sign-list · 2017. 10. 26. · list of hieroglyphic signs sign-list explanation why one sign rather...

LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS Sign-list

explanation why one sign rather than another is used in the writing of a particular word. This applies especially to phonetic signs involving an s-sound, for Old Egyptian rigorously distinguished ~ J and - z. The reason why ~j SI' son', for example, is written with ~ instead of 6 is that the earlier reading of the Middle Egyptian word s1 'son' was z1, not sJ. Such facts as these have had to be taken into account.

The transliterations used in the following list call for comment in one particular. The use of brackets ( ) is a double one. Either they imply that a consonant has to be understood which is not written, as in To~ Wl{/(y)t 'Edjo ',or else that a consonant which is written had disappeared from the pronunciation, as in r~Q :1o sw(r)i 'drink' (§ 2 79 ). When one consonant passed into another in the course of the development of the language the conservative Egyptians sometimes retained in the hieroglyphs both the earlier and the later sound-signs. This is what has happened also in t~Qf~ 'what?', transliterated by us pw-ti in § 497 and elsewhere; we might well, however, have written pw-t(r)i, indicating thereby that the earlier form pw-tr had changed into pw-ti. It is unlikely that ambiguity will arise from this twofold employment of brackets. In some cases, as with Jae inf. verbs like s;_..ll pri, the unwritten consonant i is added in the transliteration without employing brackets.

The explanations given of individual signs have been confined, as a rule, to normal uses, except where, as with ~ B 3, an abnormal use has been found in a particularly important text. It has not, for example, been thought desirable to record wholly exceptional abbreviations, ex. 1 for iJw. But even with this abstention the variety of employments must often appear astonishing. Sometimes this variety may be due to the fusion of signs originally distinct, as illustrated above. The diversity of employments as determinative sometimes arises from the fact that a sign may stand, not merely for the object it depicts, but also for actions performed therewith, ex. 'JJ (U 13) occurs alike in mj"JJ hb 'plough' (n.) and in ru~ ~~ sk1 'plough. (vb.); so too with"""""' (T 30), ~ (Y I), ~ (Y 3). And, of course, the development of the generic determinatives (§ 24) out of signs of much more specific character greatly increased the range of application of the former, ex. the hieroglyph of the striking man ~ came to be employed where the early 0. K. inscriptions particularized by showing a man in the act of sowing for one in the act of reaping J!.

The study of the individual hieroglyphs is still in its infancy, though some admirable pioneering work has been done. The principal authorities are :-W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, Medum, London, 1892; F. LL. GRIFFITH, Bent' Hasan, Part Ill, London, 1896; ID., A Col/ec#on of Hieroglyphs, London, 1898; N. DE G. DAVIES, The Mastaba of Ptahhetep and Akhethetep at Saqqareh, Part I, London, 1900; M. A. MuRRAY, Saqqara Mastabas, Part I, London, 1905; A. M. BLACKMAN, The Rock Tombs of Me£r, Part 11, London, 1915; A. ScHARFF, /lrchaolog£sche Beitrage zur Frage der Entstehung der Hierogl;phenschrift, in Sitz. Bayr. Ak: 1942, Hift ]· An admirable synopsis of the signs employed in the earliest period will be found in HILDA PETRIE, Egyptian Hieroglyphs of the First and Second Dynasties, London, 1927. Not to increase our references too greatly, we have as a rule preferred to quote less obvious sources.

441

Sign-list EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

The letter and number prefixed to the individual hieroglyphs in the following list are those assigned to them in the Catalogue (Oxford, 1928) of the new fount of type made for the express purpose of this Grammar. Sometimes, however, the designation will seem to be out of its rightful place, exx. A 59 between A 25, 26, Aa 23, 24 between U 35, 36. This is due either to the sign having been added after the publication of the Catalo._t[ue or to our desire to present it in a more appropriate position than in the first edition.

Sect. A. Man and his Occupations

I ~ seated man Ideo. in ~ s (si) 0 'man·. Ideo. or det. 'I', 'me' in jft ·l, }jft wl, ~it ink, }:it ·kwi. Det. man's relationships or occupations, exx. ~:it SJ 'son'; ~i<>fr smr 'courtier'; l~} ~ Jt !;wrw 'wretch'; g)t irr 'doer' ; also personal names, ex. f';'}jft rniJw '<Ankhu '. In personal names, .~. is abbrev. for <=>l}.~. r!;w 1 men ',I ex .. ~.f ';' R!;w-rniJ 'Re}:tu<onkh '.

:it~ I I I

0 Very rarely written as si, exx. Urk. v. 179; llfett. 18.

seated man and woman with plural strokes

Det. people and their occupations, exx. =~~ rmt 'people' ; \~ 1Q.. :it~ rmzw 'Asiatics'; ~'"i:'"'ftfti~ mtrw 1 witnesses'. ~~jt' I I I 0 .X U U I t I

man with hand mouth

to Det. eat,1 exx. ~~~ wnm 'eat'; L~.~ !.zlfr' hungry'; drink, ex. ~~Q2~ sw(r)i 'drink'; speak, exx. ~:J~ stid' relate'; ~~ gr 'be silent'; think, ex. ~~ k1i 'devise'; feel, ex. ~~ mri 'love'.

1 Old uses, AZ. 57, 73·

3 ~ 1 man sitting on heel Det. in ~i !.zmsi 'sit'. Replaced in hieratic by '}I A I 7 or :/A A I 7* or even by ~ B 4·

man with arms raised (cf. 1 A 30)

man hiding behind wall (Dyn. XVIII)

man receiving purification (in M.E. usually replaced by {j D 6o)

7 _A 1 man sinking to ground from fatigue

1 Ex. Rekh. 4, 1.

Det. supplicate, ex.*~~ dwJ 'adore'; hide, exx. ~m~~A 1

sdgJ 'be hidden'; Q:;:~ 2 imn 'hide'. 1 Leyd. V 4o 2.

Det. hide, ex. Q:;:\~ imn 'hide'. I Urk. iv. 84, 15. Very rare before Dyn. XIX.

Ideo. in M var. Pyr. _}..-~~{] wrb 2 'pure', 'clean'. I Ex, D. el B. 56.

Det. weary, weak, exx. ~=A}.2 wrd' tire'; j~3 bds 'faint'; m=_A• gnn 'be soft'.

1 Ex. D. el B. no. I Brit. Mus. 101. 1 BUDGE, p. 37:1, 14. 4 Cf. Urk. iv. 943, +

442

As

10 ~1

Il ~1

12 ~

13 J, 1

MAN AND HIS OCCUPATIONS Sign-list

man performing the hnw-rite

man steadying basket o W 10 on head

man holding oar

man holding the rbJ

sceptre f S 42 and crook 1 S 39 (O.K.)

Det. in .!!:.o}l hnw 'jubilation'. 1 Ex. D.e/ B. 89.

Det. in lt.C:j abbrev. j-JJ 1 1tp 'load'; ~j abbrev. j-JJ 2

fii 'carry'; ~j abbrev. j 8 /ut 'work'. 1 Sin. B 244; Peas. B I, 70.

Det. in ~1~~ 1 slfdw 'sail'. 1 Tk. T. S. i. 37·

a Urlt. iv. sa, I 7.

O.K. ideo. or det~ in ft var. !J~~ft 1 !Jnms 'friend'. Later replaced by fi A 2 r.

1 DAv. Ptak. i. 4, no. 8. I Saqq. Mast. i. 23.

soldier with bow and Ideo. or det. in ti! var. ~::ti 1 msr 'army'. Det. tn

qmver ~QQoti! 2 mnfyt 'soldiers'.

man with arms tied behind his back

man with blood streaming from his head

1 Lyons 90. I Urk. iv. 966, 6.

Det. enemy, exx. UQ)J, sbi 'rebel'; ~J, !Jfty 'enemy'. 1 Ex. Puy. 30 (spo..fn~w;.

Det. die, ex. ~~ mwt 'die'; enemy, ex. ~~ !Jfty 'enemy'. I Ex. D.e/B. ll<j.

as A 14 but blood in- Use as A 14. terpreted as an axe 1 1 Model taken from temple of Ramesses Ill at Medlnet Habu. Probably in use

far earlier.

r 5 ~ man falling Ideo. or det. in ~~ var. ~ 1 !Jr 'fall' and derivatives. Abbrev. ~} 2 for !.}~ !Jrw 'fallen (i.e. conquered) enemy'; also ~ 8 for ~~~ s(Jrt 'overthrow' (infinitive).

1 Urk. iv. 653, 15. s Urk. iv. 658, n.

16 .i] 1 man bowing down Det. in =-PJI ksi 'bow down'. 1 Ex. D.e/ B. 7o.

child sitting (on lap) Det. young, exx. 7f' rnpi 'be young'; :=q' sri 'child';

with hand to mouth ~l'~ nm!t 'orphan'. Abbrev. ,'J, ' 1 for ~' !J.rd 'child'. Phon. nni in :t.:,=o 2 Nni-nsw 'Heracleopolis '.

1 Especially in the title !J•·d n k1p ' child of the bartm ', written phonetically Thebes, tomb 241, JEA. 16, PI. 17, o.Q. 1 From nn(l) 'child', see the reference qu. on w 24·

1 7* _ifJ child in sitting posture, arms hanging down

Adapted from hieratic, 1 where it replaces ~ A 3, ex. ::_:.[J ftmsi 'sit ',2 or' A 17, ex. ffi} ;/J1 1 1 ms:w 'children '. 8

r8 fo child with crown of Lower Egypt '?;/ S 3

I MOLL. Pal. i. no. 31. 1 P. Kak. 61 5· a Hat-Nub 18, 5·

Det. child-king, exx. Q7 j, 1 inp 'crown-prince', 'royal child'; Uf. 2 wtift 'weaned princeling'.

1 Ex. Urlt. iy. 157, 7· Sim. rnnl 'nursling' (fem.), ib. 361, 15. 1 Urk. iv. 157, 8.

443


20 f)} 1

21 ti

bent man leaning on stick (clearly distinguishable from !1} A 2 I in hieratic,1 not always so in hieroglyphic)2

man leaning on forked stick, less senile than 13}AI92

man holding stick in one hand and handkerchief in the other (always distinct from 13} A I9 in hieratic) 1

2 2 1i. 1 statue of man with stick and rb1-sceptre

t s 42

Ideo. or det. old, in Qll}/3l var. 13} inv 'old'; ~ ~ ~ .}13} var. 13} smsw (smsw) 'eldest'; great, in ~13} varr. ~j, 13} wr 'great one', 'chief'. Det. old, also in ::_ Ql3} tni 'old' ; lean, exx. 7!13} rhn 'lean'; oflll/3l tw1 'support oneself'. Phon. or phon. det. ik (from a rare ilk 'be aged' 3) in Q~l3} 4

var.I3}QQ 6 iky 'miner',' hewer of stone'. In M.K. hieratic l/3ll:t is written for l;wi, J;U 'strike '.6

1 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. 13-14; JIZ. 491 112. I Especially as wr • chief'. 5 Wb. i. 34· 4 Hamm. I oS. D Hamm. ll3, 3· a See below A 25.

Ideo. or det. in~ much rarervar. r~~.}Jj} smsw (smsw) 'eldest', especially in ~--Jj} sJf smsw 'his eldest son', cf. Pyr. ~=-~~:t.}, 3 zrk smsw, and in the title Jt var. r~~.}roQQ~j ~ smsw hyt 'elder of the portal'.

1 O.K., Leyd. Dcnkm. i. 6 in !mJw ll(y)t. 1 A sign like A 19 is used for smsw in hieratic. s Pyr. 6o8. • JIZ. 6o, 64-

Ideo. or det. in r-=-!i var. !i sr (sr) 'official',' noble'. Det. magnate, exx. jJQo!i,~. snyt 'courtiers'; ~i~-=-li smr 'courtier', 'friend' (of the king). Also det. in !J~rli 2

/Jnms ' friend ', here replacing an older sign ~ A I I ; in ~Jii 3 !inti 'statue' replacing Ji A 22. In hieroglyphic li is often hard to distinguish from 13} A I 9 (in the word wr ' chief') and from Jj} A 20.

1 MoLL. Pal. i. no. II; JIZ. 49, u~. 2 Cairo 20245, I; 20426, k. 5 Puy. 20.

Det. in ~ oJi !int(y) 'statue' and in ~Ji twt 'statue'. The form of the sign varies according to the nature of the statue to be depicted. 2

1 Ex. Sit# i. 3-JS (!lnty ). 2 Exx. king, Udl. iv. 279, 7 (!lnty); 753, 3 (twtw).

23 fi 1 king with stick and Det. in Q~QQ!f ity 'sovereign'. club j T 3 1 Thebes, tomb 55·

2 4 \1) man striking with stick Det. in Xl:t J;wi, l;ii 'strike'. Hence det. force, effort, exx. ~l:t abbrev. 1:t 1 n/Jt 'strong' ; "0 ~ l:t nl;m 'take away' ; l--J!Alll:t J;rt.fJ 'plunder'; U* lll:t sb1 'teach'. In Dyn. XVIII hieroglyphic 1:t is mostly replaced by~ D 40, which either as ~ or as --JJ is common also in hieratic.

1 Exx. Urk. iv. 82, 10; 89, 7•

444


man striking, with left arm hanging behind back 1

59 1f man threatening with stick

26 j 1 man with one arm raised in invocation

man hasteningwithone arm raised

Rare ideo. used in l~~ (lwi, (lii 'strike·. Serves in this book as a conventional transcription of the hieratic group aJ employed in Dyn. XVII-XVIII papyri and also earlier in Dyn. XI; 2 the explanation of the group is obscure.3 In papyri of Dyn. XII' strike' is written l~~ with a sign identical with ~ A I 9· 3

l MoLL. Pal. i. no. 16 (Hyksos period). 1 Frequent in the Coffin Texts.; see also a hieroglyphic equivalent Dent/. II A. I AZ • ..... u6; 56, 39-

Det. 'drive away' in ~!.f slzr 'drive away '. 1

I Urk. iv. 618, 7·

Det. call, exx. Tiitzis 'call', 'summon'; c,aQ"j} 2 t;/wi 'call'. Abbrev. r§ in 411} 3 st;/m-r§ 'servant', lit. 'one who hears the call'. Det. in the vocative interjection Qi} i' 0' {§ 258).

1 Ex. Rekk. u. ' Urk. iv. 874, 6. I Tk. T. S. iii. 5; reading, ib.loweat register.

Cf. Pyr. Q,A./\../\.1\ 2 inw 'messengers'. Hence phon. in in 1! in 'by' (§ 168).

1 Ex. Rekn. u. • Pyr. 1675, the body probably omitted for superstitious reasons.

man with both arms Det. high, in LI ~ 'f varr. L1 'f ~. 'f *'(i) ' be high'. Det. joy, raised exx. l--nJ !zri 'rejoice'; ~f\=J 1 sw1s 'extol'; mourn, in

l~ 'f 2 !z1i 'mourn'; also, for unknown reasons, in Q ~ ~ J a

iJS 'bald'.

29Jh 1 man upside-down

man with arms outstretched (cf. 1ft A 4)

31 f 1 man with his arms stretched out behind him

3 2 f 1 man dancing

man with stick and bundle or mat on shoulder

1 D. elB. 81. 2 JEA . • p, to-t. s Eb. 66, 9; cf. too Jrl, Wb. i. 10, 15.

Det. in ~.!,1 s!Jd 'be upside down'. 1 Ex. Amuda 17.

Det. praise, exx. Q~.}'j} var. Q111'j ilw 'praise'; *':!l dw1 'adore'; ~ f\ = 'j} 1 sw1s ' extol' ; supplicate, ex. of\~ 'j} 2

tw1 'claim' ; awe, in .:.f'Jl~ 3 tr 'show respect for'. 1 Urk. iv. t.p, 4· I PI. 3'9· 1 Sin. R35.

Det. turn away, ex. ~o.} 1 2 rnw 'averted' (face). 1 MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 5 (Dyn. XVIII.) 2 R. I H. 240, 39 (Dyn. XIX).

Det. dance, ex. 0Jf 2 !Jbi 'dance'; joy, ex. roQQ~o.}f 3 hyhnw 'jubilate '.

1 MoLL. Pal, ii, no. 6. 1 Urk. iv. 141, I.

I Urk. iv. 386, 6. Sim. Dyn. XII, Bersk. ii. 21, 14.

Ideo. in, var. ::;Q}, 2 m(i)niw 'herdsman :.3 Det. wander, exx. }, ' rwi 'wander'; => ~~},,~,5 sm(1)w 'wanderers ', ' strangers '.

1 Puy. 50. 1 Berl. Al. ii. p. 166. 1 )JZ. 42, 119. 'Puy. 50; D.1lB. II3. 1 Urlt. iv. 390, 8.

445

Sign-list

A34 ~

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

35 ITi 36 JA1

man pounding in a mortar 1

man building a wall

man kneading and straining into a vessel 2

3 7 \!j 1 commoner form of last

man holding necks of two emblematic animals with panther heads (Dyn. X I I)

39 m 1 alternative form of last

41

43

44

45

46

t:fl

~1

Jf

seated god. (Note the slightlycurved beard and straight wig)

king. (Note uraeus on brow, straight beard, and coif)

the same, but with flagellum ,1\ S 45

king wearing crown of Upper Egypt r:J S 1

the same, but with flagellum ,1\ S 45

king wearing crown of Lower Egypt '?;/ S 3

~ 1 the same, but with flagellum ,1\ S 45

Det. in o} ~~ !Jwsi ' pound ', ' build'. 1 See the picture Rekk. I 2, In the accompanying text !Jfvst is infinitive, hence the

verb is 4ae inf.

Ideo. or det. in 1~Ifi var. Ifi 1 /fd 'build'. 1 Urk. iv. 765, u; cf. 767, n.

Ideo. or det. in JA~'i 3 var. ~.4 \!!~ rfty 'brewer'. 1 From a walking-stick formerly in the possession of N. de G. Davies. See the

picture Leyrl. V 3= Denkm. ii. 2. 2 AZ. 35, 128. s Cairo 2o161, c 28, Sim. NoRTHAMPT. 4· 4 Cairo 20095; see too A'Z. 37, 84.

Use as last. 1 Cairo 20018, n; Leyd. V 6; see li.Z. 371 82.

Ideo. in t!) 1 varr.1~V L!Q~@ 3 I{is, var. Dyn. XVIII 01)~~ 4 $sy,

'Cusae', the modern town of El-~Cl~iyah in Upper Egypt. 1 Meir ii. 17, no. 8-i. 2. 2 Meir ii. 17, no. 4=ib. iii. 9• 1 LAc. TR. 20, 35; see Meir i. p. I, n. 3· ' Urk. iv. 386, 4·

Use as last. 1 DAV.J{en. i, 44•

Det. god (replacing earlier ~ G 7),1 exx. ~l~ Ptf:t 'Ptah'; :=:-=}~ Mnlw '(the god) Mont'. Ideo. ordet. 'I', 'me' in ~ ·i, }~ wi, ,£.~ ink when a god is speaking or, in Dyn. XII, the king. 2

1 M. E. hieratic retains G 7, see § 63 A 1 4· 2 References for -l see § 34·

Det. king (common Dyn. XVII I), exx. :}o ,:~ nsw 'king' ; h~ f:tm 'Majesty'; "::::7~ nb 'the Lord' (p. 75). Ideo. or det. ' I ', 'me' in ~ ·i, }~ wi, ,£.~ ink when the king Is speaking.1

1 References for ./ see § 34·

Use as last (common Dyn. XVIII). 1 Already Dyn. XII, Hier. 8, no. IofB=Bersk. i, 15 (lty).

Ideo. or det. in :J,,.:~ var. ~ 1tsw (nzw, nl-fwt} 1 'king of Upper Egypt', 'king'. Det . .l.~ Wsir 'Osiris'.

1 Reading, P· 50, n. 1.

Use as last. 1 As abbrev. nsw, Urk. iv. 332, IO,

Ideo. or det. in '!R var. R bity 'king of Lower Egypt'.

Use as last. I Puy. :ao, 6.


49 \tl

so A

53 ~

shepherd seated and wrapped in mantle, holding a stick with appendage 1

beardless man (or woman ?) holding knife(?) 1

Syrian seated holding stick

man of rank seated on chair

the same with flagellum

!\ S45

noble squatting with flagellum ;\ S 45 (common in Dyn. XVIII)

mummy upright

54~ recumbent mummy

55 M mummy lying on bed (replacing O.K. form with man on bed) 1

Ideo. in~} var. Pyr. :;:q}~ 1 m(i)niw 3 'herdsman'. Ideo. or det. in~~~~ var. ~~}~ sJW (z1w)' 'guard', 'protect'. Sometimes inaccurately for ~ A 48 in Q<>~ 5

iry 'relating to' (§ 79). 1 MoNTET 99· 1 P)'r. 1348. 1 Reading, JIZ. 42, u6. 4 Reading with z,

see P)'r. u63. 1220, a Rekk. ro; Urk. iv. uo, 17.

Ideo.(?) or det. iry in Q<>~ var. ~ iry 'relating to', 'belonging to' (§ 79).

1 See DAv.Ptan.i.p. 15. Good detailed exx. of the sign are not forthcoming. It may depict the 'door-keeper' (lr)' rrrt) of some mythical place.

Det. foreigner, exx. )~}\ftj 1 rJmw 'Asiatics'; ggg[~\ft\ft\ft 1

'/wntyw-Styw 'Nubian bowmen '. 3

1 Urk. iv. 6141 r. ' JJ. el B. r6o. • Seep. 398, n. r.

Det. revered persons (M.K.; in Dyn. XVI I I mainly replaced by )1 A 51 and ~ A 52), exx. ~T}.A Snbw 'Sonbu ', a personal name; ~i.~.AI 1 smr(w) 'courtiers '. Ideo. or det. 'I', 'me' on M.K. coffins in .A 2 ·i, } A wi, .g..A ink. Rarely ideo. like )1 A 51 in .A 8 sps (sps) 'noble'.

1 BH. i. 25, n9. 1 Refer~nces, § 34· 1 .Meir ii. II ; Leyd. V 41 12.

Ideo. in )1 ~ var. ~~.A 1 spsi (spH) ' be noble ' and related words. After M.K., often det. revered persons, ex. ~ 11.}-l/)1! 11 imyw-lpt 'those of former times'.

1 Siut 1, 231, Sim. P)'r. 931. ' Urk. iv. 591 3· Sim. i6. 59• 4 (lmiOyw); 76, 10 (tpyw-r); 86, 3 (tirlyw).

Det. revered persons, especially personal names, ex. ~~~ 1

P1-!zry ' Pal}.eri ', a man's name; :::::::1 (:n~ 2 sr!z 'deceased noble'. Rarely also for ~ A 51 in ~~ 8 sps 'noble'.

1 Urk. iv. I u, 5• 2 Urk. iv. 123, 12. I PU)'. 20.

Det. mummy, ex. }Q ~ 1 wi ' mummy' ; statue, likeness, ex. ~~ var. ~ 2 twt 'statue'; form, shape, exx. LlQH ki 'form'; J..} ~~ {Jprw ' forms ', ' stages of growth '.

1 Louvre C 15, 8; Sin. B 193·

Det. dead, exx. :;:Q&:-~ 1 m(i)ni "death'; <::::7-r; &:-~ 2 nb-rn_{J 'sarcophagus', lit. 'lord-of-life'.

1 Urk. iv, 405, 8. 1 Urk. iv. II31 9-

Det. lie, ex. ~ ~n abbrev. n 11 sir 'lie', 'spend all night' ; death, exx. 0~r==1 8 {Jpt 'decease'; ~n' /JJt 'corpse'.

1 Ex. Meiriv ... J, I Eb. 6, 9· s Cairo 20003,a 2. • n. T.S. i. 30, B.

For fA 59 see above after A 25. 447


Sect. B. Woman and her Occupations

B 1 ~ seated woman Det. female, exx. -;: ~ st ' woman' ; ~~ (tmt ' woman', 'wife' ; ~~~ ntrt 'goddess'; woman's relationships, exx. ~~ s1t 'daughter'; ~~ -:-"-~ !J1rt 'widow'; her occupations, exx. io~ (tmt 'female slave'; ifiQQc~ smryt 'chantress'; her name, ex. *-:: ~ Nfrt 'Nofret'. As suffix 1st pers. sing. 'I', 'my' (fern.)~ ·i has not been noted before Dyn. XIX.1

2 ~

3 ~

4 ~1

5 il 6 ~1

7 ~

2

3

4~

pregnant woman

woman giving birth

combination of sign for a squatting woman (cf. 4) B 3) with m F 31 2

woman suckling child

woman seated on chair with child on lap

queen wearing diadem and carrying flower

1 Exx. MAR. Abyd. i. l5·

Det. pregnant, exx. ~~ 1 iwr 'conceive'; jU~~ 2 bk1 'be pregnant'.

1 D. el B. 49· 1 Urk. iv. 268, 7·

Ideo. or det. in mr4) 1 var. 4) msi (msi) 'bear', 'give birth' and the related words.

1 Urk. iv. I3, I6.

Use as last. In one hieratic MS. substituted for ~ A 3.3

1 Exx. Brit. M as. 566; Cairo 70040=ROEDER, NtUis 4l. Also without arms showing, ex. Berl. Al. i. p. 258, I8. 20. • Old exx. show the two signs almost or quite separate from one another, bat with the ph on. sign m/ placed as though it were the infant in course of being born, Urk. i. 24, IS; 35, 11; 36, 7· • JEA. 32, PI. 14, n. I, 3a.

Det. 'suckle' in =:::ni mnrt 'nurse', 'foster-mother'. 1 Exx. Dyn. XII, BH. i. l5, 79; Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 53·

Det. 'nurse' in=~ rnn 'nurse', 'rear'. 1 Exx. L. D. iii. 53; D. el B. Iol,

Det. of names of queens.t 1 Ex. Ann. 42, 479, from Thebes, tomb 192, temp. Amenophis Ill.

Sect. C. Anthropomorphic Deities god with sun and uraeus

on head

god with head offalcon bearing sun on head ~ G 9 and holding

-¥- s 34

god with head of ibis ~G26

god with head of ram "I;t E IO

Ideo. or det. in::;;~ 1 var. ~ 1 Rr '(the sun-god) Re<'. 1 D. el B. IIO.

Ideo. or det. in::;;~ var. ~ 1 Rr '(the sun-god) Re<'. 1 Urk. iv. 14, 13.

Ideo. or det. in ~~ 1 var. ~ l)(l,wty 2 'Thoth '. 1 Bet·slz. i. 15. 2 Reading, see on G 26.

Ideo. or det. in 6}i1ft var. if .lfnmw 'Chnum '. 1 Urk. iv. 99, 5·

C5

6

7

8

9

IO

11

ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEITIES Sign-list

the same holding- Sf

S 34

god with head of dog ~ E 15

god with head of Sethanimal yE 20

f ithyphallic god with feathers, uplifted arm, and flagellum ;\ S 45

goddess with sun and horns

goddess with feather on head

god with arms supporting (the sky) and f M 4 on head (often also without f)

Use as last.

Ideo. or det. in Q'";'}~ var. ~ 'Inpw ' Anubis'; also m v~l71~ I WjJ-wJWt 'Wepwawet •.

1 Urk. iv, 99• 10,

Ideo. in ~ St!J I (StS) 'Seth ', 1 Reading, see on E 20.

Ideo. or det. in ~f I var. f Mnw 2 'Min '. 1 Urk, iv. 1031, + 2 Reading, see on R :u.

Ideo. or det. in ~J I var. J 2 ijt-!zr ' Hathor '. 1 Sinai r..~r. 2 Sinai 95· Also shown seated on chair, ib. 105.

Ideo. or det. in ~""'~ var. ~ M1rt 'Macet ', the goddess of Truth.

Ideo. in lt' var. Pyr. nw I ij!z '(one of the gods) l:fe}:l '. 2

Hence phon. !t!t in lt' !t!t 'million', 'many' (§ 259). 1 Pyr. 1390. 2 The eight l;Ieli-gods were those who held the sky aloft, see

KEES, Gdtterglaube, p. 312 and the pictureJEA. 28, PI. 4· The sign for' year' (M 4) was added doubtless on account of the common expression /;/; m (or n) rnpwt 'a million years '.

It may prove possible to find images of other deities used as ideo. or det. in M. K. inscriptions, but for lack of positive earlier evidence some models for the hieroglyphic fount have been taken from monuments of Dyn. XIX or later, I exx. C I 2 ~ Amun, C 17 1fl Mont, C 18 j Tjanen, C 19 ~and C 20 ~ Ptal}.

1 JEA. 17, 245.

D I fY head in profile

Sect. D. Parts of the Human Body

Ideo. in !f tp I ' head ' and 0e" tpy ' chief', ' first'. Det. head, exx. A~L~e t!J</J 'head'; f~e ftJ 'back of head', whence prep. f~e ftJ 'behind' (§ 1 72) and ~~fe mkftJ 'neglect,; 'f07e dhnt 'forehead', whence ru® dhn 'promote ', etc. ; perhaps with notion throttle, in m fl ~e 2

gwJwJ 'fetter',' bind fast'. Possibly !f possessed the value qJqJ in some cases where there is no evidence to prove it. In one M. E. story the spellings A~A~ !f and !f alternate for the 'head' of a goose, as well as in the common 0. K.

449

Sign-list

& (continued)

2 ~ face

3 ~ hair

4 ~ eye

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

personal name ty~ -¥-. 3 Of the two words for 'head' tjJr]J

alone has survived in Coptic (djo, construct d;e-), also in the prepositions edjen, h£djen; it is impossible to say how early the latter readings are, and the values r-tp, ftr-tp have been provisionally retained above, p. 135, top.

1 Reading, PSBA. 21, 269. 2 Urk. iv. 7, f· s Westc. Index, p. 30.

Ideo. in~ f.tr 1 'face' and derivatives. Hence phon. f.tr, exx. ~~n~ f.tr 'prepare'; ~~ df.tr 'bitter', 'sour'.

1 Reading from Coptic luJ 1 face', derivatives like krai 'upper part', and phonetic use.

Det hair, exx. ,l "-,. sny 'hair' ; ~ LJ ~ ,_ skm 'grey-haired' ; skin, exx. q~,_ iwn 'complexion', 'nature'; Q~i~ '""\\ inm 'skin'; mourn, in Q ~ =" j\\ ilkb 'mourn'; bald, empty, forlorn, exx. }~ ws 'fall out (of hair)', whence abbrev. \\in ""5i'"\\gm ws 'found defective' (of damaged writing or pictures); 1 ~~ -:-\\~ !J1rt 'widow'.

1 Eb. 18, 1; 90, 3; PIEHL, /H. iiL 74; reading from BH. i. 26, 162. See too Sits. Berl. Ak. 19u, 9u.

Ideo. in:-; irt 'eye', Gk. !pl.1 Hence phon. ir, exx . ..g,... iri 'make'; Q~~ irtt 'milk'. Det. see, in ~ varr. ~~~. :::: 2 mn 'see', whence ~ as phon. mJ in ~~}, ~ ,3 mJw ' lions '. Early det. in other words for see, look, and in connection with other notions involving the eye, exx. ==-..g,...

4 dtri 'look' · = 4Q>.. 5 fl'• ' blind ' · ~ ..g,...

8 rml ' weep' · m o- • o r • A •

).=... 7 rs 'be wakeful'; later, especially in Dyn. XVIII, mainly replaced as det. by the more specific signs .QL D 5, ~ D 6, ~ D 7, and 1k' D 9· From end of Dyn. XVIII a masc. dual ::::~' ... wy ' eyes ' is occasionally found, 8

but whether this points to the existence of a masc. word ir ' eye ' is uncertain.

1 PLUTARCH, De !side 10. See Rec. 17, 93· 1 Siut I, 2.17, where the doubling indicate> gemination, see Verbum i. § 390. s Sk. S. 30. 4 Sin. B 279; Urk. iv. 19, 6. ~ Peas. B 2, 105. 1 Leb. 76. 1 Pa}teri 2. 8 Wb. i. 108, 1-2.

5 l:Q::S.. eye touched up with Det. actions or conditions of eye, exx. ~.QL 1 dgi 'look'; paint ~.QL 2 sp 'blind'; ).QL

3 rs 'be wakeful'. 1 MAR. Abyd. ii. 30, 33- 2 Urk. iv. 85, 6. s Urk. iv. 960, II.

6 1Q:3I.. 1 later alternative to last Use as last. 1 MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 83, from Dyn. XVIII; very rare, however, as early as this.

450

PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY Sign-list

D 7 ~ eye with painted lower lid

8 ~ eye enclosed in sign for land= N I8

Det. adorn, exx. rn~'l o~::: 1 mstimt 'eye-paint' ; :;:: ~ 9 rn (rin) 3 'beautiful'. From the latter, phon. det. rn, ex. :;::o }4;1;>. • r nw ('lnw) 3 '<Ainu ', a place-name, see B 8. The use as det. see etc., ex. ~ f ~ 6 ptr ' behold ', is abnormal.

1 BH. i. 38. ' Amarn. iii. 19. Sim. Urk. iv. 6, n, qu. Exerc. XXXII, (a). s For rln as the full reading cf. Semitic rain ' eye' and Eg. words qu. below, D 8,

n. 1. 4 BH. i. 26, 175. D Siut i. no.

Det. in 7)3IB 'nw, '(i)1zw '<Ainu ', the quarry at the modern Turah whence Q~U-~ inr /.z4 nfr n rnw 'fine white (lime)stone of<Ainu' was obtained.1 Hence phon. det. in ::::;:~ rn 'beautiful '.9 See too above D 7·

1 AEO. ii. u6*, following Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1933, 86-4. The full value rln, corresponding to Semitic rain 'eye •, is proved by the derivatives rln 'coat with limestone(!)', Urk. i. 20, 5 (0. K.) and ryn '<Ainu-stone' Wb. i. 191, -4, 5 (Dyn. XX).

1 Meir ii. Il, 3; Urk. iv. 52, 16.

9 1rf"' eye with flowing tears Ideo. or det. in ):'"1it" var. 1it" 1 rmi 'weep', 'beweep ',. 1 ReM. 4·

IO ~ human eye with the markings of a falcon's head

Ideo. or det. in }f~o~ 1 var. ~ 2 wt];t 'the wt]Jt-eye' (or 'wed.fat-eye '), i. e. 'the sound (uninjured) eye' of Horus (§ 266, I}. 1 BUDGE, p. 56, 7· 1 BUDGE, P· 38, 15.

I I <r part of the white of the Si~n for i ~.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I ).1 wt]Jt-eye 1 Reversed in hieratic, see p. 198, n. 1 •

12 0 pupil of the eye Det. in ~ "'01 tl/tl ' pupil' of eye.1 As part of the wt];t-eye

I 3 --- eye-brow (also as part of the wti;t-eye

sign fori ~e.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I). A similar, but smaller, sign appears to have been used for from I to 9 ~.tat (§ 266, I). To be distinguished from the grain of sand o N 33, and from the circle o, see after Z 8.

1 BUDGE, 2U, 13 (Nu).

Sign for ~ ~.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I). Also ::= as det. in Q ~ l:::: 1 bz!z ' eye-brow(s) '. Det. or phon. det. in some words connected with ~ ~:=: smd (smd) ' eye-brow' itself not found until Greek times. 2

1 M.u. K. 3, 8. 2 Wb. iv. q6.

14 .!>- the other (see D II) Sign for 116 ~.tat-measure of corn(§ 266, I}.

part of the white of the wti1t-eye

1 5 '-.....9 one of the markings of Sign for 312 ~.tat-measure of corn (§ 266, I).

the wt]1t-eye

45I


D 16 ~ anotherofthemarkings of the wri1t-eye

I 7 ~ markings of the w(/11-

eye (nos. D I 5 and 1 6 together)

I8 8) 1 ear

19 C) 1 nose, eye and cheek

Sign for 614 ~e~at-measure of corn (§ 266, I).

Ideo. or det. in oQ~ 1 var. ~ 11 tit' figure', 'image'. 1 Urk. iv. 887, 2. ' Urk. iv. 53, 17.

Ideo. or det. in mr ~.911 msrir 'ear', dual .9.93 mst/rwy 'the two ears'.

1 Thebes, tomb 93· I Amarn. vi. 15, 6. 1 D.el B. 116.

Ideo. or det. in~ O.K. var. tt3fnt/, later ~t)jnd, 'nose'. Det. nose, ex. ~.a 'nose', 'nostril' ; smell, exx. ~Q .a tpl ' sniff' ; ,U.a sn ' smell ' ; face, in I!J:;: .a !Jnt 'face' ; joy, exx. ;:.a rs(w) 'rejoice'; I!J~.a !Jnts 'take pleasure'; soft, kind, ex. r~ .a sfn ' be mild ' ; also in .J:: .a b{n ' be disobedient' ; m~ .a gfn ' rebuff'. From !Jnt 'face' (see above), phon. det. and (seldom before Dyn. XIX) 11 phon.

·IJ1tl, exx. ~:;::.a var. ~ IJnty 'in front of' (adj.). Owing to similarity in hieratic t3 sometimes appears in hieroglyphic for [ Aa 32, ex. t3~ 1 7 1 for [~ 1 71 sty 'red(?) Nubian(?) pigment'; also for r- U 31, ex. !.. Qe !Jni for ~Qt; !Jn(r)i ' restrain ' ; the hieratic has been often transcribed wrongly in modern books. 8 Confusion of two different stems has contributed to the confusion of signs in words like ~ f;nrt, varr. I!J7 .aLJ, ~LJ ~nt 'prison',' harim ', 'fortress', which are consequently hard to differentiate.'

1 Exx. Hier. 5, no. 59; RekiJ. 1 5· 1 AZ. ss, 86. 1 Rtc. 39, 20. Si m. in fptrw ' prisoners', Cairo 20024,.. Musle lgyptien i. I 7• 4 Atim. 47.

20 tfo semi-cursive variant of Use as last, but seldom in careful sculptures or paintings. last 1 1 Already Dyn. IV, Medum n. Exx. Dyn. XII, Cairo 20538, ii. c I3· 14.

2 I -= mouth (Dyn. X I I rarely vertically ~ 1)

Ideo. in 7 r (n) Ia 'mouth', Coptic rO. Hence phon. :r. In

group-writing (§ 6o) 7 is r, 11 ex. Q.,Sr 7h ibr 'stallion'. 1 Exx. Louvre C I, 5 ; PoL. § 33, a. Ja See above, p. 429, for the original

presence of I. 1 BURCHARDT § 77·

(Monograms incorporating-= D 21.) For£ see M 6. For ±.see M 24. For~ see M 25.

22 <i? mouth with two strokes Ideo. in <? rwy 1 'two-thirds' (§ 265). attached I Reading, Cr.tRE in A•·ciJ. Or. 20, 629.

23 <fj1" mouth with three Ideo. in 1jf 'three-quarters', probable reading f;mt rw 1 (§ 265). strokes attached I Cr.tRE, op. cit. 640·

452


D 24 - 1 upper lip with teeth

25 <::> two lips with teeth

Ideo. in ;:-; spt, var. Pyr. ~ ~- 2 spt, 'lip', 'border' (of pool, etc.). Occasionally used by mistake for- F 42.3

1 MOLL. Pal. ii. no. 92 h. 1 Pyr. 1393· 1 Urk. iv. 140, 6 (spr).

Ideo. or det. in ~ ~' e> 1 var. ~ 2 spty (spry) ' lips'. 1 M.u.K. 4. r. t Urk. iv. 971, 2.

