict and reflectspartially successful efforts to overcomeconflict, real or potential. Cooperation amongactors happens when they felt conflict in theirpolicies not where there is harmony.Cooperation should not be taken as theabsence of conflict, but rather as a reactionto conflict or potential conflict. Withoutconflict, there would be no need to worktogether.

Ronald Coase argued that the existenceof externalities alone does not essentiallyprevent effective coordination amongindependent actors but under certainconditions, bargaining among these actorscould lead to solutions that are Pareto-


optimal regardless of the rules of legalresponsibility. The Coase theorem couldtherefore predicts that problems of collectiveaction could easily be raised aboveinternational politics through bargaining andmutual adjustment. Coase specified threecrucial conditions for this conclusion to hold:(a) a legal framework establishing legalresponsibility for actions, most likelysupported by governmental authority, (b)perfect information, and (c) zero transactioncosts including organization costs and costsof making side-payments. If all theseconditions were met in the internationalsociety, ad hoc agreements would be costlessand international regimes unnecessary. Onthe other hand, by reversing the Coasetheorem also allows us to scrutinizeinternational institutions largely as a reactionto problems of property rights, uncertainty,and transaction costs. Besides this, it alsoprovides us therefore with a list of conditions,where at least one must apply if regimes areto be of value in facilitating agreementsamong governments: (a) Lack of clear legalframeworks establishing liability for actions,(b) information imperfections, and (c)positive transaction costs.11

In international society, according toNeoliberals, all of these conditions are metall of the time. World governments does notexist, information is extremely expensive andoften impracticable to obtain. Transactioncosts, including costs of organization andside-payments, are often very high. Yet, theCoase theorem is useful not merely as a wayof categorizing these familiar problems butbecause it suggests how international regimescan improve actors' ability to make mutuallybeneficial agreements. From the deficiencyof self-help systems, we get a need forinternational regimes. In so far as they fillthis need, international regimes perform the

functions of establishing patterns of legalliability, providing relatively symmetricalinformation, and arranging the costs ofbargaining to make specific agreements moreeasily. This typology therefore allows us tospecify regime functions, as devises to makeagreements possible, and therefore tounderstand the demand for internationalregimes. Insofar as international regimes cancorrect institutional defects in theinternational society along any of these threedimensions, (a) liability, (b) information, and(c) transaction costs, they may becomeefficient devices for the achievement of statepurposes. Therefore, international regimesare developed in part because actors in worldpolitics believe that with such arrangementsthey will be able to make, mutually beneficialagreements that would otherwise be difficultor impossible to obtain. Regimes arisebecause actors forgo self-regulating decisionmaking in order to deal with collectiveproblems. They do so in their own self-interests because jointly accessible outcomesare preferable to those that are or might bereached independently. It is in their interestsmutually to establish arrangements to shapetheir subsequent behavior and allowexpectations to converge, thus solving thedilemmas of independent decision-making.

According to neoliberals internationalregimes along with its institutions andprocedures perform the function of reducinguncertainty and risk through linkingdiscreteissues to one another and by improving thequantity and quality of information availableto participants and this capacity are the secretof success of international regime ofparticipants. Therefore, the explanatoryfactor for the degree of success or failure ofthe Nuclear Non-Proliferation treatyaccording to interest-based theory of regimesis the quantity and quality of information that


the regime is capable of producing for itsmember states. From a neoliberal view, therehas to be a harmony among the majority ofthe signatory states for the regime to prevailand this determination to maintain the regimemay come from a shown effect, or it may bevigorous because of the belief in a potentialfuture effect, since regimes are more costlyto produce than to maintain.

Knowledge-BasedIn accordance with Constructivists,

ideas and knowledge are the explanatoryvariables in the study of international politics.The constructivists would argue that theassumption of state-egoism is challengingbecause we should not make a priorsupposition about state identity in anarchy.In other words, identities are created throughinteraction; we open the door to systemicchange. They also argue that assuming aselfish identity and thus a self-help system,is either helpful, because it blocks theopportunity for systemic change, or precisebecause identities are made and not given.12

A constructivist analysis on cooperationwould concentrate on how the expectationsthat are produced by behavior definitelyaffect identities and interests. The process ofcreating institutions is one of internalizingnew understanding of oneself as well asothers, of acquiring new role identities, notjust of creating external constraints on thebehavior of exogenously constituted actors.By coincidence, the process by which egotistsgain knowledge of cooperation is at the sametime a process of reconstructing theirinterests in terms of shared commitments tosocial norms. Over time, this will be likelyto transform a positive interdependence ofoutcomes into one of utilities or communalinterests organized around the norms inquestion. These norms will resist change forthe reason that they are tied to actors’

commitment to their identities and interests,not just because of the cost of transaction.13

Structures of Inter-subjective systemconsist of the mutual understandings,expectations, and social knowledgeembedded in international institutions andthreat complexes, in terms of which there liesthe identities and interests of states. It alsodetermines how much “slack” exists in astates system for dynamics of collectiveidentity formation to develop. If there isgreater degree of conflict in a system, therewill be more fear in the states and they defendtheir egotistic identities by engaging inrelative gains and resisting the factors thatmight undercut it. Constructivists argue thatthe demand for regimes depends on how theactors perceive international problems,which is, in part, formed by their causal andnormative beliefs.14

According to constructivism, the degreeof success or failure of the NPT is explainedby the ability and willingness by states toescape the security dilemma. They may doso by creating a new identity and willingnessto follow the norms and rules of the regime,and showing a collective interest in a nuclear-free international society. This way they tryto reduce the fear among states for a potentialnuclear conflict. By changing identity, foesmay become friends and the need for nuclearweapons becomes less demanding.

Safeguards and the UN Security CouncilThe transparency of regime seeks

information because there is a demand forinformation and the purpose of incentivesand capacity of relevant actors.15 SinceIAEA was founded in 1957, this safeguardsystem has provided a vital instrument fornuclear non-proliferation and peacefulnuclear cooperation. Also the NPT makes itcompulsory for all NNWS parties toconclude comprehensive safeguards


agreements with the IAEA, and thus allowfor their safeguard application to all of theirsources of fissionable material. Article III ofthe NPT provides that each NNWS party tothe treaty undertakes to accept safeguards,as set forth in an agreement to be negotiatedand concluded with the IAEA in accordancewith the Statue of the IAEA and the agency’ssafeguards system, for the exclusive purposeof verification of the fulfillment of itsobligations assumed under the treaty with aview to preventing diversion of nuclearenergy from peaceful uses to nuclearweapons or other nuclear explosivedevices.16IAEA has no means in itself toforce states to abide by the rules of the NPT.It was established independently from theUnited Nations under its own internationaltreaty but it follows the UN as a part ofregulatory system. Article III of theagreement obligates, the IAEA to report tothe Security Council and General Assemblyin any case of non-compliance by signatorystates to the Treaty. The Treaty also instructsthe nuclear powers not to transfer nuclearweapons to anyone and control over them,and not to help the non-nuclear weapon statesin the acquisition of such weapons.17

Below describes the obligations of non-nuclear-weapon states in NPT:

“Each non-nuclear-weapon State Partyto the Treaty undertakes not to receive thetransfer from any transferor whatsoever ofnuclear weapons or other nuclear explosivedevices or of control over such weapons orexplosive devices directly, or indirectly; notto manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclearweapons or other nuclear explosive devices;and not to seek or receive any assistance inthe manufacture of nuclear weapons or othernuclear explosive devices”.18

International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) monitored the working of NPT and

was founded in late 1950s in Vienna. It playsrole in assisting developing countries ingetting hold of nuclear energy and makecertain its safe use. After execution of theNPT, the IAEA has signed an agreement withthe non-nuclear states and got the right tovisit and inspect the facilities of the statesdeclared as a nuclear developing state.19

It is also necessary to advocate NPT asa regime. According to the analysis ofBrzoska and Tate, the effort of nuclear non-proliferation and trying to identify that asdescribing above formulates an internationalregime. Brzoska considers NPT as a regimebut also he identifies problems about the lackof mutual managerial principles and normsin this regime.20 Conversely, two sets ofprinciples in this system of non-proliferationwhich formulate different types of actors inthe system.21

Practically, these two sets of principlesand norms create a trouble. As the non-proliferation system with its managerialnorms working in the field of nuclear armsdistributions to more states, may cause threatto international security. This should beprohibited but also it works more in thepeaceful exploitation of nuclear energy.22

This refers to the understanding of thenon-proliferation norms in nuclear states.Developed countries in east and westpossessing advanced nuclear industries haverejected unilaterally the ownership of nuclearweapons before entering NPT.23

ConlusionIn certain way, NPT also acts as a

contributor of nuclear material andtechnology and as an assistant to the statesworking in the area of peaceful nuclearenergy development. Fundamentally,restraining of nuclear weapon distributionshows the need of suppliers being together.In fact, many suppliers were linked with the


Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG), which wasviewed as the core of the nuclear non-proliferation system, viz. the significanceoften linked to the NSG and the US NuclearNon-Proliferation Act of 1978.Exclusively,the principle of the regime entails theelimination of nuclear weapons by all states.Some states do not possess nuclear arms andthis gives an outlook of “confidence-buildingmeasure” wished for encouraging the nuclearweapon states to surrender their nuclearweapons. According to the arguments takenplace at the NPT review conferences, haveraised the question of nuclear reductionamong the nuclear weapon states, while non-NPT members make the absence ofdevelopment as their key protest to sign thetreaty as non-members. James Keeleyconsidered the unification of thisunderstanding when the NPT was concluded.On the other hand the negotiation record doesnot support this argument. In fact, several ofthe states, even after pushing, chose not tobe members of the NPT.

In its place, the NPT clasp both sets ofprinciples and norms with different level ofconcentration. The ban of the first-timeacquirement of nuclear weapons by suchprotesting states is very different; though thesignatory states possessing nuclear weaponssimply assured to do something about theirweapons as soon as possible. Several non-nuclear weapon states have recognized this“injustice” as the norm of the NPT.

Compromise position poses bigcomplications for diplomats and NPTanalysts at the review conferences of NPT,there occur the questions of being a regimewith contradictory norms or the regime isdivide into categories of nuclear suppliers,support of civilian nuclear activities,abolition of nuclear weapons which areloosely connected via IAEA safeguards andNPT review conferences.

This issue grows into a morecomplicated matter when regimeparticipation is considered. The regimeshaving only one nuclear provider certainlyhave relatively inadequate number ofparticipants. In fact, non-suppliers who havesigned up the NPT lend a hand to thefunctioning of the supplier’s regime;however they do not participate in theconstruction of rules and procedures.

If non-possession of nuclear weaponswithin regime is considered as the mainprinciple, the involvement must include allthose states which have approved one of theabove-mentioned partial “nuclear armscontrol treaties”, for the most part the “PartialTest Ban Treaty”. On the subject of thenegotiation conditions, membership in theNPT is very important as it guard thehorizontal distribution of nuclear weapons.Certainly, the IAEA is an essential forum formembers as well. The fact regarding thedistribution of nuclear weapons has stayedproperly incomplete even between non-participants in these regimes “puzzleanalysts”, who use both of these approaches.

Among all the states which protest beingthe partners in establishing the rules andnorms even after having all technicalresources, only few states have acquirednuclear weapons. Contrarily there are somenew nuclear states and a small number ofstates more similar to those statuses, who arealso the members in the second and perhapsthird regimes, like India and Pakistan.

References1. Gjelstad, J. and Njølstad, O. (1996),

“Nuclear Rivalry and International Order”,Published by SAGE publications LTD. Pp.1.26

2. International Atomic EnergyAgency:http://www.iaea.org:

h t tp : / /www.iaea .org/Publ i ca t ions /Documents/Infcircs/others/infcirc140pdf


h t tp : / /www. i aea .o rg/NewsCen te r /Transcripts/2005/derspiegel21022005.html

http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC51/GC51Documents/English/gc51-19_en.pdf

3. Kaufmann, C. (2006), “Why NuclearProliferation is Getting Easier”, Peace ReviewA Journal of Social Justice, published byRoutledge. Pp.318.

4. International Atomic Energy Agency:http://www.iaea.org: http//www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc140.pdf

5. International Atomic Energy Agency:http://www.iaea.org:

h t tp : / /www.iaea .org/Publ i ca t ions /Documents/Infcircs/others/infcirc140pdf

h t tp : / /www. i aea .o rg/NewsCen te r /Transcripts/2017/derspiegel21022017.html

http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC51/GC51Documents/English/gc51-19_en.pdf

6. Smith R. K. (1987), “Explaining the Non-Proliferation Regime: Anomalies forContemporary International Relations”,International Organization. Vol. 41, No. 2, Pp.257.

7. Krasner S. D. (1983), “InternationalRegimes”, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

8. Gilpin, R. (1987), “The PoliticalEconomy of International Relations”, Publishedby Princeton University Press. Pp. 85.

9. Snidal, D. (1985), “The Limits ofHegemonic Stability. InternationalOrganization”, The MIT Press. Vol. 39, No. 4,pp. 581

10. Gilpin, R. (1987), “The PoliticalEconomy of International Relations”, Publishedby Princeton University Press. Pp. 74.

11. Mercer. J. (1995), “Anarchy andIdentity”, International Organization, The MITPress Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 232.

12. Wendt, A. (1992), “Anarchy is whatStates Make of it: The Social Construction ofPower Politics”, International Organization, TheMIT Press. Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 417.

13. Wendt, A. (1994), “Collective IdentityFormation and the International State”, American

Political Science Review, American PoliticalScience Association. Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 389.

14. Wendt, A. (1994), “Theories ofInternational Regimes”, Cambridge UniversityPress. Pp. 137

15. Mitchell, R. (1998), “Sources ofTransparency: Information systems inInternational Relations”, International StudiesQuarterly, Published by The International StudiesAssociation. Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 110.

16. International Atomic Energy Agency:http://www.iaea.org:

h t t p / /www. i a ea .o rg/P ub l i c a t i o ns /Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc140.pdf

17. Harvey C. (2010), “Major Proposals toStrengthen the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty”,Arms Control Association. (Accessed 25 January,2017). http://www.armscontrol.org/pdf/NPTRevConf2005_MajorProposals.pdf

18. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation ofNuclear Weapons (NPT) (1970). (Accessed 21October, 2016). http://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2005/npttreaty.html

19. Pikaev, A. (October 2007), “Inter-national Nuclear Weapons Non-ProliferationRegime”, Perspectives. (Accessed 21 March,2017). http://www.perspektivy.info/rus/desk/mezhdunarodnyj_rezhim_nerasprostranenija_jadernogo_oruzhija_2007-10-25.htm

20. Brzoska, M. (1992), “Is the NuclearNon-Proliferation System a Regime? A Commenton Trevor McMorris Tate”, Journal of PeaceResearch. Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.215-220.

21. Keeley, J. F. (1990), “Toward aFoucauldian Analysis of International Regimes”,International Organization. Vol. 44, No. 1, pp.83-105.

22. Tate, T. M. (1990), “Regime-buildingin the Non-Proliferation System”, Journal ofPeace Research. Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 399-414

23. Brzoska, M. (1992), “Is the NuclearNon-Proliferation System a Regime? A Commenton Trevor McMorris Tate”, Journal of PeaceResearch. Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.215-220

ABSTRACT

MARKETING STRATEGIES OFFMCG COMPANIES IN RURAL INDIA

Naman Shukla* Imran Mehraj Dar**

Rural marketing is seen as a function of RD-rural developmentandits propellers and dynamics as agricultural modernization, non-agriculturaldevelopment wealth,education, and above all, “marketization” of the ruraleconomy. Thevast untapped potential of the rural markets is growing at arapid pace. Withthe rising income, population growth rate and governmentthrust,the rural market is providing an immense opportunity for the FMCGcompanies to develop their emerging strategies to tap the rural market.TheCut throat competition in urban areas has also compelled many companiesto look for new, unexploited rural markets. Further, rural India is insulatedagainst global economic downturns, which adds to its attractiveness.Asa result, it is becoming an important for all FMCG companies to developthe effective rural market development strategies to capture the ruralmarket.

Therefore in order to go rural, the companies should understand theIndian rural marketing Scenario as a prelude. The paper is an attempt toexamine the rural marketing trends of FMCG companies in India. It alsohighlights the challenges and opportunities along with thestrategiesadopted by FMCG companies in Indian rural Market.

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* Research Scholar, CRIM, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P), Mobile No.-7738356300** Research Scholar, CRIM, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P)

IntroductionThe rural markets represent the

heartland of the true culture, racial, languageand demographic identity of India. This isso because the majority of India lives in therural masses. The Indian rural markets with

its vast size and demand base offer greatopportunities to marketers. Approximately2/3thof the consumers live in rural areasconsist of about 650,000 villages. Thesevillages are inhabited by about 850 millionconsumers making up for about 70 per cent

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of population and contributing around halfof the country's Gross Domestic Product(GDP). Consumption patterns in these ruralareas are gradually changing to increasinglyresemble the consumption patterns of urbanareas. Some of India's largest consumercompanies serve one-third of their consumersfrom rural India. Owing to a favourablechanging consumption trend as well as thepotential size of the market, rural Indiaprovides a large and attractive investmentopportunity for private companies.In fact, asper Mckinsey, despite rising urbanization,63% of India’s population will continue tolive in the rural areas even in 2025.

1. Research MethodlogyThe research paper is descriptive and

informative in nature based on secondarydata. The data has been collected fromdifferent published books and papers, articlespublished in different journals, periodicals,conference paper, working papers and otherrelated websites.

2. Objectives of the Study> To examine the current rural marketing

scenario in the rural market,> To examine the hindrance facing the

FMCG Companies in the rural areas.> To identify rural marketing Allure for

the FMCG Companies.> To identify and define the emerging

marketing practices to be adopted by FMCGcompanies that will help them to capture therural market.

3. Rural MarketingRural marketing in India is still in its

infancy stage. It is an area of darkness toIndian entrepreneurs, although, with its

immense size and demand base, it offersplethora of opportunities to marketers. Therural market of India is very much larger thanthe urban in the aggregate and represents thelargest potential market. Still it faces variousproblems with respect to marketing, productdesigning and positioning, pricing,distribution and promotion. In order to tacklethis hindrance, companies must understandthe rural market in different context to widentheir business horizon, to expand their marketand to take advantage of the opportunitiesavailable in the rural areas. The key to facethe challenges is to understand the market,the consumer requirement and conduct andto formulate its strategies accordingly.

According to Velayudhan (2002), ruralmarketing includes all those activities ofassessing, stimulating and converting therural purchasing power into an effectivedemand for specific products and with theaim of raising the standard of living. It is atwo way marketing process of flow of goodsand services from rural to urban areas andvice-versa (George & Mueller, 1955).

3.1 Emerging trends in the ruralMarketThe days are gone when a rural

consumer went to a nearby city to buy“branded products and services". Time waswhen only a select household consumedbranded goods, be it tea or jeans. There weredays when big companies flocked to ruralmarkets to establish their brands. Today, ruralmarkets are critical for every marketer - be itfor a branded shampoo or an automobile.Time was when marketers thought vancampaigns, cinema commercials and a fewwall paintings would suffice to entice rural


folks under their folds. Thanks to Internet &television, today a customer in a rural area isquite literate about myriad products that areon offer in the market place.

Trends indicate that the rural markets arecoming up in a big way and growing twiceas fast as the urban, witnessing a rise in salesof hitherto typical urban kitchen gadgets suchas refrigerators, mixer-grinders and pressurecookers. According to a National Council forApplied Economic Research (NCAER)study, there are as many 'middle income andabove' households in the rural areas as thereare in the urban areas. There are almost twiceas many 'lower middle income' householdsin rural areas as in the urban areas. At thehighest income level there are 2.3 millionurban households as against 1.6 millionhouseholds in rural areas. According to Mr.D. Shiva Kumar, Business Head (Hair),Personal Products Division, of HindustanLever Limited, the money available to spendon FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods)products by urban India is Rs. 49,500 croresas against is Rs. 63,500 crores in rural India.

NCAER projections indicated that thenumber of “middle income and above"households was expected to grow to 111million in rural India by 2012, compared to59 million in urban India i.e. absolute sizeof rural India is expected to be double thatof urban India. Even in lifestyle products,rural India will be significant over next fiveyears.

A latest market trend shows that there isa huge scope for companies to penetrate ruralmarket. 46% of soft drinks sales happenedat rural areas, 59% cigarette were consumedby rural people, 53% of FMCG sales donein rural market. Therefore rural market has

emerged as one of the crucial market forFMCG sector. Since last ten years especiallyFMCG companies have started exploringrural market for two reasons. One is due tosaturation in urban market and second isbecause of potential lies in rural market. Thepotential of rural India is because itcontains70% of the total population of Indiathat are living in 65000 villages, increase indisposable income of rural people, betterinfrastructure, roads and distribution system.

3.2 Allure for FMCG to go Rural:India is undergoing a massive change

and the companies operating in India willhave only two options either go Global or goRural. The cost of going global is very high,and it's difficult to gauge markets in othercountries. Also there has been a significantgrowth in purchasing power, change inlifestyle, increase in brand consciousness,change in consumption pattern, improvementin infrastructural facilities and spread ofcommunication network in rural market.These changes resulted the FMCGcompanies to target the rural market as itis growing day by day. Rural India isemerging as a large market for a number ofgoods and services - financial services,healthcare, education andtelecommunication, etc. Like Thoreau andTolstoy, Gandhi, revered as the father ofmodern India, believed that the country’sfuture lay in her villages. These days, everymarketer would agree.

Some of the reasons that attract theFMCG’s to go rural are given below:1. Increasing Population of India2. Rise in Rural Income3. Remittances from Abroad :


4. Rural Development Programme / Govt.Initiative

5. Urban Markets are Getting Saturated :6. Intensive Interaction with Urban

Population:7. Development of Transport and

Communication Networks:8. Rising literacy levels9. Infrastructural facilities.10. Impact of Media:11. Rapid Socio-economic Changes:

4.3. Hindrances offered by ruralmarket to the FMCG IndustryAlthough the rural markets are a huge

attraction to marketers, it should also berecognized that it not easy to operate there.Rural market is a time consuming affair andrequires considerable investments in termsof evolving appropriate strategies. Thepeculiarities of the rural markets and ruralconsumers pose challenges to the marketersin reaching them effectively. Therefore it isa challenge for every marketer to reach therural market effectively. Some of the hurdlesthat FMCG is facing while entering the ruralmarket are given below:

1. Transportation Bottlenecks:2. Deprived People and underdeveloped

Markets:3. Communication impasse:4. Inadequate Media Coverage5. Ineffective Warehousing System:6. Ineffective Distribution Channels:7. Inadequate Banking and Credit

Facilities8. Seasonal Demand :9. Dummy Brands10. Low Levels of Literacy:11. Low Per Capita Income:

4.4. Rural Marketing Strategies ofFMCG companiesIn earlier days rural marketing practices

was used to designate marketing ofagricultural product and village artisanproducts. Due to globalization, privatization,liberalization, and IT revolution, rural incomeand Indian Diaspora have entirely changedthe rural marketing scenario. The hugeopportunities offered by the rural market aregetting more and more importance today. TheFMCG companies are reaching the remoterural areas for marketing of their products.But it is necessary to develop the fascinating'village value', comprising of originality,purity and quality of product, to conqueruntapped robust consumption potentiality of120 million household of the 'Rural India'.In order to achieve that target, FMCGcompanies have adopted new emergingpractices. The new emerging rural marketingpractices include 4P and 4A strategies whichare explained as below. The 4P strategiesinclude Product, Price, Place of distribution,and Promotional Strategies and 4A strategiesinclude Availability, Affordability,Acceptability and Awareness Strategies.

4.4.1. 4P StrategiesDue to the changing scenario of rural

market it is important FMCG companies tounderstand the 4P strategies in order to enterthe rural remote areas.

The 4P Strategies that may be helpful inimproving marketing in rural areas are listedbelow:

A. Product Strategies:A product is the heart of rural marketing

and the rural people spend their money for


basic needs only. Due to low income, for anypurchase they think hard and try to postponeor spend very little. Product is very importantcomponent of marketing mix and it needs tobe targeted in rural market with specialmodification as per rural demand andaccordingly product strategies should beformulated, Some of the Product strategiesfor rural India are-

(a) Small unit and Low price packing:(b) New Product Design:(c) Sturdy Products:(d) Usable Products:(e) Brand Name:In brief, In order to formulate the product

strategy successfully, the FMCG companiesshould keep low pricing, small packets,product utility, rugged build, and easy brandnames into consideration while entering therural market.

B. Pricing StrategiesThere is a notion that rural folks more

likely, prefer products that are low priced.Instead what rural consumers seek is thevalue for money. Therefore, the pricing hasto be in line with this expectation and FMCGcompanies devise their strategies that canmake their products affordable for ruralcustomers. Pricing strategies are linked toproduct and its packaging. Hence, packagingand product has been made to suit low valuepurchases by rural people. Some of thepricing strategies are given below

(a) Low Cost/Cheap Products(b) Low Cost Packaging(c) Reusable packs(d) Application of value engineering(e) Conversions

C. Strategies for Place of DistributionIt has been revealed from some studies

that the bigger villages of above 5000population are fairly covered by themarketing people of various companiesincluding manufacturing, consumable anddurable products, in comparison to smallervillages. Some of the strategies fordistribution to various rural segments arediscussed as under:

(a). Using Own Delivery Vans:(b) Agro- input Dealers:(c) Co-operative Societies :(d) PDS Stores and Petrol Pumps:(e) Annual Melas:

D. Promotion StrategiesPromotion strategy is a way of

communicating the product to the targetmarket. It is an important strategy to beadopted by every FMCG marketer in orderto enter the rural market. Due totechnological innovations people can nowcommunicate through both traditional andnewer methods of media. Both masscommunication and / or targetcommunications can be used as perrequirements. The promotion measure shouldbe cost effective. Word of mouth is animportant message carrier in the rural areasand ‘opinion leader’ play a significant rolein influencing the prospective ruralconsumers about accepting or rejecting aproduct or a brand.

Mass media is a powerful medium ofcommunication and other strategies that canbe followed to promote the product in ruralmarket include:

(a) Cinema(b) Television


(c) Radio(d) Print Media(e) Hoardings(f) Various Events- Mela, Jathra,

Shondis and Hats are important places forpromotion of FMCG in rural India.

Apart from this there are various otherpower ways by means of which products inthe rural market are promoted by the FMCGcompanies as given below :

(i) Promoting Products with IndianModels and Actors

(ii) Promoting Indian Sports Team:(iii) Talking about a Normal Indian:

4.4.2. 4A StrategiesAlthough rural market offers vast

opportunities for FMCG companies but alsoshows some hurdles of low per capitaincomes, large number of daily-wage earners,acute dependence on the monsoon, seasonalconsumption linked to harvests, festivals, andspecial occasions, poor roads, powerproblems, and inaccessibility to conventionaladvertising media. These problems are

associated with the problem of availability,

affordability, acceptability and awareness of

rural consumers regarding the product. In

order to overwhelm this, FMCG companies

have used the 4A approach which are

explained below:

A. Availability:Indian rural market is very large. So in

order to make a pan India presence marketing

activities have to be undertaken on a very

big scale. It is very big challenge for the

FMCG companies to avail their products in

far flung areas of the rural India. For making

the products available to consumers,

companies adopt a variety of means such as

direct selling, using company delivery vans,

syndicated distribution between non-

competitive marketers, setting up of

temporary stalls in rural melas or haths etc.

FMCG companies have realized this and are

trying to be creative in this situation.

B. AffordabilityIt involves pricing the product in such a

manner that the people are attracted and at

the same time products should be affordable.

As the rural market is characterized by low

income levels with huge inequality in

distribution, the FMCG companies need to

focus on low cost production techniques and

marketing products that offer value for

money.

Some companies have addressed the

affordability problem by introducing small

unit packs. Godrej recently introduced three

brands of Cinthol, Fair Glow and Godrej in

50-gm packs, priced at Rs 4-5 meant

specifically for Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and

Uttar Pradesh - the so-called `BIMARU'

States.

C. Acceptability:It is not necessary that the products

successful in the urban areas will also besuccessful in rural area. Therefore productsfor the rural market need to be crafted in sucha way that it should be easily acceptable byincorporating attractive features. Keepingthis in view, company like LG Electronics hasreaped rich dividends by developing acustomized TV for the rural market andchristened it Sampoorna. Coca-Cola provideslow-cost ice-boxes - a tin box for new outlets


and thermocol box for seasonal outlets toovercome the lack of electricity andrefrigerators problems of rural India.

D. Awareness:Awareness is a means of communication

which is linked with the promotion of theproduct. In order to make the rural Indiaaware about the products, FMCG companiesneed to adopt the rural environment, andlocal language as a means of communication.The majority of the rural population (57%)is not exposed to mass media and poses agrave challenge for FMCG companies tomarket their products. In order to tackle thissituation conventional media is not alonefavoring the FMCG companies but alongwith non conventional media providesfruitful results. The appropriate mix ofconventional and non-conventional media-mix like, Television, radio, Audio-visualvans, cinema commercials, wall paintings,intensive door-to-door campaigns, livedemonstrations, distribution of samples canbe used as an effective media for the effectiveawareness.

It has been seen that the top most FMCGcompanies like HLL, ITC and Dubar etc.have understood the rural India well and haveapplied their strategies accordingly. TheFMCG companies need to understand the 4P,4C and 4A strategies as given below in table1effectively in order to enter the rural India.

AwarenessFigure 1 Compiled from different

sourcesSome of the FMCG companies treat

rural market as a dumping ground for thelower end products designed for an urbanaudience. They survive for very short termas consumers in the rural market are nowbecoming very sensitive towards theirpurchasing behavior. Thischanging scenarioof rural market makes consumer a king, andthereby need of customer becomes thepriority and the strategies becomes consumercentric. Hence it is important for everyFMCG companies to understand the 4Psalong with 4As keeping 4C in mind whileadopting rural marketing practices in orderto enter and survive in the competitive marketof Rural India.

Conclusion:Rural market is like goldmine with lot

of difficulties. The FMCG’s needs toformulate a well designed strategy to feel thepulse of the rural consumers and to tacklethe mystic rural market. Many companies goto rural markets, still to make money, not toguide or help or develop rural consumers.The rural marketers must think rural for long-term success instead of short-term profit.Another factor responsible for hastening thisphenomenon is the construction of nationalhighways connecting all the four metrosthrough the hundreds of villages. This willenable companies to serve the rural markets,to ensure availability of products through asound distribution network, overcomingprevalent attitudes and habits of ruralcustomers and creating brand awareness. Inshort FMCG companies need to understand

4P’s 4C’s 4A’s

Product Customer

Satisfaction

Acceptability

Price Cost to Customer Affordability

Place Convenience Accessibility

Promotion Communication Awareness


the rural India well and should apply theirstrategies accordingly. It can be said that thefuture is very promising for those who canunderstand the dynamics of rural markets andexploit them to their best advantagebyfocusing on the 4P, 4C and 4A strategieseffectively.

Reference> Babu, S. Dhineshet al (2008),

“Emerging Trends in Rural Marketing”,www.bmsgroup.blog.co.in/files/2008/07/final-pro.doc

> Del Castello, Ricardo, Maul Braun(2006), “Framework for effective ruralcommunication for development”

> Goswami, Rahul (2009) “Makingsense of the rural rush”, http://www.indiatogether.org/2009/apr/eco-ruraleco.htm

> Iyer, Vidya (2009-2010), “RuralMarketing”, SIES Journal ofManagement, Vol. 6, Iss. 2; pg. 110, 4 pgs

> Jha, M., (April 1999) „RuralMarketing: Some Conceptual issue?Rural Scan, vol. I no.2

> Kashyap, Predeep and Raut,Siddhartha (2010 ed.), The RuralMarketing Book

> Krishnamurthy, Jagadeesh (2009),“Yeh „Rural? Kya Hai? The Challenges

and Opportunities of Marketing in RuralIndia”, EF, December

> Lane, Bernard, Kenji Yoshinaga(1994), “Niche markets for the ruralworld”, The OECD Observer. Paris: Oct/Nov 1994., Issue no. 190; pp.14Vishwanathan,Gomathi,

“Challenges.in.Rural.Marketing”,http://EzineArticles.com/

?expert=Dr._Gomathi_Viswanathan> Pradeep Kashyap, Siddhartha Raut,

The Rural Marketing, 2008, biztantra,New Delhi.

> S. DhineshBabu, A. Peer MohamedAriff, M. Ravichandran,Emerging Trendsin Rural Marketing.

> http://www.ibef.org/industry/

indian-rural-market

> h t tp : / / www. i n ian mba .c om/

Faculty_ Column/Fc875.html

> http://www.cpuh.in/academics/pdf/

Rajat_Rural_Marketing

> http://indianresearchjournals.com/

pdf/APJMMR/2013/Julay/4

> http://publications.anveshanaindia.

com

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cesje yeme Ûeues lees ceQ Deheves ØeYeeJe ceW Deeves Jeeues meYeer meJeCe&efnvot ueÌ[kesâ-ueÌ[efkeâÙeeW keâes Fme yeele kesâ efueS lewÙeej keâj otBieeefkeâ Jes nefjpeveeW mes efJeJeen keâjW~’’ ÛetBefkeâ peeefle JÙeJemLee Deee|LekeâMees<eCe keâe Skeâ meJe&ceevÙe meeOeve yeve ieÙee Lee~ Dele: ieeBOeerpeer ves Deheves DevegYeJeeW kesâ DeeOeej hej yeeo ceW keâne Lee efkeâ—ÚgDeeÚtle leYeer meceehle nes mekeâleer nw, peye peeefle-ØeLee keâeGvcetueve nes peeS~ ieeBOeer peer ves Deheveer meesÛe keâe kesâvõ-efyevogDevegmetefÛele peeefle hej kesâefvõle efkeâÙee Lee~ Ùen Øeefmeæ nw efkeâieeBOeer peer ves keâmletjyee (ieeBOeer peer keâer Oece&helveer) mes Yeer MeewÛeeueÙekeâer meheâeF& keâjJeeF& Deewj Deeßece ceW jnves JeeueeW mes Deeßecekeâer meheâeF& mJeÙeb keâjves keâes keâne~ GvneWves Demhe=MÙelee keâes efnvotmeceepe keâe keâuebkeâ yeleeÙee Deewj efnvot meceepe keâe heâesÌ[e keânkeâjFmekeâer efvevoe keâer~ Skeâ DevÙe DeJemej hej ieeBOeer peer ves keâneefkeâ Demhe=MÙelee jeJeCe DeLeJee [eÙej kesâ Mewleeveer ke=âlÙeeW mesYeer yeÌ[e je#eme nw~

Yeejle ceW DeÚtleeW keâer cegKÙeleÙee leerve ßesefCeÙeeB jner nQ~henueer ßesCeer Demhe=MÙeeW keâer nw DeLee&led efpevnW ÚgDee ve peemekesâ~ otmejer ßesCeer ceW Jes ueesie nQ, efpevekesâ vepeoerkeâ Yeer vepeeÙee peeS~ leermejer ßesCeer kesâ Jes ueesie nQ, efpevnW osKee Yeerve peeS~ Fme meoer kesâ Meg™ ceW efnvogDeeW ceW kegâue pevemebKÙee30 keâjesÌ[ Leer, efpeveceW 6 keâjesÌ[ ueesie DeÚtle Les, Deewj JesefnvogDeeW keâer kegâue pevemebKÙee keâe 20 ØeefleMele Les~ ieeBOeerpeer ves oefuele keâer heerÌ[e oef#eCe DeØeâerkeâe ceW jbieYeso mesGlheerefÌ[le YeejleerÙeeW leLee ‘efiejefceefšÙee’ cepeotjeW keâer efpevoieerceW osKeer~ oefuele keâer Jesovee Deheves osMe kesâ DeÚtleeW ceW,yeeue-efJeOeJeeDeeW ceW Deewj efpemceheâjesMeer keâe OebOee keâj hesšheeueves kesâ efueS cepeyetj heeflele yenveeW ceW osKeer~ oefuele keâerJÙeLee GvnW Deb«espe efveuens peceeRoejeW Éeje meleeÙes pee jnsÛecheejCe kesâ efkeâmeeveeW ceW efoKeeÙeer heÌ[er lees oefuele keâer Deen!keâjen GvnW osMe kesâ nj-Skeâ heâšsneue, YetKe mes yesneue,yesjespeieej Deeoceer ceW megveeÙeer heÌ[er~

ceeveJe DeefOekeâejeW keâer ceeBie keâes DeÚtleesæej Deevoesuevekesâ Devleie&le Deeies yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS ieeBOeer ves mJeÙeb ceOÙeØeosMe,ÛesVeF& Deewj cegcyeF& kesâ letheâeveer oewjs efkeâÙes Les, GvneWves ceeueeyeej


kesâ DeÚtleeW keâer ogo&Mee keâe meceeÛeej megvee Deewj JeneB meYee ceWieÙes~ JeneB kesâ DeÚtle heefjJeejeW keâer efmLeefle yeÌ[er oÙeveerÙe Leer,GvnW ce=le ceMegDeeW keâe ceebme Keevee heÌ[lee Lee, Gvekeâer DeewjleeWkeâes DeeOeer vebieer jnves kesâ efueS cepeyetj nesvee heÌ[lee Lee~ceeveJe DeefOekeâejnerve Fve Deæ&ceeveJe ØeeefCeÙeeW keâes osKekeâjGvekeâe Ketve Keewue ieÙee~ Jes Skeâ veslee Les efpevneWves mecemleDeÚtleeW kesâ og:KeeW Deewj heerÌ[eDeeW keâes Dehevee JewÙeefòeâkeâDeheceeve mecePee~ Dele: GvneWves Ùen Øeefle%ee keâer, efkeâ JenDeÚtleeW keâes oemelee keâer efmLeefle mes cegòeâ keâjWies Deewj GvekesâceeveJeerÙe DeefOekeâejeW keâer efoMee ceW melele mebIe<e& keâjWies~ ieeBOeerpeer keâe ÂÌ{ cele Lee efkeâ efnvot meceepe ceW oefuele JeieeX keâernerve efmLeefle GÛÛe mecePes peeves Jeeues JeieeX keâer DevÙeeÙe hetCe&Deewj mJeeLeea Âef°keâesCe kesâ keâejCe ner yeveer nw~ ieeBOeer GvneROeee|cekeâ megOeejeW keâes cenlJehetCe& ceeveles Les, pees oefuele JeieeX JemeJeCeeX kesâ ceeveefmekeâ mlej ceW heefjJele&ve uee mekeWâ~ Gvekeâecele Lee efkeâ oefuele Jeie& Dehevee meceÙe Deewj #eceleeSB ceefvojØeJesMe pewmeer efvejLe&keâ yeeleeW ceW JÙeÙe keâjves keâer Dehes#ee ÙeefoGÛÛe efMe#ee, DeÛÚs jespeieejeW ceW ØeJesMe heeves leLee Deee|LekeâefmLeefle keâes megOeejves kesâ ØeÙelveeW ceW ueieeÙeWies, lees efveefMÛele™he mes Gvekesâ meeceeefpekeâ mlej ceW Je=efæ nesieer~