26 r£"' 1 liquid issuing from lips Det. spit, ex. ~m~ 2 psg 'spit'; vomit, exx . .J ~ bSi 'vomit'; LJlt. ~ *Jt', var. ~~ ¥. 'spew out'; blood, in E~. 3 srif 'blood'.

27 Q breast 0

1 MOLL. Pal. ii. no. 93 (Dyn. XVIII); the same form already Pyr. 142 (pig). 1 Eb. 30, 17. • P. Kak. 7, 29.

Ideo or det. in Q var. Pyr. :;:~ 1 mnt/,later var. :;:~ 2 mnd, ' breast'. Det. suckle, exx. = g 3 sn* ' suckle ' ; :;:~ • mnry 'tutor' ( det. transferred from mnrt ' nurse').

o Model from Thebes, tomb 85. So too Puy. 59· 1 Pyr. 3l. 11 Urk. iv. 920, 10. a D.elB. 94· 4< Pden 4·

27* Q breast (rather corn- Use as last. moner shape) I 1 D. el B. 94; Pakeri 4·

28 U arms extendedsoas to Ideo. in y kJ 'soul', 'spirit' (p. 172). Phon. k1,1 exx.IJ~

embrace? k1t 'work'; lult.~ {tk1 'magic'. In group-writing(§ 6o) Y or U is phon. k.2

combination of U D 28 and.,- R 12

30 =4 1 the sign U D 28 with an appendage

31 <p 1

32 0

combination of 0 D 3 2

and i U 36

arms enclosing or embracing

33 ~ arms engaged in rowing

34 (]::) arms holding shield and battle-axe 1

34* [!:1 1 O.K. form of last

1 Reading, Pyr. 300 (k1r' chapel'). 1 BURCHARDT § 120.

In ¥ k1 'soul', regarded as of divine nature.

Det. in ~lJx,Y,=4 2 N{tb-k1w' Uniter-of-attributes ',name of a mythical serpent-deity. 3

1 Pyr. n9- Sim. Urk. iv. 459, 13, 1 MAR. Kam. 33, where the appendage takes the form of 'I I ro. s ]EA. 21, 41.

In t var. t.!J {tm-k1 'servant of the ka ', 'ka-priest '. 1 Hier. 9, no. 165 (Bershah).

Det. envelop, embrace, exx. q~LJO in*' envelop'; l~O {tpt 'embrace'; open arms, in ~ lt. 0 pg1 'unfold'.

Ideo. in ~ ~ !lni 1 'row' and derivatives. Hence phon. !Jn, ex. ~=o}y~ llnnw 'turmoil',

1 Reading, see the varr. of m!Jnt 'ferry-boat', Pyr. 1223 combined with 334-

Ideo. in ~lt.~ var. Pyr. ~llt.2 r{t1 'fight' and derivatives. 1 Thebes, tomb 93· Elsewhere usually shield and mace, Hitr, p. 15. t Pyr. 574· In M.K. also sometimes Y.z1, see Spkinx u, ro8.

Use as last. 1 DAV. Plak. i. 51 no. 46.

453


D 35 .....A-1 arms tn gesture of Ideo. in J.o. n 1 and ::: nn 2 'not' (§ 104). Hence phon. n,2

negation exx. J.o. n 'to', 'for'(§ 164); :::5r~C\ nn§m 'spleen'.

36 ..-...ll forearm

Ideo. also in~~ var .......... }o iwty, var. Pyr. Q} ......... ~Q iwti, 'which not' (§ 202 ). 3 Det. not know, in e ~ _,_ fJm ' be ignorant' ; hence phon. det. fJm, exx. ~~ ~ 4 !Jm 'shrine'; also with metathesis mfJ, in ~ ~.!_5 smfJ 'forget'.

1 Palms upward, common at all periods, exx. O.K., Saqq. Mast. i. I; M.K., Meir i. 5 ; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 3. 3· 10; but sometimes palms down, exx. O.K., Medum 24; M.K., BH. i. 8; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 4· 15. 1 Readings, GuNN, Stud. eh. 9· 8 Reading}EA. 34, 27. 4 Urk. iv. g6,4; see onO 34· & Mill. i, 10.

Ideo. in ~ r 'arm', 'hand'. Hence ph on. r. A ]so in hieratic, less often in hieroglyphic, as substitute for LJJ D 37, Q....IJ

D 38, Q...JI D 39. ~ D 40, ~ D 4 I' --JI D 42, A-ll D 43. ~ D 44·

For :;ta seeD 59· For~ see G 20. For~ see G 45· For+ see M 27. For =t see

0 12. For Jl.n see P 7· For * see Aa 22.

37 L-D forearm with hand In Pyr. almost exclusively ideo. in QLJJ var. 4-B imi 'give', holding /}. X 8 imperative (§ 336),1 whereas /}. is there common both as

(r)di and as lmi. In M.K. and later 4-B is commoner than /;. both in rdi (:::::) and in di (LJJ), but tends in the imperative imi to be replaced by Q....IJ D 38. In Dyn. X I sometimes replaced by~ D 40 1a or~ D 44.1b Phon. d (from dt) in !::!}® Ddw ' Busiris' (§ 289, 1) ; also mi or merely m (from imi), exx. =-~LJI~ 2 var. =-~Q~ 3 Kmi' Kemi ', name of a queen; ~!;: mk 'behold' (§ 234).

For~ see G 19.

38 G...-D forearm with hand holding a rounded loaf

39 Q...-LI forearm with hand holding bowl o W 24

1 Verbum ii. § 537· 1• JEA. 16, 195; Coffin Texts, passim. Ib Cairo 200oi, qu. § 327. 1 Cat.d.Mon. i. p. 87, no. 44· s MAR. Abyd. ii. 28, 30.

In M.K. and more frequently in Dyn. XVIII det. in Q~~ imi 'give' (§ 336). Hence phon. mi 1 and more commonly m, exx. ~~~ 11 mkt 'protect'; Q~~ 3 'Itm 'A turn'.

1 Evidence (but mainly with D 36 or D 37) Verbum ii. § 538. • Puy. 20. Sim. m[n 'behold', Siut i. 375· In O.K., seep. 357, n. 35. 1 Jlz. 46, 140.

Det. offer, present, exx. l~~ var. Q...JI ~nk 'present'; =~ drp 'offer'. In Dyn. I X-XII occasionally as substitute forLJJ D 37 or Q....IJ D 38, ex. ~1 rdi 'who causes'; 0~~o 2

Mkt-Rr ' Mektre< ', name of a man ; also for ,-n D 36, ex. ~Q...JI 3 m-r 'in the hand of'.

1 Siut 51 5• 8; Brit. Mus. 581, vert. rg. 1 D.e!B. (XI) ii. g, D. 8 Cairo 20003, qu. p. 366, n. 10.

454


D 40 \-JI forearm with holding stick

hand From M.K. on tends to replace ~ A 24, exx. ~\..-11 var. \..-111

n!Jt' strong'; 4i\-ll itl,t 'drag'. Also abbrev. for 1~\..-IIIJJl 'examine '.2 In Dyn. XI sometimes replaces LJJ D 37, see there.

4 I ~ forearm with palm of hand downwards

42 --n forearm as last, but with upper arm straight

43 A-JJ forearmwithhandholding flagellum ft. S 45

44 \-D forearmwithhandholding the r/;1-sceptre f s 42

45 V arm with hand holding the n!tbt-wand 1

46 ~ hand

47 ~ 1 hand with curved palm

1 Url. iv. 856, 4· I EIJ. 37. a, qu. § ....... 4t compared with iiJ. 36, 4·

Det. arm, exx. mj)i..~......agb1'arm'; ~.....a varr. ::......a,1 ~2

rmn ' arm ', ' shoulder'; tJ~ i1b)' 'left' ; det. various actions involving movement of arrns,8 exx. -~~.....a !Jms

'bend', 'bow' ; '";.....a r#' incline' ; H ~.....a !tsl 'sing' ; cessation of movement, exx. !.{.....a gr!t 'cease'; T .....a ni 'reject'. From this last, phon. or phon. det. ni, exx. -t'si-' niw 'ostrich'; ~ 11 var. q}......ae • niw 1 bowl'.

1 .AZ. 34. ao. I Brit. Mus. 573, 12. • Reason obscure in nml 'traverse'. • Reading, see G 34- a Siul I, 308. ' EIJ. n, IO.

Ideo. or det. in :J var . .....u m!t 'cubit' (§ 266, 2).

Ideo. in~~ varr. Pyr. A},1 o} 2 1Jwi 'protect'. Hence

Phon r.w exx e ~~~sJ.wwlevil'· no =•sl.wd 1 enrich'. • Cf ' • A-JJJf Jt. I I et , I' A-JI~ 0'

'Pp. 1797· 1 Urk. iv. 1077• 9. • lfrk. iv. 6o, 15.

Det. in !..~ 1 abbrev. \....JI 2 !Jrp 1 be at the head of', 1 control ', ' administer ' and derivatives.

1 Urk. iv. 31, 7• 1 Cairo 20001, IJ 6, qu. § 327.

Ideo. or det. in ~~ var. V 2 tisr, var. Pyr. "n ~ 8 tisr, 'clear (a road)', 'be private', 'holy', and derivatives.

1 See ]tQ. 185; used as a brush (f),JEA. 32, 51. ' Urk. k 864, 15. s Pp. 1456.

Ideo. in':'; tirt,1 occasional varr. ~.;.~~ tirt, A.;.s (/114 'hand'. Ph on. d, from the old Semitic word yad 'hand'/' cf. Egypt. }~ wdi 'put', ' push ', ' emit (sound)'.

1 Reading based mainly on Coptic ti!re, tJbt-, Az. so, 91 ; formerly read tit, the varr. here given being regarded as distinct words. t P~r. 440; Siul 3, 3· s Pyr. 1703; Brit. M us. 514, 18. 4 A"Z. so, 91,

Det. in tirt 'hand' when written phonetically; see last. 1 CHASS. Ass. PI. 19, top, 1. 6 from left.

46* re:::. 1 hand letting fall drops Ideo. in r: 2 var. ~1iir 8 idt 'fragrance', 0. K. var. qr:.• 1 BH. i. 17, and so always Pyr. Shown with drops, not curve, lkkern., col. to

left, and so already PETR. R1: i. 17, 26. 1 BH. i. 17, cf. O.K., L. D. ii. 89 c. • Ikkern., col. to left, the det. due to confusion with l1dt 'dew'. ' Pyr. 365, IJ.

455


D 48 ~ hand without thumb Ideo. in= 1 varr. zgt.-, .- !sp 'palm', more strictly' a hand-

49 'C:J fist

50 ~ finger 0

5 I = finger horizontally

52 ~ phallus

53 F=t:l phallus with liquid issuing from it

breadth ', a linear measure (§ 266, 2 ). 1 Urk. iv. 190, 10. I 2; cf. AZ. 6o, 71 for the reading.

Det. grasp, in ~~~t:::. ;mm 'grasp'; ::_c: !Jft 'seize'.

Ideo. or det. in ~ 1 var. Pyr. Jl--t~~ 1 4br 'finger' and related words. Hence phon. rjbr, ex. ~ rjbr 'Io,ooo' (§ 259). The

two fingers ~~ serve as det. accurate, exx. '"t~~~~ '*' 'accurate'; ":;'~ ~ mty (mtr? 2) 'precise' ; also in derivatives of these stems. Apt to be confused in hieroglyphic texts with I T 14, though quite distinct in hieratic.3

o Not a thumb as proposed A·z. 73, 119; see Milt. Kairo 9, 1.46. 1 Pyr. liS. 2 Possibly two stems mty 'precise' and mtr 'be present', 'witness' are to be dis-

tinguished. 3 MoLL. Pal. i. nos. 117 and 457·

1 deo. or det. in --tl o var. _., 1 rnt 'nail'. Det. for obscure -~ 0

reasons in !~:::&si 'measure'; ~~::: t1i 'take', 'gird on'; ~=~ d*r 'press '. 2 From the last, phon. det. d*r in :g:,::: abbrev. ::=: 3 d*r(w) 'fruit'. As abbrev. ::=:appears also to represent L1~} 1 ~ 1 *'w 'grains(?)' in the medical papyri.~ In ";~,::: n*rwt 'notched sycomore figs' 6 ~

either replaces a nail-like notching instrument 6 or more probably expresses the general notion of scratching.

1 BH. ii. 4· 2 GARD. Sin. 6o. 3 Urk. iv. 748, 7 compared w;th ib. 694, 5; see too PSBA. 13,452-3. • Compare Eb. 87, 5 with Hearst 10, 15. & KEIMER in Acta Orientalia, 6, 288. 6 Ib. 293.

Det. male, exx. ~i:H r, 'ass'; £i>~ Q Q-=;;.j tl)' 'male',' man'; ~ ~ abbrev. ~ k1 'bull'. Phon. mt (cf. Hebrew l:l'z:!t? ' ') -=;;. Vi-..o t t ' · ' e o z. t ' h ' men , exx. o .1I' t"=tl m w pmson ; -=;;, 1 1 1 (.Jm t ree . In O.K. this sign is used of the organ and all that is characterized by it, while t"=tl D 53 expresses what issues from or is performed by it.1 In M.K. the use differs somewhat and is less consistent.2

1 Spllinx 16, 69. 2 Sphinx x6, 186.

For the use of t"=tl as contrasted with -=;;. D 52, see the latter. Det. in l~t"=tl !znn 'phallus'; };;:t"=tl wss 'urinate' ; :"}"' t"=tl mtwt 'poison'; sometimes also (contrary to O.K. usage) in £i>~QQt"=tlj tl)' 'male', 'man'; roQt"=tlj hi 'husband'; regularly (contrary to O.K. usage) in ~j5f-~l:! var. ~ 7 m-b1(t 'in the presence of' (§ I 78).

For tJ as substitute for the female organ, see on tJ N 4 I.

456


D 54 ..ll legs walking Ideo. in ..1} iw 1 'come' (§ 289, 2). Det. movement, exx. 5f'~.il §m 'go'; ~-::; tkn 'approach'; 1~~ {J1!; 'hasten'; also lack of movement, exx. YJ.il 1b 'stop '; ~~ ~ .ll s1i 'linger'. The group ..17 'walk',' step' (plur . ..1..1..1, ~:,-'(,) reads nmtt.9 For .ll combined with other signs, exx. ~. 5f', ~ see §58, 1.

1 Reading, Pyr. IUO in the divine name 'Iw•J.r,.J. I .ifZ. as, s6; Spkinx 6, 53; see the varr. Pt. 3I3 and compare Iklurn. IS with Cairo 20473, b.

For~ see M 18. For 7r seeN 40.

V 15. For .] see W 25.

For 2r see 0 35· For 'Jr see T 32. For 5.f see

55 ~ legs walking backwards

56 J leg

57 ~ combination of 1 D 56 and""""" T 30

58 J 1 foot

Det. backwards, exx. =~ 1 rnn 'turn back'; Uru~~ 2 sbh1 'cause to retreat'; ~;.;:~ 8 {Jt{Jt 'be reversed'.

1 P. Kak. I, 8. 8 Siut 1, 270.

Ideo. or det. in ;:,1 var. 1 rd 'foot'. Det. leg, foot, exx. ~1 1 mnt 'thigh'; .!,1 pd' knee'; }~ 1 wrrt 'leg', 'shank'. From pd, phon. pds 2 in 1..:.... varr.J~---. ~JJ---, e pds 'box'. From wrrt, phon. or phon. det. wrr in } :;!1~ abbrev. 1: wrrt 'district' and its derivative title 1 ~ wrrtw 'district official' ; also in }:;;J .ll wrr 'flee·. From ULJ1 8 sblf 'leg', phon. det. or phon. sblf in ULJJ~ var. 1 ~ ~ sblf ' excellent', ' successful '. For some reason unknown, phon. g!z or glzs 5 in 1~1n 8 var. mH1~ 6a g!zs 'gazelle'. The group 1.1l is used to determine various verbs expressing movement, exx. mJ.il thi 'transgress ' ; ~j.ll T !Jnd ' tread '.

t In Pyr. (eL Pyr. 262) with a very different determinative. 1 Spkinx 13, S9. 1 W6. iv. 93, ex. Pyr. 1314 (/61!)· 4 Vrk. iv. 84, 17. 5 Spkinx 13, 89. • Vrk. iv. 7-41, 12. 6• E6. 98, 7, see Kemi i, '44· 1 Not related to ~m!

'part of foreleg', Pyr. 1547; for this word see Bull. 30, 866.

Det. mutilate, in Q ~==~ 1 ili 'be mutilated' and derivatives. Noteabbrev. ~.C(,2 biw'placeofexecution'; ~~)ft 3

var. ~ Q ~ ""~ ~ silly 'cheat' (n.) appears from the var. to be a causative. 5 Det. also in ~~ 6 nkn 'damage'.

1 Wb. i. 34· 2 Wb. i. 35- 1 Peas. B I, 99· 262-3. 11 VoG. Bautr 94• • Brit. Mus. 574, II; West&. 8, 16.

' Peas. B r, 250.

Cf. j} var. J• 2 bw 'place',' position'. Hence phon. b. 3

1 In Dyn. I often very low, exx. DE MORGAN, Re&ktrd•es ii. p. 235, fig. 786; QUIBELL, Hitrakonpolis i. as. In M.E. nsually lower than other high signs.

I Vrk. iv. sn, IS. s SETHE, Alphabet I52·

457


D 59 ::1[-n combination of J D s8 Phon. rb, ex. :fn"= rb 'horn'. and .....JJ D 36

6o QI combination of j D 58 with a vase from which water flows (replaces earlier fi A 6)

For~ seeS 13.

6r ~ toes 1

Ideo. in (1 var. Pyr. }--n(.j 1 wrb 'pure', 'clean'. 1 Pyr. II7r.

Ideo. or det. in ~6:~J-~ var. m.~ s;f:t (S!/:t) 'toe'. Hence phon. orphon. det.s;f;,(s1/:t)2,exx. ~6~lm_..1.1 s1f;, 'approach'; ~ ~ m-s1f;,t 'in the neighbourhood of' (§ I 78) ..

1 L. D. ii. 3 (Dyn. Ill). See AZ. 34, 77 and above p. 439· • For J see Pyr. 959·

62 ~ 1 less correct form of last Use as last. (Dyn. X VI 11) 1 Rekh. 3·

6 3 ~ 1 another form of last Use as last. {Dyn. XVII I) 1 Cairo 3400l (LAcAu, PI. 3)= Vrk. iv. ~s, 8.

E 1 ~ 1 bull

2 ~ aggressive bull

3 ~ calf

4 ~ 1 sacred f:ts;t-cow

S ~ cow suckling calf

Sect. E. Mammals

Ideo. in ~ 2 varr. !;, ~. ~ k1 'buU '. Det. cattle, exx. ffi~ ng 'bull'; q{i~ ~ iw1 'ox'; =::=""~ mnmnt 'cattle', 'herds'.

1 The sign is apt to vary in form according to the sex and species demanded in the particular case. I Reading, see p. 172, n. 4; but in some contexts the reading may be l}J or lw1.

Ideo. in~ 1 k1 n{Jt 'victorious bull', epithet of Pharaoh(§ ss). Det. in _Jl}~ 2 smJ 'fighting bull'.

1 IJ. el B. uo. 1 Urk. iv. 2, 13.

Det. in ~')a} bf:ts (b/:tz) 1 'calf'; also in ~}.~,2 wntiw' shorthorned cattle'.

1 Pyr. 27. 2 IJ. el B. I<JO, where the sign differs from the calf only slightly.

Det. in l \...a~ (t,s1t (f;,z1t) 2 ' sacred f;,s1t-cow '. 1 Karnak, chapel of I;Iashepsowe. The sign differs considerably elsewhere, exx.

Meir i. II; Louvre C 14, 5- 2 For the z see Pyr. t029.

Det. in ~mr~ 1ms 'show solicitude' as towards child or parent.1

1 Wb. i. I I.

E 6 P7ft horse

7 1tl ass

MAMMALS Sign-list

Ideo. or det. =~h var. lg I ssmt 'horse'. Det. horse, in 4b5J.. 7h 2 ibr (Hebrew ,':Ptt) 'stallion'; l.::h 3 ft,tr 'team', ' pair ' of horses.

1 Urk. iv. 652, 10, qu. § IIj. I Urk. iv. 663, 10. 3 Urk. iv. 697, 16.

Det. in::;~ r1 'ass'. In hieratic I sometimes replaced by yE 20 2

•

1 The proper form, M6LL. Pal. i. no. 133. s References, E 2o,n. 5·

8 ~ kid(~ E 8* kid jump- Cf. 4J~It ib 'kid '.2 Hence phon. det. ib, exx. 4J~=~ ing, form not found ibi 'thirst' ; 4 j~} LJ ibw' refuge' ; only rarely ph on. ib, before Dyn. X I X) I ex. ~l =: 3 ib!z ' ibft,-priest '. Det. small cattle, exx. T~~ i

rwt 'flocks', 'goats'; ~~""1~16 mnmnt 'herds'. 1 This later type is wrongly substituted for the earlier in many old publications.

SeeJEA. 17, 246. 1 Wb. i. 61. • .rlZ. 37, 91. 4 Urk. iv. 664, '3· 1 Sin. B '47·

9~ newborn bubalis or Phon. iw, exx. !;I di var. Pyr. 4}<=>I iwr 'conceive'; ~~ hartebeest (A lcela- iwr 'inherit'. In group-writing (§ 6o) ~.} is used for i. 2

phus buselaphus), cf. 0 Ann . • p, '57· 1 Pyr. 81o. 2 BuRcHARDT § 20.

10 ~ 1

below F 5. 6.o

ram ( Ovis longipes palaeoaegypti'cus) 2

Det. in b"f11 b1 'ram'; 6"f:;j Unmw 'Chnum ', a ram-headed god. Det. sheep, exx. :;:"f11 3 sr 'sheep'; T~Y0"f11 4 rwt !z4t 'white flocks', i. e. 'sheep'.

1 EH. iii. 3, no. 35 (!fnmw), here represented, as not uncommonly, with the beard characteristic of the male animal. 1 Rec. 24, 4-4; also more fully Ann. 38, 297· 3 Mentkuw. 7• 4 Urk. iv. 664, 14.

1 I "'i1J 1 ram (O.K. form of last) Use as last.

I 2 ");:;1 pig

13 ~ 1 cat

I 4 '}n 1 greyhound (slug hi)

I 5 ~ recumbent dog 1

16 ~1 recumbent dog shrine

1 From the picture Salz. I; as hieroglyph, ib. 17.

Det. pig in :;:q');:;r rri 'pig'; ~~ q');:;r !Ji 'pig'.

Det. in gq}~ miw 'cat'. 1 Cf. the picture Musle lgyptien i. 3·

Det. dog in ~}~ iw 'dog'; ::~ 'F5t tsm 'hound'. 1 D. el B. 70. Cf. the picture EH. iv. 2.

Ideo. or det. in Q";}~ var. ~ 1npw 'Anubis '. Also ~ 2

as sportive ideo. for the title !Jdj~ ~ !zry sstJ 'he who is over the secrets '.

1 So interpreted by the Greeks, rather than as a jackal, AZ. 41, 97· Howeyer, the question is still disputed, see HoPFNER, Der Ti~rkult tier a/ten Agypter 47· See further below, E 18, n. 2. I EH. i. 32 (see for reading Cairo 20539, i. b 18); Cairo 20457, i (see for reading ib. 20088, c 12); Urk. iv. 1118, 14.

on Ideo. or det. in Q"';}~ var. ~ 'Inpw 'Anubis '. Also~ 1

like~ E 15 for !zry s§tJ 'he who is over the secrets'. 1 Urk. iv. II2o, 7·

459


E 17 h jackal 1

I 8 ~ 1 wolf (?) 2 on the standard....,- R I2

I 9 ~ 1 O.K. form of last with protuberance (sdsd) in front and a mace o- T 3 passmg through the standard

20 ~ animal of Seth, perhaps a kind of pig 1

Ideo. or det. in h s1b, var. Pyr. "i".J~ 2 z1b, 'jackal' and related words, ex. h s1b 'dignitary', 'worthy'.

1 The conventional rendering is here retained. The animal is depicted BR. ii. 4· The Upper Egyptian s1b is, however, the Anubis· nimal EIS (Pyr. 727); on the other hand, the s1b has close connections with Wepwawet, the wolf-god E rS ( Unt. iii. S. 16). 1 Pyr. I2S7•

Ideo. or det. in V:f;;:!l:~~ varr. V:f;;:5: 1 7 1~, ~ Wp-w1wt '(the wolf-god) Wepwawet ', lit. 'opener of the ways', Gk. 'Ocpwt'>.

1 Thebes tomb 1 oo. 1 So interpreted by the Greeks, .A:z. 41, 97, cf. their name ll.vKOJII 1r6Acr for the modern town of Asyftt. However, GAILLAB.D (Ann. 27, 33) showed that the skulls found at Asyut were either those of (r) wandering dogs (&anis familiaris) or (2) crosses of this with the small Eg. jackal (canis lupastn-) producing the hybrid called &anis lupaster domesticus by Hilzheimer. Hence, he argues, the description of Wepwawet as a wolf is wrong.

Use as last. 1 Pyr. 126 (W 1S7). See GARSTANG, MaMsna and Bet Kkalldfp. 19; fodt/Jd

also Az. 47, SS.

Ideo. in y var. ~~ 11 St!J,8 var. Pyr. ~~ • StS, '(the god) Seth' I'r}(J; later sometimes abbreviated as+}~~.+}~. Det. turmoil, exx. ~= o} y~ !Jnnw 'turmoil'; ~ ro ~ 'f:i.t~ sh1 'be in confusion'. M. K. hieratic shows a strong tendency to use 'f:i.t for i;t E 7 6 and ). E 27.6

1 JEA. 14, HI; see, however, .tl"Z. so, S4; 61, IS; the tail is shown AS an arrow, A."Z. 46, 90. 1 Urk. v. 32, 6. s Reading PSBA. aS, 123; AZ. so, S4.

' Pyr. 17. 3 Peas. R 64; Eb. 96, S· • Compare nJny, Sk. S. 32, 9S with sr, ib. 31, 97·

21 ~ animal of Seth recum- Det. turmoil, ex. ;:ij nS?zi 'storm', 'rage' (vb.). bent (var. of last)

22 h, lion Ideo. or det. in >~~b.1 var. h 2 m1i 'lion'.

23 ~ recumbent lion

24 ~ 1 panther

1 Urk, iv. 893, u. 1 Urk. iv. 39, I; 7I8, I.

Ideo. in .b var. Pyr. <=>}.b 1 rw 'lion'; ::!~~ Rwty 'the Two-lion-god'.1 Phon. rw, exx. !:~~~ var. O.K. :;:~~ 3

rwyt 'gate(?)'; Q,.: .b }~ itrw 'river'. In group-writing (§ 6o) .b or~ is used for r,4 ex.<:::::::"~~~~ Krr 'Gerar', a Syrian locality; for;-;"',~ see on N 35· Through similarity in hieratic 6 .b is employed in words with ~ U I 3 reading snr, exx. l.;;:~ snr c hold back' ; ~C'"J snr ' magazine'.

1 .!'yr. 13SI with the lion mutilated, see )/Z. sr, 36. I PSBA. 38, 92· 8 Gebr. ii. 12. ' BURCHARDT § So. 1 Urk. iv. 7S4, So. I See above p. 439·

Ideo. or det. in Y .J ~ Q Q-1 var. Q. 2 1by 'panther', 'leopard'. 1 .D. el B. 7+ ' Urk. iv. 139, 9·

E 25 Q 1 hippopotamus

26 ~ 1 elephant

27 b giraffe (mmy) 1

oryx

gazelle

ibex

MAMMALS Sign-list

Det. in e:. jQ 2 db, var. f.jQ 3 dib, 'hippopotamus' ; 1 ~ jQ' /pb 'hippopotamus'.

l From the picture Bull. Metr. Mus. Nnv York, Eg. Expedition, 19::12-3, 35· 1 Peas. B 1, 3o6. • TA. T.S. ii. n. 'Louvre C I4J n.

Det. in fj}~ Jow 'elephant'. Semi-phon. in ~}02 Jow 'Elephantine', a town near the First Cataract.

1 Cat. d. Mon. i. 155 (Dyn. XII). 1 I!J.

For unknown reason, det. sr in ~<=>), sr (sr) 2 'foretell'. 1 Rtt. 38, 305. 1 Pyr. 378. The det. of this word is confused with the Seth-

animal in M. K. hieratic, see above E 30.

Det. in >Y~ m1(t4'oryx'. 1 Ex. D. tl B. I.fO.

Det. in m H ~ g~ (g{zS) 1 'gazelle'. 1 Ex. D.eiB. 140; cf.ib. III. • For the reading with J see DAv. PtaA. ii. 19.

Det. in ~~ nJW, var. ::A~~ 1 nrJW, var. O.K. ~ 3 nil, 'ibex'.

1 Ex. D.eiB. 140; cf. i!J. III. I E!J. 53, u. a DAV. PtaA. ii. 19-

31 tJ goat with collar carry- Ideo.(?) or det. ~~tJ var. tJ srft (srft) 1 'rank', 'dignity' ing a cylinder seal 1 and related words. Occasionally replaced by g S 20.

1 Perhaps originated in some attribute Jrl} characteristic of goats, with which was combined the cylinder seal g S 30 as det. of sense; if ao, the Pyr. form of F 3, a leopard's head with uraeus, might provide a close parallel, see JEA. 34, 14; JIZ. 35, 171 connects the word sf'l} 'rank' with Arab. saral}a 'pasture freely'. 2 For the reading with J see Pyr. 8oo.

3 2 ~ 1 sacred baboon ( Cyno- Det. in Q:::'k.f irn 2 ' sacred baboon' ; ~Q Q k.f 3 ky ' monkey' cephalus hamadryas) Det. in ~k.f' ~nd 'be furious'.

1 Ex. D. tl B. 7-4 (rnt). • Varr., see Rec. 38, 163; JIZ. 46, 99· to I. 8 Sk.S. 165 (i"!J. alsogf). 4 Rtkk. 8, 37·

33 5[jj 1 monkey Det. monkey, in !!!._'iii/ gf, var. m Qli gif, 'monkey'.

34 & desert hare (s~rt) 1

1 Ex. D. tl B. 7-4 (gf).

Ph ll - 'b • R:f!t 0 ~ I ' 1 ' on. wn, exx. &_ wnn e ; 1• __ 1 1 1

swn sa e . 1 BH. ii. +

t1161usk ' wolf'. I Reading from many Coptic equivalents, exx. w6n 'open';

Sect. F. Parts of Mammals F I ~ head of ox Replaces~ k1 E 1 in the formula of offering (p. 1 7 2) and like.

2 't:J 1 head of infuriated bull Det. in ;:t"t:r rind 'rage •.

1 .Pu7. 30, where the word is written dfli. Cf. Pp. 63 (t;/wl).

3 ~ 1 head ofhippopotamus,1 Semi-ideo. in ~~ 11 'striking power' 1 ; phon. 11 in ~~ var. later form of a sign ~ ~ ® 11 ' moment', ' attack '. resembling il F 9 1 Thebes, tomb 93. choc?late ~oloured; ~e too ~airo 34,?03 (LACAU, PI. 3)·

1 SeeJEA. 341 13, for diSCnsaton of the Btgn and 1ts mean10gs.


F 4 cd!) forepart of lion Ideo. in ctf fut 1 'front' and derivatives, ex. ~'0' var. f~Y 2

futy 'heart'. Note~ ~J!y-f 'prince'. 1 Reading, JI.Z. 39, 135; Sphinx 13, 98. t Cat. d. Mon. i. 24, no. 165.

5 head of bubalis, above E 9

cf. Cf. =~6 ~}I ss1w (sSiw) 2 'bubalis '. Hence phon. or phon. det. ss1 (ss1), exx. =~ 6 ~ ~~ var. ~~ 3 ss1 'be skilled' ; ~}~ 4 ss1w 'prescription'. Sometimes incorrectly as phon. det. sh, ex.lS~~~ 5 sh 'prayer'.

6 ~ 1 forepart of bubalis

7 Zi> ram's head

8 :rf 1 forepart of ram

9 <t) head of leopard (61) 1

1 Depicted EH. ii. 4· 2 Written Uin Dyn. V, DAv. Ptah. ii 19. s Urk. iv. 134, 8. ' P. Kak. 5, 20. a Sk. S. 129, qu. § 457·

Use as last. 1 Ex. Urk. iv. 97, 7·

Det. in ::c:~ 1 ift 'ram's head', whence also in :,:QQo-zc; var. 7{> 2 ifyt 'worth ', ' dignity' ; ::=:"" 7{> ifift ' dignity ·.

Use as last. 1 The common form in Dyn. XVIII; but so already Louvre C 30 (M.K.).

Det. or abbrev. in ~,'tl'tl var. i p{tty 'strength'. 1 See Rec. 37, 113; also sculptnre from Abu Gur!b in KLEJ!S, Reliefs des altm

Reichs, p. 63.

10 head and neck of long- Det. neck, throat, exx. :t !JlJ 'throat'; XoQ Qot {ttyt 'throat'; necked animal (Oyn. also activities connected therewith,exx.Jtt~ rm 'swallow'; XVIII) Kit~ nd1 'be parched'.

I I 11 O.K. form of last

12 1 headandneck of canine animal

13 V horns of ox

I 4 \{j combination of V F I 3 and f M 4

15 ~ 1 combination of the last and 0 N 5

Use as last. 1 Pyr. 270.

Ideo. in Pyr.17I var.1-: 1 wsrt 'neck'. Hence phon. wsr (wsr), exx. 1 ~<::> wsr, var. Pyr. } 1 ~<=> 2 wsr, 'powerful'; 1~~ 8 wsr 'oar'.

1 Pyr. z86. 1 Pyr. 297• 8 Westc. 5, 8.

Ideo. in }'; wpt 'brow', 'top (of forehead)', 'beginning '.0

Hence phon. wp, ex. '?D{ var. Pyr. }vI wpl 'divide', 'open'; in two words reads lp, viz. 'o'~~ ipt 2 'mission'; Y~~~ ipwty 'messenger', var. Pyr. Qov}~~.3

0 According to DAWSON, JEA. zz, 1o6, properly the vertex or sagittal line of head; but the rendering 'brow' seems often needed in untechnical contexts.

I Pyr. 92. 2 Coptic £IOne; also aL. E. var., CERNY, Late Ramesside Letters, Io, 6. 3 Pyr. 1440; sim. also later, Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1912,958.

In \{/ 1 var. ~f 2 wpt-rnpt 'New Year's day'. 1 Urk. iv. 824, 9· a Urk. iv. 261, 8.

Use as last.

F 16 '=horn

17 ~ combination of'\... F I 6 and a vase with water, cf. f1 D 6o

18 ~ tusk of elephant

19 e::!J 1 lower jaw-bone of ox 1

20 \ tongue of ox ?

21 .t/7 ear of ox?

PARTS 9F MAMMALS Sign-list

Ideo. or det. in ~J'- var. ';= 1 db 'horn'; l~o'\... ftnt 'horn'; -aj'\... var. '\... 11 rb 'horn'. From this last, phon. or phon. det. rb, exx. -sJ~~ rbr 'boast'; ~ '\...j 8 m..rb 'together with' (§ 178).

1 P. med. Berl. u, u (Dyn. XIX)=Eb. 4S, 16. t Rec. 39, II7. See too ib. as, 6r. • D.e/B. 112. Sim. rMII-r'breakfast', l!rk. iv. so6, 10, cf. i!J. 59, 7·

In -sj}~ 1 var. ~,,,s rbw 'purification'. 1 D.1IB.63. 1 D. e/ B. S6, 3·

Det. tooth, exx. Q j 1 '- var. "7"" 1 ibft ' tooth ' ; ~ 1~'- n{tdt 'tooth'; also actions connected therewith, exx. ~l'-~ psft ' bite ' ; u~~ sot ' laugh , (infltlenced by soft ' cry' ?). From ibft, phon. or phon. det. oft, exx. ~'jr;J b{ts 'calf'; tH'-~ soft 'cry'. For unknown reason,1a phon. det. ftw in l}'-~ Qw ' I:I u ', the god of authoritative utterance ; l}f¥:1 ftw 'sustenance' ; hence in group-writing (§ 6o) ~ is ft 11, ex. ~i Mft 'Mal)u ',a personal name. In words reading ob, exx. J'oF=l ob c firmament', j q ~~ bilt 'wonder', '- is possibly not a tooth, bnt a metal spout. 3

Phon. det. bi injQ~ var. jQo~ bit' 'character'. 1 Eb. S9, If. la A suggestion, Ann. 43, 28+ 1 BO'RCHARDT S 95•

s Jz. as, 15I. • Aim. p. '82. Det. in ~..lJ rrt 'jaw'.

1 Thebes, tomb IOO. 1 Ann. 44, 313, n. I.

Ideo. in~ ns 'tongue'. Hence phon. ns (ns)1, exx. St} n(y)-sw 'he belongs to'(§ 114, 2); S~<>~ nsr 'flame'. Det. actions connected with tongue, ex. ~"\~ dp

'taste'. Sportive ideo. in "\ 11 imy-r 'overseer', lit. 'one who is in the mouth' (§ 79). Sometimes confused with the abbreviated det. for death, enemy, ~ Z 6.

1 For the reading with I, see nJr ' flame', Pyr. 295.

Ideo. or det. ear, exx. m~~.e var. 1 1 msgr 'ear'; SfSf~ rn!Jwy ' the two ears' ; also in actions connected with ear, exx. 4 sjm, var. Pyr. ~ ~~ 11 sdm, ' hear' ; Q~ idi 'be deaf'. Phon. or phon. det. idn (cf. Hebr. llN 'ear') in q::~ var. ~ ~ idn 'replace'; ~ o} i idnw ' deputy'. In medical papyri 1 'leaf (of a tree)' is to' be read drti, cf. the late var . .!;_'{.er 3 ; there too .e~ .-..' sdm (Pyr. sdm)

' paint' (eyebrows), after sdm c hear' had become sdm. 1 Eb. 92, 5 compared with 92, 3· t Pyr. 146I. 1 SeeP. med. Berl.

vs. 3, 7 (ed. WR.ESZINSKI, p. 48) compued with Eb. 62, 20. ' Eb. 59, 10.


F 2 2 ~ hind-quarters of lion or leopard

23 ~1 foreleg of ox (thus always in hieratic)

24 ~ 1 the same reversed

25 ] leg and hoof of ox 1

26 '5flJ skin of a goat 1

27 ~ cow's skin °

28 ~ alternative form of last

29 y cow's skin pierced by an arrow

Ideo. in ~~' p(zwy 'hind-quarters', 'end'; hence phon. or phon. det. p(z, exx. ~ var. _&l.ll 1 p(z 'reach'; ~,<n<np(zty 'strength'. Det. in~~~ 2 kj1 'bottom' (of vase, etc.); hence ph on. or phon. det. kji in ~~.,!? 3 var. ~? 4 kfi-ib 'trusty'. Also det. in ~~ rrt 'hind-quarters'.