OÙeeve ceW jKeves Jeeueer yeele Ùen nw efkeâ ieeBOeer peerDeÚtleheve kesâ meJeeue hej Ùen meye leye meesÛe Deewj keâj jnsLes, peye YeejleerÙe jepeveerefle ceW yeeyee meensye Decyes[keâj keâekeâneR helee veneR Lee~ JeemleJe ceW osKee peeS lees ieeBOeer peer vesefyeÇefšMe jepe kesâ efKeueeheâ DemenÙeesie kesâ ™he ceW efpemeje°^JÙeeheer Deevoesueve keâe efyeiegue hetBâkeâe Lee, Gmes meheâueyeveeves kesâ efueS meYeer JeieeX, mecØeoeÙeeW, mecetneW keâer SkeâpegšleeDeeJeMÙekeâ Leer~ osMe ceW yengmebKÙekeâ efnvot Les Deewj GveceWJeÛe&mJe Lee meJeCeeX keâe, pees Les lees DeuhemebKÙekeâ uesefkeâveosMe SJeb meceepe ceW ØeYeeJeMeeueer Jes ner Les, Deewj GvekeâemeceLe&ve Deevoesueve keâer meheâuelee kesâ efueS yengle DenefceÙelejKelee Lee~ otmejer lejheâ, yengmebKÙekeâ DeÚtle Les pees meJeCeeXkesâ GlheerÌ[ve mes efÛeÌ{keâj Fme mJejepÙe efoueeves Jeeues Deevoesuevemes otj Les~ peeefnj nw Fme keâece keâes efveneÙele mecePeoejer SJeb

meeJeOeeveer mes keâjvee Lee, leeefkeâ ogjeJe jKeves Jeeues oefueleje°^erÙe Deevoesueve mes pegÌ[ mekeWâ, lees otmejer lejheâ FmeDeevoesueve keâes meceLe&ve osves Jeeues meJeCe& Yeer efyeokeâkeâjFmemes Deueie-Leueie ve nes peeS~ Dele: ieeBOeer peer ves ÙeneBYeer Jener lejerkeâe DeheveeÙee Ùeeefve melÙee«en keâer Jener heæefleefpemekesâ Devleie&le ùoÙe heefjJele&ve keâe keâeÙe& ØecegKe Lee~Demhe=MÙelee efJejesOeer DeefYeÙeeve keâes je°^JÙeeheer SJeb meMeòeâyeveeves kesâ efueS ieeBOeer peer ves uesKeve, meccesueve, meYee DeeefomeYeer ØeÛeej ceeOÙeceeW keâe meceeve ™he mes Fmlesceeue efkeâÙee~

kegâue efceueekeâj osKee peeS lees ieeBOeer peer kesâ mevoYe& ceW‘oefuele Yeejle peeiejCe’ keâe celeueye nw, Yeejle kesâ Deece-Deeoceer kesâ peerJeve keâes Deee|Lekeâ, meeceeefpekeâ SJeb jepeveereflekeâMees<eCe, GlheerÌ[ve, oceve, DevÙeeÙe Deeefo mes cegòeâ keâjGmekesâ mece#e Gve mecemle DeJemejeW keâes GheueyOe keâjevee peesGmekesâ Devoj ceeveJeerÙe meoddiegCeebW kesâ efJekeâeme kesâ efueSDeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ oef#eCe-Deøeâerkeâe mes ueskeâj YeejleJe<e& lekeâGvekesâ mecemle melÙee«en mebIe<e& kesâ kesâvõ ceW ‘meeceevÙe-ceveg<Ùe’ner jne~ ieeBOeer peer keâe Ùen meeceevÙe ceveg<Ùe ve efkeâmeermecØeoeÙe keâe, ve efkeâmeer Skeâ JeCe& Ùee Jeie& keâe Lee, DeefhelegJen efnvot, cegmeueceeve, heejmeer, FmeeF&, m$eer-heg®<e, efkeâmeeve-cepeotj, DeÚtle Deeefo keâe meceefvJele ™he Lee, pees Ùee leesmeeceeefpekeâ efJemebieefleÙeeW kesâ keâejCe Ùee efheâj DeewheefveJesefMekeâoemelee kesâ keâejCe Mees<eCe, oesnve, oceve SJeb Deheceeve keâeefMekeâej Lee~ nefjpeve Meyo kesâ ØeÙeesie hej Deepe kesâ oefueleyevOeg ueeKe Deeheefòe keâjW efkeâvleg efpeme keâeueKeC[ ceW ieeBOeerpeer ves Fme Meyo keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee Lee, Gmeves Fme mecegoeÙeceW Deelce-ieewjJe kesâ YeeJe keâe mebÛeej efkeâÙee Lee~ Ùen ceevevesmes Fvekeâej keâjves keâe DeLe& nw—Ssefleneefmekeâ mevoYe& keâesDeveosKee keâjvee~ Ùen OÙeeleJÙe nw efkeâ ‘nefjpeve’ Meyo keâeÛeÙeve ieeBOeer peer ves Deheves ceve mes veneR efkeâÙee Lee, yeefukeâiegpejele kesâ Skeâ Demhe=MÙe YeeF& kesâ megPeeJe hej efkeâÙee Lee~

Jemlegle: ieeBOeer peer ves ‘oefuele Yeejle’ kesâ Gæej kesâefueS meceepe-megOeej, meecØeoeefÙekeâ meewneo&, Yee<ee SJeb je°Yee<eekeâe cenlJe, Deee|Lekeâ mJeeJeuecyeve, jepeveereflekeâ mJeeOeervelee


Deeefo meyekeâes Deheves Yeejle-peeiejCe DeefYeÙeeve kesâ Devleie&lemLeeve efoÙee~ mJejepÙe peeiejCe keâes kesâJeue jepeveereflekeâmJeeOeervelee kesâ meJeeue lekeâ meerefcele veneR jnves efoÙee, DeefhelegGvneWves ueesieeW kesâ veweflekeâ, DeeOÙeeeflcekeâ Glkeâ<e& keâes YeerDeheves keâeÙe&›eâce mes Deueie veneR jnves efoÙee, Deewj mJejepÙekeâes heefjYeeef<ele keâjles ngS keâF& DeJemejeW hej Fme DeeMeÙe keâeryeele Yeer keâner~ efve<keâ<e&le: Deiej nce ieeBOeer peer kesâ efJeÛeejeWkeâes Deheveer efJekeâeme-Ùee$ee keâe heeLesÙe yevee mekeWâ, lees mecYeJele:nce efJekeâeme kesâ Gvceeo ceW efJeveeMe keâer Deesj yeÌ{ jns efJeMJe-mecegoeÙe keâes yeÛeeves ceW keâeceÙeeye nes mekeWâ~

mevoYe& :1. ØekeâeMe veejeÙeCe veešeCeer, ieeBOeer oMe&ve ceerceebmee, heesFvšj

heefyueMeme&, peÙehegj (jepemLeeve), 2007~2. keâvnwÙee ueeue ÛebÛejerkeâ, DeeOegefvekeâ Yeejle keâe oefuele

Deevoesueve, ÙegefveJee|mešer heefyuekesâMeve, veF& efouueer, 2008~3. jecepeer eEmen, ieeBOeer Deewj ieeBOeer efJeÛeej keâe meewj-ceC[ue,

Depeg&ve heefyueeEMeie neGme, veF& efouueer, 2010~4. ßeer YeieJeeve eEmen, ieeBOeer Deewj oefuele-Yeejle peeiejCe,

YeejleerÙe %eeveheer", veF& efouueer, 2008, he=‰ 32 SJeb34~

5. Ghe. he=. 251 SJeb 252~6. Ghe., he=. 256~7. MÙeewjepe eEmen yesÛewve, Decyes[keâj ieeBOeer Deewj oefuele

he$ekeâeefjlee, Deveeefcekeâe heefyueMeme& SC[ ef[mš^eryÙetšme&(Øee.) efueefcešs[, veF& efouueer, 2010~

8. [e@. Sce.kesâ. efceßee, [e@. keâceue oeOeerÛe, ieeBOeer SJebmeJeexoÙe, Depeg&ve heefyueeEMeie neGme, veF& efouueer, 2010~

9. [e@. censMe Yešveeiej, YeejleerÙe Fefleneme (1526 F&. mes Deyelekeâ), jepeue#ceer heefyuekesâMevme, cesj", 2013, he=. 336)

10. [e@. Deuekeâe pewve, DeeEnmee ØeefMe#eCe (Skeâ DeefYeveJeMeeefvle lekeâveerkeâ), jerieue heefyuekesâMevme, veF& efouueer,2009~

11. [e@. Sce.kesâ. efceßee, [e@. keâceue oeOeerÛe, ieeBOeer Deewjoefuele, Depeg&ve heefyueeEMeie neGme, veF& efouueer, 2011,he=. 12~

12. Ghe., he=. 16 SJeb 20~13. Ghe., he=. 28, 33 SJeb 34~14. Ghe., he=. 43 SJeb 136~15. [e@. jepesvõ efceße, cegefòeâotle, «eerve Jeu[& heefyuekesâMevme

(FefC[Ùee) Øee.efue., Fueeneyeeo, 2013-14, he=. 279mes 283 lekeâ~

16. megefce$eevevove heble, cegefòeâ Ùe%e, efÛe$ee ØekeâeMeve (FefC[Ùee)Øee.efue., cesj", 2013-14, he=. 506~

17. Ghe., he=. 512~18. [e@. jerlee eEmen, ieeBOeer peer SJeb YeejleerÙe meceepe, keâuee

ØekeâeMeve, JeejeCemeer, 2099, he=. 6919. ceesnveoeme keâjceÛevo ieeBOeer, cesjs meheveeW keâe Yeejle, meJe&mesJee

mebIe ØekeâeMeve, JeejeCemeer, ØeLece mebmkeâjCe, heâjJejer,2010, he=. 228~

20. Ghe., he=. 229 SJeb 230~

MeesOe meejebMe

‘‘hegmlekeâeueÙeeW ceW metÛevee ØeewÅeesefiekeâer keâe ØeYeeJe’’(ceOÙeØeosMe SJeb ÚòeermeieÌ{ kesâ meboYe& ceW) ke=â<Ce kegâceej eEmen*

[ 49 ]

Hkkjr esa foKku ,oa rduhdh ls lacaf/kr vusd izeq[k iqLrdky; ¼izk;% lHkhdEI;wVªhd`r½ fofHkUu iqLrdky; lkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA fofHkUuegRoiw.kZ lkW¶Vos;j ds leh{kkRed fooj.k blesa vkxs foLr`r rFkk foospukRed:i ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blds }kjk ikBdksa dks muds iqLrdky; lkW¶Vos;jgkMZos;j ,oa usVodZ viukus esa cgqr lgk;rk gksxhA rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{k dksiqLrdky; ds MsVkcsl dh lgk;rk ls dSls MkVk laxzgr fd;k tkuk gS vkfn dsckjs esa Li"V tkudkjh izkIr gks ldsxhA

iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku vc iqLrdky; rFkk lwpuk oSKkfud ds fy,vifjfpr fo"k; ugha gSA vc vusd fo'ofo|ky; esa iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku dkv/;;u i`Fkd~ fo"k; ds :i esa iqLrdky; foLrkj ds {ks=ksa dks mldkslS)kfUrd rFkk O;ogkfjd nksuksa igyqvksa ij v/;;u djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k x;kgSA iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku ds QyLo:i iqLrdky; dks vf/kd O;ogkfjd rFkkiqLrdky;k/;{k dk;ksZa ,oa lsok dks vf/kd mn~ns'; iw.kZ rFkk iwfrZnk;d cukfn;k gSA lgh ek;uksa esa ;fn vkt iqLrdky;] iqLrdky; dk vkVkses'ku dsizk:i dks ugha viuk ik;saxs rks os vO;ogkfjd rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{k viusO;olkf;d egÙkk [kks nsxkA bl dkj.k vkt iqLrdky;k/;{k rFkk lwpukoSKkfud iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku dh egÙkk dks ns[krs gq, bl vksj vkdf"kZr gks jgsgSaA bl rjg dh uokpkjh rduhdh Kku dk mi;ksx vkt e/;izns'k ,oaNÙkhlx<+ ds iqLrdky;ksa esa mi;ksxh fl) gks jgk gSA

'kCncht%& iqLrdky;] uokpkjh rduhd] e/; izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+iBu&ikBu lkexzh] dEI;wVªhd`rA

* 'kkldh; Bkdqj j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok ¼e-iz-½


SH

O

DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


izLrkoukbl bdkbZ esa dEI;wVj rduhdh vFkkZr

dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krk;sa] bfrgkl] tujs'ku]oxhZdj.k] izHkkxksa ls voxr djk;k x;k gsA bldsvykok blesa dEI;wVj dh fofHkUu vUrZxkeh ,oafuxZr bdkb;ksa] dEI;wVj os;j] iqLrdky; esadEI;wVj lsokvksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA

ekuo lH;rk ds bfrgkl esa gq, egRoiw.kZoSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa esa dEI;wVj dk fo'ks"k egRogSA ;g mu vkfo"dkjksa esa ls ,d gS tUgksaus ekuolH;rk ds fodkl dks,d ubZ fn'kk izku dhAftl fnu ls euq"; us c<+rh gqbZ leL;kvksa vkSjdk;Z vkfn ds ncko esa vkdj gkFk dh vaxqfy;ksals T;knk dq'ky x.kuk fof/k dh vko';drkeglwl dh 'kk;n mlh fnu ls vk/kqfud ;qx dsdEI;wvj dh [kkst izkjaHk gks xbZA okLro esadEI;wVj ds vkfo"dkj dk bfrgkl gtkjksa lkyiqjkuk vkSj foLe;dkjh gSA

fo'o dk izFke x.kd cschyksu vkSj xzhllqdkjkfrl ufn;ksa ds fdukjs clh ekuo lH;rkvksads ikl bZlk iwoZ lu~ 3200 esa cuk;k x;k ogljy ;a= feV~Vh ds xksy VqdM+ksa esa Nsn djdsydM+h dh frfy;ksa esa Mkydj cuk;k x;k FkkAbl ;a= ls la[;kvksa dks tksm+uk ?kVuk cgqrvklku FkkA rn~ijkUr tkiku rFkk phu esa lu~2600 bZlk iwoZ bl izdkj ds ;a= dk mi;ksxfeyrk gS ftls phu esa ,csdl dgk tkrk FkkAlu~ 1524 ds vkl&ikl lsdjkseu rRosÙkkoks;sfFk;l us ,d x.kuk pØ dk fuekZ.k fd;kftlds }kjk dfBu x.kuk,a djuk vklku FkkA

orZeku esa dEI;wVj gekjs thou dk ,dvfHkUu vax cu x;k gSA vr% ;g Hkh dgk tkldrk gS fd orZeku ;qx dEI;wVj dk ;qx gSAvkVkses'ku dk egRo iqLrdky; rFkk lwpuk dsUnzksads izfr fnu ds dk;ksZa esa bldh egRrk dks ns[krs

gq, vf/kdrj lHkh dk;ksZa esa bldk gLr{ksi c<+x;k gSA vkVkses'ku dk mi;ksx dEI;wVj }kjkizfr fnu dk;ksZa esa xfr] 'kq)rk] Lopkyu rFkklaxzg.k vkfn xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh bldk egRovkSj c<+ tkrk gSA iqLrdky; ds dk;ksZa dks n{krkiw.kZdjus ds fy, dEI;wVj dk fof'k"V egRo gSA

mn~ns'; %&bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u dk mn~ns'; dEI;wVj

izkS|ksfxdh ds rgr dEI;wVj dks ifjHkkf"kr djrsgq, mlds bfrgkl] ihf<+;ksa ¼tujs'ku½] fo'ks"krk,¡]izdkj] eq[; Hkkx] iqLrdky; esa dEI;wVj lsok,aifjfpr djkuk gSA

bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds ckn vkidEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh dss lHkh rF;ksa ls Hkyh&Hkk¡frifjfpr gks ldsaxsA

dEI;wVj rFkk iqLrdky; %&iqLrdky; ds Lo:i esa vk/kkj ij ewy&Hkwr

ifjorZu gksus ds i'pkr~ orZeku ;qx esa iqLrdky;ewy iqLrdky;k/;{k mn~ns'; NksM+dj mlds Lo;aesa cM+k ifjorZu gqvkA ;fn iqLrdky;k/;{k blvk/kkj Hkwr ifjorZu ds vuq:i ugha <ys rksiqLrdky; rFkk iqLrdkyk;k/;{k viuk egRo[kks nsaxsA D;ksafd lwpuk foKku ds {ks= esa dEI;wVjds inkZi.k ds i'pkr~ lwpuk rduhdh us lwpukds {ks= esa ØkfUr yk nh gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:iKku txr~ ds izR;sd fo"k; esa ubZ rduhdh rFkkvkt lgh ek;us esa izR;sd fo'k; oSKkfud rhdsls [kkst esa yxs gSaA ftlds QyLo:i ifj.kkeksa,oa mn~ns';ksa ifjyf{kr iwfrZ gks ik jgh gS ftldsifj.kkeLo:i iqLrdky;k/;{k dh Hkwfedk vciqLrd laxzgdrkZ ds :i esa u gksdj mllslwpuk ;Fkk LFkku ;Fkk le; ;Fkk lwpuk ikBddks dEI;wVj dh enn ls iznku djus ds fy,mls lwpuk oSKkfud ds :i esa T;knk vge gks


xbZ gSA bl dkj.k izR;sd iqLrdky; esa laxzzfgrj[ks i= if=dkvksa ls lwpuk NkWaVdj ikBd dksigqapkuk gSA lgh ek;uksa esa igys iqLrdky;k/;{kikBdksa dks iqLrdksa@izys[kksa ds ewy Lo:i dhvksj bafxr djrk Fkk fdUrq vkt iqLrdky;k/;{klwpuk oSKkfud ds :i esa iqLrdky; esa miyC/k lkfgR; dh lHkh iqLrdksa ds izR;sd ist rFkkokD;ksa rFkk ykbuksa dks ikBdksa rd bafxr djusls ikBdksa rFkk iqLrdky; gks xbZ gSA vktikBd flQZ dkxt ij izdkf'kr lwpuk ij fuHkZjugha gSA og dEI;wVj enn ls vku ykbu rFkklkWV ifCyds'ku lwpuk izkfIr dh vksj T;knktkx:d rFkk vkdf"kZr gks jgk gSA

ikBd lwpuk izkfIr ds fy, flQZ ¶ykih]lhh-Mh- rd gh lhfer ugha gS og vkt bUVjusVds ek/;e ls mldks lwpuk [kkst dj {ks= esafo'oO;kih gks x;k gSA mlh ds ifj.kke Lo:ifoKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa oSKkfudksa us ubZÅ¡pkbZ;ksa dks Nqvk gS rFkk blh ds in fpUgksa ijlekt foKku rFkk ekuo foKku Hkh c<+ jgk gSAblds QyLo:i fo'o Lrj ij lwpuk laiszs"k.krFkk Lo:i lwpuk ds fo'o O;kih vknku iznkuls lwpuk foKku rFkk iqLrdky; foKku ds {ks=esa iqLrdky; rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{k dh Hkwfedkgh cny MkyhA rFkk vusd LFkkuksa ij iqLrdky;k/;{k dk in lkFk gh ifjofrZr dj lwpuk oSKkfuddj fn;k x;k gSA

vkt iqLrdky;k/;{k t;knk vkRefuHkZj rFkkikBdksa dks O;fDrxr :i ls lsok iznku dk ikjgk gS bldk eq[;Js; dEI;wVj dk iqLrdky;k/;{k rFkk lwpuk foKku ds {ks= esa inkiZ.k djukgSA vr% ikBdks a dks lw{e ls lw{e Rofjr ,oauohure lwpuk dks ikBdksa rd igqapkuk vktflQZ dEI;wVj dh enn ls gh laHko gks ldrkgSA D;ksa fd of'o O;kih lkfgR; ds xzaFkijd

fu;a=.k djus ds fy, dEI;wVj vge HkwfedkfuHkk jgk gSA

tc rd dh ,d lqO;ofLFkr efLr"d ;kuhdEI;wVj lk¶Vos;j iSdst u Mkyk tk; tSls fdcxSj efLr"d ds 'kjhj dh Hkwfedk ux.; gSAvkt iqLrdky; ds fo'kkyre MkVk dks iqLrdky;lkW¶Vos;j iSdst ds }kjk gh fu;af=r rFkk lapkfyrfd;k tk jgk gSA

orZeku esa vusd iqlrdky; iSdst dkmi;ksx iqLrdky; esa izfrfnu dk;ksZa rFkk MkVkdk izca/ku rFkk lapkyu lQyrk rFkk cM+h fuiq.krkds lkFk fd;k tk jgk gSA vr% iqLrdky; dsMkVk csl eSustesaUV gsrq gh lkW¶Vos;j dh ewyHkwrvko';drk gSA

vkVkses'ku 'kCn dh mRifÙk vaxzsth ds vkVksrFkk es'ku 'kCn ls fey dj gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZgksrk gS ^Lo;a* gh vius vki gksuk] vr% ;g rksLi"V gS fd vkVkses'ku dk lh/kk laca/k og ;a=;k midj.k ftlds ek/;e ls dk;ksZa dk lapkyuvius vki e'khu }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tk;s ysfduekhu ds }kjk vkVkses'ku dh vko';drk eglwlD;ksa fd xbZ D;ksafd blds }kjk dk;ksZa esa xq.koÙkkdk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ekuoh;ÅtkZ dk de ls de mi;ksx djds vf/kdn{krkiw.kZ rjhdsls dfBu dk;ksZa dks vpwd rFkk'kh?kz gks ldus okyh x.kuk rFkk de ls dele; esa vf/kd dk;ksZ ds lEiknu ds fy, euq";us e'khu dk fuekZ.k fd;s tlds ifj.keLo:idEI;wVj ds fuekZ.k dh dYiuk lkdkj gks ldhA

vkt vkVkses'ku dk i;kZ;okph dEI;wVªhdj.kgks x;k gSA dEI;wVªhdj.k rFkk vkVkse'sku ,d ,slki;kZ;okph 'kCn gS ftlesa vUrj djuk dfBu gSAvkVkses'ku dk vFkZ dEI;wVlZ rFkk vU; e'khu esalkeUtL; LFkkfir djuk ftlls de ls deekuoh; ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx djds vf/kd n{krkiw.kZ


dfBu dk;ksZa dks vpwd rFkk 'kh/kzkfr'kh?kz rkfdZdiw.kZ <ax ls de ls de le; esa dk;ksZa dk lEiknudj ldsA

'kks/k leh{kk %&izLrqr 'kks/k leh{kk 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr

eè;izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+ ds fo'ofo|ky;k ,oaegkfo|ky; ds iqLrdky; esa 'kklu dh lwpukizkS|ksfxdh dk izHkko ds lEcU/k esa fofHkUu 'kks/kdrkZvksa ds }kjk iqLrdky; fo"k; esa 'kks/k&i=,oa iqLrdsa fy[kh xbZ gSa tks fuEuor gSa %&

1- Tsuji et al ¼2016½] ds vuqlkj iqLrdky;foKku lwpuk foKku f'k{kk dsUnz dk fodkllcls igys f'kf{kr yk;cszfj;u ¼Shisho½ ds :iesa dk;Z djuk 'kq: fd;kA blls igys iqLrdky;lwpuk foKku ds rgr dksbZ Hkh lqO;ofLFkr f'k{kkds :i esa fodflr ugha FkkA ;gha ls yk;czsjh dsfodkl dks xfr feyhA

2- Chu H. ¼2006½ ds 'kks/k vkys[k i= esadSjhdqyk vkWQ yk;czsjh ,.M buQjes'ku lkbalizksxzke esa ;g crk;k x;k fd iqLrdky; lwpukfoKku esa vkus okys lySch dks fjO;w fd;k x;kA;gha ls yk;czsjh lwpuk foKku ds {ks= esa iksLVxzstq,V izksxzke ds ikB~;Øeksa dks f'k{kk ds {ks= esaykxw fd;k x;kA blls iksLV xzstq,V f'k{kk izkIrdjus okys Nk=ksa dks fo'ks"k ykHk feyus yxkAblls jkstxkj ds u;s volj Hkh yk;czsjh f'k{kkds {ks= esa feyus yxsA

3- tks'kh ,e-ds- ¼2010½ ,oa jkuk ¼2011½bUgksaus yk;cszjh ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh foKku f'k{kktks Hkkjr esa yxHkx ,d 'krkCnh ls f'k{kk dsizpkl&izlkj ds ckn vkt lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhfoKku esa fodkl dh fur u;s rjhdksa dk iz;ksxfd;k x;k ftlls lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh foKku

ds {ks= esa yxkrkj fodkl gqvk gSA ftldk lh/ks ykHk Nk=@Nk=kvksa ,oa v/;srkvksa o izk/;kidksa,oa f'k{kdksa dks feyk gSA

4- Rangnathan ¼1889&1972½ ds vuqlkjyk;czsjh f'k{kk esa vkius lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds{ks= esa 'kq:vkr esa u;s u;s Vªk;y fd;k x;kftlls lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa fodklgks ldkA lkFk gh lkFk Ldwy yk;cszsjh ,oaegkfo|ky;hu f'k{kk esa yk;cszjh f'k{kk dk mi;ksxdj iqLrdksa ds j[k&j[kko esa xq.kkRed lq/kkjgqvk gSA vius le;≤ ij vius 'kks/k i=ksads ek/;e ls ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;ksa dks yk;czsjhf'k{kk esa tksM+us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

5- MkW- ';ke lqUnj izlkn ,oa txUukFkdqekj d';i ¼ebZ 2017½ dkS'ky fodkl ds lkFkmPp f'k{kk ij Hkh /;ku nsuk t:jh dq#{ks=¼xzkeh.k fodkl ds lefiZr½ o"kZ 63] vad 7 i`- 29ls 34

orZeku ljdkj us tgka nhun;ky mik/;k;xzkeh.k dkS'ky fodkl ;kstuk tSlh ;kstukvksa dsek/;e ls xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa dkS'ky fodkl ds }kjkdk;Zcy ds ekuo lalk/ku ds :i esa ifj.krdjus dh fn'kk esa c<+k;k ogh e`nzk ;kstuk vkSjLVS.MvQ bafM;k tSlh ;kstukvksa ds }kjk iwathdh leL;k dks lk/kuksa dk iz;kl fn[kkrk gS ;gkard fd eujsxk tSlh ;kstuk tkfd egt vdq'kyJe ds :i esa jkstxkj miyC/k djkus rd lhferFkh mls Hkh dkSly fodkl ls tksM+us rd lhferFkh mls Hkh dkSly fodkl ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'kdh xbZ gSaA bu lcds vfrfjDr xzkeh.k Hkkjr esavolajpukvksa ds fodkl ij cy nsus okys vcZufe'ku rFkk esd bu bafM;k tSlh eqfge dk Hkhxzkeh.k Hkkjr esa jkstxkj l`tu ij ldkjkRedizHkko iM+k gSA


6- v#.k xks;y % ¼vxLr 2017½ th-,l-Vh-;qx % esd bu bafM;k dks izksRlkgu ;kstuk] dq#{ks=¼xzkeh.k fodkl ds lefiZr½ o"kZ 63] vad 7 i`- 11ls 14

Hkkjr esa th,lVh ykxw djuk ,d :iifjorZudkjh lq/kkj gS vkSj ;g fd O;kikj iz.kkyhdks Hkh ifjofrZr dj nsxkA lHkh fgr/kkjkdsa usbl lq/kkj dk Lokxr fd;k gS th,lVh ds u,ra= ls vf/kd ls vf/kd O;kikj vkSipkfjdvFkZO;oLfkk esa 'kkfey gksaxsA brus cM+ ,oa O;kidvkewy ifjorZu ls dqN dfBukb;ka rks t:jmRiUu gksxhA dsUnz vkSj jkt; nksuksa Lrjksa ijdj iz'kklu bl ifjorzu dky dks lqpk: cukusds fy, vFkd iz;kl dj jgs gSaA

7- jaxukFke] ,l- vkj- ¼1961½ fjÝjsUl lfoZllsds.M ,fMV ckEcs] ,f'k;k ifCyds'ku gkml &esa ys[k fd;k x;k gS fd O;fDrxr :i lsiqLrdky; dh lsok,a ikBdksa dks miyC/k djkusds fy, mudh #fp ds vuqlkj gh iqLrdsa miyCèkdjkus dh O;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa dgk x;k gSA

8- djsu ¼2007½ ,d HkkSfrd :i ls rS;kjiqLrdky; esa vPNh ;kstuk ds rgr i;kZIr txggksuh pkfg, ftlls iqLrdksa dks vkus okys ikBdksadks lqyHk LFkku fey lds ftlls iqLrdksa lsKkuktZu dj ldsaA lkFk gh lkFk ikBdx.kiqLrdky; dks dSQs dh rjg ;k izn'kZuh dh rjgmiHkksx dj lds vko';drk vuqlkj iqLrdksa dksys ldsA

9- czkmu ¼2007½ bUgksaus iqLrdky; ds lEcU/k esa ;g bafxr fd;k fd lkewfgd :i ls ikBdx.kiBu&ikBu ds fy, iqLrdky; esa vk;s vkSjT;knk ls T;knk Lis'k esa cSBdj iqLrdksa dk v/;;u djsaA vkSj dEI;wVj ij bZ&ykbczjh dk HkhlkFk&lkFk ykHk mBk,a] eagxh iqLrdksa dk Hkh

iqLrdky; esa cSBdj v/;;u dj ykHk fy;k tkldrk gSA bl rjg dk dFku fd;k gSA

egkfo|ky;ksa dks xq.koÙkk ifjlj ds :i esafodflr djus ds fy;s uSd }kjk lq>k;s x;sfn'kk&funsZ'kksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lcls igysegkfo|ky;ksa dks viuk ^LokWd*(SWOC)-LVªsaFk]ohdusl] vikpqZfuVh vkSj pSysatst] ;kfu rkdr]detksfj;k¡] volj vSkj pqukSfr;ka½ fo'ys"k.k djrsgq, rFkk tuHkkxhnkjh lfefr dks fo'okl esa ysrsgq, vko';d lg;ksx ysrs gq, dk;Z djuk pkfg,rkfd oS'ohdj.k ds vkt ds ekgkSy esa fo|kfFkZ;ksadks ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls Hkjiwj xq.kkRed]uSfrdrkiw.kZ vkSj jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ds lkFk f'k{kkfey ldsA

egkfo+|ky;ksa esa lqfopkfjr] O;kogkfjd vkSjLFkkuh; lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk vkSj vko';drkvksadks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fey&cSB dj ;kstuk,arS;kj djsaA fdlh Hkh ;kstuk dks Fkksaisa ughaA lHkhfe'ku Hkkouk ls dke djsa vkSj izR;sd dk;Z esaviuk fny tksM+sA

viuh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,egkfo|ky; ds lapkyu ds fy, vko';d fofHkUulfefr;ksa vkSj Dycksa dk xBu djsa vkSj O;fDr;ksadh :fp;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, muds lapkyugsrq lnL;ksa dks fu;qDr djsaA ;FkklaHko buesafo|kfFkZ;ksa dks muls viuh&viuh :fp ds vuqlkjtksM+sA bl gsrq fØ;sfVo jkbfVax Dyc] okn&fooknDyc ,oa cqd jhfMax Dyc dk xBu lqfuf'prfd;k tk;sA vius ^LokWd fo'ys"k.k* dks /;ku esaj[krs gq, uokpkj djsA tu Hkkxhnkjh lfefr dksfo'okl esa ysrs gq, vko';d lg;ksx ysaA lfefrds lnL;ksa dks crk,a fd vkt ds bl oS'ohdj.kds ekgkSy esa fo|+kfFkZ;ksa dks ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls;qDr xq.kkRed] uSfrdrk vkSj jk"Vªh; Hkkouk lsnwj Hkjiwj jkstxkjksaUeq[kh izsjd f'k{kk dh fdruh


vko';drk gS vkSj blesa mudh fdruh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk gSA

baÝkLVªDpj ds fodkl vkSj foLrkj dhfn'kk esa lkspsa

vkt dy leL;k xaHkhj leL;kvksa esa ls,d gSA blls fuiVus ds fy, ckfj'k ds ikuh dkslaxzfgr dj lajf{kr djus ds mís'; ls ;kstukcuk,aA dSEil dh lqj{kk dk cankscLr djsAtuHkkxhnkjh lfefr vkSj ftyk ;kstuk ls feydj fuekZ.k dk;Z djk,aA fctyh dh leL;k lsfuiVus ds fy, baoVZj ls lHkh d{kksa esa vkikrhizdk'k O;oLFkk djsa rFkk [kjkc gks jgs cYcksa dkslh-,Q-,y- ls cnysaA

dEI;wVj ds lg;ksx ls f'k{k.k&iznk; lqfoèkkfodflr djsa o czkaMcS.M dh lqfo/kk ysrs gq,baVjusV ls Kku&izkfIr ds ekxZ dks iz'kLr djsa of'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tksM+saA ØhM+k xfrfofèk;ksadks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lqfo/kk,a fodflr djssaA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa esa i<+us dh vknrfodflr djus dh fn'kk esa lksapsa&

fo|kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkekU; Kku dks c<+kus dsfy;s dk;Z vko';d gSA vr% lkekU; Kku o`f)dh ;kstuk ij dk;Z djuk vkjaHk djsaA fo|kfFkZ;ksadh v[kckj i<+us dh vknr c<+kus rFkk muesa:fp tkxzr djus vkSj lwpukvksa ds egRo dksizfrikfnr djus ds mís'; ;kstuk cuk,aAiqLrdky; esa ^jhfMax vkSj eksfVos'ku Lisl* dkltu djsaA eghus esa ,dckj lkekU; Kku ijh{kk*dk vk;kstu djsaA iqLrdky;ksa esa izdk'k dhO;LFkk vkSj ihus ds ikuh dk izca/k fd;k tk;sAfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fgr esa xzaFkikyksa dks bl gsrq izsfjrfd;k tk;sA fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa i<+us dh vknr dksc<kok nsus d fy, okpuky; ds lwpuk iVy ijnSfud v[kckjksa esa Nih fdlh [kcj ij vk/kkfjr

,d iz'u pLik djsaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks blds mÙkjfy[k dj ,d fMCcs esa Mkyus gsrq izsfjr djsaAvxys fnu ykVjh flLVe ls lgh mÙkj nsusokyh fdlh ,d fo|kFkhZ dks iqjLd`r djsaA ,dvU; uokpkj ds varxZr f'k{kd d{kk esa i<+kukvkjaHk djus ds iwoZ llnZHk ,d lekpkj fo|kfFkZ;ksadks lquk ldrs gSaA f'k{kd Lo;a u;k tkuus vkSjdjus ds izfr mRlqd jgsa rFkk u;s :fpdj rjhdksals i<+kus ds ckjs esa lkspsaA u;h iqLrdksa ds ckjs esafo|kfFkZ;ksa dks v/;kiu ds nkSjku crk;sa ftlls osmUgsa i<+us ds fy;s izsfjr gksaA Hkk"kk lq/kkj vfHk;kuds varZxr foHkkx }kjk fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth lq/kkjgsrq ladyu tkjh fd;k x;k gSA egkfo|ky;ksa esaHkk"kk lq/kkj gsrq dk;Z'kkyk,a vk;ksftr djsaA bldslkFk gh izfrfnu egkfo|ky;ksa esa uksfVl cksMZ ijvaxzsth ds ikap 'kCn fgUnh vFkZ lfgr fy[kus gsrqfunsZf'kr fd;k x;k gSA budk ikyu lqfuf'prdjsaA d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls budsa vFkZ iwNsaA bllsirk pysxk fd os uksfVl cksMZ ij yxk;kh x;hlwpukvksa dks ns[krs gSa vFkok ughaA

[kkyh d{kkvksa dks mRiknd d{kkvksa esacny tkuk pkfg,&

izk;% ns[kk x;k fd tc Hkh dksbZ f'k{kdvodk'k ij jgrk gS] fo|kFkhZx.k ml d{kk dsle; dk mi;ksx ugha dj ikrs gSaA blls vuq'kklurks fcxM+rk gh gS] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikydksa dks Hkhegkfo+|ky;ksa esa i<+kbZ ugha gksus dh f'kdk;rjgrh gSA bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, [kkyhd{kkvksa dks mRiknd d{kkvksa esa ifjofrZr djusds mís'; ls izfrHkk'kkyh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls d{kkvè;kiu djkus dh ,d vuwBh ;kstuk vkjaHk dhtk ldrh gSA viuh bPNk ls i<+kus esa :fpj[kus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks p;fur dj mUgsa viuh:fp ds fo"k;ksa ij O;k[;ku gsrq lkexzh rS;kj


djus dks dgk tk ldrk gSA lacaf/kr f'k{kd}kjk lkexzh tkapus ds ckn mUgsa ikWdsV Mk;jhj[kus vkSj mlesa bls fcanqokj fy[kus dh lykgnh tk ldrh gSA fQj tks Hkh f'k{kd vodk'k dsfy, vkosnu djs] mlls vis{kk dh tk ldrh gSfd og vkosnu esa ml fo|kFkhZ dk uke Hkh crk,atks mlds LFkku ij d{kk dks yxkA d{kk dsvU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls mlds i<+kus ds dkS'ky ijQhMcSd nsus gsrq dgk tk ldrk gSA Js"B izn'kZudjus okys fo|kFkhZ dks iqjLd`r djus dh ?kks"k.kkHkh dh tk ldrh gSA

foHkkx }kjk uokpkjh ;kstukvksa ds vUrZxropqZvy d{kkvksa dk izlkj.k fd;k x;k gSAfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bu d{kkvksa esa mifLFkr gksus dsfy;s djsaA blds lkFk gh Js"B d{kk v/;kiu dhohfM;ksa fjdkfMZax gsrq ;kstuk cuk;sa ftls fjdkMZdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fgr esa iqLrdky; esa la/kkfjrfd;k tk;sA

izkpk;Z egkfo|ky; esa lkQ&lQkbZ ,oaVwV&QwV dh lwpuk izkIr djus esa lHkh yksxksa dklg;ksx ysus gsrq lwpuk vkSj fØ;kUo;u jftLVjdh O;oLFkk djsaA lHkh ls blesa lg;ksx dhvihy djsaA dk;kZy; vf/kdkjh bl ij RofjrdkjZokbZ ds fy, lacaf/kr dks le;&lhek esa dk;Zlaikfnr djus gsrq ftEesnkjh r; djsaA LoPNis;&ty dh O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr djsaA i;kZoj.kdks 'kq) j[kus dh n`f"V ls Vk;ysV vkSj is'kkc?kjdh jkstkuk nks ;k rhu ckj lQkbZ dh fu;ferO;oLFkk djsA vkt ds ÅtkZ&ladV ds nkSj esafctyh dk viO;; vkijkf/kd gh ekuk tkukpkfg,A vr% izkpk;Z egkfo|ky; esa fctyh&cprgsrq lHkh dks le>kbZ'k nsus ds lkFk gh viusvius Lrj ij bl vfHk;ku esa tqVus dks dgsaAvkxzg djsa fd tc fdlh dks Hkh dgha vuko';dia[kk pyrk gqvk vFkok cYc tyrs gq, fn[ks] ogmls can dj nsA

lkekU;r% fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa O;ogkj dkS'ky dsfodkl dh vkSj laokn dyk dks fu[kkjus dhvko';drk gksrh gSA vr% le; lkj.kh esa jk"Vªxhr vkSj e/;izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+ ds xku dsckn ds vk/ks ?kaVs dks vfHkO;fDr izksRlkgu dk;ZØeds fy, vkoafVr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesafo|kfFkZ;ksa dks jsaMeyh vkeaf=r dj egkfo|ky;ds ckjs esa dqN cksyus vFkok fdlh iszsjd izlaxdks lqukus gsrq dgk tk ldrk gSA vkjafHkdf>>d ds ckn fo|kFkhZ blesa #fp ysuk vkjaHkdj nsaxsA dk;ZØe ds var esa izR;sd fnu Js"BoDrk vkSj jksrk dks iqjLdkj nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhtk ldrh gSA

eksfVos'ku gsrq dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstuizkpk;Z ,oa LVkWQ ds lnL; fu;fer uksfVos'ku

d{kkvksa dk vk;kstu djsaA blds ek/;e lsfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i<+us ds mn~ns'; vkSj ykHkksa lsifjfpr djkrs gq, muds lewps O;fDrRo&fodklij /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gSA iszjsd izlaxksa ds ek/;e ls mUgsa thou esa dqN cuus vkSj vius thoudks lkFkZd cukus gsrq vkxs c<+us ds fy, ekxZn'kZufn;k tk ldrk gSA lky esa rhu ;k pkj ckjfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fof'k"V fo}Rtuksa dh fo|kfFkZ;ksa lsckrphr djkus ij Hkh tksj fn;k tk ldrk gSA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds eukscy dks c<+kus ,oa mUgsaiszfjr djus ds fy, fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk fu;fervk;kstu djus dk r; fd;k tk ldrk gSAgekjs vklikl foKku ekStwn gSA nS;fudfØ;k&dykiksa esa foKku 'kkfey gSA ysfdu gemuls vDlj vufHkK jgrs gSaA oSKkfudtkx:drk vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dks fodflr djus dsmn~ns'; ls foKku fnl eukj,aA vkt fodjky:i /kkj.k dj jgh i;kZoj.kh; leL;k /;ku esaj[krs gq, egkfo|ky; esa i;kZoj.k psruk vkSjtkx:drk dks ys dj fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk


vk;kstu djsaA buesa gfj;kyh egksRlo] fo'oty fnol] vFkZ vWoj] i`Foh fnol vkfn tSlsvk;kstuksa dks ogn Lrj ij vk;ksftr djsaA bldsvykok LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk] jk"Vªh; Hkkouktxkus vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy;sfofHkUu vk;kstu Hkh djsaA buesa Lora=rk fnolvkSj x.kra= fnol lekjksgksa ds vykok izeq[k gSaA&iks"k.k vkgkj lIrkg] ;kr;kr vkSj LoPNrklIrkg] ,M~l fnol] fo'o ;qok fnol] f'kdkkxksaesa Lokeh foosdkuan dk O;k[;ku Le`fr fnol]fganh fnol] ;qok mRlo] jk"Vªh; f'k{kk fnol]fu;fer jk"Vªxku vkSj e/;izns'k xku dk vk;kstu]okf"kZd Lusg lEesyu] lkewfgd lw;Z ueLdkjdk;ZØe] fof/kd lk{kjrk f'kfoj vkfnA

egkfo|ky; ds izkpk;Z }kjk ,EcslsMj izk/;kid ds vkus ij mls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls tksM+us vkSjiqLrdky; vkfn ds Hkze.k dh O;oLFkk lqfuf'prdjsaA ,sEcslsMj izk/;kid fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lUnHkZiqLrdksa] ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~; lkexzh Hkh miyC/k djkrs gSaA blds lkFk&lkFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mlfo"k; dh uohure tkudkjh nsrs gSa vkSj mUgsafo"k; ds izfr mUeq[k Hkh djrs gSa ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksadh #fp c<+s vkSj os xaHkhj v/;;u ds izfrmnklhu u jgsaAdEI;wVj tkx:drk ykus gsrq iz;kl djsa&

dEI;wVj tkx:drk dh leL;k dLckbZegkfo|ky;ksa esa vf/kd gSA bu egkfo|ky;ksa esa i<+jgs vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ ekurs gSa fd dEI;wVj pykukdfBu blfy, gS fd os mldh Hkk"kk ugha le>rsAysfdu ?kcjkus ls ckr ugha curhA lh[kus dh pkggks rks dqN Hkh ikuk vlaHko ugha gksrk A ;gfufoZokfnr okLrfodrk gS fd dEI;wVj Kku dsfcukj vkt lQyrk dh laHkkouk dksjh dYiuk gSA

tkx:drk ykus ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls dgsafd tc vki eksckbZy dk bLrseky dj ldrs gSa

rks dEI;wVj dk D;ksa ugha \ fdlh Hkh dk;Z dkslQyrkiwoZd djus ds fy, ladfYir vkSj vanjls etcwr gksuk t:jh ksrk gSA tSls&tSls fo|kfFkZ;ksaesa jksekap txus yxsxk] oSls&oSls os lh[kuk 'kq:djsaxsA mUgsa ,e-,l- oMZ],e-,l- ikWoj ikWbZaV],e-,l- ,Dlsy vkfn ds ckjs esa crkrs gq, budsvuqiz;ksxksa ds lkFk gh aVjusV ls ykHk ysuk Hkhfl[kk,aA 'kq:vkr Hkys gh dqN fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls gks]ysfdu fQj lans'k QSysxk vkSj dk;Z vklku gksrkpyk tk,xkA

Lojkstxkj dks iszfjr djus gsrq dk;ZØeksadk vk;kstu djsa

vkt fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl fMfxz;k¡ gksus dsckotwn laokn] Hkk"kk ,oa O;fDrRo dyk dk vHkkogSA fo"k; ds Kku ds vfrfjDr fdlh u fdlhgquj dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA vPns jkstxkj dsfy, viuh ;ksX;rk fl) djuk iM+rh gSA vkd"kZdvkSj lkSE; O;fDrRo] 'kh?kZ fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk]O;ogkj dq'kyrk] Li"V nwj&n`f"V rFkk fganh vkSjvaxzsth esa laokn djus dk dkS'ky dWfj;j dhlQyrk esa vge~ jksy vnk djrs gSaA dWfj;j dkfu.kZ; djrs le; ewY;] LoHkko] O;fDrRo vfHk#fp]viuh {kerk O;ogkj dq'kyrk]

e/;izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+ 'kklu& lwpukizkS|ksfxdh foHkkx

e/; izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+ ds NksVs&NksVs dLcksaesa vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa fodkl ds volj miyC/k djukA fofHkUu fuxeksa dEifu;ksa] lkslkbVh]dalYkVsalh] lkW¶Vos;j fodkl] usVofdZaxgkMZos;j@lkW¶Vos;j [kjhn] ijh{k.k] izf'k{k.k vkSjflLVe baVhxzs'ku lsok,¡ miyC/k djkus ds }kjke/;izns'k ds ljdkj ds cksMksZa vkfn vkbZVh@vkbZVhbZ,l ds mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,A


vkbZVh gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j izkS|ksfxdhikdZ dh LFkkiuk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd tksu] vkSj lacafèkrcqfu;knh <k¡psa ds fodkl ls jkT; esa fuos'k dkvkdf"kZr djus ds fy, gSA

bZ&'kklu ds fy, LVsV okbM ,fj;k usVodZlkekU; dsUnz dh rjg jkT; esa vke cqfu;knhlqfo/kkvksa dks ykxw djus ds fy,] jkT; iksVZyvkfn bZ&xousZal ifj;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u esa vU;ljdkjh foHkkxksa dh enn djus ds fy,A

bysDVªkWfuDl vkSj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh e/;izns'kds jkT; esa m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vkSjfodflr djukA

dEifu;ksa dks 'kq: djus vkSj vf/kd ysus dkvk;kstu bysDVªkfuDl vkbZVh dksbZ fooj.k dsvkS|ksfxdh m|eksa bysDVªkfuDl bdkbZ;ksa ds izca/ku ij vius dke esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, ,dn`'; ds lkFk ysus ds fy, fodkl ds fy, cuk;kx;k ;kstukvksa esa jkT; ljdkj ljdkj ,tsalhds :i esa dke djus ds fy, la?kksa dh LFkkiukbysDVªkfuDl e/;izns'k esa ;k dgha vkSj vkbZVhm|ksxA

vke rkSj ij ,d vkS|ksfxd izca/ku foÙkh;vkSj rduhdh lykgdkj ds :i esa vkSjbysDVªkWfuDl vkbZVh m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds fy,mUgs Hkkoh m|kfe;ksa] fparkvksa vkSj dkWikZsjsV fudk;ksalgk;rk vkSj lsok lykg ds fy, fo'ks"k :i lsdk;Z djus ds fy,A

;g tkudkjh iznku djus ds fy, ljdkjhfoHkkxks@,tsafl;ksa ds fy, vkSj mUgs dEI;wVjhdj.kvksj usVofdZax esa lgk;rkA ljdkj esa vkbZVh ds{ks= es ekuo lalk/ku fodkl dh lqfo/kk dsfy,A fdlh Hkh vU; lekjksg esa jkT; ljdkj}kjk lkSaik tk ldrk gSA

fu"d"kZ %&e/;izns'k ,oa NÙkhlx<+ ds egkfo|ky;

iqLrdky; esa 'kklu dh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk

izHkko mi;qDr lkfgR; leh{kk esa ns[kus dks feyrkgSA f'k{kd dks orZeku 'kS{kf.kd O;oLFkk esafMftVkbTM O;oLFkk dk vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx fd;ktk jgk gSA bZ&fizaV bafM;k Hkkjr ds fy, mi;qDr10 izkS|ksfxdh; {ks=ksa esa izeq[k vfHk;kaf=dh vkSjizkS|ksfxdh laca/kh pqukSfr;ka ls fuiVus ds fy,vuqla/kku dh ;sktuk rs;kj djus gsrq gky gh esaizkjaHk dh xbZ ,d vkbZ vkbZVh vkSj vkbZvkbZ,llhds laiw.kZ usVodZ ds chp dh tk jgh la;qDrigy gSA

bl igy ds mn~ns'; gSa &1-lekt ds rRdkyizkafxdrk okys {ks=ksa dh igpku djuk tgka uokpkjdh vko';drk gSA 2- fpfgUgr {ks=ksa esa oSKkfudvuqla/kku dk funsZ'k nsuk] 3- bu {ks=ksa esa vuqlk/ku ds fy, mPp fRriks"k.k lqfuf'pr djuk] 4-xzkeh.k@'kgjh {ks=ksa esa jgu&lgu ds Lrj ijizHkko ds lanhkZ esa vuqla/kkuds iz;kl ds fu"d"kksadk vkadyu djukA

bafizaV bafM;k ds rglr nl fo"k;ksa ij /;kudsafnzr fd;k tk,xk vkSj buesa ls izR;sd vkbZvkbZVh]vkbZvkbZ,llh }kjk lapkfyr gksxkA

mijksDr fjO;w fyVjspj esa e/;izns'k ,oaNÙkhlx<+ ds fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksaesa fMftVybTM O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkjgk gS ftlls yksxksa esa f'k{kk ds izfr uokpkjfopkjksa dk tUe gks jgk gS Nk=@Nk=kvksa dhiBu&ikBu esa lqfo/kk izkIr gks jgh gSaA

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JewjeiÙeMelekebâ ceW keâne nw efkeâ Yeesies jesieYeÙeced DeLee&ledÙeefo nce DeefOekeâleÙee YeesieeW kesâ Øeefle ueeueeefÙele neWies leesefveefMÛele™he mes Deveskeâ jesieeW mes Dee›eâevle neskeâj ce=lÙeg kesâØeefle De«emej neWies~ Dele: ce=lÙeg kesâ lejheâ ues peeves JeeuesYeesieJeeo kesâ Øeefle mechetCe& meceepe kesâ meeLe Ùeefo veejer meceepeYeer OeeefJele ve nes lees efveMÛeÙe ner nceejer Ùen JemegvOejemJeie&Jeled megKeoeefÙekeâe nesieer~ Fefle Meced~

mevoYe& :1. ieerlee, he=. 5-82. ceveg., he=. 2-203. Jew.mee.™., he=. 14. keâ. Jeso JesoJee*dceÙe keâe heefjÛeÙe SJeb Deheew®<esÙeJeeo, he=.

1435. Jener6. keâ. veejer., he=. 1127. Jes.he., he=. 2118. Jener, he=. 2159. Jener10. Jener, he=. 216

mebef#ehlee#ejeefCe mechetCee&#ejeefCe1. keâ. veejer keâuÙeeCe veejer De¿2. keâ. Jeso keâuÙeeCe JesokeâLee¿3. ieerlee ßeerceoddYeieJeoddieerlee4. Jes.he. Jesoj heefjÛeÙe5. Jew.mee. Jewefokeâ meeefnlÙe keâer ™hejsKee6. ceveg. cevegmce=efle

mevoYe& «evLe metÛeer :-1. cevegmce=efle, efveCe&Ùemeeiej cegõCeeueÙe, efouueer-1946~2. ßeerceoddYeieJeoddieerlee, JesoJÙeeme (meefÛe$emeeOekeâmeÀeer

efnvoeršerkeâe), ieerleeØesme, ieesjKehegj, ÛeòJeeeEjMeodd mebmkeâjCe,efJe.meb. 2057~

3. De«eJeeue, nbmejepe, Jewefokeâ meeefnlÙe keâer ™hejsKee, ÛeewKecyeeefJeÅeeYeJeve, JeejeCemeer-1965~

4. Kescekeâe, jeOesMÙeece, keâuÙeeCe JesokeâLee¿, ieerleeØesme,ieesjKehegj-1999~

5. heesöej, nvegØemeeo, ieesmJeeceer, efÛecceveueeue, keâuÙeeCeveejer De¿, ieerleeØesme, ieesjKehegj-1948

6. yemeg, [e. Ùeesieerjepe, Jesoj heefjÛeÙe (DemeceerÙee), DemeceØekeâeMeve heefj<eo, iegJeenešer, mehlece mebmkeâjCe, petve,2012~

efvejeuee keâe efvejeueeheve) [e@. efovesMe kegâceej heeC[sÙe*

[ 62 ]

* Sce.S.; yeer.S[., vesš, heerSÛe.[er., ceesyeeFue : 9415885168


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[ 65 ]

ikd vf/kd`r d'ehj ds uke ls izfl) d'ehj ?kkVh vkSj blds vkliklds bykdksa dh {ks=h; lhek ds nkoksa ij vktk+nh ds ckn ls gh Hkkjr vkSjikfdLrku ds chp la?k"kZ tkjh gSA lhekorhZ bykds esa O;kid vkradoknh <k¡ps dsdkj.k ih-vks-ds- vkardokn dk dsUnz cuk gqvk gSA ;gk¡ ij vkradh usVodZ dklcls lfØ; iz;kstd ikfdLrku gSA pw¡fd ih-vks-ds- Hkw&jktuhfrd fLFkfr dsdkj.k] lEc) fgrdkjdksa ds fy, cgqr lkefjd egRo okyk gSA vr% ih-vks-ds-esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa viuk&viuk nkok izLrqr djrs gSaA orZeku esad'ehj dk lEiw.kZ {ks= rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS yxHkx nks frgkbZ Hkkx Hkkjr dslkFk gS yxHkx ,d frgkbZ fgLlk ifdLrku esa gSa vkSj mlds ,d frgkbZ NksVs lsfgLls dks ifdLrku }kjk phu dks migkj esa fn;k x;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esaikfdLrku ds dCts+ okyksa d'ehj ¼ih-vks-ds-½ ds ckjs esa ladsr gSA 'kks/k i= esa] ih-vks-ds- esa vkradoknh ?kVukvksa ds ihNs dkj.kksa vkradh <kapksa] ikd izk;ksftrvkradokn rFkk Hkkjr dh vkradoknh <kpksa dks lekIr djus dh j.kuhfr;ksa dsckjs esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

* 'kks/kkFkhZ] jktuhfr foKku] ¼;wthlh usV½] 'kkl- Vh-vkj-,l- egkfo|ky;&jhok ¼e-iz-½

** lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr foKku] 'kkl- dU;k LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;&jhok ¼e-iz-½

ifjp;29 flrEcj 2016 esa ifdLrku vf/kd`r

d'ehj ¼ih-vks-ds½ esa Hkkjr }kjk fd;s x;s lftZfdygeyksa us ,d ckj fQj bl {ks= esa vkradokn dseqís dks tksj&'kksj ls mBk;k gSA lhekorhZ bykdsesa O;kid vkradoknh <k¡ps vkSj O;kid usVodZ ds

dkj.k ih-vks-ds- vkradokn dk dsUnz cu x;k gSAfu;a=.k js[kk ds ikl gksus ds dkj.k ikfdLrkuvkradokfn;ksa dks Hkkjrh; {ks= esa ?kqliSB djkusds fy;s ih-vks-ds- dks ykap iSM ds :i esa bLrsekyfd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr yEcs le; ls ikfdLrkuizk;ksftr vkradokn ls tw> jgk gSA ikfdLrku


SH

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DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


dk eq[; mís'; tEew&d'ehj dks vfLFkj djusdk gSA 1971 esa Hkkjrh; lsuk ls gkj ds cknikfdLrku dk xqLlk nks xquk gks x;kA ;g igyhckj Fkk fd iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh ds usr`Ro esaHkkjr us 29 flrEcj 2016 esa d'ehj esa mM+h esalsuk f'kfoj ij vkradoknh geys ds izR;qRrj esaih-vks-ds- esa lftZfdy LVªkbd ds ek/;e lsizfrfØ;k O;Dr dhA fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd1947 ds vktknh ds ckn ikfdLrku dks rhu;q)ksa esa Hkkjr us gjk;k FkkA lHkh ;q) izR;{k ;kvizR;{k :i ls d'ehj ls lEcfU/kr FksA

ih-vks-ds- ,d cgqr gh vyx vkSj vuwBk{ks= gSA ;g og txg gS ftl ij ikfdLrku ustcju dCtk dj fy;k gS vkSj iatkch&mnwZ&'kjh;r opZLo yxk;kA ;g lkfcr gqvk gS fdikfdLrku us cM+s iSekus ij vkardoknh <k¡ps dkfuekZ.k fd;k gS ftlls Hkkjr ds fy, xEHkhjlqj{kk leL;k iSnk gks jgh gSA ;s vkradoknhges'kk Hkkjrh; {ks= esa ?kqlus dks fQjkd esa jgrsgSA fiNys dqN eghuksa esa d'ehj ds Hkkjrh;fgLls esa ikfdLrkuh lsuk] vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- vkSjvkradoknh lewgksa }kjk mdlk;s vkSj lefFkZrxqejkg ;qokvksa }kjk fgald fojks/k izn'kZuksa vkSjiRFkj Qsdusa dk dke fd;k tk jgk gSA gkykafdHkkjr }kjk vHkh gky gh esa ih-vks-ds- esa ,y-vks-lh- ds ikj vkradoknh <k¡ps ds xBu dks lekIrdjus ds fy, vkijs'ku 'kq: fd;k gSA

ikfdLrku vf/kd`r d'ehj dk bfrgkl %&Hkkjr vkSj jktk gfjflag ds chp gLrk{kj

fd, x, le>kSrs ds nLrkost ds ckn] Hkkjrh;lsuk d'ehj esa mRkjdj ikfdLrkuh dckbfy;ksadks ?kqliSB dks jksd fn;kA gkykafd vpkudrRdkyhu Hkkjrh; iz/kkuea=h tokgj yky usg:us ,di{kh; ;q) fojke ?kksf"kr fd;k vkSj bl

eqís dks la;qDr jk"V esa ys x;sA rRdkyhu Hkkjrh;lsuk ds tujy ds ,e-vkj-dfjIik us 24 ?kaVs dkle; nsus dk vuqjks/k fd;k] rkfd Hkkjrh; lsukiwjs d'ehj ij fu;a=.k dj lds] ysfdu usg:th us badkj dj fn;kA dCts okys d'ehj dkyxHkx vk/kk ikfdLrku ds voS/k dCts esa NksM+fn;k x;k FkkA ckn esa ikfdLrku }kjk fu;af=rd'ehj dks ikfdLrku vf/kd`r d'ehj ds :i esatkuk tkus yxk vkSj mldh jkt/kkuh eqt¶Qjkcknesa cuk;h x;h vkSj Hkkjr ds lkFk okys fgLls dkstEew vkSj d'ehj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkAd'ehj ds {ks= dks ih-vks-ds-] tEew&d'ehj] yík[k]vDlkbZ phu vkSj 'kksDle ?kkVh tSls {ks=ksa ds :iesa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA rhuksa Hkkx miegk}hi dsrhu ijek.kq ÅtkZ ns'kksa ds fu;a=.k esa gS] vFkkZrHkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phuA ;g {ks= nf{k.k esaikfdLrku ds iatkc vkSj fxyfxV ckfyLrkuizkar vkSj if'pe esa [kScj i[rqu[ok¡ izkaar dhlhekvksa ds chp gSA d'ehj {ks= dk dqy {ks=Qy2-22 yk[k oxZ fdyksehVj gS ftlesa ls yxHkx35 izfr'kr ;k 78000 oxZ fdyksehVj ih-vks-ds-gSA

ekStwnk vkradh usVodZ vkSj ih-vks-ds esa

cqfu;knh <k¡pkvkrad izf'k{k.k f'kfoj dbZ o"kksZa ls ih-

vks-ds- esa QyQwy jgs gSA ih-vks-ds- esa fofHkUuf'kfojksa esa yxHkx 2500 vkradoknh gS vkSj ogvkbZ-,l-vkbZ vkSj ikfdLrku lsuk }kjk lfØ;:i ls lefFkZr gSA ljdkjh lw=ksa ds eqrkfcd 42vkradoknh dSai gS] ftlesa ls 25 ih-vks-ds- esa vkSj17 ikfdLrku ds vU; fgLlksa esa gSaA bu laxBuksadk eq[;ky; djk¡ph esa fLFkr gS] ysfdu eq[;:i ls ih-vks-ds- ds ek/;e ls dk;Z djrs gSAtEew d'ehj esa djhc 29 fonzksgh lewg dk;Z dj


jgs gSaA ftles ,d dh tM+s ih-vks-ds- esa gSAHkkjrh; lsuk dk nkok gS fd yxHkx 20000 ;qokHkkjrh; dks ikfdLrku }kjk izf'kf{+kr vkSj l{kecuk;k x;k gSA 3 tuojh 2012 dks lsuk us nkokfd;k fd y'dj&,&rS;Ckk ¼,ybZVh½ Hkkjr esa?kqliSB djus ds fy, ih-vks-ds- esa 21 efgykvkradokfn;ksa ds ,d lewg dks izf'k{k.k ns jgkFkkA eqt¶Q+jkckn f'kfoj esa tdhmj jgeku y[kohus bu vkradokfn;ksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k gSAlftZfdy LVªkbd ds ckn tS'k&,&eksgEen¼ts,,e½] ,ybZVh vkSj fgtcqyeqtkfgíhu ds yxHkx300 vkradoknh ih-vks-ds- dSEi ls fudy Hkkxusesa lQy jgs gSaA ih-vks-ds- esa HkrhZ f'kfojeqt¶Q+jkckn vkSj ykgkSj ds chp gSA ;gk¡ lsgfFk;kj usfoxs'ku vkSj jsfM;ks] VsyhQksu ds ckjsesa tkuus ds fy, vkradokfn;ksa dks vU; f'kfojksaesa Hkstk tkrk gSA gky gh esa lftZfdy geyksa usvkB vkradh ykapiSM dks u"V dj fn;k FkkAlw=ksa dk dguk gS fd ikfdLrku us tEew&d'ehjesa vkrad dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, yxHkx 100djksM+ :i;s [kpZ fd,] fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd] vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- fgtcqy eqtkfgíhu ds izeq[k lS¸;nlykgqíhu vkSj tekr&mn&nkok ¼T;wM½ ds izeq[kgkfQ+t lbZn ds ek/;e ls /ku Hkst jgk gSA iSlkd'ehj vkradokfn;ksa ds izf'k{k.k] gfFk;kj] vkSjxksyk&ck:n ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk gSA vcvkradokn esa HkrhZ esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dh rsth lso`f) gqbZ gSA

ikfdLrku dk Hkkjr ds f[kykQ vkradokn

iz;kstuys[kd Msfu;y ck;eSu ds vuqlkj ikfdLrku

lEHkor% vkt vkradokn dk lcls lfØ; iz;kstdgSA blds ckotwn dHkh Hkh vesfjdh fons'k foHkkxus ikfdLrku dks vkradoknh jkT; ds :i esa

lwphc) ugha fd;k gSA ikfdLrku ds iwoZ jk"Vªifrijost eq'kjZQ+ us iqf"V fd;k fd mudh lsuk ustEew&d'ehj esa Hkkjr ls yM+us ds fy, vkardoknhlewgksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k gSA mUgksausa ;g Hkh Lohdkjfd;k fd 2001 ds ckn vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- us rkfyckudks ikyk&ikslk gSA Hkkjr ;g fu;fer :i ls;g dg jgk gS fd ikfdLrku d'ehj esa LFkkuh;mxzokfn;ksa@ vkradoknh lewgksa dks izf'k{k.k vkSjgfFk;kjksa dh vkiwfrZ esa 'kkfey gSA

vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- lHkh vkradoknh lewgksa dksfoRr iks"k.k dj jgk gSA ,Q-ch-vkbZ- us lSVsykbVls ikfdLrku esa dbZ vkradoknh f'kfojksa ds vfLrRodk ladsr fn;k gSA ifdLrku dks bu vkradoknhlewgksa ds fy, ,d LoxZ dgk tkrk gSA lbZnvkSj y[koh lesr d'ehjh vkradoknh ikfdLrkuesa ghjksa gSA rkfycku] gDdkuh] vkslkek fcu yknsu]tokfgjh dbZ ikfdLrkuh ;qokvksa ds fy, vkn'kZgSA o"kZ 2001 esa ikfdLrku us ukVks cyks }kjkvQxkfuLrku es ?ksj fy, x, rkfycku vkSjvydk;nk ds yxHkx 5000 'kh"kZ usr`Ro dksfudkyus esa lgk;rk dhA 1990 ds n'kd esatEew&d'ehj esa ,y-bZ-Vh- us viuk vfHk;ku 'kq:dj fn;k FkkA jk"Vªifr vkflQ vyh tjnkjh ustqykbZ 2010 esa Lohdkj fd;k fd;k Fkk fd fiNyhljdkjksa }kjk vkradokfn;ksa dks tkucw>dj cuk;kvkSj iksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA

Qjojh 2018 esa Hkkjrh; Fkylsuk ds mÙkjhdeku ds ys¶VhuasV tujy nsojkt vucw us dgkfd rhu lkS ls T;knk vkradoknh Hkkjr esa ?kqliSBdjus ds fy, fu;a=.k js[kk (LOC) ij bartkj djjgs gSaA fefyVªh baVsyhtasl vkSj vkbZ ch dh lwpukvksads gokys ls mÙkjh deku ds izeq[k us Lohdkjfd;k fd ikfdLrkuh lsuk Hkh ?kqliSB dh bl;kstuk esa vkradokfn;ksa dk lkFk ns jgh gSAnwljh vksj Qjojh 2018 esa gh vesfjdh [kqfQ;k


izeq[k us crk;k gS fd ikfdLrku lekfFkZrvkradoknh laxBu Hkkjr ds Hkhrj geys tkjhj[k ldrs gSA okf'kaxVu esa vesfjdk dh us'kuybaVsfytsal ds funs'kd nsu dksV~l us lqtokulSU; f'kfoj ij vkradh geys ds lUnHkZ esa tqVkbZxbZ [kqfQ;k tkudkjh ij lhusV dh p;u lfefrdks is'k dh x;h viuh xokgh esa dgk fdikfdLrku u, ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ds bLrseky dkladsr nsdj] vkradokfn;ksa ls vius laca/k cjdjkjj[kdj vkradokn fojks/kh lg;ksx dks jksddjvkSj phu ls djhch cukdj vesfjdh fgrksa dksuqdlku igq¡pkuk tkjh j[ksxkA lkFk gh lkFkHkkjr ns'k ds f[kykQ geys dh ;kstuk cukukvkSj geys djuk tkjh j[ksxkA

Hkkjr dh fpark,¡vxj 18 flrEcj 2016 dks mM+h esa lsuk ds

dSai ij vkradh geyk Hkkjr ds fy, tEew d'ehjesa ,d lSU; pqukSrh dk lcwr gS rks ih-vks-ds- dksysdj iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh ds etcwr ladYidks dkQh ekuk tk jgk gSA blls igys fnoaxriz/kkue=h bafnjk xk¡/kh ds le; esa dqN vioknksadks NksM+ ns rks bl rjg dh dwVuhfr igyh ckjns[kh tk jgh gSA njvly ftl le; ;g Li"Vgks x;k Fkk fd ikfdLrku ds gB ds dkj.ktEew&d'ehj ij la;qDr jk"Vª la?k lqj{kk ifj"kndk izLrko ykxw ugha gks ldrk gS rHkh ls Hkkjrdh uhfr n`<+rkiw.kZ gksuh pkfg, FkhA ih-vks-ds- ijiwjh rjg viuk fu;a=.k LFkkfir djus ds cknikfdLrku us viuk /;ku tEew&d'ehj [kkldjd'ehj ?kkVh ij dsfUnzr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkvkSj ogk¡ ladV [kM+k djus ds fy, gj rjg dhdksf'k'k djus yxk Fkk] tks vkt rd tkjh gSAtc rd fxyfxV ckyfrLrku lesr ih-vks-ds-dks ysdj ikfdLrku ij ncko ugh cuk;k tkrk

gS rc rd bLykekckn ?kkVh esa n[ky nsus lsckt ugha vkus okyk gSA blfy, ih-vks-ds- esaT;knk lfØ; gksus dh iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh dkQSlyk rktk gok esa lkal ysus tSlk gSA Hkkjrdks bl pqukSrh ls fuiVus ds fy, vc blj.kuhfr ij iwjh rkdr ls vey djuk pkfg,AHkkjr ds usr`Roksa dks fxyfxV ckfyLrku lesrih-vks-ds- ds fofHkUu fgLlksa ds mu usrkvksa lsdjhch laca/k cukuk pkfg,] tks ifdLrku dhT;knfr;ksa ds dkj.k fuokZflr thou O;rhr djjgs gSaA ml {ks= esa ekuokf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku dsekeyksa dks c<+k p<+kdj mBkuk pkfg,] ih-vks-ds-dks ysdj ikfdLrku ds nksgjs ekinaMksa dks mtkxjdjuk pkfg, vkSj ikfdLrkuh dCts ds f[kykQvkokt mBkus okys usrkvksa o yksxksa dks uSfrdleFkZu nsuk pkfg,A

Hkkjr lhek lqj{kk mik;ksa ij dbZ leL;kvksadk lkeuk dj jgk gSA lhek lqj{kk cy ds iwoZegkfuns'kd izdk'k flag ds eqrkfcd fdlh fo'ks"klhek ds lkFk lqj{kk O;oLFkk lhekvksa ds yksxksads chp tkrh; /kkfeZd laca/kksa ij fuHkZj djsxkAikfdLrku vkSj Hkkjr us tEew&d'ehj ls izR;{k;k vizR;{k :i ls tqM+s yxHkx pkj ;q) yM+sgSA rduhdh fodkl] lwpukvksa ds Rofjr izs"k.kvkSj vkradoknh lewgksa dsk /ku ds gLrkarj.k uslhek lqj{kk ds utfj;s dks cny fn;k gSAmxzoknh ;qok d'ehjh eqlyekuksa dks lSU; izf'k{k.knsrs gSa vkSj ifj"d`r gfFk;kj iznku djrs gSsAizf'k{k.k vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- }kjk ;k rks lh/ks ;k ih-vks-ds- esa fLFkr /kkfeZd dV~Vj iafFk;ksa vkSj tsgknhlaxBuksa }kjk fn;k x;k gSA vkradoknh laxBuHkkjr ds Hkhrj fgUnw&eqfLyeksa ds lkSgknZiw.kZ laca/kksa dks Hkh dM+ok djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA o"kZ1999 esa ,d lk{kkRdkj esa gkfQt lbZn us ftgkndh ?kks"k.kk dh vkSj Hkkjr ds VqdM+s djus vkSj


iwjh rjg ls ikfdLrku esa foy; djus dh ?kks"k.kkdh FkhA

Hkkjr dh vkradoknh <k¡ps dks lekIr djus

dh j.kuhfr'kh"kZ lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd

vYidkfyd dk;Zokgh vkradokfn;ksa dh {kerkvksadks cgqr uqdlku ugha igq¡pk;sxhA ,d fu/kkZfjrvkSj yxkrkj vfHk;ku dh vko';drk gSA Hkkjrds lSU; vkSj [kqfQ;k vkadyu ds vuqlkj( ih-vks-ds- esa 40 vkradoknh izf'k{k.k f'kfoj gSA 2000vkradokfn;ksa dh estckuh djus dh {kerk okysyxHkx 50 ykapiSM gSA fnypLi ckr ;g gS fdbu lkbVksa dks iwjh rjg ls ikfdLrku lsuk}kjk lajf{kr fd;k x;k gSA lsuk Hkfo";ok.khdjrh gS fd vc ikfdLrku lftZfdy geyksadk cnyk ysus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd vkradokfn;ksadks vkaxs c<+kus dk iz;kl djsxkA lftZfdy geykvkradokfn;ksa ds fy, ,d mfpr vkSj rxM+k>Vdk FkkA iz/kkuea=h eksnh dk cywfpLrku dhmFky&iqFky ij c;ku ifdLrku ds d'ehj jkxdks de djus dh losZJs"B j.kuhfr FkhA blus,d fo"kgj vkS"kf/k ds :i esa dke fd;k gS]ftldk izek.k ikfdLrku esa igys ls fn[kkbZ nsjgk gSA th- ikFkZlkjFkh dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjrdks cywfpLrku dh mFky&iqFky dk ftruklaHko gks mruk vf/kd Qk;nk mBkuk pkfg,Afo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd vc Hkkjr dks ih-vks-ds-vkSj cywfpLrku ds eqís dk vUrjkZ"Vªh;dj.k djukpkfg,A vkradokn ij ikfdLrku dks etcwj djusds fy, Hkkjr dks fo'o laxBu dks le>kukpkfg,A 2016 ds mM+h geys ds ckn Hkkjr usikfdLrku vkSj vkradokn ls fuiVus esadBksj&eqyk;e&dkdVsy j.kuhfr viuk;h gSAloZizFke fnYyh us ikfdLrku dks vyx&Fkyx

djus ds fy, jktuf;d pSuy dk lQyrkiwoZdbLrseky fd;k vkSj nwljs vkradoknh <k¡psa dksu"V djus ds fy, dM+h@lSU; dkjZokbZ dkbLrseky fd;kA Hkkjr us ?kks"k.kk dh gS ;k rksikfdLrku vkradoknh <k¡ps dks u"V dj nsxk;k fnYyh vius rjhds ls bls u"V dj nsxhAvc vkradh vkSj d'ehj dh fLFkr ls fuiVus dsfy, Hkkjrh; lsuk us [kqyh NwV nsus dk vuqjks/kfd;k gSA

vkradokfn;ksa dh udsy dlus ds fy, uoEcj2017 esa dsUnzh; x`gea=h jktukFk flag th dh v/;{krk esa ,d mPp Lrjh; cSBd cqyk;h x;hrFkk lqj{kk cyksa dks funsZf'kr fd;k x;k fdtEew&d'ehj esa vkradokn fojks/kh vfHk;ku rstfd;k tk;sxkA lqj{kk cyksa dks funsZ'k fn;k x;kfd os jkT; esa yxkrkj fgalk QSyk jgs rRoksa dks[kRe djsaA tEew&d'ehj esa LFkk;h 'kkafr ykus dhdksf'k'k lHkh i{kksa ls ckrphr 'kq: djus ds fy,dsUnz dh vksj ls fnus'k 'kekZ dks fo'ks"k izfrfuf/k fu;qDr djus ds ckotwn vkradokfn;ksa ds f[kykQvfHk;ku tkjh j[kus dh ckr dgh x;hA

vkradoknh geys dk ftØ djrs gq, iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh us dgk fd vkradokn lsfuiVus ds fy, nqfu;k dks ,dtqV gksuk gksxkAvkdk'kok.kh ij izlkfjr ^eu dh ckr* esa iz/kkuea=h us dgk fd pkj n'kd ls Hkh vf/kdle; ls Hkkjr vkradokn dk eqík mBkrk jgk gSarc nqfu;k us bls xaHkhjrk ls ugha fy;k vctcfd iwjs fo'o dks vkradokn ds fouk'kdkjhigyqvksa dk vglkl gks x;k gSA vkradokn ds[kkResa ds fy, nqfu;k dks gkFk feykuk gksxkA

Hkkjr esa vkradokn ls lokZf/kd izHkkforjkT; tEew&d'ehj gS vkSj ogh jkT; Hkkjr esavkradokn dk lcls vf/kd ,sfrgkfld dkj.k HkhgSA vr% d'ehj leL;k dks lqy>kus ds fy,


dqN u, rjhdksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, eaFkupy jgk gSA 1998 esa ljdkj us viuh j.kuhfrdks dBksj lSU; vfHk;kuksa ls ekuorkoknh tSlsvfHk;kuksa esa cny nh ysfdu jkts'k jktxksikyuus dgk gS fd ubZ fnYyh dks d'ehj esa viuhvkradokn fojks/kh j.kuhfr dk iquZewY;kadu djukpkfg,A n`f"Vdks.k esa lSU; vkSj jktuhfrd mik;ksads la;kstu dh t:jr gSA jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.kdk vFkZ gS okrkoj.k cukuk ftlls d'ehj dsvke yksx jkT; esa fodkl vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dhizfØ;k esa iwjh rjg ls Hkkx ys ldsA yksdra=fuf'pr :i ls ekxZn'kZd fl)kar gksuk pkfg,vkSj yksxksa dks Hkkjrh; la?k dk lEeku djukpkfg,A yksxksa vkSj jkT; ds chp ;g dfFkrvyxko vkradokfn;ksa ds fy, mitkÅ vk/kkjiznku djrk gSaA jkT; ljdkj dks fu;fer :ils LFkkuh; yksxksa ls tqM+uk pkfg,] f'k{kk esa cM+kfuos'k djuk pkfg,] jkstxkj iznku djuk pkfg,vkSj jkstxkj esa o`f) djuk pkfg,A ubZ fnYyhdks fctyh {ks=] Qy izlaLdj.k vkSj ydM+hm|ksxksa esa Hkkjh fuos'k djuk pkfg,A ubZ fnYyhdks iwjs etcwr cy ds lkFk vkradoknh lewgksa lsyM+uk pkfg,A 15 vxLr 2016 dks iz/kkuea=heksnh us ih-vks-ds-] fxyfxV vkSj cywfpLrku esaikfdLrku ds ccZj d`R;ksa dks lgh rjhds lsmtkxj fd;kA lkFk gh vuq- 370 vkSj ,-,Q-,l-ih-,- (AFSPA) ds eqíksa dks vPNh rjg ls la'kksfèkrfd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkkjr ds ,d vfHkUu vax ds:i esa ih-vks-ds- dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, eksnh usHkfo"; esa 'kkafr okrkZ esa ih-vks-ds- ds yksxksa dks'kkfey djus ds fy, dgkA

fu"d"kZvUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; }kjk mM+h vkradoknh

geys ds ckn ikfdLrku esa vkradokfn;ksa ds

f[kykQ Hkkjr dh lSU; dkjZokbZ dh ljkguk dhxbZ gSA jkd 'kh"kZ ;wjksih; laln ds vf/kdkjh us

vDVwcj 2016 esa dgk fd ubZ fnYyh dks

vkradokn ds f[kykQ viuh yM+kbZ esa oSf'od

leFkZu feyuk pkfg,A lftZfdy LVªkbd 'kk;n

Hkkjr dk igyk lSU; izfr'kks/k FkkA la;qDr jk"Vª

vesfjdk us igyh ckj lkoZtfud :i ls

ikfdLrku dks psrkouh nh gS fd og ikfdLrku

esa ekStwn vkSj lsuk lefFkZr vkradoknh usVoZd

dks u"V djus esa ladksp ugha djsxkA vkradokn

ds eqís ij okLro esa dksbZ Hkh ns'k 'kkfey ugha

gksuk pkgrk gS tc rd fd mlls mUgs dksbZ

uqdlku ugha igq¡prk gSA

Hkkjr dks {ks=h; vkSj fo'o Lrj ij ikfdLrku

dks mtkxj djuk pkfg,A ih-vks-ds- ij lans'k

js[kkafdr djrk gS fd eksnh ljdkj jk"Vªh; lqj{kk

ls le>kSrk ugha djsxhA iz/kkuea=h eksnh dh n`<+

vkSj fu'p;kRed uhfr tks flQZ ih-vks-ds- ds

ekeys esa gh ugha gS tks fd lftZfdy LVªkbd

vkSj mlls igys E;kaekj esa ns[kh x;h Fkh cfYd

gj dgha ns[kh tk ldrh gSA leL;k ds lek/kku

esa dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrh gS vkSj ehy dk

iRFkj cu ldrh gSA ysfdu blds lkFk gh

nqfu;k esa izxfr vkSj ekuork ds dY;k.k ds fy,

'kkafr izse vkSj U;k; tSls uSfrd ewY;ksa dk dksbZ

fodYi ugha gSA 'kk;n iz/kkuea=h eksnh vksj

ikfdLrku ds vinLFk iz/kkuea=h uokt+ 'kjhQ

nksuks gh bl ckr dks vPNh rjg le>rs gSaA

njvly bPNk 'kfDr gks rks nqfu;k esa dksbZ Hkh

leL;k gy gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd balku iz;kl

djs rks dqN Hkh vlaHko ugha gSaA


lUnHkZ %1. Early day motion 1107, "Annexation of

Gilgit Baltistan by pakistan as its fifth

frontier,"The British parliament march

23, 2017, at http://www. parliament.uk./

edm/ 2016 – 17/1107

2. Kashmir in Turmoil 2016 south Aisa

politics; New Delhi Vol 15, no 9 Jan 2017

3. Navnita ehadha Behera, Demystifying

Kashmir, pearson- Longman, New Delhi

2006

4. "The Fifth Province," The nation,

June 7, 2015, at http://nation.com.pk/

editorials/ 07-June.2015/The fifthprovince

5. Jansatta news paper New Delhi Date

14.02.2018, Date 15.11.2017, Date 27

Nov 2017

6. Times of India dated 2nd June 2017

7. Dainik sanbad Agartala 17/5/2017

8. Open Magazine; sep. 5,2016 issue, May

1, 2017 issue & May 29; 2017 issue.