1 Berl. AI. i. p. 257, 8. 1 Eb. 54, 22, s Pt. 433· 4 Cairo 20266, b 8; 20399•

Ideo. or det. in ~....-avar. ~ !Jps 'foreleg', 'arm'. Det. in ffi~®~}~~2 Ms(Jtyw 'the Great Bear', lit. 'the Foreleg'.

1 MoLL. Pal. i. 164. Sim. Five Th. T. 3· 2 LAc. TR. zo, 89, cf. Griff. Stud. 373·

Use as last. 1 Common in hieroglyphic at all periods; exx. O.K., CAP ART, Rue 98. 100; M.K.,

..!Ykir ii. 2; iii. 21; Dyn. XVIII, Five Tk. T. 4·

Ideo. in J7 w(zmt 'hoof' of ox.2 By transference to donkey, semi· ideo. in j_~ 111 3 abbrev. j w(zm(t ?) 'hoof', figurativelyfor'asses'.4 Hence phon. w(zm in j~ w(zm 'repeat', 0. K. var. }1~.5 and derivatives.

1 KEIMER, Ann. 44, 311. 1 Of ox, Onom. Ram. 2Rr in AEO i. 16 (read wl;mt for wkmt). 8 Dend. 11, top right. 4 Rec. 38, 61. a JiQUIER, Les Pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit, PI. 13, 382 =Pyr. 1622, b; pointed out as correction of accepted reading. wkm (see Rec. 24, 189) in Wb. Belegstellen to i. 3+01 11.

Ideo. in 'JPI7 2 var. :§a~ 3 !J,nt 'skin·. Hence phon. !J,n(w),4

exx. :§o}L.J /Jnw 'interior'; '§.ll !ln 'approach'. 1 MONTET p. 316. 2 PETRIE, Deshashe/z 2l. • Eb. fO, 2. 4 Reading, Pyr. 334, variants of mflnt ' ferry· boat'.

Det. skin, exx. =.!, ~ 1 d(zr 'hide', 'leather'; ffi r u ~ ~ mskl

'skin', 'rug'; mammals generally, exx. ~=~ 3 wns 'wolf'; ~o}~ 'jJ1tw 'mouse'.

0 See the markings above, PI. r, top. s J'eas. R 15. 4 Eb. 98, 2.

1 Westc. 12, 5· 2 Munich 3, 21

This form is regular as ideo. dappled in~~ I var. ru~7~ 2

s1b swt 'variegated offeathers ',epithet of the solar Horus, cf. Pyr. r ~J 3 s1b ' variegated'. Sometimes replaces f 1b

(U 23), ex. ~J~ 4 Jbtlw 'Abydus ·. 1 Exx. with winged disk, D. el .B. 96 ; flying falcon, ib. 93· 2 Brit. M us.

8l6, 9=Rec. I, 70. s Pyr. I2II; cf. the common O.K. man's name S1bw, exx. Dyu. I, DE MoRGAN, Recherches, ii. p. 235, fig. 786; Dyn. V, Urk. i,' 8l, 8.

4 LAC. Sarc. i. 184 (coliated); MAR. Abyd. ii. 22.

Ideo. or det. in ~""-!( var. -if~ sti (Hi) 1 'pierce' and derivatives. Also phon. st, ex. ~-!(=~ 2 Stt' (the goddess) Satis ', in spite of the fact that Pyr. write this name ~1:::::>~~ 3 Stit with t instead of t.

1 Pyr. 1197· s Pyr. I u6; see .itZ. 45, 24.

PARTS OF MAMMALS Sign-list

F 30 ~ water-skin

3 I m three foxes' skins tied together 1

Cf. :J}~ sdw 'water-skin ',1 'cushion '.2 Hence phon. sd, exx. ~~ var. Pyr. ~= 3 sdi 'draw forth'; }:!~ var. }~~ 4 wsd 'address', 'question'.

1 Rec. u, II9; cf. PETRIE, Desnaslteh I9, O.K. ex. with det. waterskin. I R elth. ~. I. 8 Pyr. 1030. • Brit. M us. 57 4t 3·

Cf. ffio 2 mst 'apron of foxes' skins'. Hence phon. ms (mr), exx. rn~4l msi, var. Pyr. ~~ffi s mJi, 'give birth'; m~=~/?1' msdmt 'black eye-paint'.

1 Bibliography, JiQ. 93· 1 LAC. Sore. ii. I63. a Pyr. 1466. • Eo. 33, 3·

32 e= animal's belly showing Ideo. in:=; flt 'belly', 'body'. Hence phon. f1. 2

teatS and tail 1 1 Medum, PI. u, with p. 30. 1 SETHE, Alphabet I 55·

33 ~1 tail

34 'V heart

35 ~ heart and windpipe 1

36 ~ lung and windpipe 1

3 7 -fflfb backbone and ribs

Det. in ~~ sd (sfi) 2 'tail'. Hence phon. or phon. det. sd, ex. ~~'- var. '-~ s sdty, a title.

1 Thebes, tomb 93· 1 Pyr. 1302. 1 Thebes, tomb 93·

Ideo. in '9'var. Pyr. QJ'9' 1 ib 'heart'. Det. in ~'0' (uty 'heart'. 1 Pyr. 3Il•

For unknown reason, phon. nfr in ~:;;:: nfr, rare var. -•:::,2

' good ' and related words. 1 Hier. p. 65. Cf. 'Av8ptfnrou tcaplilt~ ~rlpll"fYOS 'hP'"If.ltJ111, Ayulloil Av8ptfnrou trr&JUZ.

IT'll'"{"•'• HORAPOLLO, Hierog!yphica, 2, 4· 2 Cairo 2001 I ; cf. also Copt. nufe 'good'.

Cf. t~ ~ 2 smJ 'lung'. Hence phon. or phon. det. smJ (zm1) in :Jt s var. t:~~ sm1 (zm1) 4 'unite' and derivativfts.

1 AZ • . p, So. 'Eo. 99, I3. 8 Leyd. V 4, 5· • Pyr. 2015.

Ideo. or det. in Q~~~ var. Tflll7 2 ilt 'back'. Det. in .!_~ 3

psd 'back'. By confusion with~ M 21, phon. det. sm in ~ ~~' sm 'succour'.

1 BH. i. 25, 34· 1 Sin. B I41. a Vrk. iv. 947, 15. ' Brit. Mus. 58I ; Leyd. V 4, 9; rather different, Menthuu•. II.

38 ~ 1 alternative to last Det. in.!_~ psd 'back'. (Dyn. XVIII) 1 Also with four ribs, ex. Cairo 34010,11 (LACAU, PI. 7)= Vrk. iv. 614. 7·

39 UfiJ\ backbone with spinal cord 1 issuing from it

40 lffD.. portion of backbone with spinal cord issuing at both ends

Ideo. in~~ var. QJ.~ im1!J, 'spinal cord',2 whence also Q-J'~ var. ~ im1{J 'venerated state'. Rarely det. in o ~Ji;\ 8 psrj 'back'.

1 So DAWSON,JEA. ~2, 107; ScHAFER.had suggested•marrow',see MOLL. Pal. i. p. !6, n. 1. 1 AZ. 47, 126. 8 Dyn. XVIII, Vrk. i~. 373, 9; O.K., Pyr. 5I7.

Ideo.(?) in""'} 1wi 'stretch out', 'be long'. Possibly hence h 1 .1/ll ~"'= t' t:r • ' ~~~fi ' . p on. JW, exx. ttJt 1 1 1 lW ouenngs ; ~Jt1 1 1 lW magm-

ficence '. 1 Reading, see PSBA. r8, 1i7; cf. also lW 'announce', P;yr. 1141.


F 41 ~ vertebrae conventionally depicted

42 ~rib

43 W 1 ribs of beef

44 ~ leg-bone with adjoining meat (two different, seldom distinguishable, signs)

45 i bicornuate heifer 1

46 ~ 1 intestine

uterus of

47 =====> 1 alternatives to last (47) <==; 2 (N.B. No confusion (46

) ~ with._, M 11 before the Amarna period)

48 ~3

49 =====:;;

Rarely det. in ~{; 1 psd 'back'. As det. of '.::i~ 2 srt 'lust for blood' from an old sign ~ 3 depicting stalks of flax tied together and the boils cut off. 4

1 D. tl B. 116. 2 Urk. iv. 18, 5; also Ird' cut off', Urk. iv. 1!9-4, 11. s Pyr. 763. nu. 4 See the scene Palieri 3·

Ideo. ordet. in~ 1 var. ~~- 2 spr(spr) 'rib'. 3 Hence phon. spr (spr) in :;:.Jl spr ' approach' and derivatives. Similar signs with which- is liable to be confused are- D 24,

- N 1 1, and """"' N 1 2. 1 P. Boul. xi. vs. 8. I Siut I, 30- s Pyr. Sx.

Det. in ~ o l ~ 2 sp[tt ' ribs of beef'. 1 Meir iii. ~ 5 ; see the picture ib. i. J o.

(r) Det. in ~~ iwr 1 'thigh (of beef)', 'femur'; 2 hence h d h • A!{_, • '. h . ' ~~3 p on. et. or p on. zwr, exx. ~~ zwr tn ent ; o

1 1 1

iwrt ' heritage'. ( 2) Det. in t .}~ 4 swt (Swt) ' leg of beef', ' tibia' ; 2 hence phon. isw (iSw) in ~ .}~ var. Qi~}~ isw,5 var. O.K. ~~.}6 iw, 'exchange'.

1 Sittt I, 276; cf. Pyr. 1546. 2 See LORTET·GAILLARD, Lafaunemomijile, p. ix. a EH. i. 32. • D.el B. 107. uo; cf. Pyr. 64- 1 References, p. 132, top. • Urk. i. 2, 8.

Ideo. or det. in ~T 2 var. r~ a idt (?) 4 'vulva', 'cow'. 1 PSBA. 21, 277; verified together with Griffith in an Oxford laboratory. 2 P. Kalt. 5, 2. 3 Eb. 96, 5· • For this reading, not l;mt. see on 0 N 41.

Ideo. in LJ~j~ 2 /pb 'intestine'; hence semi-ideo. in ~Ll~ J:= m-lpb 'in the midst of'(§ 178); LJj:,: /f(J)b 'double'. Ideo. and later phon. also in ~ jl var. :;:.Jl p!Jr 'turn', 'go round' and derivatives; = j= var. ::.Jl dbtt 'go round' and derivatives. Det. (from Dyn. XII) in lJ'jl wdb, var. }= j~ 3 wdb, 'turn' and derivatives.

1 That this, rather than any of the forms F 47-49, is the correct form is shown by its frequency in good hieroglyphic texts and by the hieratic evidence, see M5LL. Pal. i. no. 183. Hieroglyphic exx.: m-~1b, Paheri 9, 11; p!Jr, O.K., Gemn. i. II; M.K., Cat. d. Mon. i. I 55; Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 6~. IS-4; Palieri g, 7; dQn

'deben-weight ', O.K., Berl. AI. i. 72 (no. 8032); Saqq. Mast. i. 2; Dyn. XVIli, Puy. 36; NORTHAMPT. I, ~~; wtjb 'cloth (l) ', D. el B. 109; wgb 'shore', Palieri g, 2-4. 2 Eb. 42, n. 3 Sinai 139, Io.

Use as last. 1 Varies with F 46 for p!Jr in Pyr.; Urk. iv. 270, 7; D. el B. Io. 45; dim, D. el B. 81. 2 Ex. p!Jr, D. el B. 11. a Regularly for dbn 'deben·weight' in the Annals of

Tuthmosis III, exx. Urk. iv. 699· 718. 733; contrast Pllr:. Urk. iv. 655, 9· 14. Exceptionally also p!Jr, Rekli. 3• :n. • In wtjb, Amarn. iii. 20. Probably never in ~lb, p!Jr, or dbn.

BIRDS Sign-list

F 50 + combination of (:3 F 46 In + 1 sp!Jr, var. O.K. P.!a:: 2 sp!Jr, • copy', • write out'. and ~ s 29 l Rkind, title. I WEILL, Dlcr., PI. ... I.

Sl piece of flesh sometimes ~)

(also Det. 1imb, flesh, exx. ~ rt 'limb'; l~ IJr 'flesh '; parts of the body, exx. ~LJ~ nlfbt • neck', 'shoulder'; ::~ mist 'liver' ; meat, ex. Q} ~ iwf' meat'. As abbrev. ~1

is found for l~s IJ,rw 'members', 'body'; and ~s for~~~ kns 'vagina'. Possibly a different sign is ~' as phon. IS or ws in ~r!/ 5 Jst 'Isis' and ~~ 8 Wsir 'Osiris ', writings found on the M. K. coffins for some superstitious reasons ; the former has as rare variant _d~.' In Dyn. XIX or before ~ changes into the egg ~ H 8 and subsequently ~ becomes a generic det. for goddesses.

1 Vrk. iv. 959, 2. s lb. 9· 8 Eb. 941 5· 8, cf. 93, 21. ' Note the position. It has been proposed to derive this phonetic sign from lsw 'testicle' ( Wb. i. 131), see NOR.THAMPT. p. 9*; another possibility is that it is an adaptation of the hieratic sign for' son' (s1), which is likewise later shown in hieroglyphic as the egg; see on H S.

1 LAC. TR. a, Sr; LAC. Sarc. ii. p. u9. 1 JfZ. 46, 9+ ' PETRIE, Giu! and Rift! 13 F; CAP ART, Recueil de Monuments i. ao.

52 ~ 1 excrement (Pyr.) Det. in Pyr. H~ Ifs 'excrement'.

Gr Egyptian vulture (Neop!tron percnopterus)1

1 P)'r. u7. Later replaced, first by tJ N 32 and then by 0 Aa 2.

Sect. G. Birds

Ideo. in Pyr. ~ 2 1 'vulture'; hence phon. 1.

tinguishable from ~ (tyw) G 4· Often indis-

1 Bier. p. 19- • P)'r. 1303; sim. ib. I7l9. In the more general sense 'bird', Louvre C 14, 10,

2 ~ two vultures ~ G I as Phon. 11, ex. ~~ mn 'see'. monogram

3 ~ combination of ~ G 1 Plion. m1, ex. ~~ ~'~ smJIW)' 'renew'. and> U I

4 ~1 the long-legged buzzard (Buteo ferox)

Phon. tyw, exx. 1.!.~.~. !Jrtyw-ntr 'necropolis workmen'; ~.Jl ~- i·tywn{y) 'welcome ye ! ' {§ 3 I 3). Reading, see § 79· Often indistinguishable from ~ {1) G I. 2

1 A brown bird, with head rounded and breast more prominent than in G r, see Bier. 1, no. 1 ; cf. SHELLEY, Birds of Eopt, Pl. IX. • Ex. Cairo 20046, qu. §.,.ss.

5 ~ falcon {exact species Ideo. in~ var. Pyr.l!_}~s lf'rw '{the falcon-god) Horus'. not determined 1) 1 So KEIMER; taken to be Fa/eo peregrinus by LORET, Bull. 3, I; BENEDITE,

Faucon ou ipervier, in Monuments Piol, 1909. I Pyr. x69o.


G 6 ~ falcon with flagellum j\

s 45

7 ~ falcon of Horus on the standard 1 R I 2

7* ~ falcon in boat 1

7** ~ variant form of G 7* 1

Det. in J Q=--~ 1 bik ' falcon '. 1 Urk. iv. 159, 13.

Det. in the O.K. writing l.!.~1 Qr(w) 'Horus '. Hence· in O.K. and later often archaistically det. of gods, ex. q:;: ~ 'I mn ' Amun ', or of the king, ex. t :_ ~ nsw ' king'. So too regularly in hieratic, while hieroglyphic prefers ~ A 40. Also ideo. in pronouns of Ist _pers. sing. when the king is speaking, exx. ~ 2 ·l, .}~ 3 wl ' I ', ' me'.

1 Urk. i. 1;p, 3· 2 See p. 39, n. 3· s Urk. iv. 158, 16.

Ideo. for the god of the X I I th nome of Upper Egypt, whose name ~~ has been inferred from somewhat complicated data to read r nty '<Anty ', meaning perhaps literally 'he with the claw(s) '. This god occurs also in other parts of Upper Egypt, particularly in the XVIIIth nome, where his name was possibly read differently. Closely connected was also a biune god r ntywy '<Antywey' worshipped in the X th nome and elsewhere, whom the Greeks equated with their mythical giant Antaeus.2

1 For the sources of these forms see ]EA. 17, 246. 2 Full discussions in AEO. ii., see the Index p. 317 under <Anty and <Antywey.

For~ as old symbol of the West, see R I 3· For~ see 0 10.

8 ~ falcon of Horus on the In title of the king ~ Qr (or bik ?) n nbw 'Horus (or sign for gold~ S 12 falcon?) of gold '.1

9 falcon of Horus bearing the sun 0 N 5 on head

I o ~ 1 falcon on a special sacred bark

1 1 ~ archaic image of a falcon

1 See p. 73 above.

ln ~ 1 Rr-Qr-1/Jty '(the composite god) Re<-Barakhti: 1 In cnrtouche of the Aten, SET HE, GiJttinger Nackrickten, 1921, 109, n. 1, cf. Urk.

iv. 144-5· The sun behit1d the falcon of Horus in royal titularies w2~ perhaps not read, cf. Urk. iv. 211, 15 with i6. 4·

Det. in~~ 2 Skr (Zkr) '(the god) Sokar '.'~ Also det. in [:;:o.} ~ 3 (znw 'the (znw-bark (of Sokar) '.

1 Leyd. Denkm. i. 17 (Zkr). 2 Dend. 8; BuDGE, p. 38, 13. 2• The often used Soknris appenrs to he n spurious clnssical form; it is doubtful whether ~OJXaf'11~ as personal name is derived from that of the god, see AEO. ii. 124.* s NAV. eh. I, 21. Sim. Pyr 138.

Det. in~~~ rsm (also r!Jm, r!Jm) 'divine image'; also in

LJ ~ 1 snbt • breast·. 1 Urk. iv. 612, 4·

12 ~ archaic image of falcon Like ~ G I I, det. in~~ r!Jm 'divine image '.1

With flagellum j\ 1 BRUGSCH, Tkes. 1078.

s 45

I4

archaic image of falcon with the double plumes fD S 9

~ vulture (Gyps fulvus ; cf.~ H 4)

BIRDS Sign-list

Ideo. in .t..@ 1 var. Pyr. ~@ QQ 2 Qr NIJn(y) '(the god) Horus of Nekhen ',i.e. of Hieraconpolis. Det. in A}.t... 3

Spdw (Spdw) 4 1 (the god) Sopd '. 1 Urk. iv. 130, 12; 134, 4· ' P)'r. 295· 1 Sinai 115. 4 Reading, see

Pyr. 1534; LAC. TR. 2o, 14-15.

Det. in Pyr. :;:~.:::. 1 nrt 'vulture'; hence phon. det. nr, ex. ::;:} ~ ~! nrw ' terror'. For obscure reason Ia in ~ o ~

mwt 'mother', Copt. maau; hence phon. mt, exx. ~t;.; 2

r!Jmt 'river-bank·, t;.,.: :f;;3: 3 mbt 'road'. 1 Pyr. 1 ri 8. 1• DAV. Ptak. i. 19. 1 Peas. R 57· 3 Siut l, 230.

IS ~ vulture with flagellum Ideo. in~ 1 Mwt 1 (the goddess) Mut'. j\S45(Dyn. XVIII) 1 Urk. iv. 413,16.

I6 ~ the vulture-goddess In~ nbty 'Two-Ladies', title of the king.1

N ekh bet and the eo bra- 1 See p. 73 for the reading and interpretation.

goddess Edjo on baskets = V 3 o

I7 ~ owJl

I 8 ~ two owls as monogram

I9 ~ combination of~ G I 7 and~ D 37 (Dyn. XVIII)

20 ~ combination of~ G I 7 and -ll D 36 (Dyn. XVIII)

2 I ~~ Sennar guinea- fowl (Numida m. meleagris) ta

22 ~1 hoopoe ( Upupa epops)

Cf. Coptic .. t.'-''i'A~-x 'owl'. 2 Phon. m. 1 According to KEIMER the hieroglyphs show several members of the family of

Strigidae. NEWIIERRY states that the sign as here printed depicts the Barn owl (Tyto alba alba). 2 SETHE, Alplzabet 153·

Phon. mm, ex. ;.~1 lmm 'not having been'. In Dyn. XVIII ~seems to be used for Q~ im 'therein'(§ 205).

1 D. tl B. 76.

Phon. m (originally mi), ex. ~~~ mhy 'be neglectful'. See~ D 37 and I:WI D 38.

Use as last.

Ideo. in ~' ~ 2 1t{t 1 the n{t-bird '. Phon. 1z{t, exx. ~ l1b 1z{ti 1 pray'; ~U0 1z{t{t 1 eternity'. Some sculptors assimilate this sign to ~ G I or} G 43.3

1 Exx. O.K., MoLL. Pal. i. no. 229; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 2, 12. 1• ]EA. a6, 79; earlier also Ann. 38, 253· 689. 2 BUDGE, p. 397, Il. s For the latter see]EA. 26, So, n. 1 and above p. 361, n. 3·

Phon. db in ~J ~ 1 var. Pyr. b = 2 dbt, var. N.K. ~ J ~ dbt, 'brick'.

1 L. D. iii. 56, A.


G 23 ~1 lapwing ( Vanellus cr£status)

Phon. or phon. det. YQ(y)t in '";QQo~.~~ var. ~1 7 1 rQyt ' common folk'.

1 DA v. Plan. i. x8, no, 410, with p. lO. See too the picture Tn. T. S. i. frontispiece.

24 ~ lapwing with wmgs Use as last. twisted round one 1 Ann. 26, x86; AEO. i. xox•.

another 1

25 ~1 crested ibis (Ibis coma

la)

26 ~ sacred ibis (Ibz's rel£giosa) on the standard 1 R 12

;!6* ~ sacred ibis

27 ~ flamingo (Phoen£co-pterus roseus) 1

Ideo. or semi-ideo. in ~2 var. ~s IQ 'spirit', 'spirit-like nature', Hence semi-phon. IQ in ~ IQ 'be glorious', ' beneficial ' and derivatives.

1 Hier. p. 21; Bull. Ij, 183; Ann. 30, 24; 38, 263. s A·z. 57. 137·

2 Pyr. 474·

Det. in ru.J~ 1 hb 'ibis'. Det. in ~~~ varr. ~. )l}~ 2

.O!twty '(the ibis-god) Thoth ', 1 BRUGSCH, Tiles, 1075• • A·z. sx, ss.

Use as last, but very rarely without the standard.

Det. in ~~2 dsr' flamingo'. Hence semi-phon. dsr in ~~ var. ~-=- dsr ' red ' and derivatives.

1 Coloured red, Medum, frontispiece, no. 6. I B. of D. ed. LEPS., eh. 31 1 9·

28 ~black ibis (Pie,![ad£s Cf. O.K. m~ 1 gmt 'thegmt-bird '. Hence phon. gm,2 exx. falcinellus) 0 ~ ~ gmi 'find' ; ~ ~ll!C=•· gm!t 'look at'.

29 )r. jabiru (Ephippiorhynchus senega!ensis) 1

o GUNN, Teti, i. xog, n. 4; Ann. 30, 20. 1 Legend to a picture of the bird flying, A"z. 38, PI. 5· 2 Reading, compare gmf!Jw in Pyr. 250 with BUDGE, p. 461, 12.

Ideo. in jj.. 01 'soul (in bird form)'. Hence phon. 01, exx. ~it b1k 'servant'; e.J)r ~::5 QOI 'destroy'. In groupwriting (§ 6o) ~ or t.Sr or .J )r is used for b 2•

1 Ann. 30, 1. I BURCHARDT § 41 •

30 ~ three jabirus as mono- In ~ b1w 'spirits', 'might'. gram

31 "j. heron (Ardea c£nerea or A rdea purpurea) 1

32 ~ heron on a perch

33 "jr1 buff-backed egret? (A rdea £bis ?)

Det. in .,! o} "]'-. bnw (bynw) 2 ' phoenix'. bird is det. in l. ~"]'-. s snty ' heron '.

A very similar

1 JiZ. x6, 104. I Urk. iv. 1131 14- Cf. JiZ. 61, Io6.

Ideo. or det. in .J......l!l:~ var. ~ 1 br!ti 'be inundated'. 1 Urk. iv. t 165, 14 ••

Det. in Pyr. ~= ~ ~ 12 sd1 'the sd1-bird '. Hence phon. det. in~=~~ sdJ 'tremble'; ~= ~= ~ ~~ sd1d1 'tremble'.

1 Cairo 34010, 12 (LACAU, PI. 7) = Urk. iv. 616, 8. 1 Pyr. 2152.

34 ~ 1 ostrich (Struth£o came- Det. in ~} '5r 1 var. --t~ 2 var. Pyr. ~'sr 3 niw 'ostrich'. !us) 1 Cairo 34001, t8 (LACAU, PI. x)= Urk. iv. 19, xo. 1 Eb. 59, 19. 1 Pyr. 469.

470

G 35 ~~ cormorant (Phalacrocorax)

36 ~ swallow or martin1 (one of the Hirundidae. Note the swallow tail)

37 ~ sparrow 1 (Passer domesticus aeg;jJtiacus. Note the rounded tail)

38 ~ white-fronted goose (A nser albifrons) 1

39 ~ pintail duck (Dafila acuta) 1

BIRDS Sign-list

Phon. r~, exx. ~..ll var. it ..ll 2 r~ 'enter' ; ~};=:=: r~ 'revenue', 'provisions'.

1 See the picture BH. iv. n. 1 JiZ. 57, 6•.

Phon. wr 2, exx. ~ wr 'great' ,· ~l O wrk 'anoint'. <=> <=> \-11 • A

similar sign is det. in ;;:~a mnt 'swallow'.4

1 So CARTER, confirmed by KEIMER, who insists that it is impossible to define the species more closely. Coloured facsimiles, differing much in detail, Metlum, frontispiece no. 4 ; Hiw. PI. I, no. 3 ; contrasted with the ' bad ' bird, below G 3 7, see Bull. Metr. Mus. New York, Egyptian Expedition, 1916-7, IS, fig. I7. 2 Reading, cf. Coptic OTHP • how much' •Eg. wr (§ 501); but also varr. in Pyr. IJS3 (nwrw) and kindred words. 8 Urk. iv. 1 I3, 13. 4 Hier. p. 20.

Det. small, exx. ;:;~~ abbrev. ~ 2 n4s (ntil) 3 'small'; l~J~ 4 l;ns ' narrow ' ; bad, defective, exx. .J Q~ bin 'bad'; ~}~ sw 'empty'; YA~ mr 'ill', 'diseased'; ~~ 1~ 'perish'.

1 So CARTER, confirmed by KEIMER. Represented with approximative accuracy as a small brown bird, spotted with dark brown on the sides of the throat and crop; see Bull. Metr. Mu.r. New York, Egyptian Expedition, 1916-7, 18, fig. 1S; i/J. 1922-3, 35, fig. 29. 1 Tk. T. S. i. II, row 2. 8 Pyr. 912, 4 Peas. R 45·

Det. in 0. K. m .J~ 2 gb ' the gb-goose' ; hence semi-phon. gb in ~.J~ Gb, var. m.J.J~ Gbb, '(the earth-god) Geb', Gk. K~/3.8 Det. in~~ r, :;:o~ trp, names of kinds of geese 4 ; alsoin ~~~1pd'bird', 'goose'. Thistypemay be employed in place of the more exact ~ G 39 in words containing SI (z1), except when the originals clearly mark the pintail. It may be employed for the indeterminate birds serving as ph on. det. in }-. ~ ~ ~ wfi ' talk ' ; };;:~..ll wsf 'be idle'; }~~..ll wdf 'delay' (§ 352); and 1~~~~6 /;tm 'perish'. Lastly, it maybe used for the generalized det. of birds and insects found in hieratic/ exx. :=:!..e~ 7 tnl;r 'hawk(?)'; '"t~ 8 niw 'ostrich'; =o~ ~,~,9 snl;mw 'locusts'.

1 Hier. p. 22; Bull. Metr. Mus. New York, Egyptian Expedition I916-7, 19. 1 O.K., L. D. ii. 61, B; N.K., P. Harris ;oo, recto, 4, 7· 9• 1 Reading, JiZ.

24, I; 43, I47; SI, 5S. 59· 4 DAV, Ptall. i. p. 2I; cf. Gemn. i. II. 12. 1 A goose according to Hier. p. 22. • MoLL. Pal. i. no. 217. ' Peas. B I, I75· 8 E/J. S6, II. t Hears/ I.oJ, 7•

Det. in -;:~ 2 st (zt, perhaps for z1t) 'pintail duck'. Hence ph on. SI (z1), exx. ~ i {SI) 8

' son ' ; \:"~}~ SIW ' beam :. ' plank ' ; l \:" ""~ l;s1t ' the divine l;s1t-cow '. This type may, if preferred, be employed in place of ~ G 38 in the indefinite uses where the actual nature of the bird in question is unknown.

1 Hier. p. :u; Bull. Melr. Mus. New York, Egyptian Expedition I916-7, 19. I Ptak. (E. R. A.) 37; Ti 25. 8 Reading with s, Pyr. 1130,

471


G 40 AA pintail duck flying Ideo. in Pyr. o~~ 1 later var. o~~-- 2 p1 'fly'. Hence phon. jJJ, exx. ~ p1 'the' (§ 110); -;~~- spJ 'centipede'. In group-writing (§ 6o) ~ (hieratic "''t~) is used for p. 3 In Dyn. XII~ is occasionally used for "'t G 41.' In hieratic ~ is always replaced by "'t G 41, as also occasionally in hieroglyphic. 5

1 Pyr. 463. 2 BUDGE, p. 493, 12. 1 BURCHARDT § 46. f A'z. 391 11{, 8 (bn); BB. i. 25, 10 (tn). 6 See G 41, n. 10.

41 ""ft. pintail duck alighting Det. in,.! "'t..ll (Jni 'alight ',1 'halt' ; hence phon. det. (Jn, ex. ,.! "'t ~ (Jn ' speech ', ' sentence '. For unknown reasons, phon. or phon. det. *mi in LlgQQa"''t, ~ 1

2 var. "'t.QQ,'f,3 *myt 'gum'; phon. det. sl;:w in ~ ~'~ "'t~ 4 sftwy' collect'. The combination )"'.:{' 6 is used to show that I is the throw-stick I T 14, not the identically shaped warrior's club, serving as det. in Ll>~ l"'t~ 6 var. LJ> ~ 17 *m'' throw', whence Ll> ~ l"'t.~ *m' 'create'; also in ~,:_ l"'ti 8 mtn, O.K. ~=) 9 m{n, 'nomad hunter', whence phon. det. {n, tn, exx. ~gy~~ m{n 'road'; ::l"'t. {ni, var . .: l"'t. tni, 'distinguish'. Before Dyn. XVIII "'t is sometimes used for~ G 40 in hieroglyphic,10 as always in hieratic,11 where it often serves, like~ G 38, as an indefinite det. for birds.

1 Contrasted with PI 'fly', Pyr. 366. 1 Eb. 68, 4• 1 Eb. 68, 7; see AZ. 31, uS. ~ BUDGE, p. 228, u. Sim. Urk. iv. 84, 2. 1 Occasionally in Dyn. XVIII (ex. tn, Palzeri 9, 39) the bird's head hangs as though it had been struck; so often later. e Westc. 4, ro. 7 LAC. TR. H, 69. 8 Sin. R 50. 9 L. D. ii. 6, as proper name. 10 Exx. p. 395, nn. 3· 6; Louvre C II, 3· 6; C 12, 6. 11 MoLL. Pal. i. no. 221 compared with no. 222.

42 ~ fatted duck or wid- Ideo. in ~2 var. ~~~ "'t.~ 3 var. O.K. }=~' wSI 'fatten'; geon? 1 also in~~~ 6 tij(;) 6 'provisions'.

1 Bier. p. 23. Cf. too w}lf 'widgeon (!) ', WRESZINSKI, Atlas i. 27. 2 BB. i. 27. s Eb. 89, 3, where the generalized det. G 41 is used. ' Gemn. i. II. 6 Urk. iv. I165, 13. Sim. ib. 1222, 4· 8 For the radical I see Verbum i. § 7~, 2.

43 } quail chick 1 For unknown reason, phon. w. 1 Bier. p. 21 ; Ann. 30, 6.

For~. the hieroglyphic adaptation of the hieratic abbreviated form of} G 43, see Z 7·

44 ~ two quail chicks} G 43 Ph on. ww, ex. ~)? ~ pftww ' end '.

45 ~

as monogram

combination of} G 43 Phon. wr, ex. -jt}\-.11 wrw ' soldier'. and -DD 36

combination of} G 43 Phon. mJw, ex.~~_: m mJwt 'anew'. and> U 1

G 47 ~ duckling 0

BIRDS Sign-list

Ideo. in ,71! 1 {1 'nestling'. Hence phon. {1,2 exx. ~~ q qf='\:.l {ly 'male'; =~"'~ {1e{1t 'baldachin '. In group-writing (§ 6o) ,71! is used for P

o ]EA. 27, 133. 1 Amarn. vi. 271 7· Sim. lrf. u K. vs. 2, 2.

Sphinx 19, 59· s BURCHARD'J' § I.j.l.

2 Reading,

48 ~1 three ducklings~ G 4 7 Det. in=~ 2 ss (zS?) 'nest'. Sometimes ~stakes the place in nest of~.

1 O.K., Gebr. i. 5, with the scene. qu. p. g6, n. 9·

1 D. el B. 131.

49 ~ ducks' heads protrud- Ideo. or det. in ;;:~ 2 var. ~ 3 ss (zs ?) 'bird-pool', 'nest'. ing from a pool1 1 See Ti 23;. Eerslz. i. 2o, where the water of the pool is clearly marked.

• Amarn. vi. 16, I g. Sim. sJy, Urk. iv. SgS, 9· 1 Bersk. i. 20.

50 ~ 1 two plovers(?) as mono- In ]?~~ 1/IJ.ty 2 ' fuller', ' washerman '. gram 1 BH. i. 29. One bird only, see BH. iii. p. 6; Meir i. p. 23. In spite of the

identity of the consonants r!Jt, this bird seems to be distinct from the lapwing G 23. 2 Reading, MASPERO, Etudes lgyptiennes, i. 91, n. 3; 93, n. I ; )/Z. 20, I89.

51 t!:: 1 egret(?)peckingatfish Det. in f~~Ot~ !um 'catch fish'. 1 Tlz. T. s. ii. 5·

52 fii- 1 goose(?) picking up Det. in Hi:~ snm (snm) 3 'feed' (trans. vb.).

53~

grain 2

human-headed bird preceded by b R 7 (Dyn. XVIII)

54 ~ trussed goose or duck

1 Puy. 63 ; cf. Tk. T. S. i. 7. 2 See the scenes of' feeding' (ltzmt), Gemn. i. rr. 12. 1 With fem. infinitive, hence probably caus, :~-lit.

Ideo. in ~1 b1 'soul'. 1 Leyd. Denkm. iv. 37 ; see )fZ. 61, 104.

Det. in }::~ 1 wsJt 'wring neck of (birds)', 'offer'. For unknown reason, phon. or phon. det. in ~fo sn<i, var. Pyr. ~t'S'~ 2 sn<i, later var. ~=~ snd, 'fear' and derivatives.

1 Siut I, 239.

Sect. H. Parts of Birds 1> head of pin tail duck \...

G 39

In formula of offering as abbrev. of ~~~~~ pdw 'fowl' (p. 1 72). Det. in }::21 ws1t 'wring neck of (birds} , 'offer'. This type may be used forTH 2 in transcribing hieratic mlf when the crest is absent. 2

1 Sk. S. 145; see Rec. 38, 200. 1 Exx. m,C 'temple', Eb. 58, 22; mlf 'real', Sk. S. 66; Peas. B I, 76.

473


H 2 / head of a crested bird1 Phon. det. mlf, exx. ~T 2 mJf 'temple' (of head), cf. -::!;,~ ~ 3 m1r ' real '. Also phon. or ph on. det. wsm, exx. }= ~ T'\. 4 wsm 'ear (of corn)' ; T~} e 6 wsmw 'vessel (for beer)'. From Dyn. XII in place of I! H 3 as phon. Plf (p1/f) in T~T! 6 P# 'fine linen'.

3

4

Jl/ 1 head of spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia; Pyr.)

~ head of vulture ~ G 14 (Gyps fulvus)

5 lii'iiit!F' wing

6

6*

feather

~ feather as found m hieratic 1

7 ~ claw

8 \) egg

1 Heron (1); but a duck m,t occurs MAR. Mast. p. I u. 2 Bersk. i. q, 7· 8 See HI, n. 2. ' Urk. iv. 535, 10. 1 Urk. iv. 828, 7• 16. 4 Dyn. XII,

Sinai 53, 14; Dyn. XVIII, Rec. 29, 165 (collated).

Phon. det. p1/f (p!f), ex. o~~il= 2 p1/f 'PI/f-cake '.

Phon. det. nr, ex. :;:1.}1 nrw 'terror'. From Dyn. XVIII sportive writing in 'i,~~ 2 late var. :i~~ 3 rmt 'people'.

1 Urk. iv. 43, I. 1 Urk. iv. 965, 10. Sim. ib. 138, 15. 8 Reading, AZ. 20, 188.

Det. wing, ex. =:t1-- 1 rinf:t, var .. ::1-- 2 dnf:t, 'wing' ; fly, exx. ;:: ..... 3 r!JI, 'fly'; o~~-- 4 p1 'fly'.

1 LAC. TR. 5, 3· Sim. Pyr. 387. 4 BUDGE, p. 493, 12.

I Eb. 88, 13. 8 Sin. Rn.

Ideo. in ~7var. Pyr. ~~· 1 swt 'feather'. Hence phon. Iw, ex. ~}~ Sw '(the air-god) Shu '. Ideo. as substitute for ~ C 10, in ~""'~~ varr. ~7,2 ~ 3 nurt 'truth'; in the adjective~~ m1r 'true' and related words~ is not written, nor has it been found in M.E. hieratic in any words from this stem.

1 Pyr. 1566. Reading, see also Rec. 38, 62. 4II, 4• in l}m-nt.r iliJrt.

I Rtkh. 10, U, 1 Urk. iv.

With one or two strokes at side in M. E. hieratic for words from the stem sw.

J Artificial sign to be used in transcribing from hieratic, see MoLL. Pal. i. no. 237. L E. hieratic uses H 6 for Mlrt, ib. ii. no. 236.

Phon. sJ in J..oJ./ S1t 2 '(the land) Shat '. 1 Urk. iv. 618, 1. 1 Reading, AZ. 13, u; Sphinx I, 256. The sign occurs

also as det. of lift 'claw' (Pyr. 1779) and as a division of the cubit (PSBA. q, 404), in both cases outside our period.

Det. in ~} 1 ~ 1 swf:tt (swf:tt) 2 'egg'. The hieratic contraction 3

of ~ G 39 found in the inverted M.K. method of expressing filiation (p. 66, top) appears in Dyn. XIX hieroglyphic as the egg ~ 4 ; that sign may be conventionally used in transcribing the instances in M. K. hieratic. In~~~~ prt 'patricians',' mankind'\) is perhaps derived from an earlier sign for a clod of earth. 6

1 Urk. iv. 361, I.oJ. 1 Pyr. 1967. 1 AZ. 49, 9J;· 4 GARD. Sin. ISS· An isolated Dyn. XII instance seems to occur Sinai 28. See further F 51, n. 4·

I AEO. i. Il*, 18•, Jo8*.