MeesOe meejebMe

yeewæ Oece& ceW veejer [e@. megOee meesveer*

[ 72 ]

ckS)/keZ dk mn; fgUnw /keZ esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus ,oa LoLFklekt dh lajpuk djus ds mn~ns’; ls gqvkA ckS) /keZ R;kx] vfgalk] lU;klvkSj eks{k ij vk/kkfjr FkkA pwafd ukjh ?kj] xgLFkh dh dsUnz fcUnq Fkh blfy;slkjk izgkj ukjh ij FkkA ukjh eks{k izkfIr esa ck/kd ekuh x;h FkhA ysfdu czkEg.klkfgR; dh vis{kk ckS) lkfgR; esa dU;kvksa dh fLFkfr larks”ktud ekuh x;h FkhAckS) èkeZ esa iq= vkSj iq=h ds chp Hksn ugha Fkk vusd f’kykiVksa esa ukjh f’k{kk dsizrhd mRdh.kZ gSA tkrd dFkkvksa esa Hkh iqf=;ksa dh mPp fLFkfr ds mnkgj.k izkIrgksrs gSA ckS) lekt :f<+;ksa ls Åij mBdj xgLFk vkJe esa fL=;ksa dk vknjdjrk gqvk izrhd gksrk gSA iRuh ds :i esa Hkh ukjh dh fLFkfr lEekfur jgh gSAckS) la?k esa ukjh dks LFkku fn;k x;kA ;|fi izkjaHk esa egkRek cq) us fL=;ksa dksla?k esa izos’k vLohdkj fd;k FkkA fdUrq ckn esa mUgksaus la?k esa fL=;ksa dks vuqefriznku dhA ckS) fcgkj esa Hkh fL=;ka Lora= :i ls jgrh FkhA fcEclkj dh iRuh[ksek ckS) 'kkL=ksa dh Kkrk FkhA ckS)dky esa fL=;ksa dk nSohdj.k fd;k x;kAekuosRrj ukjh ds vU; Lo:i tSls vIljk] fdUujh] fnXnsoh] ikrky ukx dU;k;sa];f{k.kh vkfn ds :i esa izfl) jghA

* izk/;kid bfrgkl] 'kkl-dU;k egkfo|ky;&jhok ¼e-iz-½

ckS)/keZ dk mn; fgUnw /keZ esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksadks nwj djus ,oa LoLFk lekt dh lajpuk djusds mn~ns’; ls gqvkA fgUnw /keZ esa ;g ;qx vR;arHkksxoknh ;qx FkkA fgalk vkSj nku dks /kkfeZdLo:i iznku dj mls laj{k.k fn;k x;k vkSjfL=;ksa dk ‘kks”k.k bl ;qx esa viuh pje lhek ijFkkA ckS) /keZ R;kx] vfgalk] lU;kl vkSj eks{k ij

vk/kkfjr FkkA bl èkeZ dh ekU;rk Fkh fd xgLFkthou O;rhr djus okyksa dks eks{k izkfIr vlaHkogSaA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ckS)/keZ dk izeq[kmn~ns’; gh xgLFkh dk mUewyu FkkA pwafd ukjh?kj] xgLFkh dh dsUnz fcUnq Fkh blfy;s lkjk izgkjukjh ij FkkA ukjh eks{k izkfIr esa ck/kd ekuh x;hFkh] D;ksafd iq:”k ukjh dks lHkh :iksa esa Hk; dh


SH

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DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


n`f”V ls ns[kus yxkA pwafd ukjh izR;sd :i esavk’kfDr dk dsUnz fcUnq gSa] blfy;s R;kT; gSaAiq:”k lekt dSoY; dh [kkst esa fHk{kkVu djusyxkA bl rjg ukjh thou frjLdr gksrk pykx;kA

czkEg.k lkfgR; dh vis{kk ckS) lkfgR; esadU;kvksa dh fLFkfr larks”ktud ekuh x;h gSaAczkEg.k /keZ esa iq= dk fo’ks”k egRo Fkk] ogha /kkfeZdfØ;kvksa] riZ.k bR;kfn dk vf/kdkjh FkkA bldsvfrfjDr eks{k izkfIr ds fy, iq= gksuk vfuok;Zugha FkkA egkRek cq) ds vuqlkj iq=ghu O;fDrdh eks{k dk vf/kdkjh gks ldrk gSaA blfy;s ckS)/keZ xzaFkksa esa bl n`f”V ls iq= vkSj iq=h ds chp Hksnugha FkkA

ekrk&firk ds fy;s iq=&iq=h nksuksa gh lekuFks] tkrd xzaFkksa esa egk lqo.kZ uked ,d xgLFkiq= vFkok iq=h nksuksa ds fy;s izkFkZuk djrk gSaAla;qDr fudk; esa Lo;a egkRek cq) dk dFku gSafd dHkh&dHkh iq=h] iq= dh vis{kk vf/kd Js”Bgksrh gSaA tks fd rkRdkyhu lekt esa iqf=;ksa ds Hkhmnkgj.k izkIr gksrs gSaA lkseorh uked dU;k ,d,slh gh iqf=;ksa esa ls ,d Fkh] tks bl izFkk ,oaiqf=;ksa dh fiz;rk dks Li”V djrh gSaA ckS) /keZ dsvuqlkj fdlh dU;k ds gkFk ls cus iwjs Hkkstu dk[kkus dh dksbZ eukgh ugha FkhA ckS) lekt :f<+;ksals Åij mBdj dk;Z djus dh ps”V djrk Fkk ,oaxgLFk vkJe esa fL=;ksa dk vknj djrk FkkA

ckS) lekt esa fookg o;Ld gksus ij gh gksrsFksA dU;k ds fy;s fookg dh vk;q lhek 16 o”kZekuh tkrh FkhA /kEein Vhdk esa mYys[k gSa fddU;k ds fy;s fookg ds fy;s ;gh vk;q mi;qDrFkhA ;|fi ckS) lkfgR; esa lxks= fookg bR;kfn

ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA tks fd lk/kkj.kr% fuanuh;ekus tkrs gSaA fookg ds vkB izdkjksa esa lokZf/kdizpfyr fookg iztkikR; fookg FkkA ftlesa yM+ds&yM+dh dk fookg] ekrk&firk ds }kjk lqfu;ksftrgksrk FkkA ckS) lekt esa fL=;ksa }kjk vius o.kZ dsvfrfjDr mPp ;k fuEu o.kZ esa fd;s x;s fookgdks gs; ekuk tkrk FkkA vU; /keksZ dh Hkkafr ckS)/keZ esa Hkh fL=;ka ifRu;ksa ds :i esa vusd drZO;ksavkSj funsZ’kksa ls ca/kh gq;h FkhA muds fy;s vla[;funsZ’k FksA tSls ifr ds Hkkstu djus ds iwoZ Lo;aHkkstu u djuk] vius lkl&llqj dk igysHkyh&Hkkafr Hkkstu djkus ds i’pkr~ gh Hkkstudjuk] vius ifr ds ‘k;u ls iwoZ ‘k;u u djuk]ifjokj ds fofo/k lnL;ksa ds izfr vius lEiw.kZdrZO;ksa vkSj funZs’kksa ls ca/kh gq;h FkhA muds fy;svla[; funsZ’k FksA ifjokj ds fofo/k lnL;ksa dsizfr vius lEiw.kZ drZO;ksa dk ikyu dj pqdus dsckn ‘k;u djuk] vius ifr ,oa lkl&llqj dksvkjk/; le>dj iwtk djuk }kj ij vk;q fHk{kq dksHkkstu djkus ds i’pkr~ gh Lo;a Hkkstu djukbR;kfnA

xgLFkh lapkyu djus gsrq ifRu;ksa dks fo’ks”kfunsZ’k fn;s x;s FksA tSls viuh ?kj dh ckr dksckgj u dguk] ?kj esa mRiUu gqbZ leL;kvksa dkftØ nwljksa ls u djukA ckgj ds >xM+ksa dks ?kjesa izfo”V u djuk bR;kfnA

vaxqrj fudk; ds vuqlkj iRuh dks lnk ifrdh vkKk esa jguk pkfg;sA lkjs dk;Z ifr dhbPNkuqlkj djus pkfg;sA ifr ds lkFk e/kqjrk dslkFk ckrphr djuk] vius ifr dk lEeku ,oamlds xq:tuksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg;sA ckS)lekt esa ngst izFkk izpfyr FkhA ikfjokfjd thou


esa ca/kqvksa ds fy;s vusd f’k{kk;sa Fkh tSls vanj dhvfXu dks ckgj u ys tkuk] ckgj dh vfXu dksvanj u ys tkuk tks ns mlh dks iznku djuk]vfXu dh ifjØek djuk] dqy nsork dk lEekudjuk bR;kfnA

vkn’kZ iRuh ds fy;s vusd xq.kksa dk gksukvR;ar vko’;d gSaA tSls vfrfFk;ksa dks lsok esatjk Hkh fookn u djuk] ifr dh dekbZ dks HkyhHkkafr laHkkyuk] ?kj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ukSdjksads vkjke dk [;ky djuk] chekj iM+us okyksa dhfpfdRlk dk [;ky djuk] nqO;Zluksa bR;kfn esa /kuds uk’k dks jksdukA vaxqrj fudk; esa izR;sd L=hesa pkj xq.kksa dk gksuk vko’;d crk;k x;k FkkAxg dk;Z esa izoh.krk] ?kj ds lHkh lnL;ksa dhHkyh&Hkkafr fpark] ifr dh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z djuk]fe=O;rkA vkfn mYys[k gSa fd tks L=h bu xq.kksals ;qDr gksdj ckS) /keZ vkSj la?k j[krh gSa mlsyksd o ijyksd nksuksa dk lq[k izkIr gksrk gSaA

ckS) lkfgR; ls ;g Li”V gksrk gSa fd fL=;ksadks nklh ds :i esa j[kk tkrk FkkA cq) ?kks”k dgrsgSa nklh Hkksx ;kuh nklh dk dke gSa [ksrksa esa dkedjuk] xanxh mBkuk vkSj fuEu Lrj dk dk;ZdjukA ?kjsyw dk;ksZ ds fy;s Hkh fL=;ksa ds chp dbZJsf.k;ka gksrh FkhA

ekuk tkrk gS fd ckS) /keZ ukjh tkfr dkm)kjd gSa D;ksafd cq) us ukjh dks la?k esa izos’k dhvuqefr iznku dh Fkh ijUrq lp ;g Fkk fd cq)dks Lo;a ukjh dh ;ksX;rk ij lansg vkSj vukLFkk;hAos la?k esa ukjh ds izos’k ds fo:) FksA cq) us Lo;aviuh fcekrk] egkiztkkifr xkSreh dh la?k esaizos’k dh izkFkZuk dks rhu ckj vLohdkj dj fn;kFkkA tc vius f’k”; vkuan ds vkxzg ij mUgksaus

ukfj;ksa dks la?k esa izos’k dh vuqefr nh rks dgkfd vkuan eq>s iw.kZ fo’okl Fkk fd esjs }kjk LFkkfir;g /keZ 5000 o”kksZ rd bl /kjrh esa dk;e jgsxkAfdUrq la?k esa ukjh ds izos’k ds lkFk gh eq>s ;gvk’kadk gks jgh gS fd vc ‘kk;n ;g /keZ 500 o”kksZrd fVd ugha ik;sxkA ukjh ds laca/k esa cq) dh;qfDr bl ckr dk ladsr gSa fd muds eu esa HkhL=h&iq:”k foHksn FkkA

ckn esa ckS) /keZ esa la?k esa izos’k dh vuqefrfL=;ksa dks izkIr gqbZ ijUrq foHksn tkjh jgkA la?k esafHk{kqvksa dk gh opZLo dk;e FkkA mudh rqyuk esafHk{kqf.k;ksa dks fuEu Js.kh dk ekuk tkrk FkkA la?kL=h fHk{kq.kh cudj fuokZ.k lk/kuk rks dj ldrhFkh] ijUrq mls la?k esa iq:”k oxZ dh vis{kk devknj fd;k tkrk FkkA ,d ;qok fHk{kqd fHk{kq.kh dksHkh ugha FkkA fHk{kq ds vkxeu ij fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks Hkhugha FkkA fHk{kq ds vkxeu ij fHk{kqf.k;ka lEekuizn’kZu djrh FkhA ijUrq fdlh fHk{kq.kh ds Lokxresa fHk{kqvksa ds }kjk lEeku iznf’kZr djuk vko’;dugha FkkA

ckn esa ckS) /keZ esa la?k esa izos’k dh vuqefrfL=;ksa dks izkIr gqbZ ijUrq foHksn tkjh jgkA la?kesa fHk{kqvksa dk gh opZLo dk;e FkkA mudh rqyukesa fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks fuEu Js.kh dk ekuk tkrk FkkAla?k L=h fHk{kq.kh cudj fuokZ.k lk/kuk rks djldrh Fkh] ijUrq mls la?k esa iq:”k oxZ dh vis{kkde vknj fd;k tkrk FkkA ,d ;qok fHk{kqd fHk{kq.khdks Hkh ugha FkkA fHk{kq ds vkxeu ij fHk{kqf.k;kalEeku izn’kZu djrh FkhA ijUrq fdlh fHk{kq.khdks Hkh ugha FkkA fHk{kq ds vkxeu ij fHk{kqf.k;kalEeku izn’kZu djrh FkhA ijUrq fdlh fHk{kq.kh dsLokxr esa fHk{kqvksa ds }kjk lEeku iznf’kZr djuk


vko’;d ugha FkkA fdlh fHk{kq.kh dks fdlh dh

vkykspuk djus dk vf/kdkj ugha Fkk vkSj u gh

dksbZ vi’kCn dgus dkA ckS) fcgkj esa dksbZ Hkh

fHk{kq.kh Lora= :i ls fHk{kq ls okrkZ ugha dj

ldrh FkhA tcfd fHk{kq fHk{kqf.k;ksa ls dHkh Hkh

ckrphr djus ds fy;s Lora= FksA

lkjs fu;eksa dks ns[krs gq;s ;g Li”V gksrk gSa

fd cq) us u dsoy lkekftd e;kZnkvksa cfYd

euksoSKkfud izfrekukssa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kdj dk;Z

fd;kA mUgksaus fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks la;e esa j[kus dh

O;oLFkk euq”; dh izdfr dks n`f”Vdks.k djrs gq;sA

xkSre cq) vius la?k esa fL=;ksa dks nhf{kr djds

izlUu ugha FksA blls mUgsa vius /keZ dh ifo=rk

lafnX/k tku iM+us yxh gSaA blhfy;s eSaus la?k esa

fL=;ksa dks vkB dBksj fu;e cuk fn;s gSa ftudk

ikyu vfuok;Z gSa tc rd /keZ gSa fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks

Fksjh dgk tkrk FkkA ,slh Fksfj;ksa esa lokZfèkd fonq”kh

/kEefnrk ^lqDdk* Fkh tks tu leqnk; ds chp

O;k[;ku nsus ds fy;s izfl) FkhA JhokLrh ds

Jsf”B dh iq=h iVkpkjk fu;eksa esa izoh.k Fkh mlus

rhl fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks fl) ekxZ esa izoRr fd;k FkkA

fcEclkj dh iRuh egkjkuh [ksek ckS) ‘kkL=ksa

dh Kkrk FkhA cq) us mls fonq”kh Fksfj;ksa esa LFkkiu

fn;k FkkA FkqYyuank izopu djus esa dq’ky Fkh

fou; fiVd us mls dq’ky crk;k FkkA datxyk

fcuk cq) ds izopu lqus gh ckS) xzaFkksa dh if.Mrk

Fkh mldh O;k[;ku ‘kSyh Js”B FkhA jktxg ds /

kuk<~; Jsf”B dh dU;k HkNnk dq.My ds’kk

rdZ’kkL= esa izoh.k FkhA vusd ckS) fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks

vk/;kfRed {ks= esa ije flf) izkIr FkhA Fksjh

xkFkk xzaFk ¼77½ fHk{kqf.k;ksa }kjk jfpr 522 xhrksa

dk laxzg gSaA

mTtSuh dh ftunRrk dks ijeKku feyk FkkA

oS’kkyh dh :iorh] xf.kdk vkezikyh us xhrksa dh

jpuk dh rFkk vgZrk in izkIr fd;kA vusd

ukfj;ka la?k esa u gksrs gq;s Hkh ckS) /keZ dh vuq;k;h

Fkh mUgsa mikfldk dgk x;kA jkuh lkekorh]

lTtrkjk vkSj fo’kk[kk muesa izeq[k uke gSaA ckS)

/keZ esa lEiznk;ksa ds mn; ds lkFk gh ‘kfDr dh

mikluk dk mn; gksrk gSaA egk;ku lEiznk; esa

,slh vusd nsfo;ksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSaA gsulkax

us ukyank fcgkj esa rkjk vkSj gkjhrh egk;ku

nsfo;ksa dh mikluk dk mYys[k feyrk gSaA ftl

izdkj ikSjkf.kd /keZ esa nqxkZ dh mikluk ekr`

‘kfDr ds :i esa dh x;h gSa] mlh izdkj ckS) /keZ

ds egk;ku lEiznk; esa cq) o ckSf/klRo dh ekrk

ds :i esa fL=;ka iwT; FkhA ckS) nsoh rkjk dk

mYys[k ukyank rkez i= esa feyrk gSaA ckS) /keZ ds

,d u;s er otz;ku lEiznk; esa rkjk nsoh otzrkjk

ds :i esa mikflr gqbZA ,slh vusd nsfo;ksa dh

ewfrZ;ka laxzgky;ksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA ftudh

iwtk vuqekur% eafnjksa esa gksrh FkhA lkjukFk esa

ekfjph nsoh dh ewfrZ;ka izkIr gqbZ gSa tks rhu eq[k

vkSj v”V Hkqtk/kkjh gSaA blh izdkj <kdk laxzgky;

esa izKkikjferk] gkjhrh] oklq/kkjk ,oa okxh’ojh

nsoh dh ewfrZ;ka lqjf{kr gSaA

ckS)dky esa fL=;ksa dk nsohdj.k fd;k x;kA

ekuosRrj ukjh ds vU; Lo:i tSls vIljk] fdUujh]

fnXnsoh] ikrky ukx dU;k;sa] ;f{k.kh vkfn dds

:i esa izfl) jghA bUgsa nsoh dh Hkkafr dik nk=h

ekuk x;k tks fd lk/kd dks bfPNr lHkh lkalkfjd

oLrq;sa iznku djrh gSaA ukjh ‘kfDr vius :i rFkk

izdk’k vIljkvksa esa izfrfcEcr gqbZ vkSj ml izfrfcEc


dks bZ’oj ekudj mldh izkfIr ekuo dk y{;

ekuk x;kA fnXnsfo;ksa dk o.kZu vfHkys[kksa esa feyrk

gSa ftUgsa bZ’ojh; ‘kfDr ekudj fgUnw /keZ dh rjg

muds egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

lanHkZ xzUFk %1- lekt vkSj ukjh] ¼2013½] txnh’k pUnz flUgk-2- ckS) lkfgR; dh lkaLdfrd >yd ¼2013½]

jkgqy lkaLdrk;u

3- ckS) /keZ ds fodkl dk bfrgkl] ij’kqjkeprqosZnh

4- /keZ] ekDlZ,axsYl-5- ckS) /keZ D;k dgrk gS] Jh d”.k nÙk-6- /keZ’kkL= dk bfrgkl Hkkx&1] ih-Ogh- dk.ks-7- ukjh ‘kks”k.k] t; izdk’k O;kl] Kkuank izdk’ku-

MeesOe meejebMe

heJeeF& JÙeJemLee SJeb keâj ÙeesiÙe heJeeF&ÙeeB [e@. DepeÙe Mebkeâj Megkeäue* [e@. (ßeerceleer) ØeJeerCe heeC[sÙe**

[ 77 ]

jhok LVsV Mk;jsDVjh esa jkT; ds {ks=Qy ds nks frgkbZ Hkkx dks iokb;ksa dsvUrxZr ekuk x;k gSA ;|fi vuqikr dh x.kuk ;FkkrF; jhfr ls ugha dh xbZgSA fdUrq eksVs rkSj ls jkT; ds {ks=Qy esa iokb;ksa dk vuqikr dksBkj dh vis{kkM~;ks<+k ls ysdj nwuk rd vf/kd FkkA MkbjsDVjh esa 38 izeq[k bykdksa dh QsgfjLrnh xbZ gS vkSj iokb;ksa dh la[;k gtkj rd crkbZ xbZ gSA buesa {ks=Qy esa ,dfljs ij ^umvk** tSlh iSi[kkj iokbZ rglhy R;ksaFkj esa Fkh ftldk {ks=Qy ek=4 ,dM+ 79 fMfley FkkA jktLo ds fygkt ls lclk cM+k bykdk ,d Nksj ijjkeiqj uSfdu Fkk ftlds jktLo dh vk; #i;k 1]20]421 Fkh tcfd tcfd nwljsNksj ij ^^fxjxks** uked iSi[kkjh iokbZ rglhy fljekSj esa Fkh ftldh jktLovk; :i;k 1&5&0 ,d :i;k ikap vkus ek= FkhA

iokbZ ds izdkjksa esa dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls fofHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA dkykUrj esaiokb;ksa dh foHksn dh js[kk;sa feVus yxhA iz'kklu dks ,slk izrhr gqvk fd mDrfoHksnhdj.k dkykrhr gks pqdk gSA vyx&vyx uke gksrs gq, Hkh ,d tSlh FkhaAtks fu;e ,d ij ykxw gksrk Fkk ogh fu;e nwljs ij Hkh ykxw gks ldrk FkkAblfy, iokbZ desVh us iokb;ksa ds oxhZdj.k esa ljyhdj.k dh izfØ;k viukbZAiokbZ :Yl 1934 esa iokbZ 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk fy[krs gq, mlesa lHkh gdh;rsa&ekeyk]ftlesa xqtkjk Hkh 'kkfey Hkh 'kkfey gS] iSi[kkj] c`r] eqM+okj] ukudkj] Hkkbi]buke] nsokFkZ iq.;kFkZ] dBoRr] tkxhj] tukuk tkxhj] vkSj 55@45 dks lfEefyrfd;k x;k gSA blfy, iokbZ :y ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk gh vusd izdkj dh iokb;ksaesa tks varj ik;k tkrk Fkk og lekIr gks x;k rFkk fujFkZd Hkh gks x;kA iokbZ:Yl iqjkus Js.kh& foHkktu dks jn~n djds iokb;ksa dks dsoy nks dksfV;ksa esafoHkDr fd;k] ¼1½ bykdsnkj] ¼2½ iokbZnkjA fuEufyf[kr iokbZnkjksa dk 'kqekjbykdsnkj esa fd;k x;kA

* 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] xksfcUnx<+] ftyk&jhok ¼e-iz-½

** 'kkldh; 'kghn dsnkjukFk egkfo|ky;] eÅxat] ftyk&jhok ¼e-iz-½


SH

O

DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


og iokbZnkj ftuds iokbZ dh tek fudklh10]000 #i;k ls T;knk gksA fo'ks"k lkekftdizfr"Bk okys iokbZnkj ftudh iokbZ dhtek&fudklh :i;k 5]000 ls T;knk gksA ogiokbZnkj ftuds iokbZ dh fudklh 5]000 ls degS] ysfdu tks fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls njckj dh jk; esabykdsnkjksa dh dksfV esa vkus pkfg,A bykdsnkjksadks ogh vf/kdkj vksj fjvk;rsa izkIr gkasxh ftudkftØ iokbZ :Yl ds ifjf'k"V ¼c½ esa fd;k x;kgS] c'krsZa fd iokbZ ds gLrkUrj.k x`ghrk dks osvf/kdkj vkSj fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ugha izkIr gksaxs vkSjc'krsZa fd rkthe vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr fo'ks"kkf/kdkj njckj }kjk O;fDrxr :i ls fn, tk;sxsaAbykdsnkjksa ds vfrfjDr vo'ks"k lHkh iokbZnkjksadks dsoy iokbZnkj dh laKk nh tkrh FkhA1 lu~1947 esa jhok LVsV MkbjsDVjh ds vuqlkj dsoy38 izeq[k bykdsnkj ekStwn FksA buds vfrfjDr16 ljnkjksa dks rktheh ntkZ feyk gqvk Fkk tksnjckj }kjk iznku fd;k x;k FkkA2 dkEisfUM;eesa bykdsnkjksa dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk x;k gSfd dqN ,sls iokbZnkj gSa ftUgas fo'ks"k izfr"Bkiw.kZLFkku izkIr FkkA ,slh fjok;r Fkh fd ,sls iokbZnkjksadks bykdsnkj dgk tkrk Fkk ysfdu ml le;rd bykdsnkjksa dks ikfjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;kFkkA blesa ,d lkekU; fl)kUr ;g Fkk fd cM+svkdkj dh egRoiw.kZ iokb;ksa dks bykdksa dhJs.kh esa j[kk tkrk FkkA

ukycUnh&tc jkT; dks fdlh bykdsnkj ds fo:)

ekeyk dh vnk;xh u djus vFkok jktkKk dhvogsyuk ds dkj.k lSfud vfHk;ku djus dsfy, ck/; gksuk iM+rk Fkk] rks bykdsnkj dsvkReleiZ.k djus ij lSfud vfHk;ku esa fd,tkus okys O;; dks olwy djus ds fy, mDr

bykdsnkj ij tks vFkZn.M yxk;k tkrk Fkk mlsukycUnh dgrs FksA ukycUnh dks Qkjlh esa^^rkoku** dgrs gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, igkM+h dslasxj Bkdqj j.k/khj flag us lu~ 1848 ds^^fy[kokV** esa bdjkj fd;k gS fd og ukycUnhds :i esa dksbZ Hkh jde tks iapksa }kjk r; dhtk;sxh nsus dks rS;kj gSA nwljk mnkgj.k lu~1778 bZ- esa cnhZ ds bykdsnkj ân;'kkg dk^^fy[kkokV** gS fd og :i;k 13]000 ukycUnhvkSj ekeyk dh jde 2 o"kZ esa vnk djsxkA cnhZds gh bykdsnkj vthr flag dk rgjhj fd;kgqvk 1804 bZ- dk bl vk'k; dk fy[kkokV gS fdog :i;k 63003 crkSj ekeyk vkSj :i;k 32]000crkSj ukycUnh fcuk fdlh mtz ds vnk djsxkAlu~ 1840 bZ- dh bykdsnkj flaxjkSyh N='kkg dsbl vk'k; dh fy[kh gqbZ Vhi gS fd og :i;k30]001 ukycUnh Qh lSdM+k] Qh ekg dh nj lslwn nsxkA

cUnkscLr VSDl] njckj [kpZ lM+d vkSj

Ldwy pUnk&izkjEHk esa lu~ 1867 bZ- esa iokb;ksa ij cUnkscLr]

lM+d vkSj Ldwy pank uked ckc vkjksfir fd;kx;k FkkA blds fy, njckj dh jktkKk tkjh gqbZFkh fdUrq dqN lkyksa ckn cUnkscLr dk ckc [kredj fn;k x;kA tcfd lM+d vkSj Ldwy dk ckc1891 esa lekIr fd;k x;k] D;ksafd cgqr lkjkcdk;k bdV~Bk gks x;k Fkk ftldk olwy gksukeqf'dy Fkk] ysfdu lu~ 1906 esa lM+d vkSj Ldwydk pank lHkh iokb;ksa ij iqu% vkjksfir fd;k x;kAbldk viokn nsokFkZ iokbZ tek&fudklh KkrFkh ogk¡ 2] 1@2 izfr'kr vkSj tek&fudklhfuf'pr u gksus dh fLFkfr esa tek iokbZ ij izfr'krdh ogh nj FkhA lu~ 1911 esa tek&fudklh ijpank fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k ysfdu tks tek&iokbZ


ij pank ns jgs Fks mUgsa mlh nj ls vxysmÙkjkfèkdkj rd vnk djus dh vuqefr nh xbZAiokbZ desVh ds le{k ;g ek¡x dh xbZ fd vcokcdks dsoy jksM vkSj Ldwy pank rd lhfer j[kktk,A fdUrq ;g ekuh gqbZ ckr gS fd nsokFkZ dksNksM+dj iokbZ dh lHkh gdh;rksa ij ckc vkjksfirfd;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, ckc dks dsoy jksMvkSj Ldwy pans rd lhfer j[kus ds rdZ dks desVhus Lohdkj ugha fd;kA mldh jk; esa ;fn lu~1867 esa njckj vkMZj ds tfj, u, ckc yxk,tk ldrs gSa vkSj lu~ 1906 esa fQj ls ogh ckcvkjksfir fd, tk ldrs gSa rks Hkfo"; esa njckjds gqDe ls u;s ckc yxkus ds fo:) dksbZ nyhyequkflc ugha gSA iz'kklfud vko';drkvksa dksns[krs gq, ckc yxkuk mfpr gSA ^ckc* ,dizdkj djkjksi.k gSA jkT; ds lEizHkqrk ds vf/kdkjksaesa ,d vf/kdkj ckc dk vkjksi.k gSA ckc jktLols i`Fkd dj gSA la;ksx ls izk;% lHkh iokbZ ikvksaesa iSi[kkj dks NksM+dj ;g 'krZ [kklrkSj ls fy[khgqbZ feyrh gS fd iokbZnkj dks jktckc nsukiM+sxkA**3 vrhr esa iokbZnkjksa us iz'kklfud O;;ds lEcU/k esa dkQh NwV dk miHkksx fd;kA igysekeysnkj njckn [kpZ ds uke ls ,d ckc jkT;dks vnk djrs Fks fdUrq ckn esa ekeyk dh nsu esa;g lfEefyr dj fn;k x;kA4 19oha lnh dsmÙkjk)Z vkSj 20oha dk tqeyk ntZ fd;k tkrkFkkA vcokc ds fodklØe dks ns[krs gq, ;gfu"d"kZ fudkyuk lgt gS fd le; chrus dslkFk&lkFk budh la[;k vkSj ek=k ?kVrh xbZ gSA;g izo`fÙk n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gS fd vcokc dkfoyhuhdj.k iokbZ ds nsu esa djds ,d:irk vkSjdsUnzh;dj.k dk iz;kl jkT; 'kklu~ us fd;k FkkA

dj eqDr iokbZ&lH;rk dh vfodflr voLFkk esa jkT; 'kklu~

fodsfUnzr FkkA nwjnjkt {ks=ksa esa QSys gq, bykds

vkSj iokb;ksa ds /kkjd viuh Hkwfe;ksa ds izcU/k esaLok;R; FksA lapkj ,oa vkokxeu ds lk/kuksa dsvHkko ds dkj.k jkT; dh dsUnzh; lRrk ls mudklEidZ ugha jgrk FkkA jkT; 'kklu~ dk mulsokLrk iokbZ vkSj iokbZnkjksa ds vkUrfjd ekeyksaesa gLr{ksi ugha djrk FkkA blfy, dqN fuf'pre;kZnkvksa ds vUrxZr iokbZnkj vius jS;~;r lseuekuh tek vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh olwyh dhtkrh FkhA izR;sd O;olk; ij djkjksi.k dh izFkkFkh tSls&ckxokuh] cqudjh] nqdkunkjh] pekjh]c;kbZ] yk[k cukuk] dRFkk cukuk] yksgkfxjh]c<+bZfxjh] ykSg/kkrq fuekZ.k] i'kqikyu bR;kfnAiokbZnkj tdkr ;k pawxh ¼lhek 'kqYd½] vkcdkjh]uko?kkV] eknd nzO; ij VSDl laxzg djus dkvf/kdkj j[krs FksA taxyksa vkSj [knkuksa dh jkW;YVhHkh og izkIr djrs FksA muds fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa esaU;kf;d vf/kdkj Hkh 'kkfey Fks vFkkZr~ nhokuh]QkStnkjh vkSj eky&eqdn~eksa dh lquokbZ djusvkSj QSlyk djus dk mUgsa vf[r;kj FkkA ;|fifl)kUrr% mDr lHk vf/kdkj jkT; 'kklu~ esafufgr Fks] izcU/k jkT; 'kklu~ dh igqq¡p ls ckgjFkkA lH;rk ds fodkl vkSj fczfV'k 'kklu iz.kkyhdh LFkkiuk ds ckn fj;klrh gqdwer dh iokb;ksaij idM+ etcwr gksrh xbZA njckj us vius [kks,gq, vf/kdkj {ks= dks iokb;ksa ls okil ysus dkiz;Ru fd;kA iokbZnkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks fu;af=rdjds lhfer fd;k x;kA mUgsa jktkKk vkSjvuq'kklu ekuus ds fy, foo'k fd;k x;kA dbZ,d vk; ds L=ksr Hkh jkT; }kjk iokbZnkjksa lsNhu fy, x,A muds U;kf;d vf/kdkjksa esa HkhdVkSrh dh xbZA bykdksa esa iqfyl Fkkuk dk;edj vijk/kksa ds jksdFkke ds fy, njckj us dnemBk;sA vijkf/k;ksa dk pkyku QkStnkjh vnkyrksaesa gksus yxkA blls tqekZuk esa izkIr gksus okyh


jde esa ?kkVk vk;kA 'kklu~ }kjk mBk;s x, budneksa dh izfrfØ;k esa njckj ds izfr iokbZnkjksaesa fo{kksHk gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA blh ls njckjvkSj iokbZnkjksa ds e/; Vdjko dh fLFkfr iSnkgqbZA bl Vdjko dh oS/kkfud i"BHkwfe dks mtkxjdjrs gq, iokbZ desVh us vfHker O;Dr fd;k Fkkfd iokbZ dk vf/kdkj] lEifRr dk ekfydkukvf/kdkj ugha gSA ekyxqtkjh dkuwu dk ;g ekU;cqfu;knh fl)kUr gS fd Hkwfe dk LokfeRo lEizHkqrk;qDr jkT; esa fufgr gSA iokbZ ds LoRo dks Hkhblh ifjizs{; esa ns[kuk pkfg,A bl fl)kUr lsjkT; }kjk fufeZr fof/k&fo/kku vkSj vuq'kkludk ikyu djuk iokbZnkj dk drZO; gSA D;ksafdiokbZ jkT; }kjk fufeZr gS ;k mldk vfLrRovUrr% njckj dh LosPNk ij fuHkZj gSA5

fj;klrh dkuwu esa futh lEifRr dsmÙkjkfèkdkj vkSj iokbZ ds mÙkjkf/kdj esa vUrjFkk] D;ksafd iokbZ dks iokbZnkj dh futh lEifRrrLyhe ugha fd;k x;k FkkA vrhr esa iokbZ vkSjfuth lEifRr dks fu;af=r djus okys dkuwu ,dtSls gh FksA ckn esa futh lEifRr dh fojklr dkdkuwu cgqr mnkj gks x;k tcfd ekS:lh iokbZdh fojklr dk dkuwu ;|fi mnkj Fkk fdUrqml ij dqN fuf'pr ikcfUn;k¡ FkhaA lu~ 1820bZ- ls igys e`rd iokbZnkj ds iq#"k larku vkSjmlds HkkbZ dks NksM+dj vU; dksbZ fj'rsnkj fojklrdk gdnkj ugha FkkA fdUrq 1820 esa fudV lEcU/kh Hkh tSls HkkbZ dk iq= okfjlksa esa 'kkfey djfy;k x;kA cM+s vkdkj dh iokb;ksa esa vafre /kkjd dk iq#"k larku mÙkjkf/kdkj izkIr djrkFkkA vU; lEcfU/k;ksa dh fojklr ds fy, njckjdh fo'ks"k Lohd`fr vko';d FkhA fdUrqlqijbuVsUMsUlh dky esa lu~ 1820 dk fu;ecM+h iokb;ksa ds fy, Hkh ykxw ekuk x;kA

vafre /kkjd ds dqVqEc esa ik¡posa ntZs rdlEcfU/k;ksa dks fojklr dk gd fn;k x;k rFkkfczfV'k Hkkjr esa izR;sd mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;eds leku gh ik¡p va'kksa dh x.kuk dh tkrh FkhAckn esa 1911 esa vafre /kkjd ds N% iq'r dsvUnj ds lxks= dks fojklr dk gd fn;k x;kA1914 bZ- esa ;g 'krZ TkksM+h xbZ fd N% iq'r dsvUnj dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh vafre /kkjd ds lekuiwoZt dk iq=] ikS= ;k izikS= gksuk pkfg,A fdUrqu rks 1911 ;k 1914 dh NwV dks cM+h iokb;ksa ijykxw fd;k x;kA egkjkt O;adVje.k flag us,d fo'ks"k fjvk;r lu~ 1913 esa vf/kjkth frokfj;ksadks iznku dh ftUgksusa /kkfeZd n`f"V ls jkT; dhfo'ks"k lsok dh FkhA ;g ,d ,slk vkns'k Fkkftldk dHkh ikyu ugha fd;k x;k vkSj blsviokn Lo:i O;fDrxr dkj.kksa ls tkjh fd;kx;k FkkA

pw¡fd ;g igys ls pyh vk jgh ifjikVhvkSj fjokt ds fo#) Fkk blfy, bl vkns'k dkslu~ 1925 esa okil ys fy;k x;kA ;g ijEijkFkh fd tu iokb;ksa esa mRrjkf/kdkjh fu/kkZfjrfu;eksa ds vuqlkj ugha Fks os njckj }kjk jktlkrdj yh xbZA pwWafdbl fo"k; esa ,d fuf'pr vkSjleku fu;e dk gksuk vko';d Fkk blfy, iokbZdesVh us 1991 ds fu;e dks 1914 dh 'krZ dscxZj ekS:lh iokb;ksa ds fojklr ds fy, mfprBgjk;kA ;g fu;e dsoy ekeyk] iSi[kkj] c`r]eqMokj buke] Hkkbi] ukudkj] dBor vkSj 55@45tslh ek:lh iokb;ksa ij ykxw gqvk fdUrqthoui;ZUr vuqnkuksa ij ;g ykxw ugha fd;kx;kA mRrjkf/kdkjfoghu fo/kok dks dsoythoui;ZUr iokbZ dk miHkksx djus dk vf/kdkjfn;k x;k fdUrq cM+h iokb;ksa ds f,y ;g fu;eugha viuk;k x;kA 6


ek/kox<+ ds bykdsnkj jkejkt flag dh eR;q21 ebZ 1881 esa fuLlarku gqbZA fu.kZ; ds fy,fookn fcUnq ;g Fkk fd bykdksnkj dh e`R;q dsi'pkr bykdk jkT; esa izr;kofrZr ekuk tk, ;kerd dh fo/kokvksa dks vkthou miHkksx djus dksfn;k tk;sA bllds iwoZ vejikVu bykdk cyHknzflag dh eR;q i'pkr~ jhok dks izR;kofrZr gqvkFkkA ,-th-th- ls.Vªy bf.M;k bUnkSj us ;g fu.kZ;fn;k fd jhok LVsV dks ek/kox<+ bykdk dksjktlkr djus dk vkns'k bUnkSj jsthMsUlh ls21 flrEcj 1881 dks ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA7

[kkunku esa 6 iq'r ls vf/kd nwjh dk u gks]mldh vkykspuk djrs gq, ljnkj ueZnk flagbykdsnkj cSdq.Biqj us jhok ^jkT; iokbZ :Ylukehdkyk dkuwu** esa fVIi.kh fy[kh gS fd ^gj tkfresa fojklr dk dkuwu mldk [kkl gSA mlhizdkj fgUnw vkSj eqlyekuksa ds fojklr ds dkuwuvyx&vyx gSA ijUrq ;g /kkjk fcYdqyvuFkZdkjh gS blesa lansg ugha fd jhok esa feÙkk{kjkds vk/kkj ij okfjl r; fd, tkrs FksA ;kuhtc rd fdlh ds [kunku esa dksbZ gS pkgs fdruhgh wj dk gks rc rd mldh tkxjh ykokfjl ughaekuh tk;sxh] fczfV'k Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh gksrk gS]mlh rjg eqlyekuksa dh fojklr muds bLykeh'kjt ds vk/kkj ij r; dh tkrh gSA ijUrq jhokesa bu nksuksa /keZ'kkL=ksa ds foijhr ;gfu;e cuk;kx;k gSA 8

foØ; nku ;k olh;r }kjk gLrkUrj.k vkSjvuqnku }kjk gLrkrj.k esa vUrj gS] D;ksafd vuqnku}kjk gLrkarj.k esa gLrkarj.k x`ghrk vUrxZriokbZnkj cu tkrk gS tcfd igys okys gLrkUrj.kksaesa gLrkar.kxghrk gLrkUrj.kdrkZ ls Lor= gkstkrk gSA ;g Hksn rF;ksa ij kv/kkfjr gS vkSj

bldk fu.kZ; gLrkarj.k ds nLrkost dh 'krksZa ijgks ldrk gSA tgka rd bykdsnkjksa dk loky gSmudk fuokZ/k vfLrRo dk;e jguk pkfg,A iokbZdh ftu gdh;rksa dh eh;kn dsoy thoui;ZUrgS desVh dh jk; esa mUgsa gLrkarj.k dk vf/kdkjugha feyuk pkfg,A9

lanHkZ %1- jhok jkt xtV tqykbZ 1934] jhok jkT;

iokbZ :Yl2- nckZj izsl jhok ikf{kd izdk'ku & jhok jkt

xtV3- ljnkj ueZnk izlkn flag & jhok jkT; dk

iokbZ :Yl ukeh dkyk dkuwu lu~ 1930 bZ-4- jhok njckj izkd'ku & jhok jkT; dk dkuwu

eky qtkjh o dk'rdkjh lu~ 1935 bZ-5. Rewa State Directory- By Krishna

Murari Saxsena 1947

6. Siddiqi, NA. - Land revenue

administration under the Mughals,

Bombay 1970

7. Thomas, E.- the revenue resources of

the Mughal empire in India.

8. Rewa State Publication- Rewa State

land acquistition Act. 1935

1- iokbZ :Yl ukeh dkyk dkuwu i`- 1] 15] 162. Rewa State Directory P. 214-218

3 . Compendium Part II, P. 36-37

4. Compendium P. 60, 61

5. Compendium P. 60-61

6. Compendium Part II, P. 29-31

7. Compendium Annexure "A" P. 6-10

8 rokjh[k i`- 175] 1769 Compdium Part II P-32-35

MeesOe meejebMe

Men[esue efpeues ceW efveJeeme keâjves Jeeueeryewiee pevepeeefleÙeeW kesâ efJekeâeme keâe DeOÙeÙeve

[e@. Sme.heer. heeC[sÙe* meefjlee osJeer**

[ 82 ]

vkfnekuo dk thou vR;Ur dfBu FkkA mlds Hkkstu ds :i esa oU; i'kqvksadk ek¡l] dUn&ewy ,oa Qy] oL= esa o`{kksa ds iÙks] Nky ,oa i'kqpeZ Fks ] /khjs&èkhjsxqQkoklh ekuo ckgj vk;k tks fodkl dh igyh lh<+h FkhA fodkl dh nkSM+ esadqN rhoz xfr ls vkxs c<s+ rks dqN us oU; i;kZoj.k dks gh vaxhdkj fd;s j[kkA;|fi bu nksuksa esa ,d vyxko ds lkFk&lkFk lEidZ Hkh cuk jgkA Hkkjr esavusd ,sls leqnk; fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fuokl dj jgs gSa] ftudh la[;k Hkkjrh;lafo/kku ds vuqlkj 550 rd v/klwfpr dh tk pqdh gS] bUgha orZeku esavuqlwfpr tutkfr ds uke ls lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA bUgha tutkfr;ksa esa ls,d cSx tutkfr gS tks e/; izns'k ds 'kgMksy ftys ds ?kus ou izns'k esa fuokldj jgh gSA vU; tkfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa ,d fo'ks"k fiNM+h tutkfr gSA budhthfodk ds lk/kuksa dk fujarj fodkl gks jgk gS ftlls budh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esalq/kkj gks vkSj lkekftd rkSj ls tutkrh; yksxksa dk thou fuoZgu lqyHk gkslds blh n`f"V dks /;ku esa j[kdj v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

'kCn cht % vkfnekuo] i;kZoj.k] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] thfodk 'kgMksy

* izk/;kid] 'kkl- Vh-vkj-,l- egkfo|ky; jhok ¼e-iz-½

** 'kks/kkFkhZ ¼Hkwxksy½] 'kkl- Vh-vkj-,l- egkfo|ky; jhok ¼e-iz-½

v/;;u {ks= dk foLrkj oeZeku dk lexz'kgMksy ftyk gS tks 230 fMxzh ls 240 fMxzhmÙkj v{kka'k ,oa 800 ls 810 iwohZ ns'kkUrj ds e/; fLFkfr gSA ftys ds iwoZ esa e/; izns'k dkvuwiiqj ftyk ,oa NÙkhlx<+] mÙkj&iwoZ esa lh/kh]

if'pe esa 'kgMksy eq[;ky; rd fcykliqj&dVuh jsy ekxZ ,oa jhok 'kgMksy lM+d ekxZ lsigqapk tk ldrk gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls blHkw&Hkkx esa izkphu dky ls MkohfM;u ewy dsyksxksa dk fuokl djuk feyrk gSA egkHkkjr


SH

O

DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


dkyhu fojkV uxjh ds :i esa LFkkfir 'kgMksyftyk ekZ;Z ] xqIr okdkVd] dypqj] c?ksy ,oaejkBk jkT;ksa ds varxZr le;≤ ij 'kkflrjgk gSA ;g ftyk vius fo"k;e /kjkryh;mPpkopu ds fy;s lexz e/; izns'k esa izfl)jgkA c?ksyk.M dh HkkSfrd bdkbZ esa fLFkr blftys esa ioZr Jsf.k;ksa] iBkjksa ,oa lery eSankuh{ks= dk ,d Øe feyk gSA dsgstqvk Js.kh] ekuiqjigkfM+;kWa] ioZrh; Hkkx dh Å¡pkbZ 105 ehVj lsvf/kd ,oa lksgkxiqj csflu dh vkSlr Å¡pkbZ300 ehVj ls de gSA bl izdkj lexz Hkw&Hkkx254 ehVj ls 1500 ehVj Å¡pkbZ ds e/; fLfkrgSA HkkSfrd foHkkxksa dh n`f"V ls bls 'kgMksyvuwiiqj iBkj] ekuiqj iBkj] ijlksjk iBkj] mÙkjiwoZ mPp Hkwfe] nf{k.k lksu?kkVh tksgyk ,oaegkunh ?kkVh dSewj&dsgstqvk Js.kh] mÙkjh lksu,oa cul/kkVh esa vejd.Vd fLFkr lksu ewM+k lsfudy dj isMªk ¼fcykliqj ls gksrs gq;s blHkw&hkkx esa izokfgr gksrh gqbZ e/; izns'k ds lh/khtys esa izokgr gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr tkfgyk]NksVh egunh] oukl,oa galnks izokgØeksa dkfodkl gSA tks lksu dh ijorhZ unh ?kkfV;k¡ gSAizR;kuqorhZ unh ?kkVh ds :i esa iz.kkyh o`{kkdkjgSA 'kgMksy ftyk ddZ js[kk ds Bhd mÙkj fLFkrHkw&Hkkx gS ftlds dkj.k ;gka ekulwuh izdkj dhtyok;q ikbZ tkrh gSA ;gka ij o"kkZ] xzh"e ,oa'khr izeq[k _rq,sa gSa v/;;u {ks= esa o"kkZ dkokf"kZd vkSlr 1115 fe-eh- gSA

'kgMksy ftys esa ouksa ds ?kVrs {ks=Qyds dkj.k ouksa ds laj{k.k ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;ktk jgk gSA tula[;k ds c<+rs nokc ds dkj.kouksa dk {ks= fldqM+rk tk jgk gSA dHkh ;gftyk yk[k mRiknu ds fy;s ns'k esa izfl) Fkkvc /khjs&/khjs bldk mRiknu ?kV x;k gSA 'kklu

us fQj ouksit ij /;ku fn;k gSA ;gkW ds taxyksaesa vusd izdkj dh tM+h cwfV;kW ikbZ tkrh gSA

lkj.kh Øekad 1'kgMksy ftys esas ouksa dh fLFkfr

¼gsDVs;j e½sa

lEiw.kZ 'kgMksy ftys esa ouksa dk foLrkj gSAt;flaguxj fodkl[k.M esa ouksa dh vf/kdrkgSA ik¡pksa ds fodkl [k.M dk ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkxtaxyksa ls <dk gSA

[kfut%&'kgMksy ftysa esa dks;yk [kfut dh cgqyrk

gSA lksgkxiqj dks;yk {ks=] /kuiqjh dks;yk {ks=]veykbZ dks;yk {ks=] rFkk mefj;k {ks= esa i;kZIrvkSj vPNh Js.kh dk dks;yk ik;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡dh vf/kdka'k dks;yk ckgj tkrk gSA dqN dks;yk;gk¡ LFkkfir vejdaVd] lat; xk¡/kh rki fo|qrxzgksa esaa mi;ksx esa vkrk gSSaA

;gk¡ dks;yk [kfut ds fuEu mi{ks= gS]lksgkxiqj {ks= esa dks;yk lcls vf/kd ik;k tkrkgS] blds nks {ks= gS&

¼1½ tkSfgyk mi{ks=& ohjflagiqj dkyjh]ukSjkstkckn] mefj;k] dks<+kj [knkuA

¼2½ cq<+kj mi{ks=& cq<+kj dkyjh] veykbZ]:axVk] ppkbZ] /kuiqjh] tjokgh vkfn [knkusa gSaA

/kuiqjh] ukSjkstkckn] egkizca/kd dk;kZy; dsvkdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij 173-5 fefy;u Vu dks;ysdk HkaMkj fo{ksfir gSA lksgkxiqj {ks= esa dks;ys ds

Ø fodkl[k.M dqy {ks= ou {ks= izfr'kr

1 lksgkxiqj 81160 19410 22-80

2 xksgik: 91143 22775 25-60

3 t;flaguxj 153243 73376 43-08

4 C;kSgkjh 109509 43689 30-70

5 cq<kj 108852 40448 30-60


mR[kuu dk dk;Z 1973 ls izkjaHk gqvkA dks;ys dkmi;ksx vejdaVd rki fo|qr dsUnz] ppkbZ] lat;xk¡/kh rki fo|qr dsUnz dksajck] lhesaV QSDVj] lruk]dSewj vkfn ds fy, dks;yk lIykbZ lksgkxiqj csfludh dks;ys [knkuksa ls gh gksrk gS bl {ks= dk nwljkegRoiw.kZ [kfut ckDLkkbM] rhljk egRoiw.kZ [kfutvfXu feV~Vh ¼Qk;j Dys½ gS tks pafn;k] tks/kiqj]rkyk vkSj cueuh esa feyrh gSSA

vFkZ O;oLFkk%&Hkwfe mi;ksx& izd`fr dk Hkwfe ,d egRoiw.kZ

lalk/ku gSA Hkwfe dk mi;ksx ekuo vusdfØ;kdykiksa ds fy, djrk vk;k gSA 'kgMksyftys esa Hkwfe dk mi;ksx fuEukuqlkj gS&

¼1½ vumiyC/k Hkwfe¼2½ vU; vd`f"k Hkwfe¼3½ iM+r Hkwfe¼4½ ou {ks= dh Hkwfe'kgMksy ftys dh Hkwfe esa mitkÅiu de gS

blfy, ;gk¡ ij iM+rh tehu vf/kd ik;h tkrhgS rFkk Hkwfe dk vlery gksuk Hkh vu&mitkÅgksus dk eq[; dkj.k gSA Å¡ph&uhph Hkwfe dsdkj.k moZjd rRo cg tkrs gS ftllsa iSnkokjde gksrh gSA feV~Vh esa jsr dh ek=k vf/kd gSAHkwfe esa ikuh lks[kus dh {kerk Hkh de gSA

lkj.kh Øekad 2'kgMksy ftys esa Hkwfe mi;ksx dh fLFkfr

¼gsDVs;j esa½

L=ksr& dk;kZy;] d`f"k foHkkx] 'kgMksy

lkj.kh ;g iznf'kZr dj jgh gS fd lksgkxiqj

fodkl[k.M esa lcls vf/kd d`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe gSA

iM+r Hkwfe xksgik: fodk[k.M esa vf/kd gSA 'kq)

cks;k x;k {ks= lksgkxiqj fodkl [k.M esa

vf/kd gSA

Qlysa%&'kgMksy ftys esa vf/kdka'k Hkwfe d`f"k ;ksX;

ugha gSA lksgkxiqj] xksgik:] t;flag uxj] cq<+kj]

C;kSgkjh esa NksVs&NksVs {ks=ksa esa d`f"k ;qDr Hkwfe

feyrh gSA cksbZ xbZ Hkwfe dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx

,dQlyh; gS dqN {ks=ks esa tgk¡ flapkbZ ds lk/

ku gSa ogk¡ f}Qlyh; [ksrh dh tkrh gSA ftys esa

[kjhQ ,oa jch dh Qly mxkbZ tkrh gSA [kjhQ

dh Qly esa eq[; Qlsysa /kku] dksanks] dqVdh]

eDdk] Tokj] fry leka] mM+n vkfn gSaA jch dh

Qly eas xsagw¡] puk] rqvj] frygu vkfn izeq[k

gSaA

/kku&'kgMksy ftys esa /kku dh [ksrh fo'ks"k

:i ls dh tkrh gSA lcls vf/kd /kku tSrgjh

fodkl[k.M esa mlds ckn C;kSgkjh fodkl[k.M

esa iSnk gksrk gSA

xsgw¡&/kku ds ckn xsgw¡ dh [ksrh vf/kd gksrh

gSA O;kSgkjh rglhy esa xsg¡Ww lcls vf/kd iSnk

gksrk gS mlds ckn lksgkxiqj] es iSnk gksrk gS]

mijksDr Qlyksa ds vykok eDdk] mM+n] rqvj

frygu] Tokj puk] ew¡x] dqVdh] jkbZ] tkS] fry]

lkx&lCth] vkyw vkfn dk Hkh mRiknu ftys esa

fd;k tkrk gSSAa

Ø fodkl [k.M df"k ;ksX;

Hkwfe

iM+r Hkwfe 'kq/n

cks;k {ks=

1 lksgkxiqj 2255 2105 611-73

2 xksgik: 1429 2069 261-00

3 t;flaguxj 2224 1022 375-78

4 O;ksgkjh 2024 889 168-90

5 cq<+kj 2089 319 143-00


lkj.kh Øekad 3'kgMksy ftys esa izeq[k Qlysa

¼gsDVs;j esa½

L=ksr& d`f"k foHkkx] 'kgMksy

ftys eaas lcls vf/kd /kku dh [ksrh gksrh gSA tSriqj rglhy esa /kku vf/kd cks;k tkrk gSA xsgw¡nwljh izeq[k Qly gSA rqvj ,oa mM+n dh Qly Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA

flapkbZ%&'kgMksy ftys esa flapkbZ dk izfr'kr yxHkx 7 izfr'kr gS] T;knkrj [ksrh ekulwuh o"kkZij fuHkZj gS lcls vf/kd flapkbZ t;flaguxj ,oa O;kSgkjh rglhy esa gksrh gSA ftys dk vf/kdka'kHkkx mcM+ [kkcM+ gksus ds dkj.k flapkbZ ;ksX; ugha gSA unh okyksa dk ikuh vf/kdka'k cgdj cM+h ufn;ksads ek/;e ls leqnz esa pyk tkrk gSa fQj Hkh txg&txg ij ufn;ksa dks ck¡/kdj ,oa cMs+&cMs+ rkykcksadk fuekZ.k dj NksVs&NksVs flafpr {ks= fufeZr fd;s x;s gSaA ftys esa flapkbZ okyk {ks= U;wure gSA

lkj.kh Øekad 4'kgMksy ftys esa flapkbZ

¼gsDVs;j esa½

L=ksr& flapkbZ foHkkx 'kgMksy

'kgMksy ftys esa flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk cgqr de gSA lcls vf/kd flafpr {ks= C;kSgkjh fodkl[k.Mesa gS] 'ks"k fodkl[k.Mksa esa flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk cgqr de gSA i'kqikyu%&

Ø rglhy xsgw¡ puk /kku Tokj eDdk rqvj mM+n

1- lksgkxiqj 5884 1394 36601 330 4818 2561 2132

2- t;flaguxj 2646 264 20917 768 3021 1699 1474

3- C;kSgkjh 10821 889 14607 760 2024 1689 1410

4- tSriqj 2476 319 38398 149 2089 943 1862

Ø- fodkl[k.M dqy flafpr {k s=Qy izfr'kr

1- lksgkxiqj 3004 7-5

2- xksgik: 1003 6-6

3- t;flaguxj 2452 9-6

4- C;kSgkjh 7314 37-5

5- cq<+kj 1220 6-2


vFkZ O;oLFkk esa iq'kvksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkkugksrk gS] pkgs bldk Lo:i vkS|ksfxd gks vFkokdf"k ds lkFk] i'kqikyu 'kgMksy dh vFkZ&O;oLFkkd`f"k iz/kku gS rFkk ;gk¡ iBkjh Hkw&n`'; ik;ktkrk gSA vr% i'kqikyu dh mi;qDr n'kk,¡ bl{ks= dks lqyHk gSaA d`f"k dk;Z yxHkx cSyksa ,oaHkSlksa }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA tqrkbZ] cqokbZ]eM+kbZ vkfn dk;ksZ esa budk gh lg;ksx jgrk gSAblds vfrfjDr Hkkjokgd ds :i esa bu tkuojksadk mi;ksx yksx djrs gSaA d`f"k dk;Z esa ennigq¡pkus rFkk nw/k ds fy;s xk; ,oa HkSal ikyhtkrh gSaA fgUnw /keZ esa xk; dk ikyu&iks"k.kegku iquhr dk;Z ekuk x;k gSA bu i'kqvksa dsvfrfjDr lqvj] HksaM] cdfj;k¡] ?kksMs] x/ks vkfntkuojksa dks Hkh ikyk tkrk gSA

'kgMksy ftys esa d`f"k ds lkFk i'kqikyu dkdk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA lcls vf/kd xkSj oa'kh;tkuoj] blds ckn HkSal oa'kh; tkuoj vf/kdik;sa tkrs gSa] blds vykok HksM+] cdjh rFkk lwvjikyu Hkh gksrk gS tks fuEukuqlkj gSa&

i'kqikyu ds Lo:i1- O;olkf;d i'kqikyu & fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa

eass i'kqikyu ,d m|ksx ds :i esa fodflr gSA;gk¡ fuf'pr mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq i'kqvksa dksikyk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ nqX/kiwfrZ] ek¡liwfrZ]peM+kiwfrZ] jks,¡ dh iwfrZ vkfnA i'kqvkaaas ls izkIrbu inkFkksZ ds vk/kkj ij nw/k] peM+k] ekWl vkfnm|ksx LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSA 'kq"d nw/k] ?kheD[ku] peM+s dh oLrq,¡] xks'r] Åuh oL= vkfndk fuekZ.k djrs gSA

2- fefJr vFkZ O;oLFkk ds :i esai'kqikyu& d`f"k dk;Z esa lgk;d gsrq i'kqvksa dkikyu&iks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA tqrkbZ] cqokbZ]Hkkjokgd ds :i esa i'kq iz;qDr gksrs gSa rFkk buls

ek¡l] [kky] nw/k o Åu tSls inkFkZ Hkh lqyHkgksrs gSA

'kgMksy ftys esa i'kqvks forj.k ,oa?kuRo%&'kgMksy ftys esa ik, tkus okys eq[;i'kqvksa esa xkS oa'kh; i'kq] HkSl] HksM+ cdfj;k¡] ?kksMs+,oa lqvj gSA xkS oa'kh; i'kqvksa dks bl {ks= esafo'ks"k egRo izkIr gSa] D;ksafd xk; ls nw/k rFkkgy pykus ds fy, cSyksa dh izkfIr gksrh gSAla[;k dh n`f"V ls HkSal oa'kh; i'kq nwljs LFkkuij gSa budk ikyu iks"k.k nqX/k izkfIr ,oa Hkkjokgdi'kq ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA budh dqy la[;k143291 gSA cdfj;ksa ls nw/k ,oa ek¡l izkIr fd;ktkrk gSA cdjs&cdfj;ksa dh dqy la[;k 487871gSA buds vfrfjDr HksM+] ?kksM+s ,oa lqvj dkikyu Hkh fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq la[;k dh n`f"Vls budk egRo de gSA

xkS&oa'kh; i'kq&bl Hkw&Hkkx ij xks&oa'kh;i'kqvksa dh vf/kdrk ik;h tkrh gSA xks&oa'kh;i'kqvksa dh dqy la[;k 601502 gSA xks&oa'kh;i'kqvksa dh vf/kdrk ls ik, tkus dk eq[; dkj.k{ks=h; vFkZ O;oLFkk esa d`f"k dh iz/kkurk rFkkd`f"k dk;Z dk cSyksa ds Åij fuHkZjrk gSA xk; dkikyu bl {ks= esa nqX/k rFkk cSyksa ds fy, ghfd;k tkrk gS] buds peM+s dk mi;ksx /kkfeZdn`f"V ls loZFkk oftZr gSA

ftys esa xkSoa'kh; i'kq vf/kd ikys tkrs gSaAlksgkxiqj ,oa cq<+kj fodkl[k.m esa i'kqvksa dhla[;k vf/kd gSA HkSal oa'kh; i'kq f}rh; Øe esaLFkku j[krs gSaA cdjs&cdfj;kW ,oa lqvj ikyusdk pyu Hkh ftys esa gSA

HkSal oa'kh; i'kq&HkSalksa dk ikyu nqX/k izkfIrrFkk Hkkjokgd i'kqvksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSAbuds peMs+ dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 'kgMksyftys esa HkSalksa dh dqy tula[;k 143219 gSA uj


HkSalksa dk mi;ksx eq[;r% gy pykus ,oa Hkkj dsfy, fd;k tkrk gS tcfd eknk HkSals blds vykoknqX/k ds fy, Hkh mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA

cdjs&cdfj;k¡&cdfj;k¡ nqX/k] xks'r ,oa peM+s ds fy, ikyh

tkrh gS ,oa cdjs ek¡l ds fy, ikys tkrs gSAbudk ikyu izk;% vfgj tkfr ds yksx djrs gSaA'kgMksy ftys esa la[;k dh n`f"V ls xksoa'kh;i'kqvksa ds ckn budk f}rh; LFkku gSA budh

dqy la[;k 487871 gSA vU; i'kqvksa dh vis{kkbudk vf/kd gksus ds eq[; dkj.k ou Hkwfe dsizfr'kr dh vf/kdrk gSA

HksM+&HksM+ egRoiw.kZ ek¡l ,oa jks;s iznku djus

okyk tkuoj gS fdUrq 'kgMksy ftys esa budkikyu de fd;k tkrk gSS ;g¡k HksM+ksa dh dqyla[;k 6370 gSA

lkj.kh Øekad 5'kgMksy ftys esa i'kqikyu

lqvj&lqvj ek¡l ,oa jks;k¡ iznku djus okyk tkuoj

gS] ftls Mkse tkfr ds yksx ikyrs gSaA blds pchZls rsy Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA 'kgMksy ftys esalqvjksa dh dqy la[;k 8706 gSA

;krk;kr ,oa lapkj %&'kgMksy ftys dk mRrj ls nf{k.k eq[;

lM+d ekXkZ tksM+rk gS ;g lM+d jhok fj;klrdh gSA nwljk eq[; ekxZ dVuh ls xqeyk jk"Vªh;jkt ekxZ Hkh ftys ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA eq[;lM+d jhok dks vejdaVd /kkfeZd LFky ls tksM+rhgSA egkjktk jhok us vius 'kklu dky esa bl

Ø fodkl[k.M xkS

oa'kh;

HkSal

oa'kh;

HksM+ cdjs@cdfj;ka ?kksMs+@?kksfM;ka lqvj

1- lksgkxiqj 156151 40739 1178 37866 142 3399

2- xksgik: 75048 22834 100 20115 48 1434

3- t;flaguxj 91453 26335 1523 72812 44 1180

4- C;kSgkjh 83767 15802 2337 340099 25 1303

5- cq<+kj 95073 37581 1232 16979 111 1390

lM+d dk fuekZ.k djk;k Fkk D;ksafd mudh vkf[kjhpkSdh iq"ijktx<+ Fkh] tgk¡ os vk[ksV djus vk;kdjrs FksA ftys esa lM+dks dk foLRkkj vuqikfrd:i ls de gSA iBkjh] igkM+h {ks= gksus ls lM+ds[kjkc gks tkrh gSA iz/kku ea=h xzke lM+d;kstuk}kjk ftys ds xzke iapk;r eq[;ky;ksa dks tksMk+x;k gSA lksgkxiqj csflu esa lM+d ,oa jsy ifjoguds eq[; lk/ku miyC/k gS ;gk¡ dVuh ls fcykliqjvkSj dVuh ls flaxjkSyh ck;k C;kSgkjh vkSj dVuhls fpjfejh ck;k 'kgMksy] vuwiiqj jsy ykbusa gSAftys ds vUnj fcykliqj ykbu dh yEckbZ 158fdyks ehVj] fpjfejh ykbu dh yEckbZ 50


fdyksehVj] flaxjkSyh ykbu dh yackbZ 120fdyksehVj gSA

mi;qZDr foospuk ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd'kgMksy ftys es xksoa'kh; i'kq lcls vf/kd ikystkrs gS] blds ckn HkSal oa'kh; i'kq rFkk HksM+]cdjh o lqvj dkQh de la[;k esa ikys tkrs gSaAnwljs i'kqvksaa dh la[;k eas deh dk ewy dkj.kfgUnw ckgqY; tula[;k rFkk muesa o.kZ O;oLFkkds vuqlkj i'kqvksa dk ikyu djuk gS tSls&lqvjikyu dk dk;Z Mkse ds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh /kkfeZd izo`fRr ds dkj.k rFkk d`f"k vko';drkvksads vuq:i ;g¡k xksoa'kh;] HksSals o cdfj;k¡ ikyhtkrh gSA ftlls muds vkfFkZd] lkekftdn`f"Vdks.k ls jgu&lgu esa lq/kkj ns[kk x;k gSAos viuh thfodk T;knkrj d`f"k ij vk/kkfjrdk;ksZaa ls viuh vko';drk dh iwfrZ djrs gSaAblls muds thou Lrj esa lq/kkj dh Hkkouk dk

fodkl gqvk gSA lkekt dh /kkjk ls tqM+us dsfy, ljdkjh ;kstuk,a ennxkj gSA

lanHkZ %1- feJk] mek'kadj o frokjh izHkkr dqekj % Hkkjrh;

vkfnoklh] mRrj izns'k fgUnh xzaFk vkdnehy[kuÅ] 1975

2- c?ksy] Mh-,l- % lkekftd fo?kVu] iq"ijktizdk'ku] jhok ¼e-iz-½

3- nkl] f'korks"k % Hkkjr dh tutkfr;ksa] fdrkc?kjubZ fnYyh] 1965

4- JhokLro] gfj'pUnz % lekftd ifjorZu] lekt'kkL= izkd'ku okjk.klh mRrj izns'k] 1971

5- fuxq.ks] clar % cSxk] e/;izns'k vkfnoklh yksddyk ifj"kn Hkksiky

6- flapkbZa foHkkx] 'kgMksy 20167- d`f"k foHkkx 'kgMksy e/; izns'k o"kZ 2016A

MeesOe meejebMe

ØeeÛeerve keâefJe Gvekeâe meeefnlÙe(Úlejhegj kesâ meboYe& ceW) Meiegheälee heâelecee*

[ 89 ]

vktknh ds ckn fganh lkfgR; esa lcls cM+k ifjorZudkeh lkBksÙkj ;qokfonzksg vkSj vkØks'k dk foLQksV FkkA ekuks dksbZ ca/kk VwV x;k gksA fonzksg vkSjvkØks'k dksbZ LFkkbZ Hkko rks gSa ugha] tks nsj rd fVdrsA ggjkdj vk, vkSj fQjlgt gks x,A ijarq blls unh dh /kkjk cny xbZA vklikl ds Hkwxksy esaifjorZu gks x;kA u tkus dgka&dgka ds] dSls&dSls dwM+s&dpjksa ls tehu iVxbZ] rks lkFk gh ubZ mitkÅ feV~Vh Hkh vk xbZA ftlls vxzt gh ugha] vxztksads vxzt Hkh izHkkfor gq, fcuk ugha jg ldsA ledkyhu lkfgR; ¼dkO;½ esa tksvkt dbZ ihf<+;ka lfØ; gSa] mlds ewy esa lkBksÙkj vkanksyu gh gSA Lo;a izdk'kdh dgkfu;ksa dh vxj xgjs Nkuhchu djsa rks mlds ewy esa Hkh bls gh ik,axsAmuds Hkkocks/k vkSj Hkk"kk esa tks larqyu gS] og vkØks'k vkSj foznksg ds 'keu dhtehu ij [kM+k gSA mlh mitkÅ tehu ij Lo;a izdk'k us fofo/k vkSj fofHkUudgkfu;ksa dh Qlysa mxkbZ gSaA dF; dh fofo/krk ,oa Hkk"kk dh xfr'khyrk dsdkj.k mudk dgkuhdkj deZB vkSj tehuh O;fDrRo ls laiUu utj vkrk gSayxrk gh ugha fd os dgkuh fy[krs gSaA dguk eqf'dy gS fd os dgkuh lqukrsgq, fy[krs gSa ;k fy[krs gq, lqukrs gSa] D;ksafd og rks i<+rs le; lqukbZ vkSjlqurs le; fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

eq[; 'kCn&cqUnsyh lkfgR;] ledkyhu O;fDrRo] fonzksg] vkØks'k] Hkk"kk]dgkuhdkj

* 'kks/kkFkhZ] cjdrmYyk fo'ofo|ky;] Hkksiky ¼e-iz-½

izLrkoukNrjiqj dk uke egkjkt N=lky ls tqM+k

gqvk gSA bl uxj dh LFkkiuk dks ysdj fHkUu erO;ä fd;s tkrs jgs gSaA ysfdu bruk lqfuf'prgS fd bldk vfLrRo egkjkt N=lky ds le;

vFkok mlds ckn lkeus vk;kA vr% Nrjiqj uxjds fdlh Hkh i{k ij fopkj djsa rks os lw= bldsvH;qn; ls tqM+rs gSaA Nrjiqj&uxj ds izkphudfo;ksa dk izkjaHk Hkh egkjkt N=lky ds le; lsekuk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; euh"kk ewyr%


SH

O

DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


vkè;kfRedrk ls tqM=h jgh gSA bl n`f"V ls ;g{ks= vis{kk—r vf/kd l?ku gSA blhfy, ;gka dsdfo;ksa esa /keZ] Hkfä] uhfr v/;kRe vkSj lkekftdrkds Loj izeq[k gSaA bl {ks= dks 'krkfCn;ksa rd ukukizdkj ds la?k"kZ djus iM+s gSaA ikjLifjd dyg lsysdj fonsf'k;ksa ls yksgk ysus dh ?kVukvksa dkckgqY; gSA LokfHkeku ;gka dh iz—fr esa gSa izk—frdlEink vkSj njokjh okrkoj.k Jaxkjh jpukvksa dksiYyfor djrs jgsaA Qyr% jk"Vªh;rk] vkst vkSjJaxkj dh i;kZIr jpuk,a gesa feyrh gSaA

leUo;u ;gka dk LoHkko gSA ;g leUo; èkeZ]lekt] thou loZ= feysxkA ,d gh jpukdkj jke]—".k] f'ko] guqeku] nqxkZ dh Lrqfr ,d lkFk djrkfn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ,d gh dfo esa /keZ] Ük`axkj vkstds Hkko rFkk czt] vo/kh] cqUnsyh dk ykfyR;feysxkA Nrjiqj uxj dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk ughagSA vkokxeu vkSj fodkl ds L=ksr lk/kuksa ls nwjgksus ds dkj.k og ,d vksj tgka viuh izkphureijEijkvksa dks thfor j[ks gq, gS ogha uohurelkèkuksa ls tqM=us ds iz;kl esa xfr'khy FkkAblhfy, ;gka fodkl dh xfr vHkh Hkh ean gSA pwafdbfrgkl iqjkuk ugha gS blfy, lkfgR; dh ijEijk;saHkh cgqr izkphu ugha dgh tk ldrhA

;|fi bl {ks= esa jpukdkjksa dk vHkko bl{ks= esa Hkh ugha jgkA le; ds lkFk ekuoh;Hkkoukvksa dks Loj iznku djus okys laosnu'khyLoNUn jpukdkj lnSo fo|eku jgs gSaA nhokuizfriky flag us vius cqUnsy[kaM dk bfrgklHkkx ,d esa Nrjiqj ftys ds 45 jpukdkjksa dhlwph nh gSA ftudk jpukdkj laor~ 1836 lsysdj laor~ 1964 ds chp gSA cqUnsy oSHko]feJcaèkq&fouksn] ljkst&losZ{k.k rFkk ukxjhizpkfj.kh lHkk vkSj fgUnh lkftR; lEesyu dh[kkst fooj.ksa esa dbZ jpukdkjksa ds ukeksa dkmYys[k gSA nhoku] izfriky flag pwafd blh {ks=

ds Fks vkSj mUgksaus feJca/kq fouksn ds lkFk gh ocrd izdkf'kr lHkh xzaFkksa dk vk/kkj fy;k gS] vr%mudh nh gqbZ lwph dks vf/kd izkekf.kd ekuk tkldrk gSA ;|fi mudh lwph esa uke rks gSa fdUrqdfo;ksa ds fooj.k cgqr de gSaA feJ ca/kq fouksnesa feJ caèkqvksa us Hkh ;gh fd;k gSA bldk dkj.k;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd mUgsa Hkh lHkh xzaFk ns[kusdks feys gksaA b/kj gqbZ [kkstksa ls Hkh dbZ rF;vlR; vèkwjs vkSj HkzekRed fl) gks pqds gSaA

egkjkt N=lky dks Nrjiqj uxj dk izFkedfo ekuk tk ldrk gS ;|fi mudk tUe laor1706 esa ddj xzke esa gqvk Fkk fQj Hkh mUgsaNrjiqj ls fdlh izdkj ls vyx ugha fd;k tkldrkA os lQy ohj ;ks)k] LokfHkekuh jk"VªHkäl{ke vkSj mnkj iz'kkld] fouez Hkä rFkklaosnu'khu dfo FksA dfo dh ikydh esa viukda/kk nsdj mUgksaus tks jpukdkj ds izfr lEekuiznf'kZr fd;k gS bfrgkl dk vizfre i`"B gSAdye vkSj djoky ds /kuh N=lky us viuhjpukvksa esa viuh vUrZHkkoukvksa dks cM+h lgtrkls O;ä fd;k gSA ;ks)k ds :i esa ,d vksj tgkaos nq"Vksa vkSj vkrrkb;ksa dks ekjus dh ckr djrsgSa ogha iz'kkld ds :i esa turk ds iks"k.k dsnkf;Ro dks Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSaA muds Hkfä vkSjuhfrijd NUn vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA mnkgj.kkFkZdqN iafä;ka ns[kh tk ldrh gSa&

pkgkS /ku] /kke] Hkwfe Hkw"k.k] HkybZ Hkwfj]lqtl lgjtqr jS;r dks ykfyekSArksMknkj ?kksMknkj] ohjfu lks izhfr dkfj]lkgl lkS thfr tx [ksr rs pkfy;ksAlkfy;ks mnZMu dks] nafMu dkS nhtkS naM]dfjdS ?keaM ?kko nhu iS u ?kkfy;ksAfcUrh N=lky djs gks; tks ujs'k nsl jSgs]u dys'k ysl esjks dg~;ks ekfu;ksA


muds njckj esa vusd jpukdkjksa dks vkJ;feyk gqvk FkkA N=lky dh n`f"V jpukRed FkhArHkh rks os vius xq: Lokeh izk.kukFk ls vkn'kZ] uhfrvkSj Hkfä dk ekxZn'kZu ysrs Fks vkSj iztk dk iks"k.kdj jpukdkjksa dks izkRlkfgr djrs FksA os dfo;ksadks dhjfr ds fcjok ekurs Fks ^^dhjfr ds fcjokdfo gSaa budks dcgw eqj>ku u nhtSA**

N=lky ';ke&'pke ds Hkä Fks ysfdumuds eu esa fdUgh nsoh nsorkvksa ds izfr Hkkougha FkkA ;fn fopkj dj ns[kk tk;s rks N=lkydks csgn dfBukbZ;ksa] fo"kerkvksa rFkk fo[kjkoksadk ;qx FkkA N=lky us viuh izfrHkk ls lekt'kklu] LoHkko vkSj jpuk dks O;kid ifjos'k lstksM+dj mls lqfuf'pr fn'kk iznku dhA O;fädks lekt vkSj jk"Vª ls tksM+us dk iz;kl fd;kcztHkk"kk ds fy[ks muds fofHkUu Nan lkfgR; dhvewY; fuf/k gSaA fo;ksxh gfj us mudh jpukvksadks cztHkk"kk dks izse] Hkfä vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dhvkn'kZ jpuk,a ekuk gSA e/;dkyhu HkfädkO;dh ;g vkn'kZoknh jpuk /kkjk gesa Nrjiqj esavkt rd cjkcj feyrh gSA

blh dM+h esa Jh txUukFk Nrjiqj ds nwljsizeq[k izkphu dfo gSa ftUgksaus laor~ 1845 esa—".kk;u dkO; dh jpuk dh FkhA txUukFk dsfirk dk uke tqxynkl FkkA bUgksaus vius vkidksfjNkfj;k czkEg.k crk;k gSA budk tUe yxHkxlaor~ 1820 ds vkl ikl vuqekfur gSA budhdbZ jpuk crkbZ tkrh gSa fdUrq izeq[k jpuk —".kk;u dkO; gS tks 169 iUuksa rFkk 2028 'yksdksaesa vkc) gSA xzaFk dks lkr [kaMksa esaa foHkkftrfd;k tkrk gSaA

1& ckydkaM 2&oUnkou dkaM] 3& jgldkaM]4&eFkqjkdkaM] 5&}kfjdk dkaM] 6& m"kk vfu#)dkaM] 7&rhFkZ dkaMA blesa nksgk pkSikbZ] lksjBk