474

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR Sign-list

Sect. I. Amphibious Animals, Reptiles, etc.

I 1 ~ lizard

2 c{) freshwater turtle

3 ~ crocodile

s* ~ archaic stone(?) image of a crocodile 1

4 ~ 1 crocodile on a shrine

5 ~ 1 crocodile with inward curved tail

6 LJ piece of crocodile-skin with spines 1

7 ~ frog (~wr) 1

8 ~ tadpole

Det. in l~.B~ t~~ 1 {tnt1sw ' lizard' ; ~~ 2 rs(1) ' lizard '. From the latter, phon. rs1 in ~~~ var. ~ var. Pyr. ~~ ~ 3 rs1 'many' and the related words.

1 Eb. 98, 9· 2 Ramesseum medical papyrus, unpublished. 3 Pyr. II46.

Ideo. or det. in~~ -o 1 var. -{::)1 2 styw 3 'turtle'. '. 1 Eb. 57, 6. 2 Eb. 86, u. s Writings with t are all late.

Ideo. or det. crocodile, exx. ~ T ....,_ ms{t (mz{t) 1 'crocodile'; ~=..,..._ fptty 'crocodile'; 2 however, for the god Sobk the sign ~ I 5* or ~ I 4 is perhaps invariably used. Det. greedy, in ~~ 3 sktt ' lust after' ; l~ ..:;_ 4 {tnt 'be greedy' ; perhaps also in :::;:~ ....,_ 5 r/}m ' voracious (?) spirit'; aggression, in ~.::_ 6 Jd 'be aggressive',' angry'. For obscure reason, 7 phon. lt in :::~ 8 for Q~QQ!} lty ' sovereign '.

1 Rtc. 25, r 56. i .. TVb. iii. 308. 3 Pt. 296. 4 Peas. B r, 291. 5 Wb. i. 226. 8 Berl. Al. i. p. 258, 12. 7 It is just conceivable that by M.K. 1d had already become Jt, giving rise to the value lt. s Sh. S. 24; Pt. 7·

Ideo. or det. in rJ~ 2 var. ~ 3 Sbk (Sbk) '(the crocodile-god) Sobk ·, Gk. Iovxo~.

1 DAv. Ptah. i. 9, no. 157· Distinguished from ~ I 3 also in hieratic, MoLL. Fal. i. no. 242. 2 Pyr. 456; Sinai 23, no. 85. 3 Sinai 35, no. Io6.

Ideo. or det. in u<:::::" ~ var. ~ Sbk ( Sbk) ' (the crocodile-god) Sobk'.

1 Exx. PETR. Abyd. iii. 13; Sinal 53, 6.

Det. in r6 ~Ll~~ 2 abbrev. ~ 3 SJ* (s!¥) 4 'collect', 'gather together'.

1 PETR. Abyd. iii. 29; Dend. 8. • Sin. B 23-4. 3 Seen. 1. ' Pyr. 735·

Cf. QLJ~ ~ 2 var. Q<:::::"~ It 3 ikm 'shield'. Hence(?) phon. km, exx. LJ~@ Kmt 'Egypt'; rLJ~ \\\. skm 'grey-haired '.

1 Ilier. p. 23. 1 Sin. R 159. s LAC. Sarc. ii. p. 157•

Det. in l~~ if#' (the frog-goddess) I:Ie~et '. From Dyn. XVIII or XIX sometimes as sportive ideo. for J¥- w{tm rn!J ' repeating life' as epithet after persm1al name. 2

1 .IJ:rr is apparently not known before Dyn. XX. 2 Sphinx 7, 215.

Cf. the O.K. name of a man l~~ 1 .ljfnr, i.e. 'Tadpole'. Hence phon. !ifn in~ !ifn 'one hundred thousand'(§ 259), plur. var. Dyn. X I X l:::~ ,~ 2 !ifttw.

1 Berl • .li!. i. p. 162, 2 L. D. iii. 175, G.

475


I 9 ~ horned viper ( Cerastes cornutus) 0

Ideo. perhaps in the name of the Xllth nome of Upper Egypt t:_;J; ..{)w-ft 'Mountain-of-the-Horned-Viper', for which a rare var. with~ ft occurs; 1 cf. also demotic fy 'viper'. Hence phon . .f. For Q,:_ it 'father' seep. 43, n. 1.

o KEIMER, Etudes d'!gyptologi~, VII. 1 SETHE, Alphabet 152; cf. the epithet !}w-ftt, Pyr. 1358; see too now AEO. ii. 69*, n. I.

For+ seeP 9· For+ seeS 30. For{- see U 35·

10 ~ cobra in repose (Naja Cf. Pyr. ';{ 1 var. ":\~ 2 t.it 3 'cobra'. Hence phon. t.f. Some-haje, Gk. ao-?Tt~) 0 times also, by a false archaism, for c=. d (§ 19, 0Bs. 2).

I 1 l two cobras'-, I 10

o KEIMER, Etudes d'lgyptologie, VII, -41; Miss Murray !]EA. H• 117) prefers to identifv with .Naja nigricol/is. 1 Pyr. 20-47. 2 Pyr. 697. s Doubtless properiy J!lt from the stem wJ!l, cf. W;rjyt 'Edjo '. See AZ. 55, 89; SETHE, Alphabet 157.

Phon. t.ft.i, ex. ~} "!1~ 1 w#t 'what had been commanded', 1 Siut I, no.

For "11 see M 14. For i1 see T 5· For~ see T 6. For 'Tl1 see V 21.

1 2 ~ cobra (erect as on the Det. in Q~~ 1 irrt 'uraeus '. Det. goddesses, especially those forehead of the Pha- to whom the appearance of a snake was attributed, exx. raoh) TQQa~ 1f'it.iyt'Edjo' 1a;:;:~~2 Nsrt (Nzrt) 3 'the goddess

Nesret '.

cobra ~ I 12 on the basket 'C7 V 30

I 4 iJVL 1 snake

I 5 'V1Jl. alternative form of last

Sect. K. K 1 <fi{3J a fish ( Tilapia nz'lotica ;

Arabic bulfi) 1

1 ERM. Hymn. -4, 4; see.JZ. 46, I02; theovpai'os of HORAPOLLO, Hi:roglyjJhica, I. I, 1• See above, p. 73, n. Ia. 2 ERM. Hymn, 3, 2, s Pyr. I9.f·

Det. goddesses, exx. To~ 1 iVJt.f(y)t 'Edjo'; ~~~~~ 1ztrt 'goddess'. As an element in the royal title~ see G 16.

' Urk. iv. 308, 6.

Det. snake, e:xx. l~}'lM- 2 !zj1w 'serpent'; ~~'lM- 1 t.fdft 'snake'; possibly also det. worm, but it is doubtful if t.fdft ever had that usually attributed meaning.8

1 Amarn. iv. -4, 3· 2 Sh. S. 6r. s Sp1zin.11: -4, I-47; see too JEA. 3-4, uS.

Use as last.

Fishes and parts of Fishes Det. in Q':' ~~~ var. Q~~s int' the bulfi-fish '. Hence phon.

in, exx. Q::'~ int 'valley'; Q::'Jil inb 'wall', 1 GAILLARD 89. ' Cairo ss-4, Io-PIEHL, IH. iii. 75· s Eb. 7I, 20.

2 ~ 1 a fish (Bar bus bynni) 11 Ph on. det. bw s in j }~ bwt ' abomination '. 1 Thebes, tomb 83. 1 GAILL.UlD 49· a .AZ. sS, I7.

476

FISHES AND PARTS OF FISHES Sign-list

K 3 ~ 1 a fish (Mug£! cephalus; Arabic bur£) 2

4 ~ 1 oxyrhynchus fish (Mormyrus kannume) 11

5 ~ 1 a fish (Petrocephaltu bane) 2

7 ~ a fish ( Tetrodon fahaka)1

Det. in=~~ 3 rdw 'the burl-fish '. Hence phon. rd (rti?) in the title ~4 rtj (?)-mr, var. :=:S= 5 rd-mr, 'administrator (of a province)', probably lit. 'excavator of canal(s) '.

1 D. e1 B. 109. 1 GAILLARD 93· s Eb. 82, 9· ' Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 109; O.K., Urk. i. 5, 17; II, ro. I Urk. iv. 952, 13. The writing rg in GARD. Sin. 152 is not quite conclusive for the O.K. reading.

Ideo. in .q. 3 fpt 'oxyrhynchus '. Hence phon. /}1, 4 exx. ~ var. Pyr. -=-~ ( 6 !iJt ' corpse' ; .q.~ ~\\~ 8 !iJrt, var. 1~ ~~ 7 QJr!, 'widow'.

I D. e/ B. 152. 1 GAILLARD 26. tomb of Merernka, A 13, east wall.

1 Pyr. 474· 1 BH. I. 8, 20.

s Ti In, fem. ; the t is written in the 4 Reading, Verbum i. p. 156, top. 7 Siut 3, 5·

Phon. det. bs (bz) in .. H~ bs, var. O.K. QJ;:3 ibz, 'introduce', 'enter'. A very similar fish is used as generic det. fish, ex.);}~4 rmw 'fish'; fishy smell, ex. !.~~6 uns 'stink'.

1 Ex. Rekn. ro. forms, Bull. u, 41.

1 GAILLARD 17. The characteristica are shown in earlier a Urk. i. 87, 17. ' Urk. iv. 954, 7· & Hearst 2, 17.

Det. of ~~2 spt 'be discontented'. 1 GAILLARD 97• 2 Brit. M us. 159.

6 <) 1 fish-scale (also written Ideo. or det. in:;:~.; 1 var. {) 3 nsmt 'fish-scale'.

6) 2 M.u.K.r,2;see 1 Leyd. Denlm1. ii. 5 ; not to be confused with 1::::1. L 6. Rec. 38, 62. 1 Leyd. Denkm. ii. 5·

Sect. L. Invertebrata and Lesser Animals LI dung-beetle (Scara- Ideo. in fl\• 1 var. Pyr. ~=#l\• 2 uPrr 'dung-beetle'. Hence

ph on. uPr in .!t var. Pyr. ~ #l\<=> 3 uPr ' become , and derivatives.

baeus sacer)

1 Eb. 88, 13. a J7r. 212.

2 ~bee Ideo. in~~ 1 bit' bee'; also in ~""'• ~ 1 bit 2 'honey'. Hence phon. bit 3 in~""' var. Pyr. JQoJ£ 4 bit(y) 'king of Lower Egypt'. For M n-sw-bit 'king of Upper and Lower Egypt' see§ 55 and p. 73·

1 P. Kak. 3, 2. 1 Coptic ebiO. s Reading, AZ. 30, II3.

3 ~ 1 fly Det. in E& s rff' fly'. 1 From a gold fly given as an honorific decoration, BISSING, Tkebani'scne

Grabfunde 6; see PSBA. 22, 167. 1 Urk. iv. 39, I; 893, u; see )/Z. +3, 143.

4 ~ 1 common locust (A cry- Det. in =o~ ~ sn{tm (Pyr. zn{tm 2) 'locust'. d£um peregrz"num) 1 SCHIAPARELLI, Re/azione .•. lavori d. Miss. Arcn. ii. p. 171, fig. 156.

2 Pyr. 891.

477


L 5 ~ centipede

6 ~ bivalve shell 1

7 fjl scorpwn (modified for superstitious rea-sons)2

1 Az. 5s, S2. 2 Pyr. 669.

For unknown reason, phon. fp, in M. E. only in~~ 2 (pt, var. ®!~.J''" 3 fpwt 'table of offerings'.

1 BH. iii. p. 14. Not to be confused with the fish-scale 0 K 6. • Urk. iv. 163, 7· Reading, see Sah. 63; Pyr. sS. 3 Siut 1, 240.

Ideo. in fJ' Srlft '(the scorpion-goddess) Serl~et ', full name in Pyr. r;oJo}1~ 3 Srftt-fttw 'she-who-relieves-the-windpipe'.

1 Exx. Sinai Ss. 143; Five Th. T. 9· PSBA. 39, 34·

2 Az. sr, 49· 57· a Pyr. 6o6 ; see

Sect. M. Trees and Plants M1 0 tree

2 '\. herb

Det. tree, exx. ;;:0 nht 'sycamore-fig', 'tree', plur. often ;;:000 1 nhwt; ~0002 mnw 'trees'; JP'O nbs 'Christ's thorn-tree', 'neb*-tree'; 0~0 3 lmt, varr. Pyr. Q~O~'bm, Q>O 5 im1, Q>~O 6 lm(1), unidentified tree. From this last, ph on. inn, im-writings with 0 ~ are best transcribed iJm (cf.§ 19, 0BS. 1)-exx. 0~..: bmt 'charm', 'favour'; O~L.J 7 ilm(w) 'tent'. The rather similar sign which serves as det. in ~~0 8 mrr 'fortunate' may well depict a quite different object.

1 Urk. iv. 1064, S. • Urk. iv. 353, 3· 8 Urk. iv. 73, 14. 4 Pyr. 699. D Ib. 8 Ib. 7 Urk. iv. 325, 12. 8 D. el B. 57, 4; cf. O.K., Gebr.

ii. 13; M.K., Siut 3, S; later the det. of mrr resembles V 29, see on this.

Det. plant, flower, exx. Q ~-=-} '\. '\. '\. i1rw ' reeds ' ; !,. -:-'\. f.zrrt 'flower'. From l~ Q '\. 1 f.znl 'rush', phon. l,z1t, exx. 1~ c} 5 l,z1tw ' vessel ' ; 1~ ~,_ /.znskt ' lock ' (of hair). Det. in Q~"i" 2 isl 'be light' (perhaps like Q~~~~~~ isw 'reeds'); hence phon. det. is, exx. Q~~"~ 3 isy, var. O.K. Qf~' iz, 'tomb', 'chamber'; Q~}~ 6 iswt 'old times'. From Q 1'\. i 'reed' (see on M 1 7) rarely as sportive writing for ·i 'I',' my' 6 ; hence also for 1t as det., ex. ~7 s 'man'. From Dyn. XVIII on sometimes as faulty tra~scription of hieratic (C T 24 in '\.!~ 8 il,zwty 'te~ant farmer'.

1 LAC. TR. 22, 63. 2 VoG. Bauer 121. 3 Urk. iv. 132, II. 4 Urk. i. 16, 4· D BH. i. 25, 45· 6 Urk. iv. 77, s-6, qu. § 440, 2; sim. ib. 401, 16. 7 Ib. 8 PETRIE, Tarkhan i. So, 19; Med. Habu (ed. Chicago), HO, 6o.

478

TREES AND PLANTS Sign-list

M 3 v- branch Ideo. in ~ (Jt 'wood', 'tree'; hence phon. (Jt, exx. ;,:~~ (Jtyw ' terrace ' ; ~~ n(Jt ' strong '. Det. wood, ex. 2;!-.!.. hlmy 'ebony'; wooden objects, exx. } !,_,_ 1 w(J1 'column'; ~J~0,_,_ 2 *niw 'palanquin '. Vertically y in ~f./.1 s <frr, var. ~ f' <fr, 'search out', lit. perhaps 'harpoon' (vb.); 5

here y is probably corruption of an old sign ~ or J. 6

4 f

5

6 f

palm-branch stripped of leaves and notched (rare var. p) to serve as tally Ia

1 Urk. iv. 765, r 3· • Westc. 7, 12. 3 Urk. iv. 384, 12. 4 Thebes, tomb uo. 6 Cf. (/r rmw 'spear fish '1 P. Ka!r. 33, I6. 8 Pyr. I 105 in (/rbw 'curly'·

Det. in ~f ft, rnpi 'be young', 'vigorous'. Hence rnp in f~ var. Pyr. ::of o 1h rnpt 'year', with f ideographically as symbol; with similar sense ideo. in fe {ut-sp 'regnal year' (p. 204) and in f f~ Ic snf (from sn·nwf' its second ') 'last year'. Possibly ideo. of time (if not phon. det.) also in .:.f0 2 tr 'time', 'season', where it usually appears in the form I M 5 or f M 6. Elsewhere also f is an occasional substitute for I M 5, f M 6, or~ M 7.3

1 BH. i. 8. 1• JEA. 34, 119, cf. HORAPOLLO I, 3 .potllllta; in pictorial repre-sentations always with many notches, e.~. J EA. 4, PI. 4; 30, PI. 4; MoRET, Royautt Pharaonique, figs. I 7. I 8. 19. 1 Pyr. 965, as designation of Sothis; Coptic rompl' year'. 10 Adm. p. I02. 2 Written {rw, Urk. iv. 195, 4· 3 In ptr' see', Siut r, 220; Cairo 20538, i. c 3; rnpt 'vegetables',' fruit', ib. ii. c 25.

combination of f M 4 With sportive ideographic intention (palm-branch planted in and oX I o) in Pyr. I-=- tr, var. I t(i), 'season '.1 Hence I (see on

M 4 for f) becomes in M. E. characteristic det. in .:.I 0 2

abbrev. I0 3 tr 'season'. However, f M 6 is a commoner substitute for £, though I interchanges with .[ in some uses really belonging only to the latter, exx. "~JI \.-JJ

4 pri 'battlefield'; = .::;:QI ® 5 T1-mri 'Ta-meri ', i.e. Egypt.

combination of f M 4 and-=- D 21

1 SETHE, Pyramidentexte iv. § 132. Sinai 90, 19. 3 Sinai 90, 3· II ; lkkern. 14.

2 Urk. iv. 384, 9• Sim. plur. ltr(w), 4 Urk. iv. 32, ro. 5 Urk. iv.ro2, II.

With sportive ideographic intention in Pyr . .[-=- 1 tr 'season'. In M.E. det. in .:_.[0 2 abbrev. £3 tr 'season'. Hence phon. det. tr, ti, exx . .:_.[~ tr 'pray' (§ 256); l.:.H 4 (ttr 'assess, (taxes); also phon. det. ri, exx. <~:Jf~ 5 pri 'battlefield' ; = .::;:4.[ ® 6 T1-mri 'Ta-meri ', i.e. Egypt.

1 SETHE, Pyramidentexte iv. § I 32, where a word rr 'seaSon' is perhaps unneces-sarily assumed. 2 Urk. iv. 343, I3· 3 Urk. iv. 195, 8. 4 Rekh. 3, 28.

G Vrk. iv. 38, Il. 6 Urk. iv. 325, IS· (PI)-tJ-mrl is n'Tlp.vpiS in a fragm. ot Ephorus, there wrongly given as a name of the Delta only, GARD. Sin. Sr.

479


combination of f M 4 and o Q 3

With sportive ideographic intention in Pyr. ::& rnpi 'be young', 'vigorous '.1 Hence, in M.E., ideo. or det. in ::oq&~~ 2 var. & 3 rnpi 'be young' and derivatives.

1 SETHE, Pyramidentexte iv. § 131. 1 Amam. v. 27, Q II. 5 Urk. iv. 182, 17. More often thus abbreviated in rnj>t 'vegetables',' fruit', Th. T. S. i, 1.~; Urk. iv. n67, 10.

8 ~ pool with lotus flowers Ideo. in ~7 1 var. Pyr. = ~~~ 2 s1 'lotus pool', 'meadow'.

9 ~ lotus flower

IO ~ 1 lotus bud

I I ~ flower on long twisting stalk 1

Hence phon. s1, exx. ~~~ sJ 'appoint', 'command'; ~~~ s1d 'dig'. In group-writing(§ 6o) ~or~~ is used fors. 3 From Pyr. q~ ®~ 4 i1l;i 'be inundated', ideo. or semi-ideo. in ~ var. ~0 var. O.K. ~~:; 5 1!;t 6

'inundation season' (p. 203). 1 Exx. Rec. 24, 180, where the reading 1!J is unnecessarily assumed. 2 Pyr. 12 23. s BURCHARDT § 110, • Wb. 33· D Urk. i. 25. 8 Reading, AZ. 38,103; 41, 89.

Ideo. or det. in;~ 1 ssn, var. Pyr: ==~ 2 zss1t, var. M.K. ~~ 3 'lotus'.

1 Eb. 44, H; Urk. iv. n62, 9· I Pyr. 266. s Cairo 20093, c.

Det. in ~.J=• "") 2 nl.zbt 'lotus bud'. 1 Thebes, tomb 55· • Urk. iv. 918, 12.

Ideo. or det. in =~ll var. }::~ 3 wdn 'offer'. In late Dyn. XVIII also erroneously in place of~ F 46 as det. in !J}=1

4 w(1)dbw 'shores'. 1 Hier. p. 28. The forms in Pyr. do not suit this interpretation very well. 2 Puy. 52. 1 Urk. iv. 452, 3· Sim. Pyr. 1127. • Amam. iii. 20.

12 leaf, stalk and rhizome Ideo. in 11

: S§~1 f;Jw nw ssn 'lotus plants'. Hence phon. of lotus 0 QJ, exx. 1 Ql 'thousand'; n~~ var. ~®1~~ 2 SQI 're

member'. In group-writing(§ 6o) 1 or 1~ is used for !;. 3

I 3 J stem of papyrus

r 4 i1 combination of l M I 3 and,., I 10

0 Ann. 48, 92. 1 Eb. 43, 6. I BURCHAltDT, § 100,

Ideo. in !1 w1d 'papyrus column', cf. Pyr. f\ !1 2 wJd'papyrus '. Hence phon. wJd.in !~ vai". Pyr . .f\"1 p w1d' be green' and derivatives. From M.K., phon. w(1)d as substitute for~ V 24, exx. H.:::J 4 sw(1)d, older var. ~~} ~swd, 'hand over', 'bequeath'; H~~/ w(,)d/;, var. Pyr. }=lf2 6 wdl;, 'pour out'.

1 Urk. iv. 843, 10. 2 Pyr. 187S· a Pyr. 1530. • Urk. iv. ss, 10. D Eb. 94, 13. 1 Pyr. 2o67.

Phon. w1tf, w(1)d, exx. "f1~= 1 W1d-wr 'the sea', lit. 'the great green'; ~ "f1 ~ 2 sw(1)d 'hand over', 'bequeath'.

1 Sh. s. 40-I. • prk. iv. HI, 8.

MI5 ;l clump of papyrus with buds bent down

I6 t clump of papyrus

I 7 Q flowering reed

I8 ~ combination of Q M I 7 and ..1 D 54

heaped conical cakes between reed Q M 1 7 and sign like i U 36°

20 .M_Q reeds growing side by side


Det. papyrus and watery regions, exx. Q=l}l ldf.zw 'swamps' (of the Delta); '{QQol 1 t;/yt 'papyrus-marsh'. Phon. det. w1!; in -f\~®;ln 2 w;!J(y) 'hall of the Inundation' from the Pyr. stem Q~®;l 3 ii!Ji, whence ~o;l aa 1!; 'thicket' (of papyrus). Hence phon. 1/j (or ideo.?) in ;l~@ 3h var. Pyr. ~o~®j:® 3c ]lj-bit 'Chemmis' (a Delta place), possibly understood as ' Papyrus-thicket of the King of Lower Egypt'.sd Det. in ~l};l® varr. 7':;l, ;i: T1-mf.zw 'Lower Egypt', 'the Delta ',• whence ;l~ 5 mf.z-s ' the crown of Lower Egypt '. -

1 Bull. Metr. Mus. New York, 1914, 219. 2 AZ. 40, 48. 8 Pyr. 280. sa Coffins, S 2 C 207. Sb ERM. Hymn. 15, I. se Pyr. 2190; without

inversion, }EA. 24, PI. IT, 3· 6. Sd See, however, ]EA. 30, 54, n. 3· • AZ. 44, 1o. 6 lb. 20.

Phon. f.zJ, exx. f~~ var. l~ 1 f.zJ 'would that!' (§ 238); lf~li f.zJ/f 'capture'. In group-writing{§ 6o) f or f~ is f.z. 2 As O.K. det. in ~f 3 TJ-mf.zw 'the Delta' and related words f is often replaced in M. E. by ;i: M I 5, but exx. with f are still fairly common,4 exx. f 5 TJmf.zw 'the Delta'; f~J£6 mf.z~s 'crown of Lower Egypt'.

1 Brit. M us. 562, qu. § 364. 2 BURCHARDT § 94• 3 Urk. i, 64, 8 j 101, II.

' JiZ. 44• 10. 6 Louvre C 172; Urk. iv. 583, 7· 8 Brit. Mus. 574, ~.

Ideo. in Q ,-,.} l ' reeds '. Hence phon. l. For Q Q y see § 20.2

In group-writing (§ 6o) Q Q corresponds to Hebr. ~. Q ~ to N. a 1 Berslz. ii. p. 19. Sim. Eb. 49, 2. 2 See the full discussion Verbum i.

§§ 121-4. a BURCHARilT, § 16; cf. ALBRIGHT, Vocalization, pp. 33-4; 36-7.

In ~Q..1 U 'come' and the related words.

Det. in ::;~Jo~Jl)~,I abbrev. ~~ 11 ~'1bt 'offering', 'pile of offerings' and the related verb. 3

0 DAV. Rekk. Pl. 49i P• 44, n. 5· 8 Wb.l. 167.

1 LAC. TR. 14, 7·

Ideo. or det. in ~!.Mft varr . .Mft:, .Mft s!Jt (s!Jt) 1 'marshland ', 'country' and its derivative .Mft~i s!Jty 'peasant'. Occa~

sionally phon. sm (Sm) like ~ M 21, ex. ~.Mft~~ 2 sm 'occupation', 'pastime'.

2 Urk. iv. 462, 13~ Sim. s1n' succour', Dend. IS, IS·


M21 ~ like the last, but with a loop at the side

22 f rush with shoots 0

(22) f.t two rushes with shoots

23 t plant regarded as typical of Upper Egypt (probably form of 1-M 26, but without flowers)

24 ± combination oft M 23 and-=- D 21

25 :j; confusion of ± M 24 and 1- M 261

Ideo. or semi-ideo. in ~~ '\_ 1 sm, var. Pyr. ~ ~ ~ 2 sm, 'herb', 'plant'. Hence phon. sm (sm), ex. ~~~~ 3 sm 'succour'.

1 Urk. iv. 775, 15. 1 Pyr. 1722. a Brit. Mus. I 164, 1, where the form is almost likeD 6r. But see Pyr. 892.

Cf. Pyr. ";'Jcfi1tl;bt 'germination', 'shooting up'. Hence ph on. n!Jb in tJ""~ var. Pyr. ';:j:f.o~ 2 N!Jbt '(the vulturegoddess) N ekh bet '.

0 According to LORI!.T in Griff. Stud. 308 the marsh club-rush (Heleoclzaris palus-lris). 1 Pyr. 4; Salz. Text, p. 109. 2 Pyr. 1229.

Cf. Pyr. tt 7'\.1 mtt 'rushes'. Hence tt is phon. nn, exx. tt var. ++- nn' this'(§ IIo); ++=At~ nni 'be weary'.

1 Pyr. 557·

Ideo. in t 7'\. swt (swt) 'the swt-plant '.1 Hence phon. SW

(w),2 ex. t }"' swt 'but' (§ 254). The word :t,.:~ var. t,/~ 3 'king of Upper Egypt' probably originally read 1ztswt 'he who belongs to the swt-plant ',but before M.K. had become=}~ nsw (nzw); +Qt: 'kingship' is perhaps to be read nsyt. For ~ n-sw-bit ' king of Upper and Lower Egypt' see§ 55· Sometimes t is inaccurately used for± M 24 or 1- M 26.4 In group-writing(§ 6o) t} stands for s.6

1 AZ. 49, r8. 2 Reading from O.K. varr. of lmlw 'elder'; also· from other words cited Wb. iv. 6o, 2; 65, 13; 74, 2; cf. too the exceptional writing of S'lvsh 'make broad', Ikhern. 24. 3 AZ. 49, 15: Rec. 38, 69. • AZ. 44, 22~

6 BURCHARDT § ro6.

With sportive pictorial intention (plant swt growing from mouth r),I phon. rsw in Pyr. ±}C> 2 rswt 'South' and the related words. 3 In M.E. 'South' is ±~ rsy.

1 SETIIE, Pyramidentexte iv. § 132. • Pyr. 470, s Jiz. 44• r.

Faulty writing either for words connected with ±}o rswt 'South', ex. :±-},7,2 rsyw 'southerners', or ·for words connected with 1-}mm Smrw ' Upper Egypt', ex. :±-;.m 3 it Smr ' Upper Egyptian corn '.

1 JiZ. 44• 22. • Urk. iv. 909, 3· 3 PSBA. 18, 196.


~ sedge(?) 0 growing from a sign for land resembling = N I 7

Probably as a flowering specimen of+ M 2 3, ideo. in 1-}llllll 1

var. 1- 2 Smrw 'Upper Egypt', the reading of which is given by =~--o 3 var. O.K. =~--o1o' smr 'make music'. Hence phon. smr in 1oQQo 6 smryt 'chantress', 'singer'.

0 See above, p. 73, n. Io. Depicted as a desert plant, }EQUIE·R, Monument funbaire de Pepi II, ii, PJ. 43· Identified with :j. M 23, hut with floweis, Mitt. Kairo 12, So. 1 BH. i. 26, n7; see A"Z. 44, 9· 2 Urk. iv. 583, 2; 617,14.

8 BH. ii. 7· 4 Gebr. ii. 7· 6 Cairo 20142, d.

27 ift combination of1o M 26 In ifi® 1 Smr(w) 'Upper Egypt'. Also phon. smr in ifiQQo and --o D 36 var. 7ft 2 smryt 'chantress ', 'singer'.

28 =r combination of 1- M 26 and n V 20

29 ~ pod from some sweet-smelling tree 1

30 [ a sweet-tasting root ?

3I 0 1 stylised rhizome of a lotus (Dyn. XVII I)

32 ~ 1 Dyn. XII var. of last

33 <:. <:. <:. grams of corn (also written ~or ~')

1 Urk. iv. 530, 12. 2 Tk. T. s. iii. I 4·

In the title ~1- varr. ~1-1 ~ P ~iff~it wr mt;/w Smr(w) 'greatest of the tens of Upper Egypt '. 1

1 AZ. 44, I8; SETHE, Zak!worte 40, n. 7· Some varr, have M 23 instead of M 26.

Cf. fO 2 1zt;/m 'nt;/m-tree '. Hence semi-phon. nt;/m in ~~~ var. Pyr. 'S~~ 3 nt;/m 'sweet' and the related words. The tree or wood r ~ ~ ~ 0 4 var. r ~ -~·- 5 ssnt;/m is possibly a later deformation of an O.K. word rr'tT ssti or r~~ sst;/m.s

1 Hier. p. 26. 1 Urk. iv. 73, 14. Formerly taken to be the' carob-tree', but seeAZ.64,51. 8 Pyr.1172. 'Westc.7,13. Gfkhern.I2. 8 Wb.iv.279,7·

Ideo. or det. in .J::~ var. ~ ~ 1 bn,r 'sweet' and derivatives. 1 Urk. iv. 749, 5·

Det. in ;;:a rd 'grow'. 1 Very variable in shape, exx. Urk. iv. 749, 5; CARTER and NEWBERRY, Tomb

of Tlloutm~sis IV, 46160. The explanation here substituted for' plants growing in a pot 1' of the rst ed. is that given by KEIMER, Ann. 48, 89.

Use as last. A similar sign sometimes in hieratic erroneously borrowed from rd 'grow' in :=2~ r(zv)d 'be strong '.2

1 Bersk. ii. 21. 2 Sin. B 76. 108; one would have expected (1\ T 12.

Ideo. in ~-m var. Pyr. n a 1 it' barley', 'corn' and its varieties ~ ~~~~

~,.-rn it M !t 'Lower Egyptian corn' and ~+ it Smr ' Upper Egyptian corn'.2 Det. corn, ex. ";-=-Q~~ 3 Npri '(the grain-god) Nepri '.

1 Compare Pyr. 1748 with ib. I950. s Mill. 2, I 2.

34 bearded ear of emmer Ideo. or det. in j~· bdt, var. ·~~ ...... 1 bty, 'emmer '. 1 Already Dyn. XI, PSBA. r8, 202, 9· Sim. BH. i. 8, 21.

35 {j heap of corn Det. in ~1 9 11 rttrw 'heaps'; also in }JQ' 2 wb11, 'overflow'. 1 D. el B. 79• Sim. ib. 74• 2 Puy. 36.


37

Cf bundle of flax stems showing the boils u

(sometimes mtstnterpreted J)

IIHl 1 bundle of flax stems (O.K. form ofe M 36)

38 ~1 bundle of flax (O.K.; specialized variant of

!ll M 37)

39 \J 1 basket of fruit or grain

40 ~ 1 bundle of reeds

41 ~ log of wood stripped of its branches (Dyn. XVIII)!

42 + flower?

43 ~1 vme on props (var.

14')

44 ~ thorn 1

Ph on. ir,2 exx. ~ ir 'since' (§ I 76); z~ n(/ri 'hold fast'. Det. in => ~ 3 dm1 'bind together'.

0 See the picture Palzeri J. 1 Dyn. XII, Mtir ii. '7• no. JO. • Reading, Pyr. 58l (tjrt 'hand'). I Urll. iv. 612, '5· but rather different from tjr, i!J. 9·

Phon. ir like e M 36. 1 Exx. Dyn. V, Salt. 28; Cemn. i. 13; Dyn. XII, Mdr ii. 17, no. 28.

Det. in O.K. l~~ m~r(?),1 var. Dyn. XII :llrr 3 mr~(?), m~(?), 'flax' and in =>~ i dm1 'bind together'.

1 MONT KT I9.f.• 1 Reading, Rec. 25, 159· 1 BH. i. 39. ' Salt. 8; Dyn. XVIII form differs slightly from eM 36, ~«there n .• ~.

Det. vegetable offerings, ex. ~; rnpt 'vegetables', 'fruit'. 1 Exx. O.K., Medum 16 (d16 'figs'); Dyn. XVIII, D.eiB. 93 (rnpt, ~nllt).

Cf. Q~~ ~ 1 "' 12 lsw 'reeds'. Hence phon. is (iz), exx. Q~;;- is (iz) 3 'tomb'; ~}01 ~ 1i iswt 'crew'.

1 Elaborate forms, O.K., Medutn 13; Dyn, XVIII, Pu)'. 20. 8 Ex. O.K., Urll. i. 16, +· • Sk. S. 7; Rec. 28, I I3.

Det. wood, exx. ~- rs 'cedar' (properly 'pine' or 'fir') ; }~- 2 wr11, 'juniper(?)'; ':--=:-2 mr(w) 'meru-wood '.

1 See Ann. 16, 33· O.K. forms, see Pp. 590. 634; Palermo stone, 6, 2-4. 1 Urll. iv. 373, 4•

Ph on. wn, 1 exx. ~ ~ 2 wn<fw 'short-horned cattle' ; l±~~ 3

~w1z 'be young'; +~ i var. ~~~ 6 wnm 'eat'. Not distinguished from + Z I 1 in the earliest hieratic, and replaced by the latter sign in M. K. hieratic,6 as also regularly in later hieroglyphic.

1 See Sitz. Berl. Ak. tgu, g6o. 1 Urk. iv. 716, 7· s Urk. iv. 365, 17. • Brit. Mns. 614, vert, 2; see Rec. 34,214. 6 LAC, TR. 22,9; see AZ. 46, 141. 8 MOLL. Pal. i. no. 564.

Det. vine in Q~'Ff' 2 i(1)r(r)t, var. O.K. Q~~T6itf\ 3 i1rrt, ' vine ' ; various notions connected with the vine, exx. q :-rmfb • var. rmTb i irp ' wine ' ; 1!. q Q 1'4' 11 var. n Q q e

knty ' gardener' ; fruit generally, exx. = ~j 'Ff' 1 ~

17 dJo

• fi •, Q4:..~ o s •xJ, •xJfj • • gs ' ~I 1.' I I I t.lu t.lu- rmt . 1 Thus with a vessel or basket Dyn, XII, BH. i. 17 (lrp); Dyn. XVIII, D. el B.

II 2 (lrp); Pu)'. 12 (k1m). In O.K. and often later the vessel or basket is absent, see DAY.- Ptak. i. Io, nos. x66. I7J. • Urk. iv. 73, II. 1 Urk. i. 103, 14.

4 BH. i. 17, 6 Cairo 20I67, 6 2, 1 BH. i. 29. 1 Sin, B 81, 1 E!J. 86, I,

Det. in W-:~ 2 srt 'thorn'. Possibly it is the same sign, if not a mere triangle, which serves as ideo. or det. in ~ ~~

var. M 3 spd (Spd) ' ' sharp ' and the related words. I E!J. 88, ..... • Urk. iv. 535, Io,


Sect. N. Sky, Earth, Water

N 1 ~ sky

sky with a broken(?) wJs-sceptre 1 S 40(?) suspended from it (Dyn. XVIII)

3 T 1 O.K. form of last

4 'Ti'ir 1 moisture falling from the sky(Dyn. XVIII)

5 0 sun

Ideo. or det. ih ~ var. = pt 'sky'. Det. sky, exx. ~~ Nwt '(the sky-goddess) Nut';.!.~ var. Pyr. X.!.~ 1

{trt 'heaven', lit. 'the distant one'; high, in 7:= 2 r!Ji 'hang'. In ~3 var. O.K. l.J,!.,;,~• 'In-{trt '(the god) Onuris' = is a later interpretation, since the name originally meant' he who fetched the distant one (fern.) '.6 From {trt 'heaven', phon. {try, {trw in.!.~ var. ={try 'above • and the related words. In two words for 'gate' = is derived from earlier signs for a gateway like n or n ,oa namely in 7~= 6 rwty 'the double gate' and in ~ 7 ht, var. roQQ~ 8 hyt, var. O.K. ro~ 9 ht, 'portal', whence the title Jt 10 var. ~ ~ ~ }roQ Q~j 11 smsw hyt 'elde.r of the portal '. There is perhaps a similar contamination in ro~~ h1t 'ceiling '.11

1 Pyr. II7I, fi Unt. 5, r.p. 8 Seen. r1.

11 A."Z. 6o, 64.

2 Amada r8. s Cairo 20057• a. 2; 20380. 4 Gebr. i. r8. 6& Rwt, see Wb. ii. 404, I. • Sin. R 9• 7 Cairo 202Jo, a.

9 Leyd. Denlm1. i. 5· 1° Cairo 20035, k; 20086, k. r. 12 Urk. iv. 429, 7·

Det. night, exx. ~JT abbrev. T 2 gr{t 'night'; }eT 3 wiJ 'night'; darkness, exx. ~} T kkw 'darkness'; ~~T 4

riJIJw 'dusk'. 1 Thebes,tomb9J. 'Cairo2o7J8,b. 3 Siut3 1 Io,qn.§212. 4 Sin.B254·

Use as last. 1 Pyr. 265. According to the ingenious theory of Mlle M. CHATELET an oar (or·

sceptre, N'2) suspended from the sky broken and bound up to symbolize darkness, Bull. rS, 21.

Ideo. or det. dew, rain, exx. QC:'ffii' 1 idt, var. Q ~ C:'ffii' 2 abbrev. 'ffii' 3 ildt, 'dew'; .L QQo'ffii' 4 snyt 'rain-storm'.