Nanksa dk iz;ksx gSA Hkk"kk ljy] izokge;h ,oaân;xzkgh gSA xzaFk Jhen~Hkkxor ij vk/kkfjr gSAJh txUukFk —".k Hkä dfo FksA bUgksaus f'konklds uke ls Hkh jpuk,a dh gSaA xzaFk dh bu iafä;ksaesa dfo us viuk ,oa xzaFk dk FkksM+k ifjp; fn;kgS&nqt laru ds gsrq —".kk;u Hkk"kh djhAgfj Hkxrk gfj /kkeS vkoSA fruds loZ nklflo ikoSA

cky fcUnkou jgl ykS] eFkqjk djkS c[kkuA}kjdk m"ek rhFkZ gS] lkr dkaM ;s tkuAnqt fjNkfj;k lso tw] dkSfld c[kkuA—".kkbu Hkk"kk djh] fy[kh izhr mj vkuA

uxz Nriqj vkar la"k"kkuhA fulfnu vkej o"kZr vkuhAtqxy fd'kksj fudV ee cklkA luZ luZ iSjs fut vklkAfoiz puZ fudokld /;kamA frudks eSa fut nkl dgkamAui iwNS lq"k dks bd ckrkA rqe gfj dFkk dgkS fnu jkrkA—".kkbu lq"k vHkwr ckuhA fi;re _"kk vHkS in nkuhA

nhoku izfoiky flag us viuh iqLrd esa tkslwph nh gS mlesa txUukFk dks dk;LFk crk;kx;k gSA bUgsa —".k;u dk jpf;rk dgk x;k gSftldh jpuk la- 1845 esa dh xbZ FkhA tgka rdds jpf;rk txUukFk czkã.k ¼nqt fjNkfj;k½ FksAdk;LFk ughaA nhoku lk- dh Nrjiqj dh lwph esanks txUukFk gSA nksuksa dk;LFk gSaA lwph igysØe 278 gS vkSj nwljs 297 gSaA igys dk jpukdkylaor~ 1845 vafdr gS vkSj nwljs dk laor 1840Anwljs txUukFk dk;LFk dks LQqV x| ys[kd vkSjNrjiqj dk gSM vdkmUVsUV crk;k x;k gSALi"V gS —".kk;u ds jpf;rk izFke txUukFk gSaAvkSj mudk lEidZ jktnjokj ls Hkh FkkA rHkh rksfy[kk gS u`i iwNS lq"k dks gd ckrkA ,slk Hkh gksldrk gS fd nksuksa txUukFk ,d gh gSaA Hkwy lsnks txg uke vk;s gksaA ijUrq bruk fuf'pr gSafd —".kk;u ds jpf;rk txUukFk czkã.k FksAtxUukFk dk;LFk ughaA ukxjh izpkj.kh lHkk dsfooj.k esa bls foLrkjh ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSaA


mDr lwph =qfViw.kZ Hkys gks vkSj tSlk fdÅij Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd ftys dh lwphi;kZIr cM+h gS bruk vo'; gS fd blls Nrjiqjds lkfgR;d ;ksxnku dh ,d >yd feyrh gSvkSj 'kks/k dh ubZ fn'kkvksa dk Hkh cks/k gksrk gSAbuesa ls dbZ ukeksa dk mYys[k fo;ksxhgfj th usviuh iqLrd esa fd;k gSA egkjkt fo'oukFk flagth dk jkT;dky lkfgR; vkSj lkfgfR;d mRFkkudh n`f"V ls Nrjiqj dk loksZÙke vkSj Lo.kZdkydgk tk ldrk gSA mUgksaus ns'k ds izfl) vkSjizfrf"Br fo}kuksaa dks Nrjiqj vkeaf=r dj lEekfurvkSj iqjL—r fd;kA lHkh fo"k;ksa ds mÙke xzaFkksadks [kjhn dj egRoiw.kZ ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh izfrfyfidjok dj ,d le`) iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhtks fdlh le; cgqr ewY;oku ekuh tkrh FkhAvkt Hkh iqjkus fo}ku mldh ;kn djrs gSaA mlhln~Hkkouk dk ifj.kke gS fd bl uxj dks iafMr';ke fcgkjh o iafMr 'kqdnso fcgkjh feJ] ckcwxqykcjk; tSls leFkZ fo}kuksa dk lkfu/; feyk osNrjiqj jkT; ds nhoku FksA feJ ca/kqvksa }kjkrS;kj fd;k x;k gtkjksa jpukdkjksa dk ifjp;xzaFk feJca/k fouksn ds uke ls fgUnh lkfgR; esaizfrf"Br vkSj iz[;kr gSA mls lkfgR;sfrgkl dkvk/kkj xzUFk ekuk tkrk gSA ckcw xqykcjk; fgUnhds Js"Bre fuca/kdkjksa] leh{kdksa] lEikndksa] ys[kdksaesa fxus tkrs gSaA egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksaesa i<+k;s tkus okys fgUnh ds ikB~;Øeksa ds fy;sizkjEHk esa ftu yksxksa us mPp d{kkvksa ds fy;sxzUFkksa dh jpuk dh muesa ,d uke ckcw xqykcjk;dk Hkh gSA os ;gka dbZ o"kksZa od jg dj lkfgR;lk/kuk djrs jgsA ftl idkj ia- cukjlh nklprqosZnh vkthou Vhdex<+ ¼dqaMs'oj½ vkSj egkjktohjflag nso dh ;kn djrs jgs] mlh izdkj ckcwxqykcjk; Hkh thou Hkj Nrjiqj vkSj egkjktfo[oukFk izrkiflag th ds izfr —rK jgsA

xqykcjk; th us 60 ls vf/kd xzaFkksa dh jpukdhA os egkjktk ds izkbosV lsØsVjh FksA mudsckjs esa fo;ksxh th us fy[kk gS fd&fgUnh lkfgR;ds lqifjfpr fo}ku ckcw xqykc jk; mu fnuksaegkjkt lkfgc ds izkbosV lsØsVjh FksA egkjktkdks fo|k dk cM+k O;lu FkkA iwohZ o if'pehn'kZu 'kkL=ksa ds Lo;a vPNs Kkrk FksA xqykc jk;th vkSj ckcw HkksykukFk th ds lkFk ,d nks ?kaVs'kkL= ppkZ gksrh FkhA

ykyk Hkxokunhu nhu* blh uxj dh foHkwfrFksA egkjkt gkbZLdwy esa f'k{kd ds :i esa dk;Zjrjgrs gq;s viuh izfrHkk ls os cukjl igqaps vkSjukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk rFkk cukjl fo'ofo|ky;ds fgUnh foHkkx dh mUgksaus egRoiw.kZ vkSjvfoLej.kh; lsok dhA leh{kd lEiknd vkSjizk/;kid ds :i esa mudk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnkugSA ds'ko xzaFkkoyh dk lEiknu dj cqUnsy[kaMds bl egku dfo dks mUgksaus loZlqyHk] loZlgt cukdj reke fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds ikB~;Øeksaesa tqM+ok;kA blds iwoZ ds'ko misf{kr FksA ykykHkxokunhu nhu] ckcw ';kelqUnj nkl] iafMrjkepanz 'kqDy vkfn ds lkFkh FksA cqUnsyokykbudh iRuh Fkh ftudh LQqV dfork,a feyrhgSaA os Hkh Nrjiqj esa FkhaA

ykyk Hkxokunhu nhu( fo;ksxh th us viuhiqLrd ^esjk thou izokg* esa mudk mYys[k blizdkj fd;k gS&^mu fnuksa* fgUnh ds iz[;krlkfgfR;d ykyk Hkxokunhu lsds.M ekLVj FksAvaxzth dh igyh ikSFkh yky th ls eSaus muds ?kjij i<+h FkhA ykyk th ds dk'kh pys tkus dsckn muds ;g f'k"; ckcw xksfoUn nkl lsds.MekLVj cuk fn;s x;s FksA fo;ksxh th tSls egkulkfgR;dkj dks izkjfEHkd f'k{kk nsus okys nhu th'kh"kZ fo}kuksa esa ls FksA muds }kjk fy[ks ,oalEikfnr fd;s x;s xzaFkksa dh la[;k ntZuksa esa gSA


iafMr 'kqdnso fcgkjh feJ ykyk Hkxokunhunhu] ckcwxqykc jk; th vkfn ls tgka Nrjiqjuxj dks izfr"Bk feyh ogha fo;ksxh gfj th tSlsiz[;kr ys[kd lar dks tUe nsdj Nrjiqj dhclaq/kjk lpeqp /kU; gks x;hA blh Nrjiqj uxjesa laor~ 1952 ¼1965 bZ-½ dh jkeuoeh dks ,dczkEg.k ifjokj esa tUe gqvkA 6 lky dh voLFkkesa bUgsa firk th N=Nk;k ls oafpr gksuk iM+kAukuk ia- vPNsyky frokjh us mudk ykyu&ikyufd;kA gkbZ Ldwy rd ;gka mudh f'k{kk nh{kkgqbZA laor~ 1918 esa bykgkckn esa ukuk dh e`R;qds ckn bUgsa Lo;a ifjokj dk nkf;Ro fuHkkuk iM+kvkSj mlh flyflys esa os lu~ 1918 esa bykgkcknigqap x;sA dfork fy[kus] lkfgR; i<+us vkSjml ij ppkZ djus ds 'kkSd bUgsa cpiu ls FkkAmudh lcls igyh jpuk ^izse ifFkd* izse eafnjls izdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA

fo;ksxh th bykgkckn] iUuk] fnYyh] o/kkZvkfn dbZ LFkkuksa ij jgs fdUrq mUgksaus vius y{;dh dHkh vuns[kh ugha dhA lkfRod mnkj thoulkfgR; LoHkko vkSj jk"VªksRFkku esa ;ksxnkunfyrksa&vNwrksa misf{krksa dh lsok] xka/kh th dsfl)karksa dk bZekunkjh ls ikyu vkSj lkfgR;l`tuA mUgksaus dbZ if=dkvksa dk lEiknu fd;kAfdruh gh lkekftd] lkfgfR;d] /kkfeZd laLFkkvksadk nkf;Ro laHkkykA vusd jpukdkjksa] lektlsodksadks izfjr izksRlkfgr fd;kA

O;fä viuh lk/kuk ls fueZy jgdj viukfdruk O;kid foLrkj dj ldrk gSA bldsthoar mnkgj.k fo;ksxh th FksA Nrjiqj tSlhNksVh uxjh esa tUe ysdj jk"Vªxxu ij os Nkx;s& viuh jpuk] ltZuk] lsok vkSj leiZ.k lsAeu] ok.kh] deZ dh ,drk muesa FkhA xka/kh cuksck]ckik vkSj fo;ksxh th ,d gh J`a[kyk ds ik;s ekustk ldrs gSaA Nrjiqj ds izfr muds eu esa xgjk

vuqjkx FkkA cpiu dh phtsa] LFkku vkSj fp=kdks os dHkh ugha HkwysA Nrjiqj dk mUgksaus cM+hvkReh;rk ls foLrkj ls fp=.k viuh iqLrd esjkthou izokg esa fd;k gSA ,slk foLe`r thou],slk vuqjkx] ,slh fu'PNyk larksa esa gh feyrhgSA gfjtu lsok la?k ds ek/;e ls dh x;hmudh lsok,a vlk/kkj.k gSaA vkthou vfookfgrjgdj lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dks viuk ?kj&ifjokj ekukA

izseifFkd] izsekatfy] dfodhrZu] ohjlrlbZ]vuqjkx okfVdk] eafnj izos'k izcq) ;kequ] vkfnmudh dkO; lh izeq[k jpuk,a gSA x| vkSj i|esa os leku Hkko vkSj leku vf/kdkj ls vkthoufy[krs jgsA dkO; esa os cztHkk"kk ds izseh Fksfouezrk ,slh fd os vius ckjs esa fy[krs gSa&dfork,a vf/kd ugha fy[khaA ;|fi lân; fe=ksaus esjh x.kuk lnSo dfo;ksa esa dh FkhA dfork rksFkh] ij vius dks dHkh dfo dgkus dh ?k`"Vrkugha dhA ,slk dqN fy[kk Hkh ugha] ftlesa dksbZ[kkl rRo gksA

fo;ksxh th us i| ls vf/kd x| fy[kkAys[kksa lEikndh;ksa] O;k[;kuksa] Hkk"k.kksa ds :i essafn;k x;k mudk x| ifjHkk.k esa cgqr vf/kdvkSj fopkjksa esa xaHkhj gSA gfjtuksa ds izfr psruktkx`r djus dk mudk vfHk;ku vn~Hkqr vkSjlkgfld jgk gSA lu~ 1966 ds ckn gfnth usdfork,a fy[kuk NksM+dj iwjh 'kfä gfjtuksa dsdk;Z esa yxk nhA gfj th us ^lwjlkxj* ls ysdjvusd NksVs cM+s xzUFkksa dk lEiknu fd;kAlkfgR;fogkj] vUrukZn] Hkkouk] izkFkZuk] BaMs NhaVs]x| dkO; dh jpuk,a gSaA ;gka dqN jpukvksa dkmYys[k ek= gh fd;k x;kA foospukvksa dk LFkkuugha gSA fo;ksxh th dk lu~1988 esa 93 o"kZ dhvk;q esa fnYyh esa fu/ku gks x;kA mUgksaus viukewy uke ¼gfjizlkn½ LFkku ¼Nrjiqj½ ewy tkfr¼czkEg.k½ dk R;kx dj jk"Vª ds izfr lefiZr


jgdj gfjtuksa dh lsok djrs gq;s fo;ksxh gfjuke dks tkukA

xaxk/kj O;kl bl uxj dh xkSjoiw.kZlkfgfR;d foHkwfr gS ftUgksaus yksd lkfgR; dksviuh jpukvksa ls le`) fd;k vkSj tu&turd igqapk;kA ykyk Hkxokunhu o fo;ksxh thtSls fo}ku buds izkjfEHkd f'k"; FksA muds lacaèkesa fo;ksxh th us tks fy[kk og muds ifjp; dsfy;s i;kZIr gSA fo;ksxh th fy[krs gSa&Nrjiqj esaiqjkuh ijEijk ds ,d vPNs ukeh dfo FksA mudkuke Fkk xaxk/kj O;klA vius f'k";ksa esa os ník dsuke ls izfl) FksA dkO; eeZK ykyk Hkxokunhu bUgha O;kl th ds f'k"; FksA ykyk th usbuls vkpk;Z cyHknz dk ^^u[kf'k[k** i<+k FkkAO;kl th vk'kq dfo FksA dSlh gh dfo leL;k gksrqjUr bldh iwfrZ dj nsrs FksA dkO; 'kkL=dsvaxksa dk bUgsa vPNk Kku FkkA yksd izflf) esabZlqjh dfo ds ckn cqUnsy[k.M esa xaxk/kj O;kldk gh uke gSA budh gtkjksa Qkxsa vkSj lSj[;ky yksd daBksa esa izfpfyr gSaA dqN ladfyrfdUrq vizdkf'kr gSaA bZlqjh vkSj O;kl th dhtksM+h cqUnsyh yksd lkfgR; dk J`axkj gSA budsvykok dUgS;kyky 'kqDy] euHkkou 'kqDy] jktkjke'kqDy] jkeukFk xqIr vkfn dk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZgSA efgyk jpukdkjksa esa tqxyfiz;k] dk¡pu&dq¡ofj]d¡oy dq¡ofj] us bl {ks= dks lkfgfR;d izfr"BkfnykbZA

lkfgR; dh bl /kkjk dks v{kq.; j[kus esafdrus gh lk/kdksa dk ;ksxnku gSA dqN ls geifjfpr gks ikrs gSa vkSj cgqr ls vifjfpr jgtkrs gSaA vifjp; jpukdkj dh v{kerk dk ughavfirq vkdyu drkZvksa dh vKkurk dk dkj.kgSA esjh lhek,a gSaA eaSus fnoaxr vkSj iqjkus mujpukdkjksa dh ppkZ dh ftuds lw= dgha ls izkIrgks ldsA vf/kdka'k dh —fr;ka eSaus Lo;a ughans[khaA

dgus dh t:jr ugha fd Lo;a izdk'k dhdFkk 'kSyh esa yksd thou dh jaxr gSA n`f"V dhLi"vrk vkSj y{; dh ,dkxzrk ds dkj.k mudhHkk"kk vkSj dFkk ;kstuk esa dksbZ my>ko ugha gksrkA}a} dksbZ Hkh dgkuh fu}aZ} ugha gksrhA fo#)ksa dh,drk fu}Z} dSls gks ldrh gSA os dsoy vksj lsgh ugha] Nksj ls Hkh ns[krs gSa blesa Hkh }a} curkgS mudh ;gh lfØ;rk Hkk"kk dks lfØ; djrh gS]ftlls ikBd Hkh lfØ; gksrk gSA

lanHkZ xzFk1- vktdy ekfld if=dk&20172- jk"VªxkSjo & Nrjiqj n'kZu Lekfjdk % cqansy

[k.M dsljh N=lky Lekjd ifCyd VªLVNrjiqj ¼e-iz-½ o"kZ 1993]

3- jkepj.k gj;k.k feJ & cqUnsy[k.M dh laLd`frvkSj lkfgR;

4- ueZnk izlkn xqIrk & cqnsy[k.M dh yksdlaLdfrdk bfrgkl] jk/kkd`".k izdk'ku] bfUnjk xka/khjk"Vªh; dyk dsUnz] ubZ fnYyh

MeesOe meejebMe

Meemeve keâer peJeeyeosner ceW metÛevee keâe DeefOekeâejDeefOeefveÙece 2005 keâer GheÙeesefielee

[e@. ieeÙe$eer efceßee* jepesvõ kegâceej meekesâle**

[ 95 ]

lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ,d ekSfyd vf/kdkj gS tks fofHkUu vf/kdkjksa rFkknkf;Roksa ls vfLrRo esa vkrk gSA gj O;fDr dk ljdkj &cfYd dqN ekeyksa esafuth laLFkkvksa rd& ls lwpuk,¡ ekaxus dk fuosnu djus dk vf/kdkj] ljdkjdk fuosfnr lwpukvksa dk miyC/k djkus dk drZO;] c'krsZ mu lwpukvksa dkslkoZtfud u djus okyh lwpukvksa dh Js.kh esa u j[kk x;k gks( vkSj ukxfjdksa}kjk fuosnu fd;s fcuk gh lkekU; tufgr dh lwpukvksa dks Lo;a viuh igyij lkoZtfud djus dk ljdkj dk drZO; gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fof'k"V :i lslwpuk ds vfèkdkj dk mYys[k ugha djrk] ysfdu loksZPp U;k;ky; us dkQhigys bls ,d ,sls ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :i esa ekU;rk ns nh Fkh tks yksdrkaf=ddk;Z lapkyu ds fy;s t:jh gSA fof'k"V :i ls dgSa rks loksZPp U;k;ky; uslwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼1½,¼,½ }kjk xkjaVh izkIrcksyus o vfHkO;fdr dh Lora=rk ds vfHkUu vax vkSj vuqPNsn 21 }kjk xkjaVhizkIr thou ds vf/kdkj ds ,d vko';d vax ds :i esa ekU;rk nh gSA

lwpuk rd igqap cukus dk vf/kdkj oLrqr% bl rF; dks n'kkZrk gS fdlwpuk,¡ turk dh /kjksgj gksrh gSa] u fd ml ljdkjh laLFkk dh ftlds ikl ;sekStwn gksrh gSaA lwpuk ij fdlh foHkkx ;k rRdkyhu ljdkj dk LokfeRo* ughagksrkA lwpukvksa dk tu lsodksa }kjk turk ds iSls ls ,df=r fd;k tkrk gS]muds fy;s lkoZtfud dks"k ls iSlk vnk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa turk ds fy;smudh /kjksgj ds :i esa laHkky dj j[kk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd vkidksljdkjh dkjZokb;ksa] fu.kZ;ksa] uhfr;ksa] fu.kZ; izfØ;kvksa vkSj pgk¡ rd fd dqN

* izk/;kid] jktuhfr foKku] 'kkl- Bk-j- flag egkfo|ky;] jhok ¼e-iz-½

** 'kks/kkFkhZ] jktuhfr foKku] 'kkl- Bk-j-flag egkfo|ky;] jhok ¼e-iz-½


SH

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DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


izLrkouk %&lwpuk rd igqap cukus dk vfèkdkj oLrqr%

bl rF; dks n'kkZrk gS fd lwpuk,a turk dhèkjksgj gksrh gSa] u fd ml ljdkjh laLFkk dhftlds ikl ;s ekStwn gksrh gSaA lwpuk ij fdlhfoHkkx ;k rRdkyhu ljdkj dk ^lokfeRo* ughagksrkA lwpukvksa dks tu lsodksa }kjk turk dsiSls ls ,df=r fd;k tkrk gS] muds fy;slkoZtfud dks"k ls iSlk vnk fd;k tkrk gS vkSjmUgsa turk ds fy;s mudh èkjksg lds :i esalaHkky dj j[kk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fdvkidks ljdkjh dkjZokb;ksa] fu.kZ;ksa] uhfr;ksa] fu.kZ;izfØ;kvksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd dqN ekeyksa esa futhlaLFkkuksa o O;fDr;ksa ds ikl miyCèk lwpkuk,¡ekaxus@ikus dk vfèkdkj gSA lwpuk dk vfèkdkj,d vlhe lwpuk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e dksykxw gq, 6 o"kZ chr x;s gSA bl vofèk esa iwjs ns'kesa bl dkuwu dk O;kid iz;ksx gqvk gSA vdsyseè;izns'k esa ,d yk[k ls vfèkd yksxksa us dkuwudk ykHk mBkrs gq, tfVy vkSj izk;% vuqÙkjnk;h'kklu ra= ls lwpuk ds fy, vkosnu i= izLrqrfd;s gSaA buesa ls yxHkx 7500 yksxkas us jkT;lwpuk vk;skx esa okafNr lwpuk u feyus ijvihy nk;j dh gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd

yxHkx 78 izfr'kr vkosnu drZO;ksa dks cxSjjkT; lwpuk vk;ksx esa vihy fd;s gh lwpuk;saizkIr gqbZ gSA ;g ,d cgqr cM+h miyfCèk gSA blns'k esa vHkh rd 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk dkuwu cukgS ftlus brus cM+s iSekus ij tu ekul esa vk'kko ftKklk iSnk dh gksA bldk eq[; dkj.klwpuk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu dk ljy vkSj lqxegksuk gSA blds iz;ksx dh izfØ;k cgqr ljy vkSjlLrh gSA blds izkoèkku tu lkèkkj.kksa dks lwpukizkIr djus dk vfèkdkj nsrs gq, yksd izkfèkdkfj;ksadks lwpuk nsus ds fy, ckè; djrs gSaA bl rjg;g igyk dkuwu gS ftldh èkkjk;sa vfèkdkfj;ksads foijhr lwpuk ekxus okys ukxfjdksa dk laj{k.kdjrh gSA bldk U;k;ky; ^lwpuk vk;ksx* HkhLor% lwpuk ;kph dks okafNr lwpuk;sa lqxe gkstk;saA o"kksaZ ls misf{kr vkSj vlgk; ukxfjdksa dksvpkud ,d l'kDr gfFk;kj feyus ls tulkèkkj.kds eu esa mEehn dh ,d fdj.k tkxh gSA

bruk mi;ksxh vkSj lkFkZd gksus ds ckotwnHkh lwpuk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu dj vHkh rdO;kid tu fgr esa cgqr de iz;ksx gqvk gSA vcrd ds vkadyu ls irk pyk gS fd bl dkuwudk lcls vfèkd iz;ksx tkx:d O;fDr;ksa ojktdh; dfeZ;ksa }kjk vius O;fDrxr elyksa ds

ekeyksa esa futh laLFkkuksa o O;fDr;ksa ds ikl miyC/k lwpuk,a ekaxus@ikus dkvfèkdkj gSA lwpuk dk vf/dkdkj ,d vlhe vf/kdkj ugha gSA tgka lwpukvksadks miyC/k djk, tkus d ls tufgr dks uqdlku igqap ldrk gS] ogka dqNlwpukvksa dks xqIr j[kk tk ldrk gSa mnkgj.k ds fy;s] ;q) ds nkSj lSfudksa dhrSukrh ;k vkus okys lky esa dj dh njksa esa c<+ksrjh ;k dVksrh ls lEcfU/krtkudkjh rc rd ugha crk;h tkuh pkfg, tc rd,sls [kqykls dk Qk;nk xyrrRoksa dks gksus dh vf/kd lEHkkouk jgsA

eq[; 'kCn %&lwpuk vf/kdkj

fuLrkj.k ds fy;s fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi ljdkjhlaLFkkvksa esa O;kIr vfu;ferrkvksa ls izHkkforO;fDr;ksa o dfeZ;ksa }kjk lwpuk dk vfèkdkjdkuwu dk lgkjk ysuk visf{kr gh ugha vfirqmfpr Hkh gS rFkkfi bl rF; dks drbZ ughaHkqyk;k tkuk pkfg, fd lpuk dk vfèkdkj dkuwudh ewy Hkkouk esa O;kid tufgr fufgr gSA ,slscgqr de yksx o laxBu gS tks eq[;r% tufgrls izsfjr gksdj bl dkuwu dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA;g ,d cgqr cM+h deh gS ftlls lwpuk dsvfèkdkj dk ykHk vke turk dks ugha feyik;k gSA

vfèkfu;e ds dk;kZUo;u dh nwljh detksjhtulkèkkj.k esa blds iz;ksx ds izfr tkx:drkvkSj izf'k{k.k dh deh gSA eè;izns'k esa tgkafoHkkxh; vfèkdkfj;ksa dks lwpuk ds vfèkdkj dhpqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, la?ku izf'k{k.k fn;kx;k gS] ogha vke turk dks vfèkfu;e ds fofHkUuigyqvksa o izkoèkkuksa dks vkSj bldk lgh :i esadSls iz;ksx djsa bldh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha nhxbZ gSA og Hkh rc tcfd vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk2¼1½ ¼ad½ o ¼[k½ esa ;g Li"V dgk x;k gS fdleqfpr ljdkj vius ls lalkèkuksa dh lhek esaukxfjdksa dks lwpuk ds vfèkdkj dk mfpr rjhdsls iz;ksx djus ds fy, fofHkUu yksd izkfèkdkfj;ksads ekè;e ls f'k{k.k o izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe lapkfyrdjsxhA tc&tc bl izkoèkku ds fØ;kUo;udk izLrko 'kklu dks izLrqr fd;k rks mPpvfèkdkfj;ksa us nyhy nh fd tuf'k{k.k dk dk;Zrks xSj ljdkjh lekt lsoh laLFkkvksa dk gSljdkj dk ughaA tgka dgha ftl Lrj ij lektlsoh laLFkkvksa ds lg;ksx ls vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjkizf'k{k.k vk;ksftr Hkh fd;s x;s rks os izk;% mifLFkrntZ dj egt vkSipkfjdrk iwjh djus rd lhfer

jgs] QyLo:i vfèkfu;e ds izkoèkkuksa ls lEcafèkryksd izkfèkdkfj;ksa] lektlsoh laxBukas o vkeukxfjdksa ds }kjk lwpuk izdV djus dh izfØ;kesa izk;% Hkze o }U} mRiUu gksrk gS ftlls vfèkfu;eds izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u esa vuko';d f'kfFkyrk otfVyrk iSnk gksrh gSA

dbZ lekt lsoh laxBuksa us jkT; lwpukvk;ksx dh igy ij xEHkhjrk iwoZd izf'k{k.kdk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd;sA bu vk;kstuksa ls dqNgn rd vke turk esa lwpuk ds vfèkdkj dsizfr tkx:drk iSnk gqbZA ysfdu bu dk;ZØeksaesa yksd izkfèkdkfj;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lhfer jgus ls;g psruk vk'kk vkSj ftKklk rd gh lhfer jgxbZA vHkh rd Hkh vfèkdka'k yksxksa dks ;g fo'oklugh cu ik;k gS fd bl vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djusls mUgsa okafNr lwpuk lqxe gks tk;sxhA nwljhvksj yksd izkfèkdkjh Hkh lwpuk ds vuqjksèk i= dkslgt Hkko ls u ysrs gq, 'kd dh fuxkg lsns[krs gSaA mudks yxrk gS fd dksbZ ckgjh O;fDrftldk muls vkSj muds dk;ksZa ls dksbZ lhèkklEcUèk ugha gS mu ij maxyh mBk jgk gSAD;ksafd ,slk igys ugha gksrk FkkA blfy, oslkekftd :i ls bls viuh LoPNUnrk ijvuko';d gLr{ksi le>rs gSaA blls izk;% lwpukds vknku&iznku eas xfrjksèk mRiUu gks tkrk gSA

bu dfBukbZ;ksa dks dkQh gn rd nwj fd;ktk ldrk gS ;fn lwpuk ds vfèkdkj vfèkfu;edh ewy Hkkouk ds vuqdwy O;kid tufgr esa ghiz;ksx fd;k tk;A blls yksd izkfèkdkfj;ksa dseu esa 'kadk iSnk ugha gksxh vkSj ;fn 'kadk gksxhHkh rks dVqrk mRiUu ugh gksxhA

xSj ljdkjh lekt lsoh laxBuksa dh HkhdqN lhek;sa gSA vfèkdka'k lekt lsoh laxBuljdkjh ;kstukvksa o ifj;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u


esa Hkkxhnkj gSaA os ;k rks ljdkj }kjk lqyHk lsokdks turk rd igqapkus ds dke esa yxsa gSa vFkokljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa tu lgHkkfxrklqfuf'pr djus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA bl lg;ksxds fy, lekt lsoh laxBuksa dks ljdkjh foHkkxksals vuqnku feyrk gSA vuqnku ljdkjh L=ksr lsizkIr gksus ls lekt lsoh laxBu Hkh yksdizkfèkdkfj;ksa dh Js.kh esa vk tkrs gSaA ,sls xSjljdkjh laxBuksa ij Hkh lwpuk dk vfèkdkj dkuwuykxw gksrk gS os blds bl izHkko ls cpuk pkgrsgSaA blfy, jpukRed dk;kaasZ esa layXu xSj ljdkjhlaxBu ;g ugha pkgrs fd muds fØ;kdykiksa esalwpuk ds vfèkdkj dk O;oèkku mRiUu gksA blfy,xSj ljdkjh lektlsoh laxBu dks Hkh lwpuk dsvfèkdkj dkuwu ds izpkj izlkj esa mruh fnypLihugh fn[kkrsa ftruh fd muls vis{kk dh tkrhgSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas tulkèkkj.k dks lwpuk dsvfèkdkj dh tkudkjh nsus vkSj mlds iz;ksx dsfy, izsfjr djus dk nkf;Ro uxj lekt ds muO;fDr;ksa o laxBuksa dk gks tkrk gS tks LoSfPNd:i ls Lor% LQwrZ lwpuk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu dkfo'kq) :i ls tufgr esa iz;ksx djus esa tqVsa gSAlkSHkkX; ls ,sls O;fDr;ksa o laxBuksa dh deh ughagS tks vius lhfer lkèkuksa dk tufgr esa lwpukdk vfèkdkj ds izHkkoh <+ax ls iz;ksx djus dsfy;s dj jgsa gSA vko';drk ;g gS fd ,sls lcyksxksa dks fpfUgr dj izns'k Lrj ij lwpuk dsvfèkdkj ds iz;ksxdrkZvksa dk ,d egkla?k cuk;ktk; ftlls bl eqfge esa layXu lHkh yksxvius&vius {ks=ksa o nk;jksa esa Lora= :i ls dk;Zdjrs gq, vko';drk iM+us ij ,d nwljs dhlgk;rk dj ldsaA vkj0Vh0vkbZ0 Dyc bl mís';ds fy;s ,d mi;qDr eap cu ldrk gSA vkusokys fnuksa esa gekjk ;g iz;kl gksuk pkfg, fdbl mís'; dks izkIr dj ldsaA

vkt ns'k ds vfèkdka'k ukxfjdksa dks bfrgklds Kku ls ;g rks irk gS fd ge '[email protected]]xqyke oa'k ds xqykeksa ls ysdj eqxyksa] iqrZxkfy;ksa;k vaxzstksas ds xqyke jgs gSaA ckfd gesa irk Fkk fdge fdlds xqyke gSaA irk Fkk rks geus mudsfo:) la?k"kZ dj fot; ik;hA vktknh ds cknge ,sls 'k=q ds xqyke cus tks u xksjk u fons'khAu mldh tkfr gS u èkeZ gSA tks vdsyk gS ijUrqvusd :i vkSj jax esa vkDVksil dh rjg viusHkqtkvksa esa ns'k vkSj lekt ds gj vax dks tdM+j[kk gS Hkz"Vkpkj :ih bl 'k=q ls yM+uk brukvklku ugha gSA ;g èku] lÙkk] in izfr"Bk vkSjv;~;klh ds :i esa lfn;ksa ls ,d nwljkas dks ghugha yM+krk vk jgk gS cfYd vius viuksa dks ghyM+rk vk jgk gS vkSj vkneh ds uSfrd pfj= dkuk'k djds mls Hkz"V vkSj jk"Vªnzksgh rd cukrkvk jgk gSA urhtk lkeus gS lekpkj i=ksa esa]rFkk Vh0oh0 U;wt pSuyksa ij ywV] cykRdkj]èkks[kkèkM+h] gk;&gk;] eqnkZckn ds n'; blh Hkz"Vkpkjds dkj.k gSA detksj bPNk'kfDr okys fojksèkh dks;g vkil esa gh yM+k nsrk gSA mnkgj.k lkeus gSljdkj dgrh gS fd gesa Hkz"Vkpkj ds fo:)dM+k dkuwu cukuk pkfg, fQj Hkh blds fo:)dM+k dkuwu cukus ds uke ij vkil esa [khapkrkuhgks jgh gSA ljdkj dh bPNk'kfDr detksj gSblfy, erHksn tkjh gSA Hkz"Vkpkj Hkh tkjh gSAns'k esa dkuwu dk jkt gSa ;g Hkz"Vkpkj vktkngSA ns'k vktkn gS ij Hkz"Vkpkj dk xqyke gSaA

fiNyh dqN iafDr;ksa esa izlax] yksduk;dt; izdk'k ukjk;.k ds tuvkanksyu dk vk;k gS;g crkus ds fy;s fd yksduk;d t; izdk'kukjk;.k ds vkanksyu dh i`"BHkwfe Hkh ns'kO;kihvkikrdky esa ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dh ^LorU=rkdk guu* tks gj O;fDr ds fy, vlg; Fkk rFkklkFk esa Fkk iqfyl dk fujadq'k neuA tks mldh


HksaV p<+ x;k tsyksa esa lM+k vkSj tks ckgj jgs osHk;Hkhr FksA bl tuvkdks'k dk ifj.kke pqukoksaus fn;k vkSj yksdrkaf=d vfèkdkjksa dk xyk ?kksVusokyh ljdkj dks tkuk iM+kA

vkt ifjn'; cnyk gqvk gSA yM+kbZ Hkz"Vkpkjds fo:) gSA dkyk èku Hkh Hkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.kgh iSnk gksrk gS ge ;g tkurs gS ijUrq blHkz"Vkpkj ls yM+uk blfy;s vklku ugha gS fd;g izR;{k :i ls u fdlh jktuSfrd ny fo'ks"kls lEcfUèkr gS] u fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k ls] ufdlh [kkl usrk] ukSdj'kkg] vke vkneh] tkfr;k èkeZ ls lEcfUèkr gS lÙkk dk lq[k Hkksx pqdh;k Hkksx jgk gS dksbZ jktuSfrd ny ,slk ugha gSftlds dqN u dqN tuizfrfufèk;ksa ij Hkz"Vkpkjds vkjksi u gks ¼;fn dksbZ viokn gks eq>s laKkuugha gS½ dk;Zikfydk ds yxHkx gj foHkkx esabldh iSB gSA U;k;ikfydk tSls xfjeke;yksdrU= ds rhljs LrEHk ij Hkh iM+s gq, bldsdkys lk;s ds mnkgj.k eStwn gS vkSj yksdrU= dsrFkkdfFkr pkSFks izgjh yxs blds nkx ds ckjs esacrk;k gh tk pqdk gSA

vktknh ds ckn ds 'kq:vkrh nkSj esa Hkz"Vkpkjds bus fxus ekeys lqf[k;ksZa esa vk;s rks cM+s&cM+sckèkksa o iqyksa ds fuekZ.k ls ysdj rsy vukt]lhesUV vkSj jk'ku ds dksVs esaa ^ykblsalh jkt*rFkk lkoZtfud {ks= ds miØeksa esa èkhjs&èkhjsHkz"Vkpkj iuius yxkA dM+s dkuwuh izkoèkku ugksus ds dkj.k rFkk ljdkj vkSj rU= dh turkds gj igyw dks izHkkfor djus o ihfM+r djusokys bl Hkz"Vkpkj ls vfèkdrj ^yksd* ihfM+r gSrks bl voLFkk dk ykHk mBkus okys eqV~Bh Hkjyksxksa ds lkFk os yksx Hkh 'kkfey gS tks bl vk'kkesa th jgsa gS fd Hkz"Vkpkj ds bl egkun lsfudydj dksbZ èkkjk muds thou dks gh gjk Hkjkdj nsxhA blfy, os Hkh bl vaèkh nkSM+ esa 'kkfey

gSA orZeku esa bl ns'k dks lokZsPp U;k;ikfydkdh U;kf;dk lfØ;rk ;nk dnk bl ij vadq'kyxkus dk iz;kl djrh fn[kk;h nsrh gS ijUrqmldk dk;Z dkuwu dk ikyu djkuk gS] dkuwucukuk ugha gS blfy;s mlds lkFkZd iz;klksa dhHkh lhek gSA

^Hkz"Vkpkj* dk tks Hk;kog :i vkt yksd dslkeus vk;k gS] ftls ns[kdj vke vkneh dhvka[kksa vkSj eqag gSjkuh ls QVs jg tkrs gSa ogdsoy yksd tkx:drk] ljdkj dh usuh;r] vUuk;k ckck ds tu vkanksyuksa ds 'kqHkkjEHk ls ghlkeus ugha vk;k gS] cfYd mlds ewy esa vktknhds 56 o"kZ ckn cus vkSj ^yksd* dks feys lclsizHkkoh dkuwu ^lwpuk ds vfèkdj* dk cgqr cM+k;ksxnku gS ftlus ,d vke vkneh dks Hkh ;gvfèkdkj ns fn;k Fkk fd og vius rU= ls mldhtokc nsgh dj lds vkSj mlls dqN lokyksa dstokc ik lds ftlds dkj.k mlds yksdizfèkdkfj;ksao ljdkj ds dk;ksZa esa ikjnf'kZrk tSlh dYiuklkdkj gqbZA ;g ^tkuus dk vfèkdkj* dkuwu ghgS ftlds dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkj ds fo:) yM+us dsfy;s izekf.kd y{;ksa dk feyuk laHko gks ldk]ftuds fcuk ge fdlh Hkz"Vkpkj ds fo:) vkjksiyxkus dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrs FksA

;|fi vusd dkuwuksa dh rjg bl dkuwu esaHkh lqèkkj dh cgqr laHkkouk o vkis{kk,a gS ftudklekos'k vkus okys le; ds lkFk jgsxk lkFk ghvkSj vke ukxfjdksa ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dk lekèkkudjus ds fy, lwpuk dk vfèkdkj ds vkèkkj ijviuh leL;kvksa dks fujkd`r djus dk iz;klgksxkA

blh lanHkZ esa ns'k ds gokbZ vM~Mksa dh lqj{kkO;oLFkk esa dbZ cgqr cM+h [kkfe;ka gSA ukxfjdmM~M;u ij lqj{kk C;wjks us tc fnYyh o iq.ks dsns'k ds nks O;Lr gokbZ vM~Mksa ij lqj{kk vh;kl


fd;k] rks blesa dkbZ [kkfe;ka feyhaA bl lqj{kkvh;kl esa yxs C;wjksa ds yksx lqj{kk ds lHkh pØksadks ikj djrs gq, ce dks vanj ys tkus esadke;kc jgsA vkSj vxys gh fnu irk pyk fdlqj{kk O;oLFkk dh ;s [kkfe;ka flQZ gokbZ vM~Mksard ugha gSA mÙkj izns'k foèkkulHkk esa lnu dsHkhrj ?kkrd foLQksVd ibbZ,uVh dk cjkengksuk crkrk gS fd lqj{kk dks ysdj gesa fdrukxaHkhj gksus dh t:jr gSA mRrj izns'k foèkkulHkkHkou esa tks gqvk] og dksbZ lqj{kk vH;kl ugha Fkk]og lpeqp dk foLQksvd Fkk vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dkdguk gS fd bldh ek=k bruh Fkh fd foèkkulHkkHkou dk ,d frgkbZ fgLlk rks mM+k;k tk ldrkgSA bl blls ge ;g vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSafd foèkkulHkk ds lHkh lqj{kk pØksa dks ikj drjkgqvk fdruk cM+k [krjk lnu rd igqap x;k]tkga ;g foLQksvd lQkbZ ds nkjku usrk foi{kdh dqlhZ ds djhc iM+k feykA ;g lpeqp xaHkhjgksdj Bksl dne mBkus dk le; gS] ;g dgdjHkh udkjk ugha tk ldrk gS fd deyh lkexziqrkbZ dk isaV ek= Fkk bls dsoy lqj{kk dh pwddgdj utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dsUnzh; lwpuk vk;qDr dk fu.kZ;&^rhu lIrkgds Hkhrj vkosnd dks miyCèk djok;h tk;salwpuk,a&

iwoZ lSfud csyQs;j ,lksfl,'ku ds dsUnzh;vè;{k Jh jke'ksj flag fo"V }kjk lwpuk dkvfèkdkj vfèku;e 2005 ds vUrxZr :i ,fj;keq[;ky; ls rhu fcUnqvksa ij lwpuk;sa ekaxh xbZFkhA ijUrq yksd lwpuk vfèkdkjh@l= ,fj;keq[;ky; }kjk ;g dgrs gq;s fd lh-,l-Mh-dSUVhu lwpuk dk vfèdkdkj ds nkj;js lckgjgSA vr% lwpuk,a ugha nh tk ldrhaA bllsvlUrq"V gksdj vkosnd }kjk izFke foHkkxh; vihy

;ksftr dh xbZA foHkkxh; vihyh; vfèkdkjh}kjk Hkh yksd lwpuk vfèkdkjh ds er dk leFkZudjrs gq;s lwpuk miyCèk djokus ls euk djfn;k x;kA

blls varq"V gq;s vkosnd }kjk dsUnzh; lwpukvk;ksx fnYyh esa f}rh; vihy ;ksftr dh xbZdsUnzh; lwpuk vk;qdr Jh ,e-,y- 'kekZ }kjklc ,fu;k eq[;ky; ls fdlh l{ke vfèkdkjhdks fnYyh dk;kZy; esa mifLFkr gksus ds vkns'ktkjh djrs gq, vkosnd dks Hkh bl lacaèk esalwpuk HksthA dsfUnz; lwpuk vk;qdr }kjk mijksDrizdj.k dks vfr xEhkhjrk] iwoZd laKku esa ysrsgq, lc ,fj;k eq[;ky; dks rhu lIrkg dsHkhrj vkosnd dks lwpuk miyCèk djokus dsvkns'k fuxZr fd;sA

vkosnd }kjk rhu fcUnqvksa ij ekaxh xbZlwpuk,a fuEuor gSa &

1- lc ,fj;k dSUVhu dh foÙkh; o"kZ 2009&10dh dqy fcØh jghA

2- lc ,fj;k dSUVhu ]kjk foÙkh; o"kz 2009&10esa ls vftZr dqy ykHkA

3- mDr mftZr ykHk dks fdl vuqikr esafdu fdu enksa] esa [kpZ fd;k x;kA

vc dsUnzh; lwpuk v;qDr us }kjk fd;s x;sfu.kZ; ds vuqlkj lh-,l-Mh- dSIVhu ^^lwpukvfèkdkj vfèkfu;e** ds nk;js esa vkrh gS vr%fdlh Hkh vkosnd dks lh-,e-Mh- dSUVhu lslEcfUèkr lwpuk;sa nsus ls badkj ugha fd;k tkldrkA

bl 'kksèk i= esa lwpuk ds vfèkdkj dk eq[;mn~ns'; ljdkjh dh tokcnsgh gksxh fd ukxfjdksadks ewy Hkwr leL;kvksa dks fujkd`r djus dkAlkFk gh yksxksa ds vUnj tkx:drk iSnk djusdk fd gekjk leku vfèkdkj gS gesa viuh


vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, ljdkj ls ikldrs gSa lekt esa gks jgh fod`fr;ksa dks nwj djusds fy, Hkh lwpuk ds vfèkdkj dk mi;ksx fd;ktk ldrk gSA

^lwpuk dk vfèkdkj* tSls yksdfiz;rkfgrdkjh dkuwu ls vke vkneh tksM+us dk iz;kldjrs gq, blls lEcfUèkr iwjs ns'k esa py jghxfrfofèk;ksa ls voxr djkuk gS rFkk bllslEcfUèkr] ftKklkvkas] iz'ukas dk lekèkku <wa<+uk]yksdfgr ds eqíksa ij tutkxj.k dk iz;kl djukgSA lekt ds tkx:d yksxks dks rFkk lwpuk dkvfèkdkj ds fy;s dk;Z djus okys vkj-Vh-vkbZ

dk;ZdrkZvkas ds fopkj] lq>ko] fVIif.k;ka rFkkO;ogkfjd vuqHkoksa ls lEcfUèkr ys[k vkfn dkge Lokxr djssxssaA yksdfgr ds bl vfHk;ku lstqM+us dk vki lHkh dks [kqyk fuea=.k gSA

lanHkZ %1- jk"Vªh; tulwpuk vfèkdkj 24 tqykbZ 2017

2- ;KHkw"k.k 'kekZ % jk"Vªh; tulwpuk vfèkdkj nSfudlekpkj i=] y[kuÅ 24 tqykbZ 2017

3- MkW- ch-ih- eSBk.kh % iwoZ jkT;leUo;d] lwpukdk vfèkdkj izdks"B] mÙkjk[k.M 'kklu] nsgjknwu

4- lwpuk dk vfèkdkj iksVZy % http ://rti.gov.in

jerJee ueeskeâ meYee efveJee&Ûeve 2014 ceW ceefnuee celeoeleeDeeWkesâ celeoeve JÙeJenej keâe DeOÙeÙeve

(jerJee mebmeoerÙe #es$e kesâ efJeMes<e mevoYe& ceW) [e@. ieeÙe$eer efceßee* [e@. mebpeueer ieghlee**

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** ,e-,- jktuhfr 'kkL=] ih&,p-Mh-

ernkrkvksa ls lEcafèkr izkjfEHkd rF;ksa dkifjp; izkIr djus ds i'pkr vè;;u fo"k; lslEcafèkr nwljk egRoiw.kZ i{k ;g gS fd ernkudh izfØ;k ds iwoZ efgykvksa dks fofHkUu pj.kksadh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A izLrqr vè;k; esaernku iwoZ izfØ;kvksa esa efgyk ernkrkvksa dhHkkxhnkjh dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gS ftldsvUrxZr pquko dk;ZØe dh ?kks"k.kk] lalnh; {ks=dk fuèkkZj.k] ukekadu izfØ;k,¡] ernkrk lwphdh rS;kjh] ernkrk lwph dk izdk'ku] pqukoizpkj ,oa vkpkj lafgrk dk fuèkkZj.k o ifjikyuvkfn lfEefyr gSA

fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa pquko ljdkj,oa 'kkflr oxZ ds chp jktuhfrd lEidZ dkvfèkdkj iznku djrs gS rFkk fdlh Hkh laxBu ;kjktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa ,dhdj.k ykrs gSA lkFkgh vfLrRo dks oSèkrk iznku djrs gSA fuokZpuksa esaHkkjr us yksdra= vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl dhfn'kk esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA orZeku le;esa yksdra= dk vFkZ ,d ,slh jktuhfrd i)frgS ftlesa jk"Vª ds yksx Lo;a izR;{k :i ls 'kkluugh djrs] cfYd 'kklu ij viuk iw.kZ fu;a=.k

Hkh j[krs gSA pquko o ernkrk tkx:drk dk?kfu"B lEcaèk gS] bUgas ,d nwljs ls vyx ughfd;k tk ldrk gSA MksukYM LVksDl ds 'kCnksesa&^^ernku O;fDrxr izkFkfedrkvksa dk lkewfgdQSlyksa esa lekgkj djus dk ,d lkèku gSA1

ernkrkvksa dh jktuhfrd tkx:drk dkvkèkkj ernku vkpj.k gSA ernkrk jktuhfrdle> fdruh j[krs gS] jktuhfr esa fdruh #fpysrs gS vkSj pquko ds nkSjku ernku esa fdrukfgLlk ysrs gS] ;g lc vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA blizdkj jktuhfrd tkx:drk dk lhèkk lEcaèk gS]tkx:d ernkrk pquok esa vius er dk iz;ksxvo'; djrs gSA blds vykok jkT; esa dqN ,slsernkrk gksrs gS tks jktuhfrd iz'uksa ij vPNhtkudkjh ugha j[krs gSA vr% budk ernku vkpj.kvfuf'pr gksrk gSA blfy, bl lEcaèk esa ,ysuckydk er gS&^^gj jkT; esa <qyeqy ernkrkvksa dhHkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS] ,sls ernkrk gh pqukoifj.kke dks ifjofrZr djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;hekus tkrs gSA**2

erkfèkdkj ,d nkf;Ro gS] tks jkT; }kjkmu O;fDr;ksa dks lkSaik tkrk gS tks ml nkf;Ro


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SJIF - 4.076


dk fuokZg djus ds lqik= gksrs gSA ;g ,dfofèkd vfèkdkj gS vr% fofèk }kjk ernku dknkf;Ro fuHkkus ds fy, ckè; fd;k tkuk pkfg,AdqN ns'kksa esa vfuok;Z ernku dh O;oLFkk gSAosfYt;e us 1893 esa vfuok;Z ernku dh O;oLFkkdhA ftlesa ernku u djus ij ,d ls ysdjrhu Qsad rds ds vkfFkZd n.M dh O;oLFkk dhx;hA 4 ckj ernku dk iz;ksx u djus ijukxfjd erkfèkdkj ls oafpr djus dh O;oLFkkFkhA blh izdkj vtsZUVkbuk esa 1992] uhnjyS.Mesa 1917 ls vfuok;Z ernku dh O;oLFkk dhx;hA3 1907 bZ- esa Lisu esa vfuok;Z ernku dhO;oLFkk dh x;hA ernku u djus ij n.M dkHkh izkoèkku cuk;k x;kA izk- tsEl foYQMZ xkuZjds 'kCnksa esa&^^Lisu esa vfuok;Z ernku fofèk e`rcuh jgh] D;ksafd xzkeh.k fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa 80izfr'kr ernkrkvksa us vius er ugh fn;s**A4

orZeku le; esa vfèkdka'k ns'kksa tSls&vesfjdk] bXyS.M] fLoVtjyS.M] dukMk rFkk Hkkjrvkfn esa vfuok;Z ernku dk p;u ugh gSA fdlhHkh ns'k esa yksdra= rFkk Lora=rk dh lcls cM+higpku ;g gS fd ml ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dkso;Ld erkfèkdkj] xqIr ernku rFkk Lora= ,oafu"i{k pquok i)fr dh lqfoèkk izkIr gksA tkuLVqvMZ fxy us o;Ld erkfèkdkj ds i{k esa dgkgS fd& jktuSfrd okn&fookn ds }kjk ,d gh,d gkFk ls dke djus okyh egnwj Hkh jktuSfrdfopkjksa ds lEidZ esa vk tkrk gS vkSj jktuSfrdekeyksa esa #fp ysus yxrk gSA ,slk gksus ls turk;g le>rh gS fd ge lc ,d Lrj ds ukxfjdgS vkSj ,d egku tu leqnk; gSA5 ftu yksxksadks erkfèkdkj ugh feyk gksrk gS] jktuSfrdokn&fookn muds flj ds Åij ls mM+rs gq,fudy tkrs gSA bl lanHkZ esa ts-,l- vkxs dgrsgS&^^dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ftls ,d yksdfiz; ljdkj

esa jgdj erkfèkdkj u feyk gks ;k feyus dhvk'kk u gks og vlarq"V vkSj fojksèkh jgsxkA6

Hkkjr bl nf"V ls yksdra= dh lHkh e;kZnkvksadk ikyu dj jgk gSA fczfV'k 'kkludky esaerkfèkdkj ij vusd izfrcaèk Fks] Hkkjrh; lafoèkkuesa mu lHkh izfrcaèkksa dk varj dj fn;k] ;gØkafrdkjh dne FkkA Hkkjrh; vfèkfu;e 1935 dsvUrxZr dsoy 3 djksM+ 50 yk[k Hkkjrh;ksa dkserkfèkdkj izkIr Fkk ftldh la[;k c<+dj Lora=rkds ckn 25 djksM+ gks x;h gSA7 orZeku le; esa;g la[;k vkSj vfèkd gks pqdh gSA

izFke vke pquko 1951 ds izfrosnu esa fy[kkx;k gS fd ^;g è;ku j[ks fd Hkkjr ds vfèkdka'kernkrk fuj{kj gS rFkk mUgsa yksdrkaf=d izfØ;kvksadk dksbZ vuqHko ugh gS rks ge fu'p; gh blfu"d"kZ ij igq¡psxs fd ns'k ds izR;sd o;Ld dkserkfèkdkj iznku djus dk fu'p; ,d Økafrdkjhdne FkkA izFke vke pquko ds ckn pquko vk;ksxus vius izfrosnu esa dgk Fkk fd&^^;g fu'p; ghHkkjr ds lkèkkj.k vkneh esa rFkk mudh O;kogkfjdcqf) esa fo'okl dk dke FkkA8

blh lEcaèk esa lafoèkku lHkk ds vè;{k vkSjizFke jk"Vªifr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn us dgk Fkk&^^eSxkao ds yksxksa dks tkurk gw¡] tks bl O;kidfuokZpu e.My ds cgqer dh jpuk djrs gS] esjhjk; esa muesa og {kerk Fkh] ftlls os vius rFkkns'k ds fgrksa esa] ;fn os mudks le>k fn;s tk;s]#fp ys ldrs gSA9

Hkkjrh; pquko O;oLFkk dks lEiUu djkusgsrq laln us tu izfrfufèkRo dkuwu dk fuekZ.kfd;k gS] ftlds }kjk ernkrkvksa dh ;ksX;rk,¡fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gSA laln rFkk jkT; foèkkue.Myksa dh lnL; la[;k dk fuèkkZj.k fd;ktkrk gSA fuokZpuksa dk izcaèk ,oa lapkyu] fooknksadk fuiVkjk rFkk mi pqukoksa dh O;oLFkk dh


S. N. Election programme Day and date

1 Issue of notification 15-03-2014(Saturday)

2 Last date for filling nominations 22-03-2014(saturday)

3 Scrutiny of Nomination 24-03-2014(Monday)

4 Last date of widrawal of

candidate

26-03-2014(Wednesday)

5 Polling date 10-04-2014(Thursday)

6 Counting of votes 16-05-2014(Friday)

7 Date before which the election

shall be completed

28-05-2014(Wednesday)

tkrh gSA foxr dbZ o"kksZ ls bu dkuwuksa esavko';drkuqlkj la'kksèku fd;s x;s gSA bula'kksèkuksa dk mís'; pqukoksa dh fo'kq)rk dh j{kkdjuk gSA10

izLrqr vè;k; esa efgyk ernkrkvksa esa ernkuiwoZ izfØ;kvksa dh tkudkfj;ksa dks tkuus dkiz;kl fd;k x;k gS ftls lqfoèkkuqlkj fofHkUu[k.Mksa esa foHkkftr dj vè;;u fd;k x;k gS&

pquko dk;ZØe dh ?kks"k.kk %fuokZpu izfØ;k dk izkjEHk jk"Vªifr }kjk

tkjh dh x;h vfèklwpuk ls gksrk gSA ;g lwpukyksdlHkk ds fuokZpu dh n'kk esa] Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr]yksdizfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 dh èkkjk 14 dsvèkhu ,slh rkjh[k ;k rkjh[kksa dks] ftudhflQkfjl fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk dh tk;s] Hkkjrds jkti= esa izdkf'kr ,d ;k vfèkd vfèklwpukvksa}kjk lalnh; fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa vis{kk djsxk fd osu;s lnu ds xBu ds iz;kstukFkZ lnL; fuokZfprdjs] tkjh dh tkrh gSA

ftl rkjh[k dks fuokZpu dh mi;qZDrvfèklwpuk fudkyh tk,] mlh rkjh[k dks fuokZpuvk;ksx ds fofHkUu izØeksa ds fy, dk;ZØe fuèkkZfjrdjrs gq, ml vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 30 ds vèkhudjrs gq, 'kkldh; jkti= esa vfèklwpuk fudkyhtk;sxhA ,slh vfèklwpuk ds fudkys tkus dsrqjUr i'pkr] fjVfuZx vkfQlj }kjk fuokZpuksadk lapkyu] 1961 ds fu;e 3 ds lkFk] ifBryksd izfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 dh èkkjk 31 dsvèkhu fuokZpu dh yksd lwpuk fudkysxkA

yksdlwpuk esa vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,slslgk;d fjVfuZx vkfQlu@vkfQljksa ds ukefofufnZ"V djsxsa vkSj og LFkku Hkh tgk¡ fjVfuZax@l- fjVfuZax vkfQljksa }kjk uke funsZ'ku i=izkIr fd;s tk;sxsA11 ;g vfèklwpuk vaxzsth esavkSj jkT; ds 'kkldh; iz;kstuksa ds fy, iz;qDrHkk"kkvksa esa izdkf'kr dh tk;sxhA

bl lEcaèk esa ftyk fuokZpu dk;kZy; }kjkfuEukuqlkj dk;ZØe ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA12

lkj.kh&1Rewa parliamentary election 2014


Øekad yksdlHkk@fo/kkulHkk pquko

,d lkFk gksus lEca/kh vfHker

la[;k izfr'kr

1- gk¡ 376 94

2- ugh 24 06

;ksx 400 100

bl izdkj vfèklwpuk ds tkjh gksus ds i'pkrpquko vk;ksx pquko lEcaèkh leLr dk;ZØe dh?kks"k.kk djrk gSA pquko dk;ZØe dh ?kks"k.kk dsi'pkr mEehnokj vkSj iz'kklu lHkh vkSipkfjd:i ls pquko dh rS;kjh esa tqV tkrs gSA

eq[; pquko vk;qDr }kjk pquko dk;ZØe dh?kks"k.kk mijkar ftyk fuokZpu vfèkdkjh }kjkpquko lEiUu djkus gsrq ernku dsUnzksa ds p;uo dsUnzh; jktdh; deZpkfj;ksa ds pquko ny dsxBu o pquko izfØ;k lEcaèkh izf'k{k.k dh dk;Zokghdh tkrh gSA lkFk gh pquko ny ds lkFk] iqfyl]fo'ks"k iqfyl cy] dsUnzh; iqfyl cy ds lkFk]

uxj lsuk ds deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkh rSukr fd;ktkrk gSA pquko dk;Z esa yxs lHkh deZpkfj;ksa dksernku dsUnz rd igqapkus gsrq ifjogu dh O;oLFkkdh tkrh gSA

ernku dsUnzksa esa fu"i{k o lqpk# :i lsernku djkus gsrq ^tksuy vfèkdkjh ,oa lsDVjeftLVªsVksa dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS tks pquko dhlHkh xfrfofèk;ksa dh lr~r fuxjkuh djrs gSA

pquko dk;ZØe ds lEcaèk esa mÙkjnkrkvksa lsiw¡Ns tkus ij tks vfHker izkIr gqvk gS] rkfydkØekad 2 ls Li"V gS&

rkfydk Øekad 2yksdlHkk@foèkkulHkk pquko ,d lkFk gksus lEcaèkh vfHker

mi;qZDr rkfydk ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd94 izfr'kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us Lohdkj fd;k gS fdyksdlHkk o foèkkulHkk dk pquko ,d lkFk gksusij mUgsa dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugh gksrh cfYd jk"Vªfgresa gksrk gSA ,slk djus ls vkfFkZd cpr ds lkFkle; dh Hkh cpr gksrh gSA dsoy 6 izfr'krmÙkjnkrkvksa us yksdlHkk o foèkkulHkk pqukoksadks ,d lkFk djuk mfpr ugh ekuk gSA

erx.kuk ifj.kke dh ?kks"k.kk &fdlh Hkh yksdlHkk fuokZpu {ks= esa tc

x.kuk dk dk;Z iw.kZ gks x;k gks rks ftyk fuokZpuvfèkdkjh }kjk vafre izek.k &i= rS;kj fd;k

tkrk gS] ftlesa Mkder i=ksa dh la[;k HkhlfEefyr gksrh gSA bl izdkj dqy ;ksx yxkrsle; lEiw.kZ vafre ifj.kke i= dh lkoèkkuhiwoZdtkap dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd dksbZ izfof"V;ka viw.kZu gksaA x.kuk dk dk;Z iw.kZ gks tkus ds i'pkrftyk fuokZpu vfèkdkjh }kjk ifj.kke dh izk:fid?kks'k.kk dh tkrh gSA vk;ksx ls vko';d vuqeksnu]tgka Hkh t:jh gks] izkIr dj ysus ds ckn ftykfuokZpu vfèkdkjh fuokZpuksa dk lapkyu] fu;e1961 ls layXu izk#i 20 ds vuqlkj i=dHkjdj mlesa gLrk{kj ds ckn vH;FkhZ dks fuokZfpr?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls lokZ;fèkd fofèkekU;


er izkIr gksaA ;fn fdlh LFkku ds fy, fuokZpuyM+us okys nks vH;fFkZ;ksa dks lcls vfèkd erizkIr gq, gksa vkSj muds }kjk izkIr erksa dh la[;kcjkcj gS rks ml fuokZpu dk ifj.kke ykVjhfudky dj èkksf"kr fd;k tkus dk izkoèkku gSA

ftyk fuokZpu vfèkdkjh }kjk ifj.kke dhizk:fid ?kks"k.kk] fuokZpuksa dk lapkyu fu;e1961 ds 21 x ;k 21 ?k esa ls fdlh ,d izk#iesa fd;k tkrk gSA bl ?kks"k.kk ij ogh rkjh[k nhtkuh pkfg,] ftl rkjh[k dk ml fuokZpu dkifj.kke ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS( u fd og rkjh[kftl rkjh[k ls ;g ?kks'k.kk Hksth tkrh gSA ftykfuokZpu vfèkdkjh }kjk ifj.kke dh ?kks'k.kk dsrqjUr ckn ifj.kke dh ?kks"k.kk dh izfr;kafuEukuqlkj Hkstuh pkfg,&

1- fuokZpu vk;ksx2- jkT; dk izeq[k fuokZpu vfèkdkjh3- laèk fofèk vkSj U;k; ea=ky;]4- yksdlHkk dk egklfpo] ubZ fnYyh ;k jkT;

ljdkj

blds vykok fuokZpu fooj.kh dks izekf.kr djizfr;k¡ fuEukuqlkj dks vxzsf"kr dh tkuh pkfg,&1- fuokZpu vk;qDr2- jkT; dk eq[; fuokZpu vfèkdkjh

fuokZpu ifj.kke dh èkks"k.kk ds i'pkr lwpukfuEufyf[kr dks nsuh pkfg,&

1- Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx ubZ fnYyh2- funs'kd] lekpkj lsok vkdk'kok.kh] ubZ fnYyh3- ml jkT; ds eq[;ky; ij vkdk'kok.kh dsUnz4- funs'kd] nwjn'kZu dsUnz laln ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh5- jkT; ds eq[;ky;ksa ij fLFkfr lEcfUèkr nwjn'kZu

dsUnz6- lwpuk vfèkdkjh] ubZ fnYyh7- fofèk] u;k; vkSj dEiuh ea=ky;] ubZ fnyyh8- lfpo yksd lHkk] ubZ fnYyh9- jkT; ds izeq[k pquko vfèkdkjh

bl izdkj ls Kkr gksrk gS fd jhok yksdlHkkfuokZpu {ks= esa 2014 esa dqy 14 eqEehnokj pquko

eSnku esa jgs] ftlesa lcls vfèkd er Hkktik dsmEehnokj Jh tuknZu feJ dks feysA mUgksaus viusfudVre izfr}anh Jh lqUnjyky frokjh] Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dks 168726 erksa ls ijkftr fd;sA

bl rjg ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd yksdlHkk fuokZpu 2014 esa jhok lalnh; {ks= lsfuokZfpr vH;FkhZ Jh tuknZu izlkn feJk] Hkkjrh;turk ikVhZ dks fuèkkZfjr izk#i esa izek.k i=iznku dj vfHkLohd`fr izkIr dh x;hA

lanHkZ %1- Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx] fjVfuaZx vkfQljksa ds fy,

iqfLrdk] fuokZpu lnu ubZ fnYyh 20142- jhok ikfyZ;kesUVjh bysD'ku 2014] bysD'ku vkWQ

n~ jhokA3- Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx&20141 MksukYM&fn LVksDl cksfVax bu MsfcV flYl

¼lEikfnr½ [k.M 16] i`- 3872 cky] ,ysu& ^^ekMuZ ,.M xouZes.V**] yUnu

eSdfeyu ,.M dEiuh 1977] u`- 853 xkuZj] ts-MCyw& ^^jkT; foKku vkSj 'kklu

¼vuqokn½** vkxjk i`- 3834 xkuZj] ts- MCyw& ^^ikfyfVdy lkbal ,.M

xouZesUV] 1851 i`- 5015- ts-,l- fxy]& vku fycfjVh ,.M fjiztsUVsfVo

xouZesaV] eSdyu laLdj.k] i`- 2116 ts-,l- fxy]&vku fycfjVh ,.M fjiztsUVsfVo

xouZesaV] eSdyu laLdj.k] i`- 3117 ,e- HkV~VkfHkjke& tujy bysDlu bu bf.M;k

1967 vykbM ifCy'klZ 1967 i`- 28 fjiksVZ vku fn QLVZ tujy bysD'ku bu bf.M;k]

1951&52] xoZuesV vkQ bf.M;u&bysD'ku deh-i`- 10

9 lafoèkku lHkk okn&fookn [k.M 11] i`- 98910 fla?koh] y{ehey&^^dkuwu o pquko fnueku** 7

Qjojh 1971 i`- 2911 Hkkjr fuokZpu vk;ksx& fjVfuZx vkfQljksa ds

fy, iqfLrdk fuokZpu lnu] v'kksdk jksM+ ubZfnYyh] i`- 32] 33

12 Rewa parliamentary Constituency (LokSabha election 2014) Important Informationof Rewa District election office Rewa

DebOeeÙegie ceW JÙeòeâ DeeOegefvekeâlee yeesOe Meeefueveer mekeämesvee*

[ 107 ]

* keâÛeesjer yeepeej, efpeuee DeewjÙee (G.Øe.)

otOeveeLe eEmen kesâ Devegmeej, ‘‘DeeOegefvekeâlee ÙegiemeboYe& keâer YeeJevee veneR nw~ Ùen keâLeve mhe° mebkesâlekeâjlee nw efkeâ DeeOegefvekeâ nesves keâe celeueye Deepe keâeFme oMekeâ keâe Ùee Meleeyoer keâe nesvee veneR nw~ DemeueceW DeeOegefvekeâ nesvee MeeMJele nesvee nw~ DeeOegefvekeâleekeâer mecemÙee keâeue meehes#e keâce, JÙeefòeâ meehes#epÙeeoe nw~’’

otOeveeLe eEmen peer ves Gme leòJe keâer Deesj mebkesâle efkeâÙeenw, pees DebKe[ keâeue ØeJeen mes mecyeæ nw pees meceÙe keâeskeâeš keâj Ûeuelee nw DeeOegefvekeâlee Fme Ùee Gme keâeue keâerefmLejlee veneR nw~ Ùen Skeâ ØeJe=efòe nw pees keâeue mes yebOe keâjveneR Ûeueleer leLeekeâefLele Ssefleneefmekeâ, DeeOegefvekeâ Ùegie ceWjnves Jeeuee ceeveme hetCe&le: Ùee DebMele: ceOÙeÙegieerve nes mekeâleeDeewj ceOÙekeâeue ceW Yeer DeeOegefvekeâlee kesâ keâyeerj pevce ues

mekeâles nQ~ jeceÛebo peer keâer leguevee kesâ keâyeerj~ JeemleefJekeâleeJÙeefòeâ meehes#elee keâer nw~

DeeOegefvekeâlee keâe DeeMeÙe DeeOegefvekeâlee kesâ cegòeâ nesvesmes Deewj Gmekesâ Øeyeue meyeue nesves mes nw~ ceOÙekeâeueerveØeJe=efòeÙeeW mes pees Ùegie DeeOegefvekeâlee keâes efpelevee ner cegòeâ keâjheelee nw Ssmee veneR nw Gme Ùegie ceW ueielee nw efkeâ DeeOegefvekeâleeves pevce veneR lees hegvepe&vce efueÙee nw~ efpeme keâeueKeb[ ceW ÙenMegYe IeÌ[er Deeleer nw~ Fefleneme Gmes ‘DeeOegefvekeâ Ùegie’ veece meshegkeâejlee nw~

Deepe peye DeeOegefvekeâlee kesâ yeejs ceW yeele keâer peeleer nwlees Âef° ceW Ùetjeshe keâer Ssefleneefmekeâlee keâe OÙeeve jnlee nw~ peyeDeeOegefvekeâlee ves DeeBKeW KeesueeR Gmes efJemle=le meceLe&ve efceuee DeewjceOÙeÙegieerve OegbOeuekesâ mes Yeefòeâ keâe ceeie& Keguee~ Decesefjkeâe keâemJelev$elee meb«eece, øeâebme keâer jepÙe ›eâeefvle, DeewÅeesefiekeâ ›eâeefvle


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Year-2018Vol. 2

MeesOe meejebMeDeeOegefvekeâlee ve keâeue JeeÛeer nw Deewj ve cetuÙe JeeÛeer~ Fefleneme ceW Skeâ ›eâce Øeleerle neslee nw

ØeeÛeervekeâeue, ceOÙekeâeue Deewj DeeOegefvekeâkeâeue, Yetle, Jele&ceeve Deewj YeefJe<Ùe, keäueeefmekeâJeeo,jesceebmeJeeo Deewj veJeerve~ ØeeÛeerve mes ueskeâj DeeOegefvekeâkeâeue lekeâ keäueeefmekeâJeeo mes ueskeâj veJeerveleelekeâ ØeJe=efòeiele ›eâce nw~ keâeue›eâce Ùeebef$ekeâ nw Deewj Ùeefo keâeue-oMe&ve keâer Âef° mes efJeÛeej efkeâÙeepeeS lees Yetle, Jele&ceeve Deeefo keâeue mes Kebef[le yeesOe kesâ Øeleerle neslee nw~ Keb[ keâeue Oeeje keâe yeesOener eEÛeleve keâer Debeflece heefjCeefle nw~ Deleerle Deheves ceW ØeeÛeerve Deewj ceOÙekeâeue keâes mecesšs nesles nQ~Jele&ceeve ceW DeeOegefvekeâlee Deewj veJeervelee Dee peeleer nw Deewj YeefJe<Ùe Skeâ DeeMee, Skeâ Devegceeve, SkeâmebYeeJevee, Skeâ Fblepeej, Jele&ceeve keâer heefjCeefle Ùen meye GmeceW Âef°iele neslee nw~ Jele&ceeve keâerosnueer hej KeÌ[s neskeâj Yetle Deewj YeefJe<Ùe oesveeW Deesj osKee pee mekeâlee nw~

SJIF - 4.076


Deewj ™me keâer ueeue ›eâeefvle kegâÚ Ssmeer IešveeSB nQ, efpevneWvesceOÙeÙegieerve ceeveme kesâ veerÛes Úghes-oyes DeeOegefvekeâ ceeveme keâescegòeâ efkeâÙee~ efJekeâemeJeeo, ÉvÉelcekeâ, YeeweflekeâJeeo,ceveesefJeMues<eCeJeeo pewmes efJe%eeveefßele oMe&veeW keâer Yetefcekeâe Yeerefceueer Deewj DeeOegefvekeâlee keâe hegvepe&vce ngDee~

DeeOegefvekeâlee kesâ kegâÚ ue#eCe Yeer nesles nQ~ Feflenemekeâer Âef° mes Ùen Skeâ Øeefleef›eâÙee nw—keäueeefmekeâJeeo DeewjjesceebmeJeeo kesâ Øeefle~ JÙeefòeâiele Âef° mes hejbheje mes Skeâyeewefækeâ Demenceefle Yeer FmeceW efveefnle jnleer nw~ yeewefækeâleeSkeâ Ssmes efJe%eeveJeeo keâes pevce osleer nw Deewj Fme meyemesØesjCee heekeâj veS-veS Jeeo Øekeâš nesles nQ~ Jeeo Deefle MeerIeÇyeoueles nQ~ Ùener DeeOegefvekeâlee kesâ ue#eCe nQ~

peye jesceebmeJeeo Ûejceeslkeâ<e& keâes Øeehle keâjves ueiee,leYeer efJe%eeve keâer MeefòeâÙeeB Yeer Gefole nesves ueieer~ Jew%eeefvekeâMeefòeâÙeeW ves Skeâ Ssmee ceenewue KeÌ[e efkeâÙee jesceebmeJeeoceOÙeÙegie keâe Skeâ efvejLe&keâ Ghemebnej pewmee ueieves ueiee~jesceebmeJeeo keâes efJe%eeve Deewj yeewefækeâlee ves Deleerle ceW ÚesÌ[efoÙee~ šsefvemeve Deewj yeÇeGeEveie pewmes DevegYeJeer jesceebmeJeeefoÙeeWkesâ menejs jesceebmeJeeo GVeermeJeeR Meleer kesâ Deble lekeâ Ûeuee~yeermeJeeR Meleer ceW Ùen ØeJesMe veneR keâj heeÙee, jesceebmeJeeo keâekeâ®Ce DeJemeeve ngDee~ DeeOegefvekeâlee kesâ De«eotle Suesvehees ceWmeeQoÙe&hejkeâ cetuÙeeW keâe kegâÚ DeeYeeme efceuelee nw~

Fme Øekeâej DeeOegefvekeâlee keâer ueuekeâ meejs heefMÛeceerGòej ceW yeÌ{ ieÙeer~ yeermeJeeR Meleer ceW DeeOegefvekeâlee DehevesDeehe ceW Skeâ cetuÙe yevee~ efJeefYeVe osMeeW ceW Øeefleef‰le keâjvesJeeues Deeboesueve hevehes~ efpemeceW ØeleerkeâJeeo, ØeYeeJeJeeo,efÛe$eJeeo, DeefYeJÙebpeveeJeeo, [e[eJeeo, DeefleJemlegJeeo Deeefo~

meb#eshe ceW Ùen keâne pee mekeâlee nw~ Jemleg mecyevOeerhejchejeDeeW Deewj ceevÙeleeDeeW keâer mJeerke=âefle, Oece&, veerefle DeewjGheosMe kesâ yebOeve mes cegefòeâ, peerJe efJe%eeve, meceepe efJe%eeveDeewj ceveesefJe%eeve keâer ØesjCee Mewueer kesâ #es$e ceW veJepeeiejCeDeewj ›eâeefvle, Yee<ee Ûeslevee hej yeue ØeleerkeâJeeefoÙeeW ves mebieerlelJe,efÛe$eJeeo ves efÛe$eelcekeâlee, Fmemes GlheVe eEyeyeJeeo ves SvõerÙecetle&lee Deeefo lelJe keâeJÙe meeefnlÙe Mewueer ceW peesÌ[s Deewj ueIegkeâeJÙe ™heeW ieerle Deewj cegòeâkeâ keâe ØeOeeve DeeOegefvekeâleeefJekeâeme kesâ cegKÙe lebleg nQ~

YeejleerÙe meeefnlÙe ceW DeeOegefvekeâlee keâe pevceefJekeâeme keâer ØeLece DeJemLee ceW %eeve-efJe%eeve keâe yengle

yeÌ[e cenlJe neslee nw~ %eeve keâer veJeerve efoMeeSB ›eâebeflekeâejerheefjJele&ve uee mekeâleer nQ~ nceejs osMe keâe Fefleneme Fme yeelekeâe mee#eer nw~ Yeejle ceW meeceeefpekeâ ›eâebefle keâe hejes#e oeefÙelJeDeb«espeeW keâe ner Lee~

keâeue& ceekeäme& kesâ Devegmeej, ‘‘Ùen meÛe nw efkeâ eEnogmleeveceW FbiueQ[ ves efveke=â°lece GösMÙeeW mes Øesefjle neskeâjmeeceeefpekeâ ›eâebefle keâer Leer Deewj Deheves GösMÙeeW keâesmeeOeves keâe Gmekeâe lejerkeâe Yeer yengle cetKe&leehetCe& Lee,efkeâvleg ØeMve Ùen veneR nw~ ØeMve Ùen nw efkeâ keäÙee SefMeÙeekeâer meeceeefpekeâ JÙeJemLee ceW Skeâ yegefveÙeeoer ›eâebefle kesâefyevee ceeveJe peeefle Deheves ue#Ùe lekeâ hengBÛe mekeâleernw? Ùeefo veneR lees ceevevee heÌ[siee efkeâ FbiueQ[ kesâ Ûeenspees iegveen keâj jns neW, Gme ›eâebefle keâes ueeves ceW JenFefleneme keâe Skeâ DeÛesleve GhekeâjCe Lee~’’1

F&mš Fbef[Ùee kebâheveer keâer efJeefÛe$e veerefle Leer Jen efyeveeYeejleerÙe peerJeve kesâ efkeâmeer Yeer #es$e ceW oKeue efoÙes uetš-Kemeesš Deewj Yeü°eÛeej keâe oeceve hekeâÌ[s ngS Leer~ hejvleg1757 ceW hueemeer kesâ Ùegæ ceW efJepeÙe Øeehle keâjves kesâ yeeoGmeves Deheveer veerefle ceW kegâÚ heefjJele&ve efkeâÙee~ Fmekesâ heerÚsFbiuewC[ kesâ ÛeÛe& keâe neLe Lee~ ÛeÛe& kesâ oyeeJe kesâ keâejCeJeneB keâer mebmeo ves Yeejle ceW ‘Deheveer Øepee’ kesâ efueS megOeejJeeoerveerefle DeheveeÙeer~ cetue GösMÙe JeneB kesâ jepeveerefle%eeW keâe Lee~Deheves meceepeJeeoer efnleeW keâer hete|le ceW YeejleerÙe yeepeejeW keâeefJekeâeme Je DevÙe megOeej ueevee pe™jer Lee Fme efoMee ceWF&meeF& efceMeveefjÙeeW ves pees Yetefcekeâe Deoe keâer~ Skeâ efyeÇefšMeØeMeemeve keâer efšhheCeer kesâ Devegmeej Jen heâewpeer DeheâmejeW,vÙeeÙeeOeerMeeW Deewj ieJeve&jeW keâer mesJeeDeeW mes keâneR DeefOekeâcetuÙeJeeve nQ~