1 D.elB. 47· 1 Eb. 77, 21. 8 Eb. 6, 9·

Ideo. or det. in ::;0 var. <p rr 'sun', 'day'; ~}0 var. <p hrw 'day'; 0 in dates reads sw (p. 203). Det. sun or actions of sun, exx. ~ }0 sw 'sun ' ; } J"; wbn 'rise'; day, exx. ~~ sj 'yesterday'; ~~ WrS 'spend all day'; time generally,1 exx. ~~~ wnwt 'hour'; f}0 r{trw 'period'; H0 (n){t{t 'eternity'. For~ se~ :a: N 23.

1 Development of this use, ~ee SETHE7 Zeitreclznung (11), 29.


N 6 0. sun with uraeus (Dyn. Ideo. or det. in =::.a.1 var. «(-. 2 rr 'sun'.

7 ~

XVIII)

combination of 0 N 5 and llrl T 28

8 Q sunshine

9 e moon with its lower half obscured (Dyn. XVIII) 1

1 Wes!c. n, 5·

Abbrev.1 for ~~}0 !!rt-hrw 'day-time',' course (of day)', lit. 'what belongs to the day'.

1 Ex. llrll. iv. 99:1, 4•

Det. (or ideo.) sunshine, exx. ~e}~ 1 var. ~}.JP 1!;.w (Pyr. i1!Jw) 'sunshine'; oW'{~ 3 psi' shine'; }j'Qvar. ~·wbn'rise'. From this last, phon. won in ~~~ 6 var. ~j~o 6 wbnw 'wound'. Phon. ftnmmt in ~~~o~~ 7 var. ~,7,8 var. Pyr. l-~~ o~ 9 ftnmmt 'the sun-folk' of Heliopolis.

1 llrk. v. 55· 9· I Urk. iv. I9, II. a Urk. v. 55· 4· 4 Urk. iv. sRs, u. a Eb. Io7, 5· 1 Eb. 6j, I. 1 llrk. iv. I7, 7• 8 Cairo 20498. e Pyr. 139-

Ideo. or det. in ,! ~ ~ 2 ps4ntyw, varr. ;£;, 7(;,3 ,! ~ 4 psdn, var. Pyr. o~6 ps4tyw, 'New-moon festival'. Hence phon. det. psi in ~111 ps4t 6 'divine ennead ', 'company of nine gods'. This sign is liable to confusion with the loaf G X 6.

1 Cairo 34002 =LACAU, PI. 3· Sim. BH. i. 24, I. 2 llrk. iv. I77, 9· 1 llrk. iv. 27, 4· 4 llrk. iv. 836, I. 6 Pyr. 794· 1 Reading, Az. 47• 8.

10 6 alternative form of last Use as last. (Dyn. XVII I) 1 1 MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 573·

I I ~ crescent moon (also vertically ) 1 or ( 2

when used as det.)

I 2 ~ alternative form of last (Dyn. XVIII)

Ideo. or det. in Q.....Jll- varr. Q.....JJD, - ir!z 'moon'; hence phon. det. or abbrev. in }.....Jlt':": 3 var. ~ 4 wr!z 'carob beans'. Combined with * N I4, ideo. in *~ var. * 1bd 'month'; for the reading cf. an O.K. personal name ~~}5 1bdw and Sactdic ebot 'month'; in dates abbreviated as -. ex. ;7': Jbd J 'month 3' (§ 264). In tgtabbrev.- !sp' palm' (as measure § 266, I} the sign has doubtless a different pictorial origin. 8 In some inscriptions -is written for ....... spr, F 42.7

1 l'yr. 732. • Pyr. II04; Urk. iv. 813, 5· 3 Rec. 25, 155· 4 Rekk. 12; cf. Eb. 14, 8. 5 See Wb. i. 8; nevertheless the usual reading lbdis retaintd ib. i. 65.

6 MOLL. Pal. i. no. 68o; ii. no. 68o. 7 Palzeri 5, row 3·

1 llrk. iv. 8oS, 4· • u~k. iv. 12, IS; 14, 7· 8 Urk. iv. 30, 4· I3.

I 3 -}? combination of half of Ideo. in -R7~ 1 var. -R 2 ••• nt 3 'half-month festival'.

- N I I and * N I 4 1 llrk. iv. I 12, 8. 2 BH. i. 24. 3 Reading unknown, see Wb. ii. I 98, 2; iv. I 47, I.

SKY, EARTH, WATER Sign-list

NI4 * star

15 ® star in circle

I6 =;;;= 1 flat alluvial land with grains of sand

N 33 beneath it

Ideo. or det. in U* var. "* sbJ, var. Pyr. u~ * 1 sbl, 'star'; hence ph on. or phon. det. sb1 (sb1), exx. U* ~ ~ var. *~~ sbJ 'teach' (with derivatives); ~*JU sbJ 'door'. Det. star, constellation, exx. ffi~e~}*~ 2 Msfltyw 'the Great Bear'; A* Spdt 'Sothis' ; time as indicated by stars, exx. * 1bd 'm-onth', seeN I I; ~~~ var. :1'13 wnwt {I) 'hour', (2) 'priesthood'. Also semi-phon. dwJ, exx.

* ~~ dw1t' morning'; *'.1l var. Pyr. =-ft * 4 dwJ 'adore' (in the morning). In the word*~ 'netherworld' (originally the place of the morning twilight,5 popularly known as 'the Duat' and in this work still transliterated dw1t) the very comrnon Pyr. var. = ~ ® dJt probably indicates that the w had fallen and that the pronunciation already approximated to the Old Coptic le, tei. 6

1 Pyr. 1038. • Pyr. 1087.

2 LAC. T-R. 20, 89. 3 As' priesthood', Kopt. 8, 4· ' SETHE, Pyr., Commentary, I 49• 6 AZ. 38. 87.

Ideo. in ®2;1 var. *~ varr. Pyr. =~®,2 =f\®,3 d(w)Jt 'netherworld ', see N 14, at end.

1 BUDGE, p. 14, I 2, 2 Pyr. 5· 8. 802 and after.

Ideo. in;-; varr. ;=:, ~. ~ 11 'earth',' land'. Hence phon. tJ (rare), ex. :;:::: 2 sstJ 'mystery', 'secret'. In groupwriting (§ 6o) :;:"; is phon. /.3 Det. land, in 3 4 tit' estate', whence also in 3 tit' eternity'; 3.~~ rft 'serf'.5

1 O.K. exx. Pyr. 75; Ti 49· § 132; an ex. under 0 29, n. 5·

2 Cairo 20088, c 12; 2o683, a 8. I BURCHARDT • GARD. Sin. 77, n. 2. 1 VOG. Bauer 34-

I 7 = 1 alternative form of ....... Use as last. N 16 1 Common at all periods. As det. land in Dyn. Ill, see exx. under N 22.

I 8 = sandy tract 1

I 9 g the last twice repeated (often small §)

Ideo. in ~ var. :=:' lw 1 'island'. In group-writing (§ 6o) :=; is phon. l,3 ex. ~7~Q 4 'Irt 'Yareth' (Syrian placename). Det. desert or foreign country, exx. ~~ var. = IQf 'horizon', more exactly the land of the sun-rise; 5

~~ Tl,mw 'Libya'; !j= Stt 'Asia'; cf. too 319 D 8.8

Different signs, but with similar outline, are (r) the garment=, see afterS 26; (2) the cake=, see after X 4; (3) the oval, see c::> Z 8.

1 Exx. showing the sand, D.e!B. ro (t1-rjsr); Ptt.y. 36 (St,). • Reading from old varr. of lwy 'deprive of a ship', Pyr. r.p9. 1742. a BURCHARDT § 21.

4 U,.k, iv. 791, 237. 6 See under N 27. 8 In Pyr. 628. 707 also of sea in WJg-wr 'the great green', as var of= N 37·

In~ 1 .f::lr-Jflty, var. Pyr. ~ ~~~Q 2 Qr-Jfltl, 'Horus-of-thehorizon ', ' I:Iarakhti '.

1 Pyr. 337·


N2o = tongue of land

2 1 c:::::=J tongue of land

22 C) 1 sandy tongue of larid

(O.K. prototype of both = N 20 and «:::, N 21)

23 ::rr irrigation canal (Dyn. XI-XVIII; early identical with,1 and clearly a mere differentiation of, = N 36)

24 Hl!II land marked out with irrigation runnels

25 ~ sandy hill-country over edge of green cultivation

Det. in l J= 1 var. Pyr. U ~ 2 wdb 'sand-bank', 'shore'. Hence ph on. w{/b in =j'J.r 3 var. Pyr. ~ j = ~ ' wdb ' turn back' and derivatives. From O.K. onward a sign of like appearance is used in CIJr~llJ J;..b-sd 'jubilee', 'Sedfestival '.6

1 D.elB. u6. 2 Pyr. 291. s Louvre C t66. 4 Pyr. BoB. 1 Exx. Dyn. VI, Hamm. 63; Dyn. XII, Kopt. 9; Dyn. XVIII, D.elB. 37·

Det. land, especially in 4'J''<:::J abbrev. :, '<:::1 idb 'bank', 'region' (dual :: idbwy 'the two banks', i.e. 'Egypt ').1 More widely used in Dyn. XVIII, then often taking the place of earlier :Il: N 2 3, exx. :=; t; 'earth ' ; ~ t 7,2 1!z,t 'fields' ; =gq";" 3 dmi 'town'.

I Wb. i. '53· 2 Rekk. 3, 1B, qu. Exerc. XXX, (iii). s Urk. iv. B931 7•

In wdb, see O.K. varr. under N 20. Det. land, exx. Dyn. Ill (C ~2 r!zt 'field'; r!OOfi':: 3 sQt 'field'.

1 Showing the sand, Munich, Inv. 204 (Abu Gmab, Dyn. V). Sim. bnt reversed, DAv. Ftah. i. II, no. 219=Piah. (E.R.A.) 31, in the title l;ry wtfb, like last. 2 Berl. AI. i, p. 79, B. to. • Berl. Al. i. p. 93· Sim. 1[11, Urk. i. t 2, 7.

Det. irrigated land, exx. ~ !1 'land' ; f}~ tJs ' boundary ' ; in Dyn. XVIII :Il: tends to be replaced by '<:::1 N 21. In Dyn. XI-XII ~or~ is found as det. of time, probably corrupted from cg as used in words for' to-morrow' and' yesterday ', 2

exx c. f0 3 tr ' season ' · <=>0 4 rk ' time ' • <=> n ' ~tt •

1 Dyn. XI, BtsSING-BRUCKMANN, Dmkmiiler 33 A (ldbwy); Dend. II A (1/). 2 AZ. 34, 28; Rec. 35, So. s Th. T.S. ii. ll; !'rleir iii. 16 (tr). Sim. ]EA.

4, PI. B, 10 (r[,rw). • BH. i. 8, 19. Sim. Brit. Mus. 6q, 3 (f{1fw).

Ideo. or det. in r~ varr. ro~~' ~ sp(l)t (Spit) I 'district', 'nome'; also in ~ {/1tt (?)2 'estate'. Det. province, exx. ;! T1-wr 'nome of Abydus'; i-}llll!l Smrw 'Upper Egypt'; also garden, in r;llll!l 3 !zsp (Pyr. !zzp) 4 'garden'.

1 LAC. Sarc. ii. t 32; the reading sp/t is suggested also by some varr. of the place-name Sjl, see A·z. 58, 3t, n. 20; 82, n. 4· 2 Reading, see on,........ Aa B.

" Mission V 283. 4 Pyr. 126.

Ideo. or det. in ~ var. !r~ 1 b1st (b1St} 'hill-country', 'f, . I d' D d - -c. 2 3 oretgn an . et. esert, exx. c. ~ varr. ~ ~· ~. smt (zmt) 'desert',' necropolis'; :;_~ !zrt 'upland tomb'; tJ~ ilbtt 'east'; also foreign countries, ex: :.:_0}~ Rtnw 'Retjnu ', 'Syria'. Ideo. in~ var. Pyr. l~ ~_J1' .{h '(the desert-god) I:Ia '.

1 Urk. iv. 343, 16; 373, 11; cf. O.K., MAR. Mast. p. 1B8. 2 Cairo 1622, cf. O.K. Gebr. ii. 8; smyt, Cairo 20011. 8 Proof in title lmy.r smwt l1btt, see Hier. p. 31; other exx., Siut i, 314. 322. 4 Pyr. 1013.


N 26 M sand-covered mountain over edge of green cultivation

Ideo. in ¥ <iw 1 'mountain', plur. M )?2 <iww. Hence phon. <iw 3 (later dw), exx. MQj <lwi 'call'; fjM}® Jb<lw 'Abydus'; ~~ wtt<iw 'short-horned cattle'.

1 Coptic toou. The proposal to read tpy flmy:f in the well-known title of Anubis 'he who is upon his mountain' (Rec. 35, 228) needs further investigation.

1 Th. T. S. i. 9• s Reading, see prju•, Pyr. 1013; cf. Vo.G. Bauer, p. 70.

27 Q] sun rising over moun- Ideo. in~ var. Pyr. ~~=1 ;(Jt 'horizon' (properly the place tain in the sky where the sun rises) 2 and its derivatives.

1 Pyr. I54· I Bull. 17, 189.

28 e hill over which are the Ideo. in Pyr. ~ 2 (Jr 'hill of the sunrise' and in~ (Jri 'appear rays of the rising sun 1 in glory'. Hence phon. (Jr, 3 ex. ~~.Jl (Jrm, var. ::~.Jl4

!Jrm; 'approach'.

29 Ll sandy hill-slope 1

1 DE BucK, De egyptische voorstclli1zgetz betrejfe1tde dm oerheuvel, Leyden, 1922, p. 6;~. 2 Pyr. 542. 3 Wb. iii. 243, 2 quot~s an O.K. word in which the sign a is preceded by the alphabdic signs for ~r; Coptic also points to ~r rather than !lr. 4 GARD. Sin. 33·

Cf. Ll~ ~ J7 var. Pyr. Ll~~Ll 2 !:n 'hill', 'height'. Hence phon. !:.

1 Exx. showing sand, Meir ii. 17, nos. 36. 37·

30 ~ 1 mound of earth with Ideo. or det. in ~ var. Q ~;;_ ~ i1t 'mound'. shrubs 2 t Exx. Dyn. IV, Medum II; Dyn. XVIII, D.el B. I 16. 1 Bull. 3, 145·

3 I £:n:I road bordered by Ideo. or det. in ft~~ var. ~wit' road' and related words. shrubs 1

32 '(] lump of clay or dung (O.K.)

Det. road, exx. ~~)~~ m{n 'road'; !.~ ftrt 'road' (with related words); travel, in ~~ rr 'mount up ' and derivatives; position in general, exx. £; r1 'here' (§ 205) ; ~~~ r-.ry 'entirely' (§ 205); ~~~ pft 'that' (§ IIO) ; distance, in l~~fr~ ftnty 'period'. Abbrev. ftr (see !_;:;. ftrt 'road' above) in j~ 2 var. O.K. l.l.!;;..ft.s 'In-f;,rt ' (the god) Onuris' 4 ; in ~ for !.~~<> ftrw-r

'besides' (§ 1 79) ; and for superstitious reasons in place of~ ijr 'Horus' on M.K. coffins 5; also abbrev. w1 in ~ w1 r 'fall into' a bad state.6

1 Exx. O.K., Medum 9; Saqq. Mast. i. 39, no. 47· 2 Leyd. V 3 (in a proper name); Cairo 20446, a. 3 Geb1·. i. IS. 4 Lit. 'he who fetched the distant one'; see Unt. s. l.p. 6 AZ. sr, 58. 59· 6 fVestc. 9· 12, qu. P· 420.

Phon. det. in Pyr. ~Q'O' .ll}"' 1 Sinw 'runners' on account of ~ Q!::~ sin 'clay'. Also as· alternative for '13 F 52 in O.K. ~HHi1 2 m{zSfts 'filthy one'. In M.E. replaced by Cl Aa 2.

1 Pyr. 1499• 1 Ti 111.

Sign-list

N 33

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

0 grain of sand, pellet, or like. (For similar signs cf. o D I 2 and the circle, see after z 8)

34 D 1 ingot of metal (Dyn. XVIII; in Dyn. XI the sign resembles D W I 3 ; 2 in Dyn. III-V it resembles o X 3 a)

35 - ripple of water (rarely vertically D 1

(35) three ripples

Det. sand, in ::"1 ~ 1 sry 'sand'; metal or mineral (often repeated 0 0

•), eXX. ~ ttbW 'gold'; m~= ~I'? I msdmt 'black eye-paint', 'kol)l'; medicaments, incense, etc. exx. 'tJ:,o 1

{J 'pellet'; ~:! p!Jrt 'medicine', 'prescription'. A sign of like appearance rarely takes the place of dangerous signs such as ~ A I 4 in religious documents, ex. ? ~.:. !Jftyw 'enemies' ; this practice dates from Pyr. 2

Sometimes • • • or : is substituted for the plural strokes 1 1 1, !, exx. ,!!ojft';.3 gnwt 'annals'; .lJr.~.' ssrw 'bags'.

I D. el B. IO. 2 A"Z. 51, IS. 63. 8 Urk. iv. 86, 3· • Urk. iv. I Lf3, I3·

Ideo. in D.:. 'copper', early perhaps read bil and later !;mt (?).4 Det. objects of copper or bronze, exx. Sf .[l rn!J 'mirror',· 6 D 6 Lrw 'weapons' · =JD,. minb 'axe' --'ll I I (J ! ,_-., •

1 Puy. 38. 1 JEA. 4, PL 9· 1 Medum I3; Palermo stone 5, 4; rather different, Gebr. i. I3, reg. 3· ' A'z, 53, 51, n. 2. The reading b/1 would be confirmed for early times if the compound word written with this sign JEA. 4, PI. 9, 1. IO proved to be really b/1-rwt!. the Coptic barot 'copper'. The supposed later reading l;mt (!) is based solely on Coptic homent, komt. 6 Adm. 8, 5· 8 Urk. iv. 656, 2. 7 GARD. Sin. 51. I 59·

Cf. 7: nt 'water '. 2 Hence(?) phon. n. Perhaps phon. n too when used as a substitute for -"- D 35 both in - n 'not' and in = nn 'not' (§ 104). In group-writing (§ 6o} ~. ~. and~ are all used for n,3 while~~ appears, as does also ;717 in Dyn. XIX, to correspond to /,4 ex. ~Q~~.b},-,.15 S!Jt inr 'Field-of-Reeds'. In ~ 6 rjt 'serf' - replaces the sign of land = N I 7, a curious substitution (or error of transcription?) found also in Pyr.7

1 Louvre C I, I SETHE, Alpkabet I 53· 8 BURCHARDT §§ 67. 6g. 7I. 4 Ib. §Sr. I Urk. iv, II94, 2. e Cairo 20161. 7 Pyr. 1217 (/1); 1713 (1kr).

Ideo. in = mw 1 'water'. Hence phon. mw, exx. =.=0 smw 'summer'; =}}var. ~}}.~. mww 'muu-dancers'; 2

.,g;:v- hdmw 'footstool'; phon. m in group-writing (§ 6o), ex. QQ:;::::~-=~ 3 Ynrm'Yenoam', Palestinianplace-name. Det. water, liquid, exx. f\~}= 'WJW 'wave'; ~= fdt 'sweat' ; actions connected with water, exx. Q--D:; iri 'wash'; ~~Q=~ sw(r)i 'drink'. The composite det. :': (in hieroglyphic also ==) for rivers, lakes, seas comes into vogue in Dyn. XVIII, exx. q_:~:': 4 itrw 'river'; :§lo}== 5 1!nw 'brook'.

1 Coptic mow. Cf. mwt 'semen', phonetically Pyr. I 23. 1 GARD. Sin. 70.

li Urk. iv. 744, 6. ' D£v. Grnpkies, no. 9· 0 Vrk. iv. 655, 13. Sim. ib. 3, Io.

490


N 36 :r:::=c channel filled with water 1 (later form as det. irrigated land n:N 23)

3 7 c:::=J garden pool

38 E3 garden pool with sloping sides (detailed form of= N 37) 1

For~ see U 18.

39 llllllllllllll gardenpoolfullofwater (alternative of =

N 37) 1

Ideo. in= 2 var. Pyr. "<!::.= 3 mr 'canal', 'channel'. Hence ""'I <=>

ph on. or phon. det. mr in ~= var. = mri ' love' ; ' phon.

mi,5 exx. ~~ var. ff mist' liver'; ~·~n 6 mi!zrt 'tomb'. Det. rivers, lakes, seas, exx. l~ "V1<!-wr 'the sea', lit. 1 the great green' ; X~~= !zrpy, var. M.K. t,~ !;p, 'the inundation', here early interchanging with= N 37· For =~(in hieroglyphic also==) as det. of names of rivers, lakes, seas from Dyn. XVIII on, see under = N 35· Doubtless an irrigation canal when prototype of the later land-sign n: N 23, see there. In the fern. collective ~~A.7

varr. ~,8 ~~~ 7 mrt 'weavers ' 9 the sign= was probably understood as a weaver's reed,10 though the occasional presence of n: or co::. may have indicated the same value mr as in the masc. r::; ~~ 11 mr 'friend(s) ', 'partisans'.

1 Detailed 0. K. exx. Berl. Al. i. p. So; DAV. Ptah. i. 11, no. 218 (ni-mr). ~ Dyn. XVIII, Urk. iv. 81:;, 1, qu. Exerc. X V Ill (a). Cf. U.K. Urk. i toS, 13; ;i7 . . p, 9· 3 Pyr. 848. ' Verbum i. § 397, 7· 5 PSBA. 16, 142; Sphinx 13, '57· 6 Urk. iv. 45• 16. 7 Wb. ii. ro6, 11-lo, there confused with mrt 'serfs'. 8 BH. i. 2<). 9 Existence as a separate word doubted Wb. ii. 97, 2, hut clear proofs DAV. Seven Private Tombs, pp. 2-3. 49; Puy. 43; P. Anast. VI. 20. 10 JIZ. 45, 88. 11 Wb. ii. 98, 3.

Ideo. in~ var. ~ s 'pool'. Hence phon. s.1 Not seldom interchanging in hieroglyphic with = 2 N 36, ex. l~=! 3

!zrpyw' inundations'. Appears to be a sign for irrigated land in :;;;:= 4 var. Dyn. I I I E3l 5 {N 38) S{Jt 'aroura' (§ 266, 3); cf. the use of= N 36 both as a channel of the Nile and, in its use as the early form of n: N 23, as an irrigation canal. Sometimes = replaces the cake =·(see

after X 4) in spellings of Sit 'open' like ~=. :;:.JJ oa.

Occasionally it serves as a large form of the block of stone = 0 39, ex. Q::= 6 inr 'stone'.

1 SETHE, Alphabet '55· 2 Often in mrl 'love', exx. Pyr. 317. 953· 2192. Sim. Amarn. i. 22; ii. 23; iii. 6. 3 PSBA. 18, 202, 9· Sim. BH. i. 8, 21; also Hamm. I 14, 1~, qu. p. 392, n. 5 ( WJtj-wr ). 'so too Pyr. 435· 56~ (lj(r)p); 802 ( W;tj.wr). 4 Urk. iv. 172, 1. 6 Berl. A"I. i. p. 79, 13. sa For this nnd the possibly homophonous word for 'pass by' see GARD. Sin. 72. 160, as well as Wb. iii. ~5~· 6 Puy. 38. Sim. Bersk. i. 1~, 2 (snt).

Use as last. 1 Exx. O.K., Berl. AI. i. p. 75, 11; DAV, Ptah. i. 11, no. 213; Dyn. XVIII, Puy.

20. 22; D. el B. 79· 81.

Use as= N 37· 1 Exx. o.K., Medum 9· 13; Ti 69; M.K., Berl. A"I. i. P· 254·

491


N 40 5r combinationof=N 37 In 5f'~..ll sm 'go'.

and ..ll D 54·

4 I t:! well full of water 1

42 t:! well full of water (a common alternative form of last) 1

Det. well, ex. ~0 2 !J1tmt 'well'; pool, marsh, in ~~,3 varr. ~.' ~,5 O.K. ~§,6 p~ww 7 ·' limits', 'distant marshlands'. As substitute for the female organ (cf. O.K. "-lb 8) in ~J ~mt 'woman . 'wife·. Hence phon. ~m, exx. tJ~ var. lo~9 (tm 'assuredly' (§ 253); o~li 1l~m 'rescue'. Also as female organ in ~i var. T; (here o is det.) 'vulva , and derivatively 'cow', where the reading is more probably idt than (tmt; 8a cf. above T F 45· For obscure reasons,10 phon. bi1, exx. j Q ~ bil 'copper'; j ~ bi1 'firmament'; for the reading see .. H~~ 11 var. jQ~}-1~ 1 12 bi1w 'mine·.

1 With interiorzigzttg linesforwater,BH. iii.6,no. 88; D.~IB. 16. 1 Th. T.S. i. 27. Sim. O.K. Sdwt, Berl..A"/. i. p. 71, cf. A"z . . .p, 9· s Vrk. iv. 138, 8. 4 Puy. 36. 6 Urk. iv. 587, 3· • MoNTET 4· 7 The proposed reading ljnw reposed mainly on Vrk. iv. 5~3, 5, but Puy. 30 shows the reading there to be false. See also A"z. 3, 62. 8 From a sculpture at Abu Gurab; cf. nk 'copulate', Pyr. 1331, • Vrk. iv. ~57, 9· t& Full discussion ami references, AEO. ii. ~ss•; W!J. iii. 76 reads l;mt.

10 Hier. p. 34; hardly a copper axe-head as proposed in MOLL. Pal. i. 98, n. 1. 11 Sh. S. 23-4. 12 Sinai 53, 3·

Use as last. 1 With the zigzag lines, but having a straight line at top, O.K. Salz. 48; Ti 128

(I; m/).

Sect. 0. Buildings, Parts of Buildings, etc.

0 I LJ house Ideo. in SJ pr 1 'house', cf. the fern. collective ~QQa,SJ1 2 pryt 'houses'. Hence phon. pr in ~..ll pri 'go forth' and derivatives; only very rarely not initial pr, ex. ~3

for fl\ IJpr 'become'. Det. house, building, exx. ~L.l rt 'room', 'department'; ~}=L.l iwnn 'sanctuary'; ~o}L.l !Jmv 'interior'; ~·~ mr~rt 'tomb·. Less suitably also in j ~ st 'seat', 'place'; m~ nst 'seat' of office; IQJr; 1/Jt ' horizon '.

1 Reading perhaps preserved in Coptic djmepor 'roof' (p. 8, n. 2)1 also in Greek transliterations like +<~p<~C:. =Hebrew l"llr}!l! ; +opC:.p = ol1<os ~ Opou ; see A'z. 51, I 2 5·

1 Ijareml;a!J 34· 36. 38; also in pryt Pr-f1 'courts of Pharaoh', P. Kak. 38, 1o-1 1 (Akhenaten), Coptic nep1nepot. 1 A'Z. 57, 3*. s•, very rare.

492

BUILDINGS, PARTS OF BUILDINGS, ETC. Sign-list

combination of n 0 I

and Y T 3

In cp pr-l.ui 'treasury', lit. 'white house'.

3 m combination of["] 0 I, In rn prt-!Jrw 'invocation-offerings'.1

! p 8, 0 X 3, and 6 1 See above P· I7l.

w 22.

4 ru reed shelter in fields 0

5 Ul winding wall (also sometimes ru)

6 rectangular enclosure seen in plan

Ideo. in ro~ 1 h 'room (?) '. Hence phon. h. o Probably a reed shelter of the kind still to be seen in Egyptian fields (Iversen).

A late sign-papyrus in Copenhagen 2ives pr n s!Jt ' field-house ' as one of several descriptions of the hieroglyph. 1 M. u. K. 1, 7 (with note); Eb. 25, 16. The exact meaning is doubtful, but see Wb. ii. 470, 2.

Det. in ~=m n 1 mrrt 'street'; hence phon. or phon. det. mr in ~~>)Rt 11 var. ru~~ 3 Mr-wr ' Mnevis-bull '. For unknown reason, ph on. det. nm in fi Q lJl-JJ' var. Pyr. ru ~ ~ 5 nml 'traverse'; also in ii. q lJ1 1o 6 1tml 'lowing' of cattle.

1 BH. i. 44, l. 1 Amam. v. 3l1 ll. s Berl. AI. ii. p. 100. ' Sin. R 33,

G PJ!r. 1260. Sim. ib. 1370. • Sin. R 49•

Ideo. in g~ !Jwt 1 'castle', 'mansion', 'temple', 'tomb'. The full reading !Jwt, possibly later !Jyt, is suggested by the O.K. personal name l)Qmq lfwt£ 2 and by the isolated variant ";l Q Q7 ~ 3 Nbt-1;-yt, together with the Coptic equivalent nEfteoo' of the name of the goddess Nephthys. Hence the transliteration !Jwt has been adopted in this Grammar except for the divine name Ift-1;-r, Gk. 'A.Ovp, ' Hathor' where the element 1;-at- is clearly in status construe/us. However, in one passage of Dyn. XII g~ 6 is written for l:n 1;-tt 'quarry', giving to g the mere value 1;-.

1 Perhaps one of the large enclosures of reeds called in Arabic zarlbalz, the enclosed portion roofed with stalks and reserved for the women and children (Calverley).

2 Az. 63, 149. s Cairo, unnumbered coffin from Asyllt. ' PREI&ENDANZ,

Pap. Grae&. mag. i. 72; cf. also the place-name fOof, fW A EO. ii. 33*." 6 Berslz. ii. p. 24.

7 alternative form of last Use as last. (Dyn. XVIII) 1 1 Exx. Pu)'. 40; Rekk. r6.

8+ combination of ~ 0 7 and- 0 29

9 ra combination of ~ 0 7 and C7 V 30

In if-~ 1 !twt-rJt 'temple', earlier 'castle'/" lit. 'great castle'. 1 Urk. iv. 575, 8. 2 Berl. AI. i. P• 78.

In ¥ varr. ~g~~\ ~lQQ7~ 2 Nbt-1;-yt '(the goddess) Nephthys '.

1 M.u. K. vs. 5, 4· 2 See above 0 6, n. 3·

493


0Io ~combination of~ 0 6 In~ var. ~1.&1 lft-!;r '(the goddess) Hathor'. and ~ G 5 1 Sinai So.

I I palace with ments 0

battle- Ideo. in ~~ var. -t 1 var. Pyr. -nn 2 rf;, var. M.K. Ql~ 3 if;, 'palace'.

I Z -f.n corn bination of e 0 I I

and -n D 36

I 3 m 1 battlemented enclosure

I 4 r portion and alternative of last 1

I 5 m 1 walled enclosure with buttresses, and with the signs '0 W I o and oX I

I6 ~ 1 gateway(?) surmounted by protecting serpents

I7 M 1 O.K. form of last

I 8 n shrine seen from side

1 9 tJ. primitive shrine

0 Earliest depictions, PETR. RT. ii. 3, 4 and within an enclosure like 0 I 3, ib. ii. 7, 8. 9; later DAv. Plan. i. 12, no. 225; Hier. 3, 30, Not two-storeyed, SCHARFF, 22, n. 64. 1 Urk. iv. 58, 7· 2 Pyr. 141. 3 Bee. 14, 167; seeSpkinx 13,157.

In var. of rf; 'palace', see last.

Det. in U!ffi sb!ft 'gateway' and in the related verb sb!J (sb!J) 'wall in ',2 'enclose'.

1 Ex. Urk. iv. 174, 9· I Exx. Pyr. sSs. 636. Sim. with 0 14, AZ. 6o, 63.

Use as last. 1 Exx. Urk. iv. 4a2, 2; A·z. 6o, 63.

Ideo. in ~ 1 varr. } ~!~. ~LJ wsfJt (wsfJt) 'hall' in palace or temple.

1 Rekn. 10. Varr. with battlements as in 0 13, as well as palace 0 II, see Bier. p. 34·

Ideo. or det. in BEl 2 tJ 'curtain(?)' and B~ Q QaE5 3 var. E57 3

tJyt 'curtain'. Hence seini-ideo. in the title of the vizier E5:~ var. B~QQ~~ 6 var. O.K. M 6 tJyty 'he of the curtain'. For M:S... tJ-wr 'larboard' see on H S 22.

1 Reklz. 4· 1 MAR. Abyd. i. 19, a. a LAC. TB. 21, 85-6. 4 Tn. T. S. ii. 14. 17. 5 BUDGE, p. 312, 2, as epithet of Osiris. 8 DAv. Plan. ii. 6. 28; Saqq. Mast. i. 17.

Use as last. 1 DAv. Ptan. i. n, no. 232.

Ideo. or det. in J:L Q fj 1 var . .El 2 k1(r)i (Pyr. kJr 3) 'chapel', 'shrine'.

1 Exx. D. el B. 114; Urk. iv. 168, 15. 1 Urk. iv. 130, 16. 1 Pyr. zj6.

Det. in ~b 1 Pr-wr' Great House' name of the pre-dynastic national shrine of Upper Egypt at H ieraconpolis (N fJn); 2

also of itrt in Q~t:J.-+' itrt smr(yt) 'the row of upper Egyptian sanctuaries', as seen at the Sed-festival ; 3 hence also as collective term for ' the gods of Upper Egypt '. 4

1 Pyr. 648; Brit. M us. 574, 7· 2 Unt. v. 127, n. 2. 3 JEA. 30, 27; for references see Az. 44• 17. 4 See above p. 291, with n. 3·

494


02o Iffi 1 shrine

21 Jili fa~ade of shrine

2 2 m open booth supported by a pole

For CIJ see W 4·

Det. sanctuary, exx. Q~ffil itrt 'row of sanctuaries'; !..~!ID 2

!Jm 'shrine'; especially of the ~Ifil 8 Pr-nw or C(S=Ifil' Pr-nsr (Pr-nzr), names of the pre-dynastic national sanctuary of Lower Egypt at Buto (P). Hence Q~ffilf itrt m!,tt ' the row of Lower Egyptian sanctuaries' and col1ective term for 'the gods of Lower Egypt'; see on 0 19, together with no. 3, 4 there.

1 Lisltt, p. 37· 1 Urk. iv. 167, I. 3 Pyr. 1438; Brit. Mus. 574, 8. 4 Pyr. 852; BUDGE, p. 8!!, 20; 319, 11.

Ideo. or det. in j'ID[ var. IT Jill 1 s!,t-ntr (z!,t-ntr) 'the divine booth'.

1 Mitt. ix. PI. 7, I, in the title of Annbis {Jnty sl;-ntr. Cf. Hier. p. 36.

Ideo. or det. in r lm var. m~ s!,t, var. Pyr. Tm 1 z!,t, 'booth'; hence phon. s!,t (z!,t) in r lm ~ s!,t 'counsel'. In the combination CD the sign m retains a value !.zb (/.t1b) which it formerly possessed when used alone.11

1 Pyr. I 30. 1 Cf. Pyr. 555 (/;1b 'catch of wild fowl') ; 1672 (/;1b 'be festive').

23 IJJ hall used m festival 1

the Sed- Ideo. or det. in wr~w2 varr. r~f1IQ;),8 f1IQ;) 4 !.zb-sd (!,tb-sd) 'jubilee·~ 'Sed-festival'

pyramid with side of surrounding wall

obelisk

stela

27 mnr hall of columns

g column with tenon at top

1 See Unt. 3, 136. 1 Urk. iv. 565, r6. s Kopt. 9· Sim. O.K., U;.k, i. 97; 6. ' Urk. iv. 569, 8.

Det. in ~~/1 mr 'pyramid',' tomb' and in names of specific royal pyramids, ex. (Q~~~~LJ'.fb/1 /{J-nfr-'Imnm!,tJt 'the pyramid Amenem}:let-is-high-and-beautiful '.1 Hence also in ~b:;::/1@ Mn-nfr 'Memphis' (p. 183, n. 1).

1 See A'Z. 32, 88.

Ideo. or det. in ~fi 1 var. fi 2 t!Jn 'obelisk'. 1 Urk. iv. 366, IJ. I Ut·k. iv. 360, I6.

Ideo. or det. stela, exx. ~} "1.0.1 var. i). 11 wi' stela'; ¥11 ..1.Q 8

r!.zrw 'station', 'stela '. 1 BH. i. 25, 32. 1 BH. i. 26, 141. s Rec. 20, 40, in the phrase rf;rw n

N b ' station of the King ', see Unt. 2, 40.

Det. hall of columns, exx. A~=}IHBPildw 'hal1 of columns'; 1~1811 /JJ 'office'. From last, phon. or phon. det. /JJ in ® }lm 8 yar. rm 4 !J(i)w(y) ' night·.

1 Reklt. 4· 2 Urk. iv. 257, I. 1 JEA. 4, PI. 8, 3; cf. Pp. I6J9· ' Puy. 29, 5 in the name of the feast {Jt-{J,wy 'night-ceremonies', cf. BH. i. 24; Urk. iv. 27, 5·

Ideo. in g • iwn 'column'; for the reading cf. ggg~ var. ~} TI ~1 iwnyt 'hall of columns'. Hence phon. iwn, exx. 97 2 var. Pyr. go 18 iwnt 'bow'; g~ 'Iwnw ' Heliopolis '.

1 Amatia I4-Eiepn. 17. For further evidence see Si/11. Berl. Akad. I9u, ~~. 1 Sebekkku 5· a Pp. 1644-

495


0 29 -= wooden column 1 (also found vertically n

30 y supporting pole

31 = 1 door

32 !J[]P gateway

33 11fiftl 1 fac;adeofpalaceortomb

34 -c>- bolt

35 7l combination of- 0 34 and .A D 54

wall 0 (occasionally horizontally t:::1 1

)

Cf.::,.,.._ 2 r, 'column'. Hence phon. r,, exx. =~~ r, 'great'; H~~3 var. Pyr.l-n~?)t~r, 'infant'. Ingroup-writing (§ 6o) :: or -=- is phon. r,6 exx. ::::~c= }~ 6 Trmt 'Tacmetj ',f. personal name; QQ~~=~7 Ynrm 'Yenoam', Palestinian place-name.

1 As support of the booth 0 l2, Medum 10. t P. Kak. 13, 2. 3 Louvre C 1, Io. ' P)'r. 1I05. 4 BURCHARDT, § 26. 8 Urk. iv. n, 9• 7 Urk. iv. 744, 5·

Ideo. or det. in ::!:>"1 var. 11 s!Jnt (z!Jnt) 2 'support' of heaven. For a similar sign, but reversed 1. see after U I 2.

1 Four times repeated,' the four supports', Urk. iv. 843, 2. 1 Reading with z, P)'r. 1559; f/ar!J. 365.

Ideo. or det. in :;: var. = 2 r, 'door'; hence very rarely phon. r,, ex. =~o~ 3 r1mt 'Asiatic woman'. Det. open,

exx. ~= wn 'open'; =~ sn 'open'. 1 Pu)'. 54; see the picture PETRIE, Deskashe!z 21. 1 In the title lry-r1 'door-

keeper', Cairo 20103,/; lOI84,k. • Urk. iv. 743, 4·

Det. door, gateway, exx. ~*j i[J1 abbrev. 11[]1 2 sb1 (sb1) 'door';

U!U sb!Jt 'gateway'. 1 D.elB. 137. 1 Urk. iv. 845, 13.

Det. in ~";tilllil sr!J 'banner' for the Horus name (p. 72). 1 Urk. iv. 160, 12.

Ideo. in 7 ,.,.._ 1 s (z) 'bolt'. Hence phon. s (z). Also as substitute for~ R 22 in _!_~® 2 var. Pyr. !_~® 3 ..(fm 'Letopolis ',the modern Ausim NW. of Cairo.{

1_ Urk. iv. 498, I I. 2 Cairo 204~; f/arl;. 535· Det. with the shrine 0 lo,

Ca1ro 20738. 3 P)'r. 167o. • From Dyn. XIX onward, however - is often actually written at the beginning of this place-name (GAUTHIER, Die/ g!ogr. V 45). which appears from the Gk. personal name nETEapf!~O'ICLI'LOS (gen.)=PJ-dl-f/rnb-S!Jn really to have read S!Jm or S!Jn (SPIEGELBERG, Ag. u. gr. Eigennamen, 28*, no. 198 a).

In a number of words implying motion and having s (z) as a characteristic radical, exx. Jl j.A rare var. Jl sbi 'go', 'pass',' send'; Jr~ si 'perish', later replaced by Jr j.A sbi; ~jfl rare var. kJr..J.A ms 'bring', 'offer'; QJr is 'go ' (imperative, § 336) ; Jl Q Q var. Jl.: var. Pyr. -Q Q1

sy (zy) 'who?',' what?' There is much confusion in the value of Jl, owing to the tendency ( 1) to write Jl alone for sb, and (2) to write Jl j for simple s.2

1 P)'r. 438.

Ideo. or det. in Q~Jil var: il 2 inb 'wall'. Det .. wall, exx. u~ ilS sbty L SUrrounding wall 1

; }::t:::JS wmtt 1 bulwark', 'fortification'; =.J il.A' snb 'overleap ··a wall.

o In the earliest times perhaps plan of a brick enclosure with buttresslike projections, but later certainly interpreted as a wall, cf. A 35 and 0 37· See SCHARFF, 18.

1 Urk. iv. 764, 9· :1 Urk. iv. 765, 7· 16. 3 Urk. iv. 661, 5· 4 Sin. R I..p.


0 3 7 l::::::J falling wall

38 IF corner of wall

39 CJ stone slab or brick (sometimes large like

= N 37)

40 t:CJ stairway

41 6 double stairway

42 d!11. fence outside primitive shrine b 0 19 1

43 :mtt. 1 O.K. form of last

44 f emblem erected outside the tern pie of M in 1

45 l3 domed building

46 ea Older form Of last I

47 GD a prehistoric building at Hieraconpolis 1

(Dyn. XVIII form) 2

Det. overthrow, exx. } ~ ~~ 1 whn 'overthrow'; ~=~ 2

s!!nn 'demolish' a wall ; slanting, ex. m~ 6 ~ ~ 3 g-s1 'tilt'. 1 Urk. iv. 78o, 7· s Cf. Puy. 20. s Peas. B I, 92.

Det. in ~jo!J /fnbt 'corner', 'angle ',0 whence ~Jf.~, var. U:i l /fnbt ' magistrates ', lit. perhaps 'those who sit at the corner'. Det. gate, in glF rrrt 'gate· ; corner(?), in ""<C.. c:::::..u mrrt 'street ·. Ideo. or det. in ~ =IF' var. ~ -<=:> 0 -==- <::::>

,;._ il (try (n) tm, an obscure title. 1

0 Palermo stone, vs. 5, 2; see too AEO. ii. uo. 452 of On. Am. 1 Az. 40, 96.

Det. stone and similar, exx. Q:;: = inr ' stone' ; ,:: r,t 'valuable stone' for vessels, etc.; := = dbn 'deben-weight' (§ 266, 4); ~= rr 'pebble'; ~j: tibt 'brick'.

Det. stairway, exx. <::>}'ZJ' varr. :;:LJ, L]1 rwd 'stairway'; ®:~LI var. L] 2 !Jtyw 'terrace', 'terraced hill'.

1 Sebckkhu 8. Reading, see Leyd. V 3, 5· 11 Urk. iv. I03r, 6, in connection with Min: for the !Jtyw 'platform' of Min see Cairo 20703, a 5; also LEGRAIN, L'ailenwddu py16ne d'Amtnophis Ill, 14 A; see too the elaborate study K!miii. fi.

Det. stairway, exx. Ll ~ Q QL:'!. 1 if'Y 'ascent', 'high place'; Q~L:'!. irr 2 'ascend'.

1 Urk. iv. 364, 3· 11 Az. 46, 98.

Phon. ssp (szp) in .ittJtli ssp, var. Pyr. ~= 2 szp, 'receive', but early ssp ~~1!1t; 3 cf. J{1t0 4 var. ~~Q 6 ssp 'daylight·.

1 See the pictures of 0 l<J Medum '); Sah. 22; Ann. 25, 126. 11 Pyr. 87<J· 3 Siut I, 225. 'P.J.."ah. I, 10; Peas. B 1, 201. 5 DK BUCK, ii. 5·

Use as last. 1 Pyr. 260 (W 387). See too ScHARFF, 13, n. 23.

Ideo. or det. in 'f7 2 var. Q ]i;\'f 3 iJt 'office·, 'rank'. 1 See A"opt. 10, 3; a divergent early form jUNKER, Gfza I, If6. 2 Commonest

form, exx. Reni 1/asan I, 25, 1 I; Kopt. 8, I r; Urk. iv. 208. 3 BUDGK, 482, 16; llwt, given as principal form IVb. i. 29, if found at all early, is probably status pronomina/is, see § 78.

Ideo. or det. in Q~U3 varr. U3~, U3 ip! 'harim'; Q~~ 1 ipJt is possibly the fuller form of the same word.

1 Az. 45• 127.

Use as last . •

1 Exx. O.K., Urk. i. Ioo, 13; M.K., Bersk. ii. 2I, top 16; Dyn. XVIII, Urk. 1V, 897, 3•

Ideo. in @' varr. ~. ~ ~ NIJn 3 'Hieraconpolis ', i.e. Kom el-Aomar in Upper Egypt.

1 }iZ. 53, 57. 1 Rekk. I6; but also Dyn. VI, Gebr. ii. 6; Dyn. XII, BH. ii. 14; Leyd. V 4, I. 3 Rea<\ing, BRUGSCH, Diet. Gtogr. 353; see too A"z. 58, 6o and the alternative writing M1Jn, AEO. ii. no 320 of On. Am.

497


0 48 ® alternativeformoflast1 Use as last. 1 Dyn. V, Sak. r8; Dyn. XII, Tk. T. S. ii. 6; Dyn. XVIII, Pakeri 8.

49 @ village with cross-roads Ideo. in ! 1 niwt ' village ' ; for the reading cf. Pyr. -;: @t::=l1& 1

n(iw)tyw(?) ' those belonging to the lower heaven' and the very late var. ®~@ 2 for NavKpan~. Det. village, town, ex. 1~ WJst 'Thebes'; inhabited region, in LJ~~ Kmt' Egypt', lit. 'the black (land)'; ~ 3 t.i1tt (?) 'estate'.

50 ® circular threshing-floor covered with grain 1

(printed m older books in the late form®)

5 I JI1 heap of grain on a raised mud floor 0

Sect. P.

P 1 ~ boat on water

(I) ~ boat upside down

1 Pyr. 1.~67. The puzzling evidence suggests that the 'lower heaven' had two names, namely Nl(w)t and Nnt, which are much confused in the writing. Crucial passages are Pyr. 149. 446. 1691. 2 Az. 53, 105. 8 Peas. R 68; see Aa 8.

Det. in ~ 0 2 spt (zpt) 'threshing-floor'. Hence phon. or phon. det. sp (zp) in ;;; var. 0 sp ' time', 'occasion' and related words. Note ~ var. ~ sp sn ' two times ' as sign that a word or part of a word is to be repeated in reading (§§ 207. 274), exx. ~ ~ rs1 rs1 'very often'; ;::.a~ rsrs 'rejoice'. For 0 in f@ fzlt-sp 'regnal year' see p. 204.

1 Hier. pp. 27. 67. t MONTET 213-14.

Ideo. or det. in .Q~.l]1 varr . .[]1;;, .[]1 1 s1iwt 'granary'. 0 So ERMAN, Agypten, 577, n. 3· probably rightly; for the shape of the heap, cf.

Ti 124. DAV. Ptak. i. 36 thought the sign originally depicted a granary, and was only later interpreted as a heap of corn. However, both early (ib. 28; Ti 84) and late (ER MAN, op. cit. 576) the actual granaries were dome-shaped.

1 Urk. iv. Joso, 13.

Ships and Parts of Ships

Det. boat, ship, exx. ~ ~ dpt 'ship' ; X}~ 1 !zrw 'ships' ; ¥}~ 2 r!zrw 'ships'; sail, travel by water, exx. ::~ nri ' sail ' ; ~ ~ {Jdi ' fare downstream ' ; also det. in ~.}~ 8 iw(y) 'one without a boat'. As abbrev. the sign presents difficulties; 1 ~ 4 is doubtless dpt-ntr 6

'the divine bark' ; in \ ~ 6 'overseer of ships' there is definite evidence in favour of r!zrw,7 but possibly r!zrw is merely a later writing of, or more recent substitute for, !zrw; 8 the singular ~ 'boat' doubtless usually stood for 4=~}~ 9 imw, but once at least represents the much rarer LJ~LJ~ ~ ~ 10 /plpw.

1 Hamm. I 14, 14; Bersk. i. 14, 7· 2 BH. i. 4-J, 5; Rekk. 3, 34· 1 Wb. i. 47• 4 Az. 45, PI. VI, 6. G Adm. p. 33· 6 .Az. 45, PI. VI, 6; Cairo 20023, s;

Urk. iv. 153, 3· 7 Compare Cairo 20143, c with ib. -~; so too without plural strokes and followed by numeral, Cen. 90, 1, 5· 6. 8 AZ. 32, 34· Possibly the relationship is like that of O.K. lbw, Dyn. XV Ill wsh ' breadth'. 9 .AZ. 68, 8.

10 Westc. 8, 3-4. •

Det. in~ l{l'"- j1zr 'upset', • overturn'.

SHIPS AND PARTS OF SHIPS Sign-list

P 2 ~ ship under sail

3 ~ sacred bark (details vary greatly in different cases) 1

Det. in ~':' ~ IJnti 'sail upstream'.

Ideo. or det. in }Q~ ~ var. ~ wiJ 'sacred bark'. Det. divine boats, exx. ~ ~ ~ mrndt ' bark of the dawn ' ; =~~ nsmt 'the neshmet-bark ',i.e. the sacred boat of Abydus. Also det. sail, when divine journeys are meant, ex. A~~ 2 d1i 'cross' sky, said of Re<.

1 For different forms see lkhern. 14. 23 (nJmt); Cairo 20024=Mus. !g. i. 17 (mrngt, msktt); Urk. iv. 366, 6. 7 (mrngt, msktf). s D.elB. 114.

For~ see G 7*. For~ see G 10.

4 <g> fisherman's boat with Semi-ideo. in ~i w!;r 'fisherman', plur. }l}it 1 w!;rw, net together with the related words.

5 y sail

6 mast 0

7 ~ combination of ¥ P 6 and -n D 36

8 ~ oar (also often horizontally in=§ ss)

9 + combination of ! P 8 and-- I 9

1 o ~ steering oar

I I ~ mooring post

1 Bersh. ii. 16 without the plural strokes. Cf. ~acidic OT(J)f£ 'fisherman'.

Ideo. or det. in ~}~ var. ~} {lw 1 'breath', 'wind'. Det. wind, exx. -=,J Q Qo~ ml;yt 'north wind'; ~}~ t}rw 'storm'; sail, in lf)}~ 2 /;t1w 'sail'. Ideo. also in~} var. y~ nfw 'skipper', late var. ~Y~i nfy. 2

1 Reading, Pyr. 309; see Az. 24, 86. 2 DuMICHEN, Kalenderinschriften 35, 49· 8 LEPSJUS, Todlenbudz, eh. 99, 23. Coptic t~eef.

Phon. rJ;r 1 in -nfJt var. ¥-A rJ;r 'stand' and derivatives. ° For the problem of the form (also in P 5, 7) see Sah. II, p. 16r. l That !z

forms part of the reading is shown by a late spelling of l;rw 'limbs', BRUGSCH, W01'terbuch, Suppl. 2j2.

Use as last, ex.~~ 1 rJ;rw 'ships'. 1 Urk. iv. 702, 15.

Det.oar,exx.i~}UPwsrw'oars'; ~p!;pt'oar'. Perhaps from a word 13 var. 17,4 'oar' known only from the king's name ( 0<:::::::7!) 5 Nb-IJrw(?)-Rr 'Nebkherure<' phon. IJrw, exx. 1} var. !J} IJrw 'voice'; !}QQ~i IJrwy 'enemy'.

1 NAY. 99, 23. t A secondary word, see A.'Z. 62, 4· a Value deduced only from phonetic use. 4 D. e! B. (XI) iii. Pl. 11. 5 Now recognized as distiuct.from king Nebl_lepetre<, see Stud. Aeg. I 38-41; also AZ. 62, 3·

In +" var. ~J~ flr(y)jjt 'says'(§ 437).

Det. in o~} ~ l;mw 'steering oar'; o~QQ~i /;my ' steersman '.

Det. in :;:Qo~ 1 mnit (minit) 'mooring post~ and the related words. In hieratic often indistinguishable from) T 14 and consequently so usually transcribed.2

1 Brit. Mus. 574, 14. 1 See MoLL. Pal. i. nos. 457· 472.

499


Sect. Q. Domestic and Funerary Furniture

Q I jj seat

2 A portable seat (sometimes reversed) 1

Ideo. in j(; st, var. Pyr. rJa 1 st, 'seat',' place'. Hence phon. st (S/),2 exx. >Jcj mJSt 'lap'; u;;:Je nmst 'jar'; ws (ws),8 in j-=-~ Wsir 'Osiris'; Js (1s), in jo~ rare var. ~jo~ 4 Jst (Ut)' Isis '. From a word lJ..: !;tmt 'chair' (Dyn. XIX) phon./;tm,2 ex. lJ~~ var.lP~~~ l;tm 'perish'.

1 Pyr. 87z. 2 Az, 46, 107. 8 Az. 46, 92. • LAc. TR. 43, 4; Coffins, M-4C,J.44.

Ideo. in 4 2 st 'seat' (rare). Phon. ws (ws) in fE. rarer var. 4 8 Wsir ' Osiris '.

1 Exx. Cairo 20023. 34049• 34085. 2 Kopt. 7, 16, a.

3 0 stool of reed matting 1 Cf. ~ 2 p ' base' (for shrine), Ptolemaic 04 s p 'seat', Coptic po£ 'bench'. Hence phon. p.4

For~ see M 7·

4 X head-rest

1 Depicted Tit. T. S. i. 15; the earliest forms suggest a stool-covering rather than an actual stool, but exx. of Dyn. II favour the latter, see PETR. Eg. Hier. PI. 38.

2 Urk. iv. 834, 6. 8 DUMICHEN, Ruultai'SJ, 19. 4 SETJn;, Alpkabe/152.

Det. in ~rx wrs (wrs) 1 • head-rest'. 1 For I see Saqq. Mast. i. r.

5 r;::::::;J chest (varies much m Det. box, chest, exx. ~&=;~ hn 'box'; ~~&=;~ rjdt 'chest'. form) 1 1 Exx. Berslz. i. 10. 15; Urk. iv. 427, 6; PETR. Abyd. ii. 34·

6 t:==1 coffin (varies much m form) 1

7 jl brazierwith flame rising from it 1

Ideo. or det. in .. ~J~}~ var. ~ *rsw (*rsw) 'coffin'. Det. in .~J ~~ *rs ' bury'.

1 Exx. EH. i. 12; Puy. 6o. 68.

Det. fire, exx. !~ !Jt 'fire'; ~ ~ sgt 'flame'; heat, exx. ~l ~ rkl.z 'heat'; fj~(l. IJ 'hot'; cook, etc., exx. ~J ~ psz 'cook' (§28I); YJ}~ Jbw 'brand'; torch, in u~ tkJ

'torch', 'candle'. Also abbrev. ~ 2 for r::~ srf (Sif) 'temperature'; (l.~ nsrsr (nsrsr) in ;=::~~® 8 'Iw-1zsrsr, a mythical locality.

1 Meir ii. p. 34· 8 See the varr. NAV. uo, 17. 19.

soo


Sect. R. Temple Furniture and Sacred Emblems

R I ~ 1 ta~le with loaves and jUg

2lfl'1 table with conventionalized slices of bread (alternative form of last)

3 ~ four-legged table with loaves and libation vase 1

Ideo. or det. in 0!~.}0~ 2 I;JWt, varr. ~~,3 or 4 l;1t, 'table of offerings'.

1 D. el B. 3.7• Often the round loaf is on the left, exx. Palzeri •H Urk. iv. 163, 7· 2 Siut I, 240. s See on L 6. 4 Cairo 20667.

Ideo. or det. in l~QQlf 2 IJJ.Y(t), varr.l~lf,3 lf 4 l;1t, 'table of offerings'.

1 Ex. D. el B. 140. Sim. O.K., Salz. 63. ' Cairo 20712, a 6.

2 Louvre C u, 7· 8 D. el B. 140.

Ideo. or det. in ~.} 'ft.}~ z wtf!;w (§ I 9, 0Bs. 2 ), var. Pyr. }=1.}~ 3 wd!;w, 'table of offerings'. Also as abbrev., especially in the title W!~ 4 ss wd!;w ' scribe of the offering-table'.

1 Forms differ considerably, but in M.E. the four-legged table is characteristic of wdl;w, while {J1wt has the forms shown under R I. 2. Dyn. XII, see Bier. 8, no. 126; BH. iii. 3, no. 21 ; Dyn. XVIII, Palzeri 7; NoRTHAMPT. 3, 7· 2 Berslz. i. 12,

3 PJir. 474· • Cairo 20023, n; 20562,g; reading proved by i6. 20671,6.

4 c:::!:::, loaf G X 2 on a reed-mat Ideo. in * 1 var. O.K. ~ 2 l;tp 'altar'. Hence semi-phon. l;tp in * !;tp 'rest', 'be pleased' and derivatives ; the writing 1* is not uncommon in M.K. proper names and occurs also in a hieratic ligature of the same date. 3

5 r=- 1 censer for fumigation 2

(after O.K. doubtless misunderstood)

6 ~ 1 O.K. form of last

1 Brit. Mus, 590. • Urk. i. 107, 17. s Ex. Le6. 23; see Az. 29, 54·

Ideo. ordet. in ';"(l. var. Pyr. ~~3 kp 'fumigate'. Hence ph on. k1p, ex. ";LJ var. r=- 4 kp ' hartm ', ' nursery' ; kp, ex. ":7~ 6 Kpny' Byblus', a town in Phoenicia.

1 Ex. Dyn. XVIII, D. e1 B. 139· The same form, but reversed, already Dyn. V, Saqq. Mast. i. u. Sometimes in Dyn. XVIII somewhat resembles a wrist and hand, exx. Two Sculptors 8; Urk. iv. 997, 6; later interpreted as a claw. 2 Az. 50, 66. 3 P)lr. 184. Sim. i6. 803. 4 Urk. iv. 997, 6. Sim. k1pw' crocodile', Pt. 262, a Urk. iv. 535, 6; Sin. R 53·

Use as last. 1 Ti 132, over a scene of fumigation.

7 b1 bowl for incense with Ideo. or det. in IJ~b 2 abbrev. b8 sntr 'incense'. Also as smoke rising from it equivalent of O.K. l7 W 10* ( = Pyr. "0 Aa 4) in +>~ 4 var.

~6 bJ 'soul'; also in ~ b1 'ram '.6

1 See Bier. p. 43· Depicted Meir iii. 17. 2 Urk. iv. 943, 12. 3 Pfheri 5; Urk. iv. 914, 9· ' (Jrk. iv. I14, 3• 1 Urk. iv. 945, 2. 8 W6. I. 414.

50 I


R81

9 ~

IO ;11

IJ n

cloth wound on a pole, emblem of divinity 1

combination of 1 R 8 and 'b V 33

combination of 1 R 8 and1.1r1T 28andLJN 29

column imitating a bundle of stalks tied together 1

12 1 standard for carrymg religious symbols

I3 ~1 falcon ~ G 5 on .,R I 2 with feather (O.K. to Dyn. XII)

14 y abbrev.oflast,omitting falcon and enlarging feather (from Dyn. VI onward) 1

I 5 t spear decked out as standard 1

I6 ' papyrus-shaped wand

with feathers 1

Ideo. in 1• n{r 'god'. Hence phon. (semi-ideo.) n{r, ex.

1~~ ntry. var. Pyr. 1::2 n{r(i), 'divine'. Very rarely det. for a god, ex. 'bjJ1 3 Gbb 'Geb ', Gk. K~/3.

1 See NEWBERRY,.fEA. 33, 90; Meir ii. p. 35; Saqq. Mast. i. P· 45· 2 Pyr. 533· a A'z. 43· 148,

Ideo. or det. in Jc::oi var. i 1 bd' (a kind of) natron '. 1 D. el B. xo. In Pyr. ideo. in n£r 'nitre' (Pyr. 1368), det. in ~zmn 'natron' (ib.).

Ideo. in ~ var. 1.!.~ !Jr(t)-ntrt 'necropolis'. 1 Ex. Paheri 3· 1 .JEA. 24, 244.

Ideo. in !• rid' t(jed-column '. Hence phon. rid in !c::o var. Pyr. :J. n 2 ridi ' be stable ', ' enduring ' and derivatives. The twofold writing of the sign in the town-name ftft}® doubtless indicates the change of value from rid to dd, see the varr. § 289, I.

1 ScHXFER, Griff. Stud. 424; early exx. as architectural ornament, Ann. 25, PI. 5; 27, PI. 2. 2 Pyr. 1078.

Det. in Q~ 4- ilt 'standard'. Also accompanying various ideograms for gods, exx. ~ M1tw '(the god) Min' ; ~ ijJ' (the god) Ba '. Cf. also J(. D 29; ~ E I8; ~ G 7; ~ G 26; 'R I3·

As emblem of the West, ideo. in '~ imnt 'west' and the related words. For the reading compare Pyr. Q~' 2 imn 'right', 'right-hand'.

1 Sak. 5· The forms differ greatly, see SETHE, Reckls 21I. Exx. Dyn. XI, PETR. Abyd. ii. 24. 25. 2 Pyr. 730.

Ideo. in J~ imnt 'west' and related words, including J ~~ var. J-.l\ wnmy, var. Pyr .. +~'l~Q 2 wnmi, 'right' hand, side, etc.

1 SETHE, Reckts 215. 2 Pyr. roo2. See SETHE, Reckts 199.

As emblem of the East, ideo. in tJ~ ilbt 'east' and related words, ex. tJ~ i1by, varr. Pyr. t, Q~J2 iJbi, 'left-hand'. From Dyn. XVIII on, by confusion with f U 23, phon.Jb, exx. t J M}® 3 Jbriw 'Abydus' ; tJ- Jb·n ' has desired '.'

1 SETHE, Re,·kts 220. 1 Pyr. 730. a Urk. iv. n, 49· 4 Urk. iv. 28, 1.

Ideo. or det. in ' var. }o' w!J 'the w!J-fetish' of Cusae in Upper Egypt.

1 With many variant forms, see Meir i. p. 2 ; ii. p. 38.

502

TEMPLE FURNITURE AND SACRED EMBLEMS Sign-list

R 1 7 ~ w1g, with fillet and plumes, on pole 1

(Dyn. XVII I)

18 ! 19 r

variant form of last

the uas-sceptre 1 S 40 with fillet and feather

20 ., 1 conventionalized flower (?) surmounted by horns

21 + 1 O.K. form of last

2 2 c::JOC> two fossil belemnites ? 1

23 c::~t~~::> 1 O.K. form of last

24 ><=>< 1 two bows tied in a package 2 (sometimes also vertically ~)

25 ){ 1 O.K. form of last

Fetish of Abydus, ideo. or det. in~ var. =~! 2 T1-wr 'the nome of Abydus or This'.

1 See WINLOCK, Bas-reliifsfrom the temple of Rameses I at A!Jydos, p. 15. I Urk. iv. 111, 13,

Use as last.

As emblem of the Upper Egyptian nome of Hermonthis and its town, ideo. in f@ W1st (W1st),t var. Dyn. XX 1~fc 2 T¥s(r), 'Thebes '. For f:e i1tt 'milk' see on S 40.

1 Reading further proved by demotic, see MoLLER, Di1 !Jeiden Totenpapyrus Rkind, p. 76*, no. 538. Cf. -ois in the name Xa.Jlots=.(ff·m-Wut, GRili'FITH, Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, p. z, n. 2. 1 Brit. M us. 303.

As emblem of the goddess of writing ideo. in -'r"'~ 11 Ss1t, var. Pyr. ~=~~3 Ss1t, late var. ~~-'t • S!t, '(the goddess) Seshat '.

1 D. el B. 55· 1 Urk. iv. 19, 14. 1 P)'r. 616. 4 Louvre A97, qu. PSBA. 16, 252.

Use as last. 1 Saqq. Mast. i. 1 (Dyn. III-IV).

As emblem of the god of Panopolis (Ekhmim) and of Coptus (~ift) ideo. in ~ varr. ~. 9f var. Pyr. ;:}~ 11

Mnw ' (the god) Min ', Greek Mtv.8 The name of Letopolis (Ausim) in the Delta@' reads .{fm, as the var. Pyr. !.~c 11 shows; from M.K. onwards- 0 34 is often substituted for-, ex . .!_~c, see on 0 34· Hence phon. !;m in !.~ffil. var. !._~r; 8 !Jm 'shrine'.

1 Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology (Liverpool) 3· 50. The earliest exx. resemble a double-beaded arrow. 1 P)'r. ·1-24· 8 PLUTARCH, De IsiJe 56. 4 Cairo 20221; sim. P)'r. 1270. & Pyr. 167o. For the localization at Austm see Ann. 4, 91; Rec. 26, 144. 8 U,-k, iv. g6, 4· This word has no connexion with the Gk. town-name Chemmis and itS modem descendant Ekhmim, the Egyptian original of which was !fnt.Mnw, see A'Z. 62, 93; AEO. ii. 40*.

Use as last. 1 Saqq. Mast, i. 8.

As emblem of the goddess of Sais, ideo. or det. in --=~~ 8

varr. >:<~! l=< Nt (Nrt, Nit) 6 '(the goddess) Neith '. 1 D. el B. II6. 2 Ancient Egypt 19H, 35· 8 U;k. iv. 414, 5· 4 D. el B. u6. 1 Reading, .A.'Z. 43, 144- The Gk. form N.,r8 suggests a medial I or r.

Use as last. 1 Ti 46.

503


Sect. S. Crowns, Dress, Staves, etc.

Sr(J white crown of Upper Egypt 0

the last m basket 'C7

V 30

red crown of Lower Egypt 0

4 J£ the last m basket 'C7

V 30

s¥f combined white and red crowns 0

6 ~ the last m basket 'C7

V 30

7 ((J the blue crown 1

8 4 the atef-crown 1

9 I!J two plumes

Ideo. or det. in fa4 1 var. 4 2 f.tdt 'the white crown'. Det. white crown, exx. ;-4 3 !mr-s 'crown of Upper Egypt'; ~-:-4 4 wrrt 'great crown'.

o ABUBAKR, 25. 1 Urk. iv. t67 8. 2 Sebekklm 12; BRUNTON, Lakun I 15. 3 Urk. iv. 266, 8. • CAP ART, Recueil de Monuments i. 30.

Ideo. or det. in f~.:t:V var. ,4.2 !J4t 'whit~ crown'. white crown, in ~-:-,4.8 wrrt 'great crown'.

1 LAC. TR. 89, 35· 2 Kopt. 8, 8. s Urk. iv. t6, II.

Det.

Ideo. or det. in ~ -:-'?;! 1 var. '?;/ 2 d!rt 'red crown'. Det. red crown, ex.;t-'r:;/ 3 mf.t-s 'crown of Lower Egypt'. From Pyr. 7 Ji 4 nt 'crown of Lower Egypt' ph on. n, rare before Dyn. XVIII.6 Substituted for ~ L 2 for superstitious reasons 6 in 'r:;/g 7 sd1wty (?) blty ' treasurer of the king of Lower Egypt' ; also in i ~ 8 1t-sw-bit 'king of U ppcr and Lower Egypt'.

0 ABUBAKR, 47• t Urk. iv. 16, 8. 2 Sebekkku 12. 3 Urk. iv. 266, 8. • Pyr. 724. 6 Seep. 27,n.4. 6 AZ.51, 57· 7 Kopt. 8, 11. 8 Urk.iv. 15o,12.

Det. red crown, exx. "';: Ji 1 nt 'net-crown'; f~Ji 2 mf.t-s 'crown of Lower Egypt'. Very rarely phon. n,3 like '?;/ S 3·

1 Brit. Mus. 574, 8. Sim. Pyr. 724. 2 Brit. Mns. 574, 6. s Dyn. XII, Az. 45, 125; Dyn. XVIII, Urk. iv. 309, 12.

Det. double crown in f c~J;f 1 s/Jmty 'the double crown' of Upper and Lower Egypt, lit. 'the two powerful ones', in Greek t/Jxlvr 2 (p1-s!Jmty).

o ABUBAKR, 6o; OLZ. 35 1 698. 1 P. Boul xvii. 3, 3· ' Rosetta stone.

Ideo. or det. double crown, exx. f!-.,:4 1 var. Jt 2 s!Jmty 'the double crown' ; ~-:-Jt 3 wrrt 'the great crown'.

1 Urk. iv. 565, I.oj. I Urk. iv. 278, 6. 8 Urk. iv. 255 •. 7•

Ideo. or det. in f;\:;;q 2 var. q 3 !Jpr! 'the blue crown'. 1 Az. 53, 59· 1 P. Boul. xvii. 3, 3-4. 8 BR. Tkes. 1077.

Ideo. or det. in ~-=--4 2 var. 4 2 1if' the atef-crown '. 1 ABUBAKR; 7; an early ex. Salt. 38, Dyn. V. I .{(ec. 39, I I 7•

Ideo. or det. in ~~I!J 1 var. I!J 2 !wty 'double plumes'. 1 Urk. iv. 1 11, 8. I Urk. iv. 48, 6.

504

CROWNS, DRESS, STAVES, ETC. Sign-list

S I o q band of cloth as fillet

I I ® collar of beads with falcon-headed terminals

I 2 A collar of beads

Ideo. or det. wreath, exx. ll}q 1 w1[zw 'wreath'; q2 var. ql var. O.K. ~ ""ll~ 3 md!z 'fillet'. From this last, phon. md!z (md!z) in q[~ 4 md!z, var. ~~l"'"' 6 md!z, 'hew' and the related noun gs varr. qJ,7 q 8 md!z(w) 'carpenter', 'shipwright'.

1 llrit. M us. 826. 1 Brit. M us. 828, in this and the ex. quoted under 3 often wrongly translated 'girdle'. 8 Urk. i. 98, 12, in the phrase £s md!J as above n. 2 •

• Urk. iv. s6, 13, ' Urk. iv. 778, 14· Sim. mrj!z, ib. 707, I+ • Cairo 588. 7 Cairo 20441. • Brit. Mus. 223.

Ideo. or det. in}~~~ 1 var. ~ 2 ws!J (ws!J) 'collar'. occasionally phon. or phon. det. ws!J (ws!J), exx. 'breadth' ; ~}-; ~ 4 sws!J 'widen'.

Hence ~ 3 ws!J

1 Cairo 20539, ii. b 8. ' Urk. iv. 83, 3·

I Mitt. 8, 17; Urk. iv. 54, 3· a Urk. iv. 142, 10.

Depicted with the name "JQQc nbyt 'collar'.1 Hence ideo. in !':"! var. Aj}! 2 nbw 3 'gold' and the related words. Det. precious metal, exx. 1A drm 'fine gold'; YA !zd 'silver'.

1 J.EQ. 6o; Rec. 35, 231. 1 EH. i. 8, 13. s Reading from Coptic nQU/J 'gold', etc. See too AZ. 8, 20.

I3 ~ combinationofAS I2 Ex. ~~ 1 nbi 'gild', 'fashion'. and J D 58 1 Brit. Mus. 826, 3·

I 4 ~ combination of A S I 2 In ~ 1 7 1 !z4 ' silver', Coptic ~~ T.

and Y T 3

I4* ~ combination of AS I 2 In~~ 71 drm 'fine gold', see under S 40, 41. and 1 S 40

I 5 m 1 pectoral of glass or fayence beads (Dyn. XVIII form)

I6 m 1 O.K. form oflast

Ideo. or det. in u:--m: t!znt, var. m71 7 I var. O.K. ==ltR:;: 2

t!znt, 'fayence ', 'glass', and in other words from the stem t!zn 'sparkle', 'be dazzling'.

1 MoLL. Pal. ii. no. 417. 1 MAR. Mast. 113.

Use as last. 1 MAR. Mast. 113, qu. under S 15.

I 7 m 1 another O.K. form of use as last. S I 5 1 P7r. 454 (W 563).

I 8 ~ 1 bead - neckl:ce counterpoise

with Ideo. or det. in ::;:Qa~ var. ~ mnit' bead-necklace',' metzat'. 2

1 Puy. 53· 5+ s GARD. Sin. Ioo.

505


SI 9 {j\J cylinder-seal attached to bead-necklace 1

20 g cylinder-seal attached to bead-necklace (as seen from the front) 1

2 I 0 ring (possibly a plain finger-ring)

2 2 H 1 shoulder-knots

I 7* ~1 girdle as worn by various gods (Pyr.) 2

Ideo. in gu} var . .((\) sd1wty (?) 2 'treasurer', plur., gu} ~:j! 3

sqJwtyw (?), and in the related ~ 4 sdnv (?) 'precious'. 1 .ti"Z. 35, 1o6. 2 Reading doubtful;. see .liZ. 32, 66; 36, 146; 37, 86. a Munich 3, 15, qn. § 212. • GARD. Sin. III.

Ideo. or det. in ~~g var. g 2 !Jtm 'seal' and related words. Det. seal, in ~ !~ Q Qg 3 sdJ)'t 'seal' ; ~ g qbrt 'signet-ring'. Id d . I ="' ~ X t ' I' . f eo. or et. m g = var. -.J)\\lJ, 1 1 .)rry sea , a umt o value (§ 266, 4). Also as substitute for.((\) S I9, ex. ~g sqJwty (?) bltJ' ' treasurer of the king of Lower Egypt' ; 4

also as substitute for tl' E JI (sr~).6 1 ./iZ. 35, 106. 2 Cairo 20056, c, in the title sJ /:tr /}tm.

' Already PETR. RT. i. II, 1.4; 31, 43; JUNK.ER, Gtza I, 149· exx. Pp. 219; Cairo 20520, t/6; BUDGE, 241, 3·

a Siul 5, 7· 6 Wb. iv. 49,

Det. ring, ex. ~}}o iwrw, var. ~}o rrw, 'ring'.1 A similar, if not identical, sign m :;:x }o 2 ssw 'ring' (of silver).

1 Wb. i. 51. !I Vrk. iv. 701, 12.

Phon. st (#.),ex. H~~ Stt, var. H::: Stt, (I) 'Asia', (2) 'Sehel ', an island in the First Cataract; 3 also st in H= 4 var. Y"'= sti 'pour'. Also, for unknown reason, ideo. or det. in O.K. H~ 6 var. ~H 6 tJ-wr 'larboard'; here later apparently replaced by M 0 17.7

1 Puy. 36. 1 Ann. 29, 33· 8 .liZ. 45, 24 6 Ti 78. 79· See BOREUX, Etudu de nautique 435, n. 8. ' Already Dyn. VI, Gebr. ii. 7.

• Brit. Mns. u64, 8. a L. D. ii. 96.

Ideo. in name of the goddess ::~:Gt?l 3 Ssmtt (Szmtt) 'Shesmetet '. Ph on. ssm in 'W _::o 4 ssmt 'malachite'; also in ::il1iiJ~5 TJ-Ssmt 'To-Shesmet', a region E. of Egypt.

1 Pyr. u36. In M.E. the form varies greatly (two varr. in above text), sometimes approximating to H S u or even to ~ S 12. 2 Griff. Stud. 316. s Op. cit. 318; Rec. trav. 24, 198. • Vrk. iv. 875· 6 BIRCH, Alnwick Castle, Pl. 4•

23 ~ knotted strips of cloth 1 Ideo. or det. in~~ dmd, var. ~ var. Pyr. =~ ~~ 2 dmti, ' unite ' and derivatives. Different from M Aa 6.

24 ~ girdle knot 1

25 rLJ\ 1 a garment

1 This conventionalized form, Rekll. 3; earlier forms, A·z. 39, 84. 2 Pyr. 1036.

Ideo. in '::-: 2 tst 'd . - ~ 1 eo. m -\-ll

derivatives. 1 A·z. 49, uo.

(r) 'knot', (2) 'vertebra'. Hence semits, var. Pyr. ::- 3 tz, 'tie', 'bind' and

2 M.u. K. 8, 3· 1 Pyr. r8os.

C£ O.K. Q-.JI~ irJ, var. Q~-.JI iJr, 'skirt (?)'. 2 Hence(?) i6f varr. lt7\'}, ID\}~, ID\ rw 'dragoman'.

1 PSBA. 37, II7• 246. The sign varies considerably in form. 2 Wb. i. 27.

so6


S 26 tJ3. apron

(N 1 8) = 1 a garment

27 ll 1 horizontal strip of cloth with two strands of a fringe 2

stripofcloth with fringe, combined with the folded cloth ~ S 29 1

29 ~ folded cloth 1

30 + combination of ~ S 29 and-.. I 9

3 I ~ combination of ~ S 29 and> U I

32 =::~ 1 piece of cloth with fringe 2

33 W sandal

Ideo. or det. in .!=QQoa! var. tno 1 s1tdyt, var. Pyr. ::,.,~a\ 2

snriwt, 'apron '. ' 1 Reltk • .of· t Pyr. 369.

Ideo. or det. in ~ T 2 var. = ~ Q ~= s dnw ' loin-cloth '. 1 A."Z. -49, ro6. A form o:::D also occurs, Dend. 3· ' Peas. Butler ~9; West&.

Io, 2. 8 P. Berl. 10003, ~4, in MoLL. Pal. i. PI. 5·

Ideo. or det. in :=!ll s var. ll' mn!;t 'clothing'. 1 Sometimes with three (Urlt. iv. 175, 3) or more strands. I }EQ. 38. That

the vertical signs are strands, not single threads, is shown by Metlum 16. 8 Turin 1447. 4 Seep. 17~.

Det. in lJ~T {zbs (~os) 'clothe', 'clothing'. Det. cloth, ex. Q~~" T insy ' red cloth ' ; l.~JT nms 'head-cloth ' ; notions connected with clothing, exx. f~QQT ~.ry 'naked'; f~T ~p 'conceal'; ~T kfi 'uncover'.

1 O.K. forms supporting this interpretation are: DAV. Plan. i. 14, no. ~88; Saqq. Mast. i. u; L D. ii. 103, a. For variant forms appearing to combine~ V 33 and p S 29 see Ti I 11; PETRIE, Giuk anti Riftk 13 G.

Phon. s (S) ; the originating word is unknown. Abbrev. for rr S1tb in the formula .!(-H rn!J wqJ S1lb 'may he live, be prosperous, be healthy' (§§ 55· 3 I 3).

1 AZ. 44, 76. This cloth is seen in the hands of many statues and was probably used as a handkerchief, Re&. u, ~6. See too AZ. 58, 151.

Phon. sf in --j+-0 sf' yesterday'.

Phon. sm1, ex. ~'9riJ 1 sm1 'fighting bull'. 1 Urlt. iv. :a, I 3·

Ideo. or det. in ~ 3 si1t, var. Pyr. ~ Q ~_:,' si1t, 'piece of cloth'. Hence phon. si1 (sll) in -=~~ sil, var. O.K. ~Q-=~6 slJ, 'recognize'.

1 Thebes, tomb 55· D Urlt. i. uS, 5·

I }EQ. 33- a LAC. Sar&. i. II1.

Ideo. or det. in W7 1 var. Pyr. a:::= JaW 11 tbt, var. Dyn. XVIII o Joi 8 tbt, 'sandal'. Hence semi-phon. or phon. det. tb, later tb, in a:::=JW •tb ·be shod·; w~Jt 5 tbw ·sandal-maker'.

1 Cairo 20318, b 7· 1 Pyr. 578. 8 Urlt. iv. 390, 16. •,LAC. TR. 23, 19; Dyn. XVIII, tb, Leyd. V 38. I MOLL. RL. i. 18, qu. P• 354, n. +


tie or strap, especially sandal- strap 1 (as symbol of life known as ' the ankh ')

(V 39) 11 tie or straps with a different arrangement of the same elements as SI- S 34

35 er sunshade of feathers

ostrich

36 f 1 O.K. form of last (common also in M. E. 2)

3 7 f short-handled fan 1

T crook 0

Ideo. in S(-1 2 rn!J 'sandal-strap'; semi-ideo. (from resemblance) in Sf-h 3 rn!J ' mirror', etc. Hence phon. rn!J, ex. Sf-"; rn!J ' live' ; for the initial r cf. Ptolemaic var. ~~Sf- 4 rn!Jy and demotic.

1 HASTINGs, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, art. Life (Egyptian); Revue archlologique, 1915, 101; against this view, SCHAFER, Griff. Stud . . p6. 2 LAc. Sarc. ii. 158. 3 Adm. 8, 5· 4 DUMICHEN, Tempelinschriflen i. 37, 2.

Ideo. in 1~ 2 late var. ~~~ 3 tit' the ryet-amulet '.4

1 Griff. Stud, 426; Mitt. Kairo iv. 2. From Dyn. Ill found as decorative symbol in company with Sf- S 34 and ! R ut to signify 'life', 'welfare', or like.

1 BUDGE, p. 403, 3· 7· 3 B. of D. ed. LEPSIUS, Pl. 75; also as enigmatic sign for ·I( I) in writing of the name of Sethos I, Ann. 40, 310. ' Of red jasper or glass, in B. of D. eh. 156 connected with Isis, see A"Z. 15, 33; 62, 108.

Ideo. in lf7 1 var. Pyr. =}""f 2 swt 'shadow', 'shade'. Ideo. or det. in :;:Q Qolf 3 var.lf 4 sryt '(military) standard'.

1 Ut·k. iv. I 165, 16. Whether this writing has ever to be read /Jiybt, another word for' shadow' found in Dyn. XX and perhaps earlier, is very doubtful; see ,.f"z. 39, no. The actual word for ' sunshade' bht is not attested before Dyn. XIX ; the older nfl ( Wb. ii. 250, 10) means' fan'. 2 Pyr . .1487. 3 Th. T. S. iii. 21. ' Th. T. S. iii. 23.

Use as last. In the rare divine name I 0 f.lfp(wy) 'Hepui ', doubtless a personification of the two sunshades accompanying the king;3 the reading is ascertained from varr. of a very late word showing the signs ~ before that of the fan. 4

1 Leyd. Denkm. i. 7· 1 Dyn. XII, A."z. 39, 117, 8; Dyn. XVIII, Th. T. S. i. 23. s JEA. 30, 29, with n. 4; AZ. 77, 24. ' Wb. iii. 69, u.

Ideo. or det. in ~}l 2 var. l 3 /Jw 'fan'. 1 See the pictures Th. T. S. iii. 12. 28. 1 Th. T. S. iv. 38,· G. 3 Commonly

so in the title ll)' !Jw 'fan-bearer', ex. Amarn. i. 34-

Ideo. ordet. in T~ varr.l~V T7 !t*(')/2 '~ceptre '. Hencephon.

**'· exx. TLl}:..~ var. TLl **''rule'; T~.--m **'' '!te*atmeasure' (§ 266, 1 ). Also usually replaces the awet-sceptre 1 S 39 3 in hieroglyphic writing, exx. T}"',¥,4 rwt 'flock(s) '; Pyr.·-...~~T}o 6 rwtawet-sceptre'. From the stem iJ* found in two Pyr. words 6 comes the rare divine name T ~ Y var. }:..Ll~~~ 7 J*s 'A~es ', personification of some pc,.rt of the royal apparel, later reading f:I*s. 8

o See NEWBERRY,JEA. 15, 84. 1 Cairo 28087, no. 73· 1 On the radical J to be understood here see Rec. 25, I.oJ2. s Even in the pictures ofthe awet-sceptre, see Cairo 28083, no. 59; 28o87,"no. 74, both in LAC. Sarc. i. PI. 45· ' Exx. O.K., Getnn. i. 15; Dyn. XII, Bersll. i. 7; Dyn. XVlli, Th. T. S. i. 9· a P7r. 201. 1 .. Wb. i. 331 14. 15. T DE BucK, i. 184 f. 'JEA. 30, 29, n. 3: 31, II6; AZ. 77, 24.

so8

40 1


peasant's crook (N.B. not curved backward like T S 38)

sceptre with straight shaft and head of Seth (?)-animal 1 (cf. too 1 R 19)

Cf . ......o}a rwt, name of the sceptre of the shape V Usually replaced in hieroglyphic writing by T S 38, but occasionally phon. rwt, ex. 1}a~ \ rwt 'flocks '.2

1 Cairo 28034, ho. 69-LAC. Sarc. i. PI. 45· I Bersk. i. 27. Sim. O.K., Berl .tU. i. p. 76, I; DAV. Ptak. ii. IS.

Ideo. or det. in 1• wJs, var. Pyr . .f'\r1 2 w1s, 'uas-sceptre'; hence phon. or phon. det. w1s (w1s), ex. tt.:~J1~ varr. 1~. 1~~ 3 w1si 'decay'. In hieroglyphic writing 1 usually represents also the djam-sceptre 1 S 41, exx. ~~ 1 t;/rm 't(jam-sceptre',• whence phon. tjrm in 1~R varr.1R, r4n t;/rm 5

' fine gold'. Ph on. wJb (?) in 1 J 11 W1b( wy) (?) 'the Oxyrhynchite nome ',on the evidence of a twice found name of a locality .f\J}t"' 6 W1bwt. Phon. iJtt in 1:5 7

varr. 1:5 8, t:5 9 iJtt 'milk', 'cream '.10 .. 1 ]EQ. 176. 2 Pyr. I 156. s Urk. iv. 765, I3 For .~his curious var. see

AZ. 4r, 75· 4 Pyr. r4:;6; Lttc. T.R.r9,5o. 5 Readillg,AZ.4r, 73; 44• rp; see too under S fi. 8 Hamm. 1 If, 1 I; 192, 13; see KEES, Giitt. Nachr. 1932, 107. 7 Munich 3, 3· s BH. i. I7. 9 Turin 1513. to Wb. i. 27; reading from the name of a goddess 'IJt, see Pyr. 13I.

For r seeR 19; for~ seeS 14*.

41 1 sceptrewithspiral shaft and head of Seth (?)animal1

sceptre of authority 1

(it is impossible to distinguish separate forms for the various uses)

Cf. ~~ t;frm, name of a sceptre of the form Va Hence phon. tjrm, occasionally in inscriptions of Dyn. XVIII in 1~}ff! 3 tjrmw 'fine gold'.

1 ]EQ. 176; the spiral is well seen in DE M ORGAN, Dahckour r894, p. 96, Fig. 224. 1 Ex. Cairo 28034, no. 6s=LAC. Sarc. i, PI. 45· 5 Urk. iV.fai, I 1. SeeAZ. 44,132.

Ideo. or det. in ......oJSrt var. t• 2 rbJ 'aba-sceptre'; hence phon. or phon. det. rb1, exx . ......oJSr~ ta var. t ~ 4 rb1 'stela'; ......oj tg rb(1) 'shine'. From a sceptre named ~e~--- 5 s!Jm (S!Jm), 'sekhem-sceptre', phon. s!Jm (s!Jm), exx. t~ ~ var. ts s!Jm 'have power'; t• very late var. -;TY s!Jm 'sistrum '.7

Ideo. or det. in +t~ var. t !Jrp 'be at head', 'control' and related words, cf. \.....JI D 44· In titles t is possibly always to be read !Jrp; at all events this reading is verifiable in some cases, exx. !,.~S~ffi var. tffi !Jrp 1tsty 'controller of the two seats', a priestly title; 8 tfd~

!Jrp k1t 'controller of works', cf. -{-tfd~ !Jrp kJt 'to undertake works', 'constructions '. 9

1 J.EQ. 181; as hieroglyph, Hier. p. 57· ll Pyr. 866. 8 Leb. 63. 4 Cairo 20061. Sim. Brit. Mus. 101. 8 LAC. Sarc. ii. p. 168. 8 Rekk. 2, 9· 7 GARD. Sin. 102-3. 8 AZ. 47, 91. Sim. !Jrp srlft' controller of tl:je scorpion', PSBA. 39, 34; !Jtp lntfwt nbt 'controller of all aprons', PETRIE, Gizek and Rifek 27 o, recto 2, compared with Rekk. 4· 9 See Louvre C 172, qu. Exerc. XIII, (a).


S 43 ! walking-stick 1 Ideo. in ~~ 2 -var. Pyr. ~==J 3 md(w) 'walking-stick',' staff'. Hence phon. md in!==}~ var. Pyr. ~!==} 4 m(w)dw 5

'speak' and derivatives. 1 J EQ. I 59· Important for the use as a walking-stick is the title mdw llfiJ ' staff of

old age', GRIFFITH, Kallun Papyri, p. 30. 1 LAC. TR. :.13, :n. 3 Pyr. II44· • Pyr. 1014. e Reading, Verbum i. § 481.

44 ~ 1 walking-stick with flagellum ;\ S 45 2

Ideo. or det. in ~ffi~~ var. ~ 1ms (1ms) 'ames-sceptre '. 1 Ex. Medum, frontispiece. I ]EQ. 163; Wb. i. 11.

45 ;\ flagellum ; perhaps originally an instrument used by goatherds for collecting ladanum 1

Ideo. or det. in ;';};\ 2 tt!Jl;w, varr. -1~1~,3 ~ 4 nfpfp, 'flagellum '.

1 NEWBERRY,JEA. 15, 86; see too ]EQ. 187; the conventional name'llagellum' is here retained. 1 NAv. eh. 18z, 14. 8 LAC. Sarc. ii, 164. Cf. n!JI!JI 'shake', Pyr. :.1:.104. ' Leyd. Denkm. iv. z8.

Sect. T. Warfare, Hunting, Butchery

T I t>---1 prehistoric mace with Cf. :;::o m1tw 'mace', name of this type of mace on M.K. cup- or dish-shaped coffins.8 Hence phon. mn.w, exx. -;; var. Pyr. ~~ aa

head 1 m n·k 'take to thyself' (§ 336); + }0 }® var. + }:;::o} Swmnw, var. ~:;::o}®Sm1zw, 'Sumenu',atownwhereSobk wasworshipped,possibly Er-Rizei~at, 14km. N .ofGebel~n."

3 I

4 ~

1 Puy. 57· 1 WoLF, Bewaffnullg 4; ScHARFF :.15. JtQ. :.101. aa Pyr. gu. ' AEO. ii. :.175*.

a LAc. Sarc. ii. 16:.1;

mace with pear-shaped Det. in ~~ s~r (#r),3 var. t!Q..d' s~(r)i, 'smite '. headllinactofsmiting 1 Ex. O.K., Sail. I. 1 WoLF, Bewaffnung4· s Urk. iv. 78o, II

mace with pear-shaped Ideo. in Y• 11 var. l'\ 3 !ui 'mace'. Hence phon. !zif. exx. head 1 (vertical) Y'\~ var. f;t 4 (uii 'damage'; Y~ M'be bright', 'white'.

the same with a strap to pass round hand 1

1 WOLF, Bewaffnung 6. ' Sitll I, :.1:.14·

Use as last.

I LAC. Sarc. ii. 18, no. 99· a Mitt. viii. PI. 3·

1 WoLF, Rewaffnuttg6, Exx. LAC, Sore. i. 94. no. 66 (IJr! 'mace'); Bier. 7, no. 85 = Bersll. i. 30 (in name Slt-lftj/Jtp); D. e/ B. 110 (l}r!w 'onions').

5 i1 combination of Y T 3 Use as last. and'{ I 10

6 ~ combination of Y T 3 Phon. !ztiif. ex. ~~~~,1 !ztltlwt 'brightness'. and two ,_, I 10 1 Brit. Mns. ssz, qu. Exerc. XXV, (a),

For cp see 0 2; for~ seeS 14.

510

WARFARE, HUNTING, BUTCHERY Sign-list

T 7~ axe 1 Det. in O.K. gj.;._s mibt' axe', which is undoubtedly related to M.K. ::.JD 3 var. ::'O'.JD' minb 'axe'. Det. in ~~loo ..... 5 md(t, var. q l~ 8 mti(t, ' hew ', and ideo. in the related word -o-. 7 var. qj 8 mti!t(w) 'carpenter', 'shipwright'.

1 Ex. O.K., DAv. Ptak. i. 13, no. :z8o. This type was used alike for battle and for hewmg wood, WoLF, Bewajfnung 8. I Ti 119. s Sin. R 16o. f LAc. Sarc. ii. 13, no. 20 (collated), beside picture of an axe. See GARD. Sin. 51. 159· 1 Urk. iv. 778, 14. 1 See under S 10. ' Cairo 20268, a; 20528, k. s See under S 1 o.

7* 1 axeofmorerecenttype1 Det. in ~Lll}-1 2 J/f(tw 'axe'. 1 From Dyn. XII onward, WOLF, Bewaifnung, Pl. 3·

also without handle, ib. 39, 3·

1 Urk. iv. 39• I;

8 dagger of archaic type 1 Det. of ~~7 mtptzt 'dagger '. 2 Phon. in ~ var. 0~, tpy 'chief',' first',' being upon'(§ 8o), value probably derived from an obsolete word tp 'dagger' found only once (written ~I) 3 and obviously related to mtpnt mentioned above.

1 }EQ. I95; WOLF, Bewaifnung, PI. 13 ("' Pl. 4 1 I); worn, Sinai, PI. r. As hieroglyph, PETR. Eg. Bier. nos. 757-6I; outstanding features the o·shaped knob and rib-less blade. 1 Legend to picture on M.K. coffins, exx. LAC. Sarc. i, PI. 43r nos. :z64, 265, 2~; Wb. ii. 170, 6 renders 'dagger-sheath' probably on account of the formative m-. 3 Mitt. viii. PI. 5·

8* dagger of M. K. and Det. in .Jm:t.}V b(1)gsw 'dagger'.s later type 1 1 JEQ. 197; WoLF, Bewaifnung, PI. 4, nos. 6 ff.; often with crescent-shaped. or

pierced circular top and ribbed blade. 2 Urk. iv. 38, 15; also as picture with legend mJgsw=b(J)gsw on M.K. coffins, LAC. Sarc. i. PI. 43,nos. 255, 257, 259, :z6I, there often contrasted with the dagger mtpnt, see above T 8.

9 o.= bow consisting of oryx horns joined by a wooden centre-piece1

Ideo. or det. in o ~= 2 var. ;:=;-- 3 pt]t 'bow'. Hence phon. (semi-ideo.) or phon. det. pt], later pd, in Pyr. "1=' var. Dyn. XVIII :1' 5 pti, later var . .!.":Jl 6 pd, 'stretch' and the related words.

1 WOLF, Bewaifnung 15, 27; actual specimens in Dyn. I tombs, PETR. RT. ii. PI. 7 A (p. 26); PI. 36, 35-6 (p. 38). 1 LAc. Sarc. ii. 161. Sim. Pyr. 673. s Sin. H I27. This bow regularly in hieratic. • Pyr. 650. 6 Urk. iv. 977, :z. 1 BUDGE, p. 381 7•

9* ~ better 0. K. form of Use as last.

10 """"""" composite bow with middle tied to bowstring when out of use 1

1 DAV. Ptak. i. IJ;, no. 338=ii. 23. Also among dets. of r;JJW 'wea.pons', Sak. 17. The curved ends suggest the horns of a gazelle rather than those of an oryx, bnt see T 9o n. 1.

Det. in Pyr. go~ 2 iwnt ' bow '. From Dyn. X I I on preferred to = T 9 in the hieroglyphic writing of~ 3 var. "'"""' pt]t ' bow ', ' foreign people', ' troop' ; ~ ~ 5 ptity ' bowman ', while = is preferred for ph on. pt], pd. 6

1 WoLF, Be'Uiajfnung, 14, 26. Of Asiatic origin and at first reserved for the king and high personages. So depicted already BISSING, Ri-Heiligtum ii. 13. 1 Pyr. 1644. 3 A mat/a 3· • BH. i. 7 (pdl9 'Nine Bows'}. 6 A mat/a 3· 1 See particularly Urk. iv. 977, 2.

51 I


archaic type of bow 1

(sometimes written J, from Dyn. XVIII also - 2

)

T II -arrow

1 2 ()\ bow-string 1

I 3 ) 1 pieces of wood joined and lashed at the joint 1

Ideo. or det. in ~[~ 3 T1-St(i), varr. Pyr. -];,.' =("'~ 6

T1-Zt(i), 'Nubia'; [~, ~ 16 var. ]~· .. 7 sty, a Nubian minera1.8

Also as var. of-T I I with value ssr and obscure sense in offering-list.9

1 MONTET1 Kimi 6, 43; SCHARFF, 38, I39; depicted QUI BELL, Hierakonpo/i:r, 1, PI. I9; II, PI. 58; CAt' ART, Dlbuts de /'Art, PI. I. Later appa!·.ently surviving only in Nubia. 2 Urk. iv. j, 3, qu. Exerc. XXXII, (a). s AZ. -45, PI. 6, I· • Pyr. 99-4· 6 Pyr. 1867; see too A.'Z. -45, 128. 8 BUDGE, p. 28-4, I3. 7 Urk. iv. 1099, I I. 8 See Rec. 39, u. 9 K!mi 6, 57·

Det. in ~- 1 r(u 'arrow'; (5 ~= 2 ssr (ssr) 3 'arrow'; from the latter, phon. det. in ~=:: s!Jr 'overlay'. Doubtless from an obsolete zin, zwn 'arrow', phon. or phon. det. sin, swn (zin, zwn), exx. ~~i: 4 swn, var. Pyr. oO 6 zin, 'perish'; ~~o~6 var. 7~ swnt 'sale'; ;-";it' physician' swnw, var. O.K. 0 zinw(?), the M.E. reading swnw on the evidence of a var. ~~7} 7 wr swnw 'chief of physicians·, but Coptic has saein.

1 Urk. iv. I90, I2. t P. Kak. I, -4· 5 Pyr. I866. • Adm. 5, 2. 1 Pyr. 617. 72f>; 0 may here read ln, see Sitz. Berl. Ak. I912, 962. 6 GRIFFITH, Kakun Papyri, p. 35• 7 Wb. iii. 427, 13.

Ideo. or det. in -=-}~ 2 rwd, varr. Pyr. -=-f~\ 3, ~4 rwt!, 'string', 'bow-string'. Hence phon. or phon. det. rwt!, rwd, exx. -=-}~~ rwd, var. Pyr. -=-~~ 6 rwt!, 'be hard', ' firm ' ; <=>} ~ ~ rwdt, var. ~ ~ 6 rw4t, ' sandstone '. I deographic det. in ~-; Jr ' restrain ' ; hence ph on. det. Jr, 1i, exx. > ~ Q-;~ m;i(r) 'wretched' ; = ~ q-;~ d1i(r), abbrev. ~~ 7 dJr, 'subdue'.

1 WoLF, B(!'Wa./Jnttng -48. See ib. 56-7 against the theory, supported PSBA. 22,

65, that the sign as represented depicts a sling. 2 P. Kak. I, 5 certainly meaning 'bow-string'. 1 Pyr.2o8o. 'Pyr.68-4. 6 Pyr.I97· • Urk.iv.8-45,I-4.

7 Sin. B so, cf. ib. R U; Sk. S. I32.

Semi-ideo.(?) in <=>~}-=- var. )=s- rs (rs) 3 'be wakeful', 'vigilant' and derivatives; phon. rs in )o1~ 14 var. f(oJ,! 6

rst ' foreign hordes '. 1 .Rekn. 22, O.K. form Ti So. For a later degraded form due to hieratic see

U -40. 2 Associated with the bow in Pyr. 92 I. I 245 and evidently part of the howman's equipment. On the other hand, from writings like Pyr. 502. 597· I502 several appear to form a shelter. A set of four, with names pg-r~r, nw-n-n[r, lr(y)-n[r, dbl-n[r, is depicted on M.K. coffins. One may perhaps compare the mantlet or shelter used by the Babylonian archers. Discussed ]tQ. 223. s For I see Pyr. 126. • Amada 5· Sim. Ann. 39, PI. 25, 2; Urk. iv. 200, I7. 6 Louvre C 1-4, Io.

512


(t) throw-stick, (2) club as a foreign weapon of warfare 1

i 5 ) 1 O.K. form of last

I 6 \::::F'I 1 scimetar

17 ~ chariot

crook 1 S 39 with a package containing a knife, etc. lashed to it 1

(I) Det. in -.~~~-.~~~a) 2 rmr1t 'throw-stick' with the related verb rmr1 'throw' ; also in Ll> )\-11 3 /fmJ 'throw' and the kindred Ll> ~~ varr. Ll> ~ Y''t~.) 4 /fmJ 'create', 'form' and derivatives. The combination ~~ in /fmJ above-quoted and in ::1~ tnl 'distinguish' (from a il.1ra~ >..ey6p.£vov :: Q ~) u ?) indicates that ) is here the throw-stick, not the club; see on ~ G 41. (2) As club, ) is found in 1::: 6 var. Pyr. c=)l::: 6 T!m:w 'Libya'; =~ )j, varr. )~. O.K. ~)~\ft 7 r1m 'Asiatic'. Extended gradually as det. to all foreign peoples and countries, exx. !~1 Q) ~~~~ 8

Tm!zl 'Tem#-land'; t'H"Ilt 9 var. ~~"10 N!zsy 'Nubian'. (3} ) takes the place of various other signs, partly due to identity or close similarity in hieratic ; thus it takes the place (a} of~ Aa 26 in UQ)j, 11 sbl 'rebel'; (b) of f M 3 in ~ ~ .Jl 12 (/rr ' search for' ; (c) of ~ P 11 in :;:q) -..;ak 13

m(l)nl 'moor'; (d) of) T I 3, see under that sign; (e) probably also of ~ D 50 in ~~~~lt 14 mtr 'witness' and the like, though examples of such confusions in modern publications may sometimes be due to inexact copying.

1 WOLF,BewajJmmg7. :07· 2 LAC. TR. ~2,69; Wb. i.186. s LAC. TR. 2~, 71. 4 Urk. iv. IO.f+, 5· 4• Urk. i. 127, 2. I D.elB. 114. An ex. without the vases on a palette of Dyn. I, JlZ. 52, 57. 1 Pyr. 4SS· 7 Urk. i. IOI, 9• For the various spellings oflhis word see W. MAX MULLER, Asien und Europa 121. • Sin. R u; det. of this word already in O.K., Urk. i. us, 16. • Urk. iv. 84, I. Sim. M.K. as m. personal name, Cairo :to68o. In O.K. IUld as a rule in M.K. the club is absent from N]Jsy. to Before Dyn. XIX only in the personal name P1-N~.ry, ex. Sinai 221. 11 Exx. Ham"'· II4, 12; Kopt. 8, 7· u Cairo :to2s4, a; 2076:;. 15 Paneri 3· 14 Hi"ratic consistently shows the finger D so, exx. Sin. B 33; P • .Kak. 13, 30.

Use as last. 1 San. 1 (_nnw ).

Det. in ==:;'-!JP§ 'scimetar '. 1 Exx. DAV./fen. i.1o; Urk. iv. 7~6, 17. See WoLF, Bewaffnung66.

Ideo. or det. in ~~..._~ 1 var. ~~~ wrrt 'chariot'. OOC>O ....

1 Ex. Urk. iv. 7041 IS. I Urk. iv. 7u, 10.

Ideo. in ~~.Jl rare var. =~~~..ll 2 §ms, Pyr. var. =~~ 3 §ms, 'follow', 'accompany' and derivatives.

1 The sign probably depicts the equipment of an early chieftain's attendant, Bull. 3, 12, n. 2; so too ScHARFF 45; however, SETHE, Commentary on Pyr. 230 c, adheres to CAP ART's explanation as an instrument for the execution of criminals Az. 36, 125. 2 Cairo 20001, qu. § 217. 3 Pyr. 953·

513

Sign-list

T I 9 ~ harpoon-head of bone

20 11 O.K. form of last

2 I ...6- one- barbed harpoon (rarely vertically i 1)

22

23

~ two-barbed arrow-head1

~1 alternative form oflast (Dyn. XVIII)

24 (C 1 fishing-net 2

reed-floats used in fishing and hunting the hippopotamus 1

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

Det. in LJ~~ *s (#)'bone', 'harpoon'.0 Hence phon. or phon. det. *s (#), in LJ~~§: var. Dyn. XVIII ~§: *sn 'be irksome'; *rs (*rs), in ~~ ~ 1=:1 *rs 'bury' and derivatives. For reason unknown, ph on. or ph on. det. gn in !:.. c .1\ ~ ;(, var. ~ ~ ;(', gnwt ' annals ' ; possibly also in ~ ~ var. ~ ~ \.....11

/{nwly (?) 'sculptor' (in relief), reading not fully established. 1

Det. bone, ex. ~ .J ~ 1b 'ivory'; tubular, exx. >~~ ,___ 2

m1wt 'shaft'; o~~ 3 twr 'reed(?)', whence phon. det. in o~QH 4 tw(r)i ·be pure'.

o In sense • harpoon·, Pyr. 1212. 1 See MoNTET 391. I Urk. iv. 666, 15. 3 Eb. 55, 16. • Urk. iv. 752, 11.

Use as last. 1 Ex. DAV. Ptak. i. 15, no. 339· Of bone or metal, PETRIE, Tools and Weaptms,

Pis. 43, 44·

Ideo. in ~ var. Pyr. }--'~7 2 wr 'one' and derivatives. 1 Ex. Urk. iv. 194, 2.

Ideo. in ~B snw, O.K. var. ~~;j ,2 'two' and in related words like ri sn (Sn) 'brother'. Hence phon. sn (sn),~~a exx. f:;' 3

Sit (sn), var. Pyr. ~Q':;' 4 si11, 'smell', 'kiss'; j[~, 71 sntr 'incense'.

1 Not a spear-head, but an arrow-head, SCHARFF 33; among earliest exx. (PETR. Eg. Hier. 753-6) is one with quite short shaft; for later lengthening cf. the sign for' foot' (D 58); the two barbs yield the notion of duality, contrast the sign for 'one' (T 31), Az. 47, 36. 1 Urk. i. 147, 3· 2• For I see lni' loose', Pyr. 1100. s So already Pyr. 1333. • Pyr. 1027, unless a different word.

Use as last. 1 Ex. Tk. T.S. iii. 2r.

Det. in -nl CC\......11 3 r{t, var. Ql CC 4 l{t, 'net' animals. Hence phon. r{t or l{t, exx. cc:: r{tt 'field', 'holding'; CC}~ r{twty, l{twly 'field-labourer', 'tenant-farmer '.5

1 .Rekk. 3, 18; reversed, ib. 5· 1 PSBA. 22, 152; in historic times, however, only used of netting desert animals; see too MONTET 89. s Urk. iv. 348, 2.

• Bersk. i. 7; see Spkinz 12, 107. 6 For the two senses see }EA. 27, 21.

Cf. A.J}~ tib1w 'floats'.2 Phon. tib1, exx. A.J~ var. Pyr. Jl A~ 3 tib1 'clothe', 'adorn'; A.J ~ tib1, var. = .J)r ~A~ 4

db1, ' replace '. 1 DAv. Ptak. i. p. 37·


T 26 ~ 1 bird-trap 2

27 ..cS 1 O.K. form of last

28 fill butcher's block 1 (to be distinguished from m W I I and ZOl W I 2)

29 ]j§: combination of""""' T 30 and m1 T 28

Ideo. or det. in ~!~ var. ~!~ stft (stft) 'trap,' 'snare (birds)' and derivatives.

1 Exx. Dyn. XVIII, Bier. 5, no. 52; Rekh. 21. 1 See MoNTET 53·

Use as last. 1 DAv. Plah, i. 15, no. 335, adapted to suit reduction in size.

Semi-ideo.(?) in !,. var. m1 /!r 2 'under' (§ 166). Phon. /!r, exx. :k!,.LJ m/!r 'storehouse'; ~~ /!rt 'portion', 'due'.

1 Deduced from T 29. 1 Reading due mainly to the consideration that this preposition never interchanges with !Jr (§ 167). The hieroglyphic evidence is conflicting, m1 being substituted for ® in !lrp = !Jrp 'control', Pyr. 1143, and in sflr = s!Jr 'counsel', Cairo 20026, but for e-= in !lrd • child', BR. Thes. I 527; Vienna 64.

Ideo. in lir~ 1 var. ~ c:. 1:ir 2 nmt 'place of slaughter'. 1 Urk. iv. 163, S; see Pyr. 2141 where the knife is over the block, whereas elsewhere

(exx. Pyr. Su. S65) the two signs are written as a monogram. 1 Urk. v. So, I4·

For l see R Io; for & see W 5; for~ see N 7·

30 ~ knife (used early 1 also Det. knife, ex. =~~ ds 'knife' (semi-ideo. in~~ ds 'flint'); as substitute for the sharp, in = ~ """'- dm 'be sharp', 'pronounce (name)'; cut, saw~) exx. ~~~ srd 'cut down';~~"""'- rtfs 'slaughter';

;:"""'- !Jti 'carve'. Note the abbrev. ~ dmt 2 'knife'.

For~ seeD 57

3 I ~ knife-sharpener(?) 1

32 ')r combination of~ T 3 I and .ll D 54

33 "=1l 1 knife - sharpener as carried by butcher (O.K.) 2

34 11 butcher's knife

35 ~ 1 alternative form of last

1 Ti I 33, as det. of wit and If. 1 In !lry-dmt 'sufferer (1) ', Eb. 40, I);

reading from Metternich stein S2 1 see Hier. p. 50. fVb. v. 450 takes as referring to the surgeon's knife, but this seems doubtful.

Phon. ssm (ssm) in ~~~.ll varr. ~=)r-,2 ~)r.~.ll sJm (Ssm) 3

'guide', 'lead' and derivatives. 1 This description rests on the supposition that the sign was originally identical

with T 33, as would appear from Pyr. 70; see below on that hieroglyph. 2 Siut I, 247. s Reading, Rec. I4, IS. For I see Pyr. 70.

Phon. ssm in ~Jr. ~.ll ssm (Ssm) 'guide', 'lead'.

Ideo. in """=1! ssm (?} 3 'butcher'. 1 frledum.r4. Sim. L. D. ii. 4 (tomb of Metjen). 2 MoNTET 15S. s The reading flm rests on the assumption that """- T 31 was originally of this

form. In the tomb of Metjen (Dyn. Ill) the sign for flm (L. D. ii. 6) is almost identical with the butcher sign (see above n. 1). P.ossibly we have here to do with a single sign which is becoming differentiated for distinct uses.

Ideo. in [i;.i1 2 nm 'knife(?)'. Hence phon. nm, exx. t~d~ :j nm!z ' orphan' ; !J~ ~ t3} :j !J1zms ' friend '.

1 BH. iii. 5, nos. 63. 65. Sim. Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 74· 1 _Karnak, chamber of Annals, Tuthmosis III, in offering list immediately before !Jpl 'foreleg of ox', Si m. GAYET, Temple de Lo,xor 26.

Use as last. 1 Exx. O.K., Gemn. i. II; Dyn. XVIII, Th. T. S. i. 7·


Sect. U. Agriculture, Crafts, and Professions

U 1 > sickle 1

2 ~ alternative form of last

3 ~ combination of > U and ..cz... D 4

4 ~ combination of> U I

and= Aa 11

Ideo. in -fP 2 m1 'sickle-shaped end' of the wil-boat ~ P 3· Hence phon. m1,3 exx. ~~~ m11 'see'; ....J,~ fT 11111

'mat'. In group-writing (§6o) >~is used for m.4 A sign similar, but not quite identical, in shape is used as

det. in ~-; d 5 JSI; ·'reap'; also perhaps in l~J..Jj: 6

l;1bb, var. 'Jr ..Jjj: 7 !11bo, 'crookedness'. 1 Medt~m, frontispiece, no. 8; DAV. Ptak. i. I3, no. 282. 2 LAC. TR. 27, I. 2;

BUDGE, p. 212, 7. 1 For the initial 111 cf. Coptic ml' truth ', mui ' lion ', mull 'burn'. • BURCHARDT §56. I Urk. v. 161, 16. s Peas. B I, I07• 7 Adm. p. I07; possibly both here and in Peas. the lower part of the sickle only. l!lb is a name of the sickle, see Wb. iii. 36 r, 14.

Use as last.

In ;, ~~ m11 'see'.

In ~::-n~~ nurt 'truth' and the related words.

5 ~ alternative form of last Use as last.

For ~ see G 3 ; for ~ see G 46 ; for ~ see S 31.

6 \ hoe Det. cultivate, hack up, exx. :;:::5 rd 'hack up'; ®j~:S l;bs 'cultivate', 'hoe'. For unknown reason,! phon. mr,2 exx. ~1o mri 'love'; ~Xo mr!zt 'unguent'. Sometimes in place of -.:::::.. u 8, phon. !zn, ex. x:::rr .A !zn 'go', 'depart'.

1 Wb. ii. 98, 11 quotes as gloss in the Sign Pap. PI. 4 the otherwise unknown word mrlw 'hoe', but only a very uncertain trace of"'- is there. 1 For the initial m, cf. Coptic ml' love', mour ' bind ', emro ' harbour'.

7 ""C. alternative form of last Use as last.

8 -.;;;:::::_ 1 hoe, without the rope connecting the two pteces

9 ~-·rn corn-measurewithgrain pouring out

Det. in Pyr. X=-.:::::..1 11 'hoe'. Hence phon. !zn, ex.l~o}~ 3

f.znw ' f.znw-bark '. 1 Already Dyn. IV, Medum IS• I PJ'r• 1394• s NAV. eh. 11 21.

Det. grain, exx. f":.-<n bdt 'emmer'; o'f~Ssr (old S!r)'l 'corn'; measure, exx. ®1~~-m 1 l;1! 'measure'; 1~tcn abbrev. f.zlpt ' !ze*at-measure ' (§ 266, 1 ).

1 Cairo 20500. Sim. Urk. iv. 64, I. z Rending, see Bull. 30, 1 79·

AGRICULTURE, CRAFTS, AND PROFESSIONS Sign-list

U IO )::D the same beneath ''' M 33

I I •. J 1 combination of T S 38 · and ,..m U 9

I 2 •• ~ 1 combination of ~ D so · and ,-m U 9

(0 30) A pitchfork

I 3 'J:!I plough

I 4 ~ 1 two branches of wood joined at one end 2

(O.K.)

IS P sledge

16 "b 1 sledge with head of a jack.a.l (Copt. wonesh) bearing a load of metal(?) 2

I 7 ~ pick excavating a pool E3l N 38

Ideo. in , . .ffi var. Pyr. Q~ 1 it 'barley', 'corn'. Sometimes in Dyn. XVIII instead of fiD U 9 as det. grain, ex. f~t~ 1

bty (from bdt) 'emmer '. 1 P}'r. 188o. • Pakeri 3·

In J {zlpt 'l.ze*at-measure' (§ 266, I). 1 Ptly. 35·

In .J !t*'' '!te*at-measure' (§ 266, I). 1 Ptly. 36.

Det. in -.J).Jol rbt 'fork '.1 Possibly not a pitchfork as phon. or phon. det. srjb (srib), later sdb, in 1~ srjb, var. Pyr. ~Jll 11

sribr later ~'Jl~ sdb, 'hindrance·, 'obstacle·. 1 MoNTET :u7. Sometimes with three prongs, fVb. i. 176. I Pyr. 315·

Det. plough, in ro.J~ hb 'plough' (n.); ~U~ ~~ sk1 'plough' (vb.); also in~~. 7 1 var. ':T(

1prt 'seed'. From hb 'plough',

ph on. hb, exx. ~~ var. 0. K. ro.JSj 1 hbny 'ebony' ; ~ 7e var. ro.J:6 11 hbnt, a liquid measure (§ 266, I). From Dyn. V onwards replaces .....: U I 4 as ph on. or ph on. det. snr in l. ~~ snr 'repel'; 1.. }~.ll 3 snrw 'policing'; ~ n

var. ~n snr• 'magazine'' ergastulum ·. 1 Ti 66. 1 Urk. iv. 748, 17. a Leyd. V 88, qu. Exerc. XXVI, (a). ' Reading, Rec. 24, 93·

Old sign for snr later replaced by ~ U I 3· 1 Medum 15 in a place-name St~rt; slightly different, ib. 12. Elsewhere in O.K.

replaced by the plough, exx. Ti 86; Pyr. 1209. • This possibly represents a contrivance for straightening or bending wooden staves, Ti 132 = MoNTE1' 3H.

Cf. ;.~~ 1 'sledge'. Hence phon. lm, exx. ;,.~ tm 'be complete' (§ 342); x;,.~ ~~ fttm 'perish'.

1 BUDGE, p. 38, 14. Sim. ib. p. no, U.

Det. in ~=i.e. wni 'sledge '. 11a Ideo.(?) in Pyr . .Joi.eo~Q 3

bl1l 'of copper' (adj.). Hence perhaps phon. or phon. det. blJ in J ~ ~ ~· var. i.e.~ by (orig. bl1) 'wonder' and related words; for the reading cf . .J ~ ~~ 6 blJt 'wonder' (n.).

I Puy. 30; a rather different form Pyr. Boo. 2 A'z. 53, 51, n. 2. 2• Ann.

39, 189; see too JEA. 31, 38. 3 Pyr. Boo. However, this sign is seldom written in this worcl, and never in the noun MP copper', rendering the explanation doubtful. • Urk. iv. 612, 6. s Hamm. 1101 2.

Ideo. in ~~ 1 varr. ~m~~. ~ grg 'found', 'establish', 'snare'. Hence phon. det.grg in ~~~1 varr. ~m~~. ~ 2 grg 'falsehood',' lie'.

1 Spellings, V trbtlm i. § 338. • Urk. iv. 10311 10.


U I8 ~1 O.K. form of last

I9 ~ adze

20 r-- 1 O.K. form of last

2 I J'--.. adze at work on a block of wood

22 9 chisel

2 3 ~ chisel (?) 0

For!· -to see Aa 21, 22.

24 f 1 stone- worker's drill

weighted at the top with stones (Dyn. XVIII) 2

Use as last. 1 L. D. ii. 7 (tomb of Metjen, Dyn. Ill).

Ideo. in Pyr. '7"'7" 1 var. ;:;:: 11zwty 'the two adzes'. Hence ph on. ttw in the group"; or "i5' }, exx. "; ttw 'this' (§ I 10); "i5' }{': 1zw!t 'rope'. In group-writing (§ 6o) "; is used for n.2

1 Pyr. 311. A ceremonial adze called nw, Tk. T. S. i. 17. 2 BURCHARDT § 69.

Use as last. 1 Gemn. i. 11. A somewhat similar sign in O.K. as det. of rnt 'nail', 'claw', Wb.

i. 188; K!mi iv. 179·

Det. in O.K. ~;.r-.. stp 1 'cut up' ox. Hence semi-ideo. or phon. stp (stp), in ~;~ var. "'o~ stp 'choose' and derivatives; inaccurately also s{p, in ~=:~ 2 s{p, var.-Pyr. V: ...1 3

s{/J, 'leap up'. 1 Ex. Ti 127. 1 Urk. v. 147, 4• • Pyr. 947·

Det. in O.K. ~®'( 1 mn!J 'fashion',' carve' and :;::e'( 2 mtt!J 'chisel'. Hence semi-ideo. in~~~ mn!J 'b~ efficient' and the related words.

t Ex. Ti 120. • Leyd. Denkm. iv. '4·

For unknown reason, phon. mr,I exx. ~A~ mr' be ill'; ~f

smr' friend', 'courtier '. Also for unknown reason, phon. Jb, 2 exx. Y .J ~ Jbl 'desire'; Y .J ~ ;b!J 'be united in'.

0 A similar object is seen used as hair-pin on a Dyn. XI coffin, Griff. Stud. 134; Reisner, however, preferred the explanation as a chisel, since no such hair-pins are found early; so too SCHARFF 43; oldest forms, PETR. Eg. Hier. 8o1--S. 1 Reaning from varr. of mr' pyramid', I'yr. 1649. 1671. 2 Reading from varr. of Jbtjw 'Abydus ', Pyr. 794· 798. The view that the original form of the sign, when it has the value 10, was a leopard's hide (see Rec. 9, 158) is very doubtful, in spite of the word 1oy 'leopard', since from the earliest times the phonetic value of the leopard's (really cow's) hide was ho, not 10; see on F 28.

Ideo. in f7~ var. 0. K. ~fi 3 ftmt 4 ' craft', ' art ' and the related words.

1 Thebes, tomb 93· Sim. Rekk. 16. 2 See the pictures Gebr. i. 13·; Rekk. 17. 1 Urk. i. 53, 13, in collective sense for' body of craftsmen'. 4 Rending, Rec.

9, 164. For this see too Coptic 2~ll!!ft: = ~m·!Jt 'worker in wood'; 2~1toy.l'! = ~m-How 'gold· worker'.


U 25 f 1 O.K. form of last

drill being used to bore a hole in a bead 1

(Dyn. XVIII)

27 ~ 1 0. K. form of last {also used later 2)

28 ~ 1 nre-drill 2 (Dyn.XVIII) ""

29 A 1 O.K. form of last (also common later 2)

30 fj potter's kiln

31 ~ 1 instrument employed in baking(?)

Use as last. 1 Saqq. Mast. i. 39, no. 65.

Ideo. in i.J S,..~ var. i.J ~ var. Pyr. }.JSJ..~ 3 wb1 'open up' and derivatives.

1 Exx. Rec. ::n, 107, Plate; Tk. T. S. iii. 5• 1 Pyr. 1205.

Use as last.

I See the picture Gebr. i. I 3·

1 Ex. Gebr. i. 13. I Dyn. XII, Btrsk. i. 27; Dyn. XVIII, Puy. 54·

Cf. r~~s (/J 'fire-drill'. Hence phon. (/1,4 exx. A~~ (/Ji 'ferry across'; l-.JJA~~ !zr<f, 'pillage'; A,~, (/11 6 'remainder'. A bbrev. for w(/1 in the formula fA ~ rllfJ wd1

sttb 'may he live, be prosperous, be healthy' (§§55· 313). In group-writing(§ 6o) A~ or A is phon. (/. 6

1 Exx. Puy. 9i Tk. T. S. iii. 26, 6. 1 Hier. p. 50. 3 Sk. S. 54; see AZ. 43, r6r; 45, Ss. 4 Reading partly from varr. of t/ltfll 'council' (Pyr. 309· 1713), partly from Coptic equivalences, ex. O'r.~'A-1- wtjJ 'be hale', 'sound'. G Wb. i. 404, 2 accepts wtj;t as the N.K. reading on the evidence of L.E. variants, see SPIIIGELBERG, Recknungm aus tier Ztit Setis I, p. 40; but the relation of L.E. wt/11 to older tj;t may be like that of L.E. ws!J 'breadth' to O.E. 11Jw, and Wb. v. 517 is probably right in taking t/11115 the M.E. reading. 6 BURCHARDT § rso.

Use as last. 1 DAv. Ptak. i. 13, no. 287. ' Exx. Dyn. XII, BH. i. 8, ro; Dyn. XVIII,

Tk. T. s. i. I.

Ideo. in O.K. B 1 !1 'kiln'. Hence phon. 11, exx. B~ll. !1

'be hot'; ~fl~~ st1 'mysterious', 'difficult'. In the geographical name •tr~~2 .(ft 'Hittite land' B~ should be read simply t, not !1, cf. Hebrew no{§ 6o}.3

1 Ti 84; see too the pictures ib.; BR. i. 1 I.

s BURCHARDT § 131. t Urk. iv. 7or, II.

Ideo. or det. in~~ var. -:-l~~i 2 rt!zty 3 'baker'. Hence det. in the related words -:-l~~ rt!z 'restrain'; Qolb' it!z 'prison'. Probably for some reason connected with its use ideo. or det. in ~q t; !Jn(r)i 'restrain' ; ~4 fJnrt, var. r!J7 ~C"J fJnt, 'harim'. Through similarity in hieratic, sometimes substituted for~ D 19 or~ D 20, ex. ~r7~5

ssnt 'breathe'. 1 In Dyn. III-IV the ends are curved, not angular, SafJIJ· Mast. i. I ; sim. Mtil"

ii. 7· Later the shaft is sometimes shown as double. 1 Unpublished P. Ram. a Reading, Rec. 39, 20. 4 See Adm. p. 47 and above, p. 20I, n. I.

0 Urk. iv. 76, 8.

Sign-list

U 32 } pestle and mortar 1

33 ~ pestle

34 y spindle

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

Det. of ~o~ 1-JJ 1a sf:tm, O.K. -U tb zf:tm, 'pound'; also of O.K. ~El1 2 smn, ~ zmn 28 'press down' bread with a stick ; from this latter 2b phon. or phon. det. smn (zmn)

in l§}1 ~ 1 abbrev. } 1 71 f:tsmn 'natron'; ls:;:}, 71 abbrev. l . .l?. f:tsmtt 'bronze ' ; 3 ~=}~ • sm1t (old smn) 'establish '. Det. pound, also in l> ~ o }, 7 1 l;m1t ' salt' ; heavy, in :=n~ dns 'heavy'; }:=1 = wdn 'heavy'.

1 See the hietoglyphs M~dum I~; Pyr. 249; and the picture, Leyd. Denkm. i. Io. 1• Eb. 86, 10; cf. BH ii. 6. 11; Ti 83. However, Wb. iii. 464, I interprets this as z~ and rea<ls the preceding word as llpn with/. 2 Ti 85. 2• Leyd. Denkm. i. IO; see MoNTET 240; A"Z. 6I, I 3· 2b Not, as Wb. iii. 453, 3. from the homonym ztm' 'tarry' Pyr. 533· 14I8. s AZ. 30, 31. • Vrk. iv. 1187, 10, an early instance of a writing that is usual in L.E.

Ideo. in ~ol = 0 tlt 'pestle(?)' of red granite (m1t); hence(?) phon. tl, exx. ~~~Q hr·tl 'thou art content' (§ 309); .If~ rnfptl 'may she live!'(§ 3 13); more rarely phon. t, especially beside l 1;, eXX• u:-ml 7 I tf:tnt Sfayence'; n~~ 1 f:tts 'inaugU• rate (a feast)'. In group-writing (§ 6o) ~ or )Q or ~QQ IS

ph on. t, 2 ex. ~ Q Q Q ~ ~ 3 Tl, name of a Syrian locality. o MOLL. Pal. i. PI. 5, left, I6; meaning doubtful. 1 Siut I, 244. 2 BURCHARDT § 134· s Vrk, iv. 784·, 74·

Ideo. in eH 1 !Jsf 'spin'. Hence semi-ideo. or phon. !Jif (!Jif) in the related verb e~t-~ var. 4~ !Jif (!Jif) 2

'repel 1, 'oppose' and its derivatives.

1 BH. ii. 4, in scene of spinning. s For I see Pyr. 253·

35 4 combination of t U 34 Use as last. and- I 9

(Aa 23) f=¥ 1 warpstretchedbetween Det. in ~~~v=Y~ 2 varr. !!.3 v=v• var. Pyr. ~::Ju-u 5 m4d

two uprights Ia 'hit (a mark)', 'adhere to (a path)' and derivatives.

(Aa 24) I:Ft] 1 O.K. form of last

club used by fullers m washing 1

For <p seeD 31

3 7 'e razor 1

1 Thebes, tomb 85. Very various in form; exx. M.K., Brit. M us. 6I4, 8; Siut I, 22I; Dyn. XVIII,,Puy. 68; Th. T. S. i. I7. 1• DAVIES, Seven Prival~ Tombs, PI. 35 (p. :;o). Perhaps this suggests as the original sense of the stem 'make straight'. 2 Vrk. iv. 484, 5· Sim. Peas. B I, 2Il. 3 .Hrit. Mus. 581. 4 Louvre C I74· a Pyr. 2048.

Use as last. 1 Sinai 7· See AZ. 30, 52; 62, I,

Ideo. in i}.} 2 var. i: 3 f:tmww 'fuller(?)'. Hence(?) phon. /:tm,• in 1~ j f:tm 'slave' and the related words; also in ~~.

isolated late var. l~,6 f:tm 'Majesty' (p. 74). 1 AZ. 57, 81. 1 BH. i. 29. 1 lb. • Reading from proper names

ending in m and from 'the name Pa/}a11mala = PJ-l!m-n{r in the El-Amarna letters (see above p. 418), besides late writings in which the sign interchanges with 0 N 4I ; see .liZ. 46, 109; Sphinx 14, 143. a Bull. 28, Io3.

Det. in ::Ll~ 2 !Jr!f 'shave'. 1 Razors, see PETRIE, T()Q/s and Weapons 61, 1 Ex. BH. ii. 4·

520


U 38 !p 1 balance

39 1 post of balance

semi-hieratic alternative to last (Dyn. XVIII) 1

Ideo. or det. in ~......1!11\~~rp 2 var. rp 8 mfpt 'balance'. I Thebes, tomb 76. 1 Exx. Paheri 9, 30; D. el B. Sr. 1 AZ. 59,«*·

Det. in ~ 71 1 w{st 'post (of balance) ' and in the related verb } ::1 2 wts 'lift", 'carry', 'wear'. Secondarily also det. in ::1 3 {si (tzi) 'raise', 'lift'.

1 PIEHL, /H. iii. Sl. 2 D. e! B. Sr. 1 In Pyr. the det. of tzl is a sack-like receptacle, ex. Pyr. g6o, but our sign already appears exceptionally, ex. ib. l94·

Use as last, ex. }::}.11~ 2 wtsw 'those who have worn'. Also, owing to similarity in hieratic, used for ) 8 T 13, ex. .11 :";' rs-tp 'vigilant'.

1 For the hieratic see MoLL. Pal. i. no. 405; ii. no. 405. t Urk. iv. Ss, u. 3 MOLL. Pal .. i. no. sSS. 4 Leyd. Denk111. iv. lS, 4 c, 3· Stm. srs, Urk. iv.

Sg7, 6.

41 i} 1 plummet used in con· Det. in ;.a t!J 'plummet'. nection with the 1 Dyn. Xll, Leyd. V 103 = Denkm. ii. 13. I J EA. 9· Io, n. 4·

balance 11

Sect. V. Rope, Fibre, Baskets, Bags, etc.

V 1 ~ coil of rope Det. rope, exx. "a-} l ~ nwft 'rope' ; ~ ~ f!,1tt 'front-rope' of ship; actions with rope or cord, exx. Qal~ itft 'drag'; - ~ ts ' tie' . E5e ~ 1 mnl. 'string' beads. ~ ~ sni • en-- \...-4 - ' ,__., t.-JJ u ' ,__., circle',' surround'. Probably from 1,. o}~ snw 'network', phon. or phon. det. sn in 1..~ var. ! 11 snt 'dispute', the relations of which with 1,.~ Jnl 'exorcise', 'litigate' and with ~ =~ 8 snt' contend ' require further study. Another possibly related word is ~ Jt (snt ?) ' 'hundred' (§§ 259. 260}. A similar, but doubtless different, sign is det. in ~ ~ 6 l11b 'bent appendage' (of metal ?) belonging to the crown 'r;f.

1 M. u. K. r, 3· 2 Cairo l0.393· l056l, d, in the title lmy-r 'fnt; cf. too a title Jnt discussed JEA. g, 15, n. '· 8 AZ. 36, 13S. 4 AZ. 36, 135· • Urk. iv. lOO, 15.

For~ as substitute for} G 43, see Z 7·

2 -+ bolt- 0 34 combined Ideo. in ~~~ s{J {St1), later ~f)~-.::;;- s!J, 'drag', 'draw'; with the cord ~ V 1 hence phon. s{J in ~ s{lf 'aroura' (§ 266, 3). For an un-used for drawing it 1 known reason det. in ~~A Js 'hasten'.

1 Az. 35, 105, confirmed by DAY. Rekh~ ii. l6, n. The sense of the verb agrees so well with the Dyn. XVIII form just quoted that the suggestion (Hitr. 44) that this is secondary seems unlikely. An alternative explanation, MoNTET 304.

521


V 3 ~ the same sign with three cords (Dyn. XVIII)

4 -f1 lasso

5 ~ looped rope

6 o cord (in early exx. double and looped at top on left) 1

7 ~ loop of cord with the ends downward

8 ~ 1 alternative form of last (Dyn. XVIII)

9 Q cartouche in original round form 1

1 o 0 cartouche in secondary oval form (p. 74)

Phon. stJw in 7~ 1 R-s{Jw 'necropolis',2 particularly that of the Memphitic god Sokar.

1 Ex. Tk. T.S. iv. 38, G, ~ ,4"2, 59, 159; W!J. ii. 398, 9· TO.

Cf. -f\~}! 1 WJW 'lassoes'. Hence phon. w1,2 exx. -f\~£;;3: WJ 'far'; -f\~lf~wJ~ 'place', 'endure'.

1 BUDGE, p. 454, :z, Cf. too Wit 'cord' ( W!J. i. 244) and WlfliJt' cord' ( Urk. iv. 166, 12). 1 For the initial w see a var. of Wlr 'tie up', MONTET 207.

Det. in ~=~ 1 snt (snt) 'plan', 'plot out', 'found'. 1 .!'yr. 644; Meiri. u; D.eiB. 37·

Ideo. or semi-ideo. or det. in 1._~ var. 15 2 ss, var. O.K. =~15 8

U, 'cord', 'rope'. Hence phon. ss (ss), exx. 1._ = var. 15 (p. I 72) ss 'alabaster' ; Ql._ o~ if~t-' what?' (§ 500 ). There has been much confusion with 'h V 33: 'a ( 1) in the words ~T 'linen',' cloth', i,! 'thing', 'concern', and ? f~ 'corn', all originally reading Sir; however, the fact of the confusion, together with certain writings with metathesis ssr (see V 33, nn. 4· 9), make the usually accepted reading ss (so in the 1st edition) still just defensible, for final r usually falls; (2) as det. in ~15~ rrf'tie up', 'pack'; (3) as phon. g in hieratic, where the two signs are not distinguished in early times;' (4) as det. clothes, ex. Q~~QQ~'\.15! 6 isywt 'rags'; however, this employment to replace T S 28 does not appear before Dyn. X I X.

1 Early forms, Medum 13; Satjq. Mast. i. I. 2. 1 Urk. iv. 88;;, 7· s DAv. Ptak. i. 25. 4 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. 515. 510. 4• Full discussion, Bull. 30, 161. 1 Adm. 3, 4; the MS. is probably of Dyn. XIX.

Cf. ,l = var. Pyr. = ,11 sni 'encircle'. Hence phon. sn, exx . .10 sn 'tree'; .l~~ snr 'repel'.

1 .!'yr. 313-

Use as last. 1 Puy. 57; Rekk. 3, 28, So too already .!'yr. 5·

Det. in .l.o}o snw 'cartouche' (p. 74). 1 Seep. 74 for explanation as a double rope encircling (ml) the entire region ruled

over by the sun or by the king as later embodiment of the sun.

Det. in ,lo}a1 snw 'circuit'; ::as rn 'name'; also in names of kings and other royal personages, in which case the component signs are written inside it, ex. (0E!l~) Mn-!Jpr-Rr 'Menkheperrec', i.e. Tuthmosis Ill.

1 GAYET, Temple tk LtnUor, p. 14. I BRUGSCH, Tkes. 10771 19.

522

Vu

ROPE, FIBRE, BASKETS, BAGS, ETC. Sign-list

C sign probably later taken to be a cartouche cut in half and reversed 1

Det. in :=q c 2 dtzi 'dam off', 'restrain'. The hieratic equivalent of the same sign 8 serves also as det. in ~l ~.!;. • p/JI 'split'. It seems doubtful whether the hieratic word usually transcribed as cq qa~ 1 : 1 dyt (dwyt ?) ' shriek ' was originally written with this sign.6

1 So at least it appears to be in Dyn. XVIII. Early hieroglyphic exx. are lacking, for the det. of tjnl in Pyr. 27S. 716, namely a kind of hoe, cannot easily be the prototype of our sign. !}nl, later dnl, may originally have meant • cut off'; cf. the later word dnlt ' portion', ' fraction ', see SETHE, ZaMworte S9. I llrk. iv. 3 I 2,

11; 44S. •7· I M6LI .. Pal. i. no. sS•; ii. no. ss.. 4 Pt. 2S3; Eb. 36, 16. • In hieroglyphic of Dyn. XIX it has the same det. with which rlnl is written, For the reading see VoG. Bauer 69-70; GARD. Sin. 99·

I 2 ~ band of string or linen Det. bind, exx. ~~""' s!d 'head-band' ; Sf~ rn!J 'garland' ; ·~'1 f!J, 'loose', whence ""} 1 f!J ' depart' ; from the last,

I 3 ~ rope for tethering animals1

Phon. det. in=~~""'\ :it~ IJW Fnr.w' Phoenician lands' . ..,... e .Jt1 I 1f1 I I (f

Det. papyrus-books, exx. ~}""' ifdw 'papyrus'; =""' snn 'deed'. Ph on. or phon. det. rr~ (from rr~ 'bind on') in ~""'~ rr~ 'swear'; ~qq'@' var. ?qqe rr~y 'last day' of the month (§ 264).

1 Sinai go, 16; see GARD. Sin. 20.

Cf. Pyr. =~Ut' fetterer (?} '.1 Phon.[.8 Sometimes also, by a false archaism, for "" t (§ I 9, Ons. 2 ).

1 PSBA. n, 65. 1 E)r. 672, epithet of a cat-goddess. 1 SETHE, Alplzabet is6.

14 ==s the last, with an added Phon. {, both in hieroglyphic and hieratic, but apparently diacritical tick only in a few words, doubtless words in which the value l

had not changed into t, exx. :::1 1 [si 'lift' ; ~q 1 Tti 'Tjetji ', a man's name.

1 Sitt. B 23; P. Kalz. 2, 7· Sim. w[s 'raise', Westc. n, 23; s[sw 'supports', ERM. Hymn. I, 2. 1 Brit. Mus. 614, 3; ib. vert. 2; [si, ib. 13- In other words in this inscription l is written without the tick, exx. s['lo', 4; ltl' seize', Io.

I 5 5.f combination of c= V I 3 and ..ll D 54

In :Jr~ var. Pyr. q5r 1 i[i, in M.E. often 1[~ iti,2 'seize'. 1 See Verbum i. § 397, 5· 2 Reading, seep. 214, bottom.

16 e looped cord serving as Ideo. in O.K. • 1 SI (z1) 'hobble'. Hence phon. SI (z1) 2 in

17 ~1

I8

hobble for cattle ._, SI 'protection'. 1 L. D. Ergiinzungsband 40, with the picture.

• guard', Pyr. 1203. I7S2. I Reading from varr. of ZIW

rolled up herdsman's shelter of papyrus 1

(Dyn. XVIII)

Ideo. in ~~ var. • s1, var. Pyr. -~ 3 z1, 'protection'. 1 D. el.B. 13. 3 Pyr. 1470.

O.K. form of last Use as last. 1 DAV, Plan. i. 161 no. 3S3·


V 19 ft hobble for cattle 1

20 n the same without the cross-bar (cf. V 2 1)

2 I "A\ combination of n V 20

and '( I IO (Dyn. XII onward)

For 1* see M 28.

2 2 \ 1 whip 2 (Dyn. XVII I)

23\ 1 O.K. form of last

cord wound on stick (O.K. and M.K. form) 1

alternative form of last (Dyn. XVI I I)

Ideo. or det. in ft 2 varr. ~~,3 ~ ~ft 4 m4t 'stable', '(cattle-)stall '. For unknown reasons, det. in~~ ft 6 varr. c;>M,8 ~~~ f.T 7 tm1 (from {nu?)' mat', whence phon. or phon. det. {m1 (tm1) in c=>ft 7 8 varr. c=>M,9 ft ~ 10

{m1, 'cadaster (?)' or kind of land (?) ; in ~ft var. ft !J1r 'sack' as measure of capacity(§ 266, I); and in other names of woven or wickerwork objects. By confusion with an older sign for a palanquin or portable shrine/1 det. in _!Qft 12 ~nl 'palanquin', whence also in .!Qft 18 ~nl

' sheaf' ; so too in ~ft 14 k1r ' shrine ' ; possibly also in ::'Q Q.ft 16 s{yt, name of the sanctuary of Sokar in Memphis.18 To be distinguished carefully from n Aa I9.

1 Made of cord, with a wooden cross-bar to be hidden below the earth, MONTKT 95· 1 Berslz. i. 18. 8 Cairo 20104, m I; Rkind 84. ' Meir iii. 4· Sim./7r. 2~02. 6 Rec. 39, 120. 8 BH. ii. 13. ' Westc. 7, 15. 8 Rekh. 3, 18, qu. Exerc. XXX (iii); sJw nw [1111, i/J. p. 25 = tm1, ib. 3, 26. 8 Brit. M us. 828, qu. § 450. 10 SJ n [ml, Cairo 20056; Leyd. V 3· 11 Pyr. 300 (k1r); cf. the picture Sah. 65. 1' Westc. 1 I, 7; differently determined, i/J. 7, 14. IS Palzeri 3· u LAc. TR. 21, 3· 1e D.e/B. u. 18 STOLK, Ptalz (Berlin, 1911), 27.

Cf. Dyn. X I X n~ 1C(1 1 mdwt 'stables'.

in n m4w ' 10' (§§ 2 59· 260). 1 MAR. Abyd. i. 53· 11 AZ. 34, go.

Hence phon. m4 2

Ideo. in ~~ 1 m4t 'stable',.' cattle-stall'. Hence phon. m4 in ~~ 2 m4 'be deep' and derivatives.

1 See V 19, n. 3· 1 BUDGE, p. 458, 9· Sim. m# 'depth', Kuban 32.

For unknown reason,8 phon. mf:t, exx. ~ var. Pyr. ~~\ • mf:t 'fill'; :JQQa~ ml:znyt 'the coiled one', name of a snake.

1 Ex. Hier. 6, no. 77· 1 Az. 35, 106. 8 A derivation from l}wl • strike' has been suggested, Hier. p. 63. ' Pyr. 1682.

Use as last. 1 Exx. DAV. Ptah. i. 17, nos. 371.372.377; Salz. 30; Ti II2.

For unknown reason, phon. w4 (later wd), exx. t.}~ var. ~.}~ w4 'command'; t}l .. 2 w4l:z (for wdf:t) 'table of offerings'; l J~ var. Pyr . .} Jl= 3 w4b 'turn'.

1 Exx. O.K., DAV. Plan. i. 14, no. 296; M.K., BH. iii. 4, no. 51. 1 BH. i. 17. 8 Pyr. 1723.

Use as last. 1 .Ex. Reklz. 2 1 17.


V 26 = 1 netting needle filled with twine 1

27 - 1 O.K. form of last

28 ~ 1 wick of twisted flax

29 r1 swab made from a hank of fibre (down to Dyn. XVIII identical for all uses 2)

30 "C7 wickerwork basket

For rn see 0 9·

Ideo. in 7--- 3 var. t1=. • r<f, also :;::~ • rd, 'spool', 'reel'. Hence ph on. or ph on. det. r<f, later rd, ex. t1:: 6 r<f, var. =~ 6 rd, 'be in good condition'; also rntj or rnd,7 proved only in the case of :;: o ~ mrndt, var. Pyr. ~~~~ ~ 8

mrndt, 'the morning-bark' of the sun-god. 1 Rekk. ~. 6; Puy. ~o, 6. I See the picture BH. ii. 4=B1,1/, 9, 5· s BUDGE, p. 39I, ~. 4 NAV. eh. I531 If,. B BH. i. 8, If,. • Sh. S. 7· 7 See Sitz. Berl. Ak. I9I 2, 958. 8 Pyr. 335· 336; sim. ib. 66r.

Use as last. 1 Medum I3. Sim. Saqq. Mast. i. I.

Cf. with a similar sign, l~ ftrt ' wick ' ; 2 hence 3 phon. ft. As late det. once in u l tkJ 'candle'.'

1 Detailed ex., Saqq. Mast. i. 40, no. 68. See too the picture CAPART, Rue 37· 1 Dyn. XIX, Wb. iii. 39; a hieroglyphic ex. in the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak (Nelson). s AZ. 73, 8, n. 2; Ann. 43, 309. 4 MoGENSEN, Muste nat. Copenhague, PI. 24; see SKTHE, Zur Geschichle der Ein/Jalsamierung, u*.

Det. in O.K. ~"="' t 3 sk 'wipe'; hence phon. sk (sk), ex. ~ !~ ski' perish'. For unknown reason, phon. or phon. det. WJft,, ex. f\~lt~· var. ru WJft 'place', 'endure'. Also det. in ~ t ~ 5 !Jsr, var. Pyr. e~\j 6 !Jsr, 'ward off'. As corruption of a sign resembling O M I, det. in ~~! 7 mrr ' fortunate '.

1 Detailed ex. Ti I3~ (w1~). I W1~ and lk in proximity, see O.K. Gemn. i. ~2; Dyn. XVIII, Rekh. ~. s Rec. ~8, 178; cf. Sah. 39· The interpretation as a swab depends on the meaning of lk and on its other determinatives in Pyr.

4 Peas. B r, ~09. 1 Urk. iv. 26g, 7· • Pyr. 908. 7 Amada 8.

Ideo. in ~1 var. Pyr. ;;..Jo ~2 nbt 'basket'. Hence phon. in a few words reading nb, exx. e7:_it var. O.K. ~~ 3 nb 'lord'; e7 nb 'every', 'all'.

1 Urk. iv. 896, 10. 1 Pyr. 557· s Urk. i. I26, 9·

3 I ~ wickerwork basket with For unknown reason, ph on. k. handle

31* te7 the last, butwithhandle Regularly in hieratic except in rare O.K. examples.1

on opposite side 1 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. su, 511 B. Hieroglyphic exx, have not been sought, but must be extremely rare; in Dyn. 1-11 the few exx. have handle as in V '31, PETR. Eg. Hier. nos. 975-9·


V 32 ~ 1 wickerwork frail 2 (possibly also used as a float by hippopotamus-hunters)3

33 'b 1 bag of linen 2

Det. in ffi~-:i 4 msnw, var. Dyn. I .~J.! 5 msn, 'harpooner'; hence(?) phon. ntSn (ntS1t} in @6late Var. m~=;T Msn, a Lower Egyptian town near I~an~arah. 8 Possibly, but not certainly, the same sign 9 in m~~:!: 10 gJWt 'bundles', 'tribute'; hence phon. det. g1w in m~}~ g1w 'be narrow ', and related words.

1 Exx.O.K., QUIB.S<Jfq.I911-a, 32 (MJn); Ti 115 (msn?). t Seethe pictures Ti 38. 39; Gemn. ii. I. 8 Guess bnsed pnrtly on the use of the sign to determine msnw ' hippopotamus-hunter •, partly on the occurrence of a very late word b!J, with this det., mentioned among the equipment (spears, ropes, etc.) of the msnw; see A.'Z. 54, 53 and compare the fisherman's reed-floats T 25. But possibly the sign is really the det. of mln ' weave',' plait', though not so actually found, in which case it would only be phon. det. in msnw 'hippopotamus-hunter'. ' LAC. T.R. ao, 34· 6 A'Z 57,138. 8 Liskt p. 36. 7 See .A."z. 54, 52. 1 JEA. S• :142. 9 Before Dyn. XVIII it lacks the tie and so resembles = W 8, see WEILL, Dtcrets, Pis. a. 3 ; Dtnd. 8 ; Cairo 20539, i. b 8. 10 D. el B. 77.

Ideo. or det. in~ ssr, var. O.K. ~~~ 3 ssr, var. Dyn. XVIII 1.,~ 4 ssr, 'linen', 'cloth', cf. especially the compound t~ 5 ssr-nsw, var. O.K. W~+.: 6 ssr-nzw, 'royal linen', 'byssus', Coptic menc; the var. t~T 7 with lS V 6 makes the hitherto accepted reading ss-nsw possible for Dyn. XVIII, as final r frequently fell away. Hence phon. ssr (read as ss in the 1st edition) in il var. Dyn. XII ~1.,~ 8 ssr, var. O.K. ~~~ 9 ssr, 'thing', 'concern'; also in l:)1f~ 10 varr. ~~\m,11 ~1-.f~ 111 ssr 'corn'. Perhaps through connection with the stem found in m~~~ g1wt 'bundles' (see on V 32) or else with mm~ggt' kidney(?)',12a

phon. g in a few words, exx. }~~~ var. }ffi~ 13 wgg 'misery •; 'h.J~ Gbtyw 'Coptus ', a town in Upper Egypt. Det. tie up, in ~'h~ rrj' tie up', 'pack', 'envelop •; also perfume, because kept in bags of linen,14 ex. ~~ var. ~~a sty 'perfume', cf. i R 9· As det. clothes not before Dyn. XIX,15 and then mainly in the form lS V 6 (see on that sign). Note that in M. K. hieratic ~ is indistinguishable from lS V 6; 18 in hieroglyphic the two are very often confused.

1 In O.K. and sometimes later the shape varies greatly. Sometimes like our type, but thinner and inclined at an angle, exx. L. D. ii. 22.23; sometimes almost triangular, see below, V 3S· Full discussion, Bun. 30, 161. 1 Described as Jsrw rifw 'tied-up cloths', Ur.k.iv. II43, 13. 8 Ti us. ' Ur.k. iv. II43, 13, Jsrw,plur. 1 Ur.k. iv. 195, 16. Sim. O.K., Sak~ 61. 1 L.D. ii. Loo, c. ' Ur.k. iv. 7of::J, IS· 8 Cairo 20S38, ii. c 9· • Ur.k. i. 149, 9· For writings of possibly the same word with the metathesis 1sr see Adm. p. 101. 10 Ur.k. iv. 743, I. 11 Urk. iv. 3i2, 14. n R.III. 178, 3· . 120 Suggested by Dawson; see W!J. v. 2o8, 7; also Sign Pap. I I, 4· 13 PSBA. 18, 202, 9· 14 See the picture D. el B. 78. 15 See, however, O.K. l..mkwt, Gebr. i. 8; also the alternative form of S 28 seen in PE;TRIE, Giuk and Rifek 23 G. 16 MOI.L. Pal. i. no. 520, without recoguizing that V 6 and V 33 are different signs.


V 34 'e 1 alternative form of last (Dyn. XVIII}

35 h1 O.K. form of last (rarely also Dyn. XVIII} 2

36 rr receptacle of some kind

3 7 c:J 1 bandage (?)

38 Q 1 bandage (O.K.)

Use as last. 1 D. el B. 9• (sty 'perfume').

Use as last. 1 DAv. Ptall. i. 14, no. 318- (E.R.A.) 37, in lmy-r flr 'overseer of linen'. This

form of the bag is carried by an attendant, Ti 115; c{, too L. D. ii. u, 6. Other O.K. exx. of the same form of the sign, in flr • thing', 'concern', Urk. i. I 36, 5 ; WKILL, Dkrets, PI. ,, 1 In sir' corn', Urk. iv. 3731 1•1 qu. under V 33, n. u.

Det. in l.:::.tf'l (m. ((tnt?), name of a receptacle given to a temple. Hence(?) phon. or phon. det. (zn, exx. l.~tl' 0~2

var. t)', 7, 3 (tnt 'occupations' ; l~~tl'~ • var. t)' t)' 6 (tnty 'period', 'end' (§ 77, I).

1 MAR. AIJ. i. IO, 6. 1 Urk. iv. 369, 15,

1 Rekn. 16. a Palltri3. 4 Urk. iv. 36.,. u.

Det. in Q:= 0 1 idr ' bandage', ' bind'. Ph on. or ph on. det. ldr in Q:=o~ 8 var. ?~ •ldr 'herd'; note that ~~ 4

appears to read ~J-() 8 k1 n la'r 'bull of the herd'. For the confusion of 0 and oN 41 see AEO. ii. 2'58*.

1 Karnak, Tuthmosis Ill unpublished. Rather different, Dyn. XII, Bersn. i. 18. 1 Sm. 9, 8. ro. ~~. • Bersll. i. 18. ' Cairo 20001. 1 Urk. iv. 699,13. • Ur,t. iv. 195, Io; 196, I,

Det. in }oO wt 'bandage', 'mummy-cloth'. Later replaced by o Aa 2.

l Pyr. uo2 (N 1197).

Sect. W. Vessels of Stone and Earthenware

W 1 YJ sealed oil-jar

sealed oil-jar, like W 1,

but not showing tied ends

3 '&71 basin of alabaster as used in purificationss

Det. oil, unguent, exx. ~l o if var. If 1 mr(tt 'unguent'; ~~If mgt 'ointment'.

1 Vrk. iv. 914, 9; {or the reading cf. Cairo 207201 a 3·

Det. in J~Pif 1 o1s (o1s) 'jar'. Phon. oJS (o1s) in IT.: 2 B1stt, var. O.K. ~ ~~ 3 BJJtt, '(the cat-goddess) Bastet ' ..

1 LAc. Sarc. ii. 13, no. 23. ' Ex. Urk. iv. •32, 9•

Det. in O.K. =~4,. var. ~ss' alabaster' (p. 172).. Perhaps on account of the purifications characteristic of feasts, det. in lJW var. Dyn. X VIII lJ~ (to 'feast'; hence semiideo. 0!' phon. [eo in l~J~ 8 (tO 'mourn'. Abbrev. of lJ~~ [ebt 'ritual book' in "' W 5· Det. feast, exx. e~~· pst/ntyw 'New-moon festival'; f\.:;• W~g' Wagfestival'.

1 Showing the markings of alabaster, Bier. 2, no. 9; 9, no. 178; Kopt. 9· I Rec. 39. 54· • Sin. B I•·2. ' BH. i. 24. I Sit1l i. 299- Sim. B 1/.

i. 25, 9G-S.

Sign-list

W 4 CIJ combinationofm 0 22

and <;J!7 W 3

5 ~ combination of I& T 28

and <;J!7 W 3

6 0 1 O.K. sign for a particular vessel

7 0 1 granite bowl (Dyn. XVIII)

8 t:0:2 1 deformation of the last (Dyn. XI)

9 1(}0 stone jug with handle

10 'Cl cup (probably sometimes also a basket, cf.~ A 9)

1 o* t7 1 pot perhaps used also as lamp (O.K.)

(Aa 4) "D 1 alternative form of last (Pyr.)

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

Ideo. or det. in l..J!IJ var. !lJ f.tb 'feast'. Det. feast (much rarer in M. E. than <;J!7 alone), ex. fl)f!IJ 1 tp-rttpt 'feast of the first of the year '.

1 BI:l. i. 24. Sim, W1g, Brit. Mus. 162.

In .@. )t 1 !Jry-/.tbt 1 'lector-priest', lit. • he who is under (i.e. carries) the ritual book'.

1 Already M.K., JIZ. 39, 117, 6. 1 Reading, seep. 51, n. 4·

In l}~ wf.tt 'cauldron'. Later replaced by C) Aa 2. 1 Saqq. Mast. i. 2. Rather different, ib. I ; Medum 13 (here of copper).

Det. in ~0 1 m1t, var. O.K. ~02 m1{, 'red granite'; hence phon. det. m1{ in ~0 3 m1{ 'proclaim'. Det. in f}&' var. @ 5 Jbw ' Elephantine·, as source of the red granite; hence phon. det.Jb in f..J~~~o var. ~..J~7 1bt 'family'.

1 D.el B. 156. 1 Vrk. i. 107, 2. s Vrk. iv. 261, 3· 4 Rekh. 5· Sim. Vrk. iv. 843, 4• a Brit. Mus. 614, 4· e LAc. TR. 2, I. 7 Brit. Mus. 159, 11.

In Jbw 'Elephantine' and 1bt 'family', see on W 7· The same sign may serve as the earlier form of-.. g1w V 32.2

1 Brit. M us. 614,4(/btu' Elephantine'). Sim. Cairo 20512, cc. 1 See V 32, n. 9·

Det. in -6~P n!Jnm, var. Pyr. - '::~ 6 2 ttsnm, ' the n(inmvase' with its specific oil. Hence(?) phon. !inm, exx. 6"f:» Unmw '(the ram-headed god) Chnum'; 6~~ (inm 'join'.

0 ScHA.RFF 49· 1 BH. i. 17; Pp. 51 (N 311 a). 1 Pyr. 51 (W 5911). In O.K. =/interchanges with later- a, see V ~~'bum i. § 26o.

Det. in Q--.D ..J o 1 lrb, var. :::!..Jo 2 rrb, ' cup' ; hence ph on. or phon. det.lrb, ex. Q~..J lrb 'unite'; rb, ex. ~--.D..Jo m...rb 'in the company of' (§I 78). Det. in } ~~ 3 ws!J (ws!J) 'cup'; hence phon. or phon. det. ws!J (ws!J}, exx. } ~~ ws!J 'be wide'; ~' var. ~ (0 15) ws!Jt 'hall'; s(Jw, in ~e}.!_ s!Jw 'width '. Det. in f:' o 11 f.tnt 'cup' ; hence ph on. /.tnt in ~ 8 var. l~~ f.tnwt ' mistress '. Det. in 7/ 7 r ' cup'. In words reading oil o sometimes replaces older o N 41, ex . ..