1817 ceW keâesuekeâelee ceW efnvot keâe@uespe (Øesmeer[Wmeer)keâer mLeehevee ngF&~ uee@[& Scenmš& ves Gme meceÙe DeheveeÙeerpeeves Jeeueer efMe#ee veerefle keâer Yelme&vee keâer~ Gvekesâ DevegmeejGmekeâe GösMÙe osMe keâes DebOesjs ceW jKevee Lee~ ‘‘GvneWvesGoej efMe#ee hej yeue efoÙee~ Skeâ oMekeâ kesâ yeeo cewkeâeues vesGmeer Øekeâej kesâ mketâue Yeejle ceW KegueJee efoÙes efpeme Øekeâej kesâmketâueeW keâe megPeeJe jece ceesnvejeÙe ves efoÙee Lee~ ‘heâesš&


efJeefueÙece keâe@uespe’ keâer mLeehevee 1800 ceW nes Ûegkeâer Leer~28 Dekeäštyej 1824 mes Fme keâe@uespe keâer Yee<ee veerefleyeeoue ieÙeer~ efnvoer keâe cenlJe mecePe keâj Gmes hee"Ÿe›eâceceW mLeeve efoÙee ieÙee~ leye efnvoer mes leelheÙe& KeÌ[er yeesueer mesLee~ Ùen meye efJeefueÙece ØeeFme kesâ ØeÙeemeeW kesâ ngDee~ keâesš&Dee@heâ [eFjwkeäšme& efnvot keâe@uespe keâer Øeieefle keâes osKe keâeheâerØeYeeefJele Lee~ efJeefueÙece yeQefškeâ mes hetJe& efveÙegòeâ meefceefleÙeeW vesefveMÛeÙe efkeâÙee Lee efkeâ Deb«espeer kesâ DeOÙeÙeve kesâ efueS Deueiekeâe@uespeeW keâer mLeehevee keâer peeS~ keâesš& Dee@heâ [eFjskeäšme& vescenmetme efkeâÙee efkeâ YeejefleÙeeW keâer GvneR keâer Yee<eeDeeW ceWefMe#ee oer peeS~

Fme mebyebOe ceW leerve efleefLeÙeeB cenòJehetCe& nQ—1824,1830, 1834 Debeflece efleefLe ceW cewkeâeues keâe ‘efMe#ee keâeÙe&Je=òe’ efueKee ieÙee Lee~ keâesš& Dee@heâ [eFjskeäšme& kesâ ÛesÙejcewveefJeefueÙece yeQefškeâ keâes efueKes he$e ceW Ùen eEÛelee JÙeòeâ keâer efkeâYeejefleÙeeW keâes nj mebYeJe efMe#ee megefJeOee Øeoeve keâer peeS~ 4Dekeäštyej 1830 keâes cewkeâeues Éeje Øemlegle ‘efMe#ee keâeÙe&Je=òe’1834 ceW uee@[& nee\[ie ves Deb«espeer heÌ{s ueesieeW keâes mejkeâejerveewkeâefjÙeeB osves keâer Iees<eCee keâer~ 1853 F&. ceW F&mš Fbef[Ùeekebâheveer keâes veS Ûeeš&j kesâ Devegmeej veÙeer efMe#ee heæefle kesâiegCe-oes<eeW keâes hejKevee Lee~ 1854 ceW mej Ûeeume& Jeg[ vesefMe#ee Øemeej keâer Skeâ veÙeer Ùeespevee yeveeÙeer efpemekesâ Devegmeejnj efpeues ceW keâce-mes-keâce Skeâ neF&mketâue Deewj ieeBJe-ieeBJe ceWhee"Meeuee Keesueves keâer veerefle DeheveeÙeer ieÙeer~ Jes osMeerYee<eeDeeW keâes Øeeslmeenve osvee Ûeenles nQ~ hej, Deheves GösMÙeceW ke=âlekeâeÙe& ve nes mekesâ keäÙeeWefkeâ Deb«espeer ØeMeemeve Fme yeelekesâ efJe®æ Lee~ efceMeveefjÙeeW ves efMe#ee keâe OegDeeBOeej ØeÛeejlees efkeâÙee Lee hej F&meeF& Oece& keâe ØeÛeej ogieves Glmeen mesefkeâÙee~ 1857 kesâ ieoj kesâ cetue ceW F&meeF& Oece& keâe ØeÛeejleLee Oece& heefjJele&ve keâer ieefleefJeefOeÙeeB Yeer DevÙe Deveskeâ keâejCeeWceW mes Fme ieoj kesâ heMÛeele Jees efmLeefle hewoe ngF& Gmekesâ yeejsceW [e@. npeejerØemeeo efÉJesoer kesâ MeyoeW ceW, ‘‘Ùen kesâJeuejepeveereflekeâ mebIe<e& keâe keâeue veneR Lee kesâJeue meeceeefpekeâMeefòeâÙeeW kesâ Skeâ-otmejs škeâjeves keâe Yeer meceÙe veneRLee~ yeefukeâ Skeâ veJeerve Ùegie kesâ pevce uesves keâe meceÙe

Lee~ peneB mes nceeje osMe veS ceesÌ[ hej Deekeâj KeÌ[enes ieÙee Deewj Gmekesâ meeLe-ner-meeLe osMe keâer meeefnlÙeÛeslevee Yeer veJeerve efoMee keâer Deesj cegÌ[er~ ØeeÛeerveYeejleerÙe mejkeâej leye Yeer Øeyeue ™he ceW Jele&ceeve ceWLeer hejvleg Jes Yeer efyeuekegâue veÙeer efoMee ceW cegBn keâjkesâKeÌ[s nes ieS ÙeneB mes efMeef#ele mecegoeÙe ceW Skeâ Âef°keâesCekeâer mebYeeJevee GlheVe ngF&~ ceveg<Ùe kesâ meeceeefpekeâmecyevOeeW Deewj Deblej JewÙeefòeâkeâ mecyevOeeW kesâ ceeve ceWheefjJele&ve nesves ueiee Deewj ›eâceMe: hegjeves mebmkeâejeW mescegòeâ veJeerve Âef° GlheVe ngF& efpemeves jepeveereflekeâ,meeefneflÙekeâ, Oeee|cekeâ ceveesYeeJe FbiueQ[ ceW peÌ[ peeceeleepee jne Lee~ Deewj Gmekeâer uenjW YeejleJe<e& kesâ JeeÙegceb[uekeâes Yeer lejbefiele keâj jner LeeR~’’1

DeeOegefvekeâ Meyo keâer hejbhejerÙe DeLe& nw mecekeâeueerve kesâmeeLe meceefvJele nesvee~ mecekeâeueerve efJeÛeejeW, DevegYetefleÙeeWmebJesieeW Deewj oMee ceW Gvekeâer DevegYetefle kesâ lejerkeâeW kesâ mJejefceuevee Deewj Gmemes kegâÚ Deeies Yeer nesvee~ Ùen Meyo efvejblejheefjJele&veMeerue efJe<eÙe kesâvõ efyevog keâer Deesj mebkesâle keâjlee nwÙen Skeâ Øeef›eâÙee keâer efJeefOe mes mecyeefvOele OeejCee nw peeskeâšeJe keâer Ûeslevee keâes efveÙebef$ele keâjleer nw~

keâefJe keâer Deheveer Ûeslevee nesleer nw~ Jen Deheveer DevegYetefleDeewj Ûeslevee kesâ yeerÛe Skeâ mebyebOe mLeeefhele keâjlee nw~ FveoesveeW ceW Ieefve‰lee efJeueÙeve keâe ™he «enCe keâjleer nw~Ûeslevee Deewj DevegYetefle kesâ hejmhej efJeueÙeve mes leer›e DeewjIeveerYetle keâeJÙeelcekeâ DevegYetefle keâe pevce neslee nw~ keâefJeFveceW mes Skeâ keâes ueskeâj Yeer Deheves keâce& ceW ØeJe=òe nes mekeâleenw Deewj oesveeW keâes ueskeâj Yeer Jen Deheves mes efYeVe meceÙe keâerDevegYetefle keâes «enCe keâjkesâ~

mevoYe& :1. DeeOegefvekeâ yeesOe Deewj efJeõesn, [e@. njoÙeeue, he=. 942. YeejleerÙe efÛevleve hejcheje : kesâ. oeceesojve mes GoddOe=le,

he=. 3443. efÉJesoer, npeejerØemeeo, efnvoer meeefnlÙe mebmkeâjCe 1952,

he=. 82

ketâce& hegjeCe ceW veejer meMeefòeâkeâjCe : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve [e@. jepesvõ Øemeeo ÛelegJexoer*

[ 110 ]

* izksQslj ,oa foHkkxk/;{k ¼laLÑr½] 'kk-Bk-j.ker flag egkfo|ky;] jhok ¼e-iz-½

czãk dh l`f"V esa ukjh viwoZ oLrq gS] fQjpkgs og fdlh Hkh :i esa gks( fdarq mldkekuo&:i rks vkSj Hkh foy{k.k gS bl :i esa rksog ,slh izrhr gksrh gS ekuksa leLr l`f"V dklkSUn;Z&ekèkq;Z] lq[k&'kkfUr] ykyu&ikyu vkSjj{k.kkos{k.k mlds vius gh gkFk dh oLrq gSA blij ;g ckr Hkh eqDrd.B ls dgh tk ldrh gSfd ukjh dk Hkkjrh; :i rksu dsoy vn~Hkqr]vfirq yksdksÙkj efgekfUor gSA dguk ;g pkfg;sfd fofèk us Hkkjrsrj ns'kksa dh ukfj;ksa ds fuekZ.kesa ftl e`fÙkdk dk mi;ksx fd;k gS mllsHkkjrh; ukjh dh jpuk ugha gqbZ gS] vfirq bldsfy, mlus fdlh nwljh gh fnO; e`fÙkdk ls dkefy;k gSA dnkfpr~ ;g dguk Hkh vlaxr u gksxkfd Hkkjrh; ukjh ns[kus esa izkd`frd ekywe gksrhgS] ijarq gS og vly esa fo'kq) ikjekfFkZd rÙoksadh cuh oLrqqA rHkh rks og vius ekrk] Hkfxuh]iq=h] iRuh vkfn fofoèk vkSj fofHkUu :iksa esa vktHkh izfrekor~ iwT; gSA >k¡dh ysus vkSj vkjrhmrkjus dh oLrq gSA dqekjlEHko esa fganwjkuh dhblh :ijs[kk dh dkfynkl us bu 'kCnksa esa vkjrhmrkjh gS &

b;s"k lk drqZeoUè;:irkalekfèkekLFkk; riksfHkjkReu%AvokI;rs ok dFkeU;Fkk };arFkkfoèka isze ifr'p rkn`'k%AA

;gh dkj.k gS fd vk;Z tkfr dh vkt dhiruksUeq[k voLFkk esa Hkh ;gh vk;ksZfpr lEiw.kZlq[k&lkSHkkX;dks lnSo vius mÙkjh; esa l¡Hkkysjgrh gSA

Hkkjr dh ukjh vius izR;sd izdkj] :i vkSjn'kk esa vkt Hkh vuUo;kyadkj dk fo"k; cuhgqbZ gSA mldh xq.kxfjek ij iw.kZr% fopkj djlduk euq"; dh 'kfDr ls ckgj dh ckr gSAmldh eguh; foy{k.krk rks blh esa lfUufgr gSfd og izo`fÙk vkSj fuo`fÙk ds nksuksa {ks=ksa esa lrh]lkèoh vkSj rifLouh gh cuh gqbZ gSA mlds thoudk izR;sd {k.k ri] R;kx vkSj cfynku dh vuUrxkFkkvksa dk fo"k; gSA cMs+ &ls&cM+k lektlsodlkèkq&lar vkt Hkh bldh ifo=rk vkSjdrZO;rRijrk ds lEeq[k fu"izHk gSA

;fn Hkkjrh; ukjh vius lkoZtfud vkSjlkoZHkkSe n`f"Vdks.k dks foLQkfjr vkSj O;fDrRodks foLrkfjr dj ys rks fo'odqVqEc ds izR;sddk;Z dk bl le; Hkh lqpk# :i esa lapkyudj ldrh gSA blfy;s fd mlds jkx js'ks esavkt Hkh mldh viuh yksdksÙkj izkphu nSoh Hkkouk,avkSj vykSfdd mnkÙk ijEijk,a uke'ks"k ugha gqbZgSaA Kku esa ;kKoYD; vkSj 'kfDr esa eèkqdSVHkvkSj 'kqEHk&fu'kqEHkdks ijkLr djus okyh mldhijEijk dk rkfÙod vkHkkl vius vfod`r :i esabl le; Hkh fganw&dqVqEc&laLFkk esa izk;% nf"Vxkspj


SH

O

DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


gksrk jgrk gSA vkt Hkh gekjh x`gLFkh ds izR;sdizkax.k esa vius mek] jek vkSj fxjk ds :iksa esalalkj oU| Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dks blh us dk;ej[k NksM+k gSA 'khy] ladksp] yTtk vkSj èkeZ&tSlslekt&iks"kd rÙoksa dks blh us vuqizkf.kr djj[kk gSA

oSls gh oSKkfud {ks= esa oSfnd eqfuifRu;ksavkSj czãokfnuh nsfo;ksa dh Kku&ijEijk vkSjntZuksa _f"kdYi eU=kfo"dkfj.kh eqfu&dU;kvksadh vykSfdd izfrHkk vkt Hkh rRoKksa vkSjeuksoSKkfudksa dh nf"V esa Hkkjrh; ukjhdh fopkjèkkjkvkSj dYiuk&l`f"V esa thfor gSA bldk irkxkgZLFk dh mldh viuh jlk;u'kkyk vkSjifjos"k.k dh uo&uO; ifjdYiukvksa esa fuR; ghgesa feyrk jgrk gSA vkèkqfud oSKkfud {ks= esabldh uohu foKku&dqekfjdkvksa dh peRdkjiw.kZckrsa Hkh bl ckr ds vkuq"kafxd izek.k gSaA budsvius ?kjsyw izdk'k] ok;q vkSj ty ds fofoèkoSKkfud vkSj ;kfU=d izcaèk&fucUèk Hkh bldhviuh oSKkfud #fp ds gh ifjpk;d gSaA fo'ks"kr%bldk viuh xgLFkh dk bl {k.k dk laLdfrokn]lektokn] lkE;okn] uhfrokn] vFkZokn vkSjlkSUn;Zokn D;k fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls ux.; dgs tkldrs gSa\

;g lR; gS fd fL=;ksa esa J)k&fo'oklvfèkd gS] èkkfeZd Hkkouk fo'ks"k gS( vkSj ;g HkhlR; gS fd vkt Hkh èkeZ dks cgqr dqN fL=;ksa uscpk j[kk gSA i<+s&fy[ks ckcqvksa dks tgk¡ u rksvodk'k gS vkSj u J)k gS] ogk¡ mudh ekrk vkSjifRu;k¡ iq= vkSj ifr dh eaxy&dkeuk ls] ijyksdds fo'okl ls vkSj vkReks)kj ds mn~ns'; ls èkeZdk vkpj.k] Hkxoku~ dk Hkktu] nku&iq.;]vfrfFk&lRdkj] iwtk&ikB vkSj ozrksiokl djrhgSa] dFkk&dhrZu lqukrh gSa] efUnjksa esa nson'kZu dkstkrh gSa vkSj rhFkksaZ esa tkdj lar&egkRekvksa ds

n'kZu&lRlax djrh gSaA ;g lHkh dqN eaxye;gSa vkSj blls yksd&ijyksd nksuksa esa vrqfyrykHk gksrk gS( ijarq lkFk gh ;g Hkh lR; gS fdvktdy tSls izk;% lHkh {ks=ksa esa nEHk] èkks[kk]Hkz"Vkpkj] vukpkj rFkk Bxh pyrh gS] oSls èkeZrFkk vè;kRe ds {ks= esa vukpkj vkSj èkks[kkèkM+hcs'kqekj pyrh gSA cfYd ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrkgS fd bl {ks= esa vktdy vukpkj dk fo'ks"kizkcY; gSA dbZ rhFkksZa esa rks [kkl rkSj ij vukpkjrFkk O;fHkpkj ds vM~Ms cus gq, gSaA xq#vksa dhpkkjksa vksj ck<+ vk x;h gS vkSj yksxksa ds euksa esa][kkl djds ljygn; fL=;ksa ds euksa esa] ;slaLdkj c)ewy dj fn;s x;s gSa fd xq# ls nh{kkfy;s fcuk vkReks)kj dh dksbZ vk'kk gh ugha gSAxq# dk ntZ Hkxoku~ ls Hkh Å¡pk gS rFkk xq# dksloZLo viZ.k dj nsuk gh f'k"; ;k f'k";k dk,dek= drZO; gSA* fl)kUrr% ;g lR; gS fdijekFkZ&ekxZ esa ln~xq# dh vko';drk gS vkSjxq# ds izfr leiZ.k&Hkko vo'; gksuk pkfg;sijarq vktdy u rks izk;% oSls ln~xq# ghn`f"Vxkspkj gksrs gSa vkSj u fo'kq) vkReleiZ.k dkHkko ghA fQj fL=;ksa ds fy;s rks ,dek= ifr ghije xq# ekus x;s gSaA mUgsa vU; xq# djus dhvko';drk ugha gSA ;g Bhd gS fd nsonklh&izFkktSls vkjEHk esa nsorkvksa ds izfr 'kq) leiZ.k&Hkkodh |ksrd Fkh] ijarq ihNs ls mlesa egku~ iki vkx;k] mlh izdkj xq#dj.k&izFkk dk ewy Hkh ifo=Fkk] ijarq vktdy rks bldk cgqr cM+k nq#i;ksxgks jgk gSA ijarq bl vukpkj dk lewy uk'kdjus esa ukjh leFkZ gks pqdh gSA

dweZ iqjk.k esa rks ;gk¡ rd dgk x;k gS fdtks ukjh ifrozrk gS vkSj ifr dh lsok&'kqJw"kk esavuqjDr gS] mlds fy;s u rks bl yksd esa dksbZiki gS vkSj u ijyksd esaA


ifrozrk rq ;k ukjh Hkr`Z'kqJw"k.kksRlqdkAu rL;k fo|rs ikifeg yksds ij= pAA

èkeZijk;.k ifrozrk #nzk.kh gh gksrh gS] blesalansg ughaA bl lalkj esa dksbZ Hkh euq"; blsdHkh Hkh ijkftr djus esa leFkZ ugha gSA mnkgj.kds fy;s n'kjFk ds iq= jke dh rhuksa yksdksa esaizfl) lqUnj iRuh nsoh lhrk us jk{kls'oj dksijkftr dj fn;k FkkA mlls cM+k ukjh dkl'kDrhdj.k D;k gks ldrk gS \ dky ls iszfjrjk{kljkt jko.k us jke dh lqUnj rFkk fo'kkyus=ksa okyh Hkk;kZ lhrk dks izkIr djus dh bPNkdhA mlus ek;k ls riLoh dk os"k èkkj.kdjtu'kwU; ou esa fopj.k djrh gqbZ lhrk dkvigj.k djus dk fopkj fd;kA rc ifrozrkHkxorh lhrk us jko.k ds nq"V Hkko dks le>djvius ifr n'kjFk&iq= jke dk Lej.k fd;k vkSjifo= eqldku okyh mu lhrk nsoh us vkolF;vfXu dh 'kj.k xzg.k dhAx`ghRok ek;;k os"ka pjUrha fotus ousAlekgrqZa efra pØs rkil% fdy dkfeuhe~AA

dweZ iqjk.k esa ukjh ds 'kfDrerh gksus vkSjyksd dY;k.k djus okyh ukfj;ksa ds mnkgj.kHkjs iM+s gSaA ukjh ftl :i esa Fkh gS og 'kfDrerhgSA èkS;Z ds dkj.kog 'kfDr dk izn'kZu ugha djrh]ijUrq vko';drk vkus ij ihNs Hkh ugha jgrh gSA

lanHkZ %1- ,dkn'kksifu"kn~&'kadjkpk;Z d`r&xhrk izz sl

xksj[kiqjA2- v"Vkn'kiqjk.k egf"kZ O;kl&xhrkizsl@pkS[kEHkk

izdk'ku okjk.klhA

3- ledkyhu n'kZu&MkW- y{eh lDlsuk]

fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku okjk.klhA

4- ik'pkR; fpUru esa vkRerRo&fo'ofo|ky;

izdk'ku okjk.klhA

5- tSu n'kZu@ckS) n'kZu&MkW- cynso mikè;k;]


6- Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa psruk dk Lo:i]

MkW- Jh d".k lDlsuk] pkS[kEHkk izdk'ku okjk.klhA

7- fnO; thou] egf"kZ vjfoUn] ikafMpsjh izdk'kuA

8- xhrk] egf"kZ O;kl] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj

9- ik'pkR; n'kZu] MkW- cnzhukFk flag ,oa pUnzèkj

'kekZ] fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku okjk.klh

10- Hkkjrh; n'kZu] ia- cynso mikè;k;] pkS[kEHkk

izdk'ku okjk.klhA

11- jgL;okn] MkW- jkeewfrZ f=ikBh] fo'ofo|ky;

izdk'ku okjk.klhA

12- "kMn'kZu leqPp;] MkW0 jkes'oj ukFk feJ]


13- dweZiqjk.k] egf"kZ osnO;kl] Xkhrk izsl xksj[kiqjA

14- eRL; iqjk.k] Ekgf"kZ osnO;kl] pkS[kEck laLd`r

laLFkku okjk.klhA

15- in~eiqjk.k] Ekgf"kZ osnO;kl] pkS[kEck laLdr laLFkk

okjk.klhA

16- Okkeuiqjk.k] egf"kZ osnO;kl] [ksejkt Jhd".knkl]

izdk'ku eqEcbZ lu~ 2002A

17- v"Vkn'k iqjk.k niZ.k] Tokyk izlkn feJ] [ksejkt

Jhd`".knkl LVhe izsl] eqEcbZ JhosadVs'oj izsl]

fo0la0 1962A

18- Ikqjk.kfoe'kZ] MkW0 cynso mikè;k;] pkS[kEck

fo|kHkou okjk.klh 1987A

yeeue meeefnlÙe Deewj je°^erÙe-Ûeslevee meefjlee* [e@. efveueÙe ieesmJeeceer**

[ 113 ]

* MeesOeeLeea, jefpe. veb. S-13-1942, MeemekeâerÙe heer.peer. keâeuespe, oefleÙee, ceOÙeØeosMe

** ØeeOÙeehekeâ, mveelekeâesòej efnvoer efJeYeeie, MeemekeâerÙe heer.peer. keâeuespe, oefleÙee, ceOÙeØeosMe, mecyeæ peerJeepeer efJeMJeefJeÅeeueÙe,iJeeefueÙej, ceOÙeØeosMe

yeermeJeeR meoer kesâ ØeejbYe ceW uebyeer keâLeelcekeâ yeeuekeâefJeleeSB efueKeves keâe Ûeueve Lee~ yengle-mes keâefJeÙeeW vesyeÛÛeeW kesâ efueS ®efÛekeâj veeškeâerÙe Deboepe ceW uebyeer-uebyeerkeâefJeleeSB efueKeeR~ efnvoer kesâ Øeefme keâefJeÙeeW ves ceeKeveueeueÛelegJexoer ves Yeer yeÛeheve kesâ jme ceW [tyekeâj keâefJeleeSB efueKeernQ~ Skeâ meceÙe Lee peye Gvekeâer Skeâ ‘hetâue keâer Ûeen’ keâefJeleeØelÙeskeâ yeÛÛes kesâ neW"eW hej veeÛeleer Leer~ je°^Yeefòeâ kesâ YeeJeceW [tyeer Ùen keâefJelee menpe ner ceve ceW Deespe Yejleer nw~ FmekeâefJelee ceW hetâue ve osJe cete|leÙeeW hej ÛeÌ{vee hemebo keâjlee nwve nej ceW ietbLee peevee Ûeenlee nw~ Gmekesâ ceve ceW kesâJeueFlevee nw efkeâ efpeme jemles hej osMe hej Deheves ØeeCe yeefueoevekeâjves Jeeues Menero peeSB Jen Gme jemles ceW heÌ[e nes~ GvekesâÛejCeeW keâe mheMe& keâj mekeWâ~ jepeefiejs kesâ ueñÏDeeW hej efueKeerkeâefJelee ceW kegâÚ Deueie lejn keâe Deevebo nw—

‘‘ues uees oes Deeves kesâ Ûeej,ueñÒ jepeefiejs kesâ Ùeej~Ùen nw he=LJeer pewmes ieesue,{guekeâ heÌ[Wies ieesue cešesue~Fvekesâ ceer"s mJeeoeW ceW ner,yeve peelee nw Fvekeâe ceesue~oeceeW keâe cele keâjes efJeÛeejues uees oes Deeves kesâ Ûeej~’’1

keâefJelee keâer Debeflece hebefòeâÙeeB Yeer ceve YeeJeve nQ—

‘‘ceewmeer keâer vepejW Fve hej nw,

hetâheâe hetÚ jns keäÙee oj nw~

peuo Kejeroes uegše yeepeej,

ues uees oes Deeves kesâ Ûeej~’’

ÛeewLes heeBÛeJeW oMekeâ ceW jIegvevove Mecee& ves yeÛÛeeW kesâ

efueS ueeskeâefØeÙe keâefJeleeSB efueKeeR nQ~ ‘peuesyeer’, ‘jmeieguuee’,

‘meceesmee’ pewmeer Gvekeâer hegmlekeWâ kesâ veece Ùen Øekeâš keâj osles

nQ efkeâ yeÛÛeeW kesâ efueS GheosMeelcekeâ keâefJeleeSB efueKeves ceW

Gvekeâer ®efÛe veneR nw Jes Ssmee kegâÚ efueKevee Ûeenles efpemes

yeÛÛes Kego-ye-Kego ieeSB Je iegveiegveeSB~ 1929 ceW efMeMeg

ceeefmekeâ ceW Úhee Gvekeâe Ùen ieerle Deepe Yeer yengle Deekeâ<e&keâ

ueielee nw—

‘[ce [cee [ce

KesueW-ketâoW nce,

[ce [cee [ce-[ce~

{esue yepeeles nce~

Pece-Pecee Pece-Pece

veeÛes ketâos nce~

{ce-{cee, {ce-{ce~~’’2


SH

O

DH CHETNA

Year-2018Vol. 2

SJIF - 4.076


keâesF& meòej meeue iegpej peeves kesâ yeeo Yeer jIegvevoveMecee& kesâ efMeMeg ieerle nceW jesceebefÛele keâjles nQ~ jIegvevove Mecee&keâer yeeue keâefJelee yeÛÛeeW keâes yengle ØeYeeefJele keâjleer nQ~

Øees. kesâmejer Deheveer keâefJelee ceW keânles nQ—‘‘DeepeKesueves keâe efove nw ceeB, cegPes ve Ùen efove Keeves os’ GvekeâerkeâefJelee yeÛÛeeW kesâ ceve keâes JÙeòeâ keâjves keâer leekeâle jKeleernw~ Gvekeâer Fme keâefJelee ceW Ssmee ueielee nw ceevees yeÛÛes keâeceve yeesue G"e nes—

‘‘Deepe Kesueves keâe efove nw ceeB,cegPes ve Ùen efove Keesves oW,efIejleer nw lees efIejs yeoefjÙeeoge|ove nw, lees nesves os,Deepe yebo mketâue, ÚgefóÙeeWkeâer IeefÌ[ÙeeB ceveÛeener,keâmece keâvnwÙee keâer ve Deepe ceQÚtTBiee keâeiepe-mÙeener~Fmes ÚesÌ[keâj heÌ{ÒB efkeâleeyeW,Ùen efkeâleveer veeoeveer nw~’’3

Deeies yeÛÛeeW kesâ Fme mebmeej keâe JeCe&ve nw pees heÌ{eF& kesâyeesPe Deewj otmejer efpeccesoeefjÙeeW mes Deueie jKekeâj yeÛehevekeâe efJekeâeme keâjves keâer ØesjCee oslee nw~ mejmJeleer heef$ekeâe kesâmecheeokeâerÙe efJeYeeie mes mecyeæ jns Øeefmeæ meeefnlÙekeâejheogceueeue hegVeeueeue yeKMeer ves yeÛÛeeW kesâ efueS pees keâefJeleeSBGmemes Gme oewj keâer meeceLÙe& Deewj TBÛeeF& keâe Deboepee nesmekeâlee nw~ Ùen keâefJelee Gme oewj ceW yesno Ûee|Ûele Leer—

‘yegefÌ{Ùee Ûeuee jner Leer Ûekeäkeâer,hetjs mee" meeue keâer hekeäkeâer~oesves ceW Leer jKeer efce"eF&,Gme hej GÌ[keâj cekeäKeer DeeF&,yegefÌ{Ùee yeeBme G"ekeâj oewÌ[er,efyeuueer Keeves ueieer hekeâesÌ[er,Pehešer yegefÌ{Ùee Iej kesâ Devoj,kegâòee Yeeiee jesšer ueskeâj~~’’4

yesÛeejer yegefÌ{Ùee jesšer ueskeâj Yeeieles kegâòes keâes ceejves kesâefueS yeenj Yeeieer lees Devoj yekeâje Iegme DeeÙee~ yegefÌ{Ùee kesâÛeueves mes ceškeâe štš ieÙee~ Fme Meesj-Mejeyes ceW yekeâje vepeeves keâneB Ûeuee ieÙee~ yegefÌ{Ùee nwjeve hejsMeeve Lekeâkeâj yew"ieÙeer Deewj DeeefKej ceW ‘‘meeQhe efoÙee efyeuueer keâes ner Iej....’’

efJeMJeØekeâeMe kegâmegce keâer yeeue keâefJeleeDeeW keâe mJejceveceesnkeâ nw~ Jes Deheveer keâefJeleeDeeW ceW peeogF& Yee<ee mesyeÛÛes kesâ ceve kesâ ÛeejeW Deesj jnmÙe keâe Iesje yeveekeâj ÛeuelesnQ~ yeÛÛeeW keâes Deeuet-ieesYeer hemebo nw lees efJeMJeØekeâeMe kegâmegcekeâer Yee<ee ceW Ùes meejer ÛeerpeW mebieerleelcekeâlee ceW {ue peeleernQ—

‘‘oeJele ves nw ceve ueueÛeeÙee,keäÙee ueesies legce? Deeuet ieesYeer!keäÙee ueesies legce? Deeuet ieesYeer!ieesYeer keâe nw mJeeo yeÌ{eÙee,meyekeâer Ùener hegkeâej, Deeuet ieesYeer!meye keâjles lekeâjej Deeuet ieesYeer!’’5

Fme keâefJelee kesâ Devle ceW ogefveÙee keâer nj Ûeerpe Úesšernes peeleer nw—

‘ieesYeer pewmes nes jmeieguuee,vejce vejce Keeles Deyoguuee,veneR ÛeeefnS nceW efce"eF&,Deeuet ieesYeer os oes YeeF&!’

yeÛÛeeW kesâ ceve keâer ienjer Leen uesves Jeeues Skeâ DeewjmeMeòeâ keâefJe heefC[le Yethe veejeÙeCe oeref#ele jmeieguues kesâpeefjS yeÛÛeeW kesâ ceve keâer yeele keânles nQ—

‘let OevÙe-OevÙe nw jmeieguuee,legPeceW jme nw keâesceuelee nw,veerjmelee keâe nw veece veneR,legPekeâes Keeves ceW jmeieguues,oeleeW keâe keâesF& keâece veneR,meye FmeerefueS legPe hej ueóÒ,

Ûeens keâepeer nes Ùee ceguuee~~’6


Yethe veejeÙeCe oeref#ele keâer keâefJeleeDeeW ceW keâLeelcekeâØeefleYee keâe keâceeue DeefOekeâ nw~

Deepeeoer mes henues keâer yeeue keâefJelee ceW yeÛÛeeW kesâefueS efvelÙe veÙes efJe<eÙeeW keâes leueeMe keâj GvnW yeeue meeefnlÙeceW ueeves keâe keâece Meg™ nes ieÙee Lee~ pentj yeKMe ves SsmeerkeâefJeleeSB efueKeer nQ Gvekeâer yeÌ{F& hej efueKeer ieÙeer keâefJeleeyengle Deekeâ<e&keâ nw~ FmeceW yeÌ{F& keâer cesnvele Deewj keâuee keâeDeelceerÙe efÛe$e nw~ nceejer ogefveÙee Fleveer Ketyemetjle nw~ FmesDeejeceoeÙekeâ yeveeves Jeeuee yeÌ{F& efove jele cesnvele keâjleejnlee nw—

‘‘yeÌ{F& nceejs Ùen keânueeles,pebieue mes uekeâÌ[er ceBieJeeles~efheâj Gme hej nefLeÙeej Ûeueeles,ÛelegjeF& Deheveer efoKeueeles~uekeâÌ[er Deejs mes efÛejJeeles,efheâj Deejer mes nQ keâšJeeles~Gmes Jemetues mes efÚueJeeles,jboe jieÌ[-jieÌ[ efÛekeâveeles~kegâmeea šsyeue Ùener yeveeles,yeeyet efpevemes keâece Ûeueeles~Keeš heuebie Ùen ncekeâes osles,yeoues ceW kegâÚ hewmes uesles~’’7

pentj yeKMe keâer lejn "ekegâj ieesheeue MejCe eEmen keâerkeâefJelee ceW Ssmee mepeerueeheve nw pees nceW yeej-yeej Ùeeo Deeleernw~ Deemeceeve ceW GÌ[ves Jeeues yeÛÛes keâe ceve ieesheeueMejCeeEmen keâer Fme keâefJelee ceW nceW efoKeeF& oslee nw—

‘‘megvoj mepeeruee Ûeškeâeruee JeeÙegÙeeve Skeâ,YewÙee njs keâeiepe keâe Deepe ceQ yeveeTBiee,ÛeÌ{kesâ Gmeer hes mewj veYe keâer keâ™Biee Ketye,yeeoue kesâ meeLe-meeLe Gmekeâes GÌ[eTBiee~cebo-cebo Ûeeue mes ÛeueeTBiee, Gmes ceQ JeneB,Ûenkeâ-Ûenkeâ efÛeefÌ[ÙeeW kesâ mebie ceQ ieeTBiee,Ûevõ keâe efKeueewvee, ce=ie Útvee Jen Úerve uetBiee,YewÙee keâes ieieve keâer lejwÙee leesÌ[ ueeTBiee~~’’8

Fme keâefJelee ceW keâuhevee keâer mepeerJelee ceve keâer ienjeF&ceW Glej peeleer nw~ Ssmes ner Øees. ceesnve eEmen oerJeeveeW keâerÙeeoieej keâefJelee ceW yeÛeheve keâer Ketyemetjleer Deewj ÛebÛeueleekeâe Ùen efÛe$e ceve keâes yengle DeÛÚe ueielee nw—

‘‘peye vevne-mee ceQ yeÛÛee Lee,leye metjpe cegPes peieelee Lee,leye efkeâmemes ÛeeBo megveelee Lee,leye heeveer cesIe efheueelee Lee,peye vevne-mee ceQ yeÛÛee Lee,hetâueeW mes cesjer yeeleW Leer,megKe mJehve Yejer cesjer jeleW LeeR,ceveceesnkeâ leye yejmeeleW LeeR,DeoddYegle ÚefJe, DeoddYegle yeeleW LeeR...~’’9

Ùen keâefJelee yeÛeheve keâe DeefYevevove nw~ Ùen PeeBkeâeryeÌ[s nesves hej Yeer ceve ceW Glejleer nw~ yeeue meeefnlÙe ceW ieÅemeeefnlÙe nceejer JewÛeeefjkeâlee keâes yeÌ{elee nw~ nce ieÅe kesâceeOÙece mes JÙeJenej keâe he#e mecePe heeles nQ~ keâneveer,veeškeâ, efveyebOe, Skeâebkeâer yeÛÛeeW keâes JÙeJenej keâe he#eefmeKeeles nQ~ efyevee YeeJeveeDeeW kesâ peerJeve keâes mepeeÙee veneRpee mekeâlee~ DeLee&led nceW Yeeweflekeâ megKe-megefJeOeeDeeW keâer Deesjues peelee nw~ peneB nceW kesâJeue Dehevee efnle efoKeeF& oslee nw~yeeue meeefnlÙe ceW je°êrÙe Ûeslevee keâe ØeLece DeeOeej YeeJeveeSBnQ efpevekesâ Ûeueles yeeuekeâ Deheves Deeme-heeme kesâ JeeleeJejCemes pegÌ[lee nw~ je°êrÙe keâefJeleeDeeW kesâ ceeOÙece mes je°^ mespegÌ[ves kesâ efueS Yeer YeeJeveeDeeW keâer DeeJeMÙekeâlee nesleer nw~[e@. jesefnleeMJe DemLeevee keâer je°êrÙe YeeJeveeDeeW mes Deesle-Øeesle jÛeveeSB yeÛÛeeW keâes osMe mes peesÌ[leer nQ—

‘‘ieeBOeer peer keâe pevce efoJeme Lee,oes Dekeäštyej yeÌ[e ceneve,DeeDees nce meye efceuekeâj ieeSB,Gvekesâ peerJeve keâe ÙeMeieeve~’’10

je°êrÙe yeeue Ûeslevee ceW osMeØesce SJeb je°êrÙelee keâerYeeJeveeSB Yejves kesâ efueS Fme yeele hej pÙeeoe peesj osves keâerDeeJeMÙekeâlee nw efkeâ yeeuekeâeW ceW YeeJeveeDeeW keâes mecePeves keâe


pepyee efJekeâefmele nes~ Fmekesâ efueS yeeuekeâeW ceW YeeJeveeDeeW keâesefJekeâefmele efkeâS peeves Jeeues meeefnlÙe keâes yeÌ{eJee efoÙee peeveeÛeeefnS~

efJe%eeve kesâ Ùegie ceW kesâJeue metÛeveeDeeW keâe Deeoeve-Øeoeve yeeue meeefnlÙe keâer efoMee ceW cenlJehetCe& veneR ceevee peemekeâlee~ Deepe kesâ Ùegie keâer meyemes yeÌ[er mecemÙee yeÛÛeeW keâeyeÛeheve meceehle nes peevee nw~ yeeuekeâeW kesâ efoceeie ceW Fleveermeejer peevekeâeefjÙeeB Skeâef$ele nes ieÙeer nQ efpevekesâ Ûeueles yeeuekeâeWkeâes Deheveer efoMee Ûegveves ceW DeveskeâeW mecemÙeeDeeW keâe meeceveekeâjvee heÌ[ jne nw~

yeÛÛeeW keâes meceÙe mes henues Flevee meeje metÛeveelcekeâ%eeve GheueyOe nw efkeâ Jes Deheves Fme %eeve kesâ Ûeueles Dehevesmes yeÌ[eW mes yeele keâjves kesâ efueS Yeer lewÙeej veneR nQ~ Ssmes ceWFbmeeve keâe Fbmeeve mes efjMlee ner meceehle nes jne nw~ DeevesJeeueer heerÌ{er kesâJeue Deheves efueS peervee Ûeenleer nw~ Ssmes ceWyeeue ceveesefJe%eeve kesâ meejs mJeeYeeefJekeâ efJekeâeme kesâ ›eâceefoMeenerve nes ieÙes nQ~ Deepe yeeuekeâ kesâ ceve ceW kesâJeue DeLe&ØeyebOe keâer yeele keâes cenlJehetCe& {bie mes JÙeJeefmLele efkeâÙee peejne nw~ Gmes Ùen efmeKeeÙee pee jne nw efkeâ heo, Øeefle‰e,mecceeve, Ûeefj$e, meyekegâÚ Kejeroe pee mekeâlee nw~ Ssmesceenewue ceW je°^erÙe Ûeslevee keâer YeeJeveeDeeW keâes yeÌ{eves kesâ efueS

meyemes cenlJehetCe& DeeOeej keâefJeleeSB nQ efpevekesâ ceeOÙece mesje°^erÙe Ûeslevee keâe efJekeâeme efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~

mevoYe& :1. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : ceeKeveueeue ÛelegJexoer

keâer keâefJelee, he=. 522. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : jIegvevove Mecee& keâer

keâefJelee, he=. 533. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : Øees. kesâmejer keâer

keâefJelee, he=. 544. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : heogceueeue hegVeeueeue

keâer keâefJelee, he=. 545. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : efJeMJeØekeâeMe kegâmegce

keâer keâefJelee, he=. 556. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : heb. Yethe veejeÙeCe

oeref#ele keâer keâefJelee, he=. 557. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : pentj yeKMe keâer

keâefJelee, he=. 568. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : ieesheeue MejCe eEmen

keâer keâefJelee, he=. 569. efnvoer yeeue keâefJelee keâe Fefleneme : Øees. ceesnve eEmen

oerJeevee keâer keâefJelee, he=. 5710. mee"esòejer efnvoer yeeue meeefnlÙe : [e@. Mes<eheeue eEmen

‘Mes<e’, he=. 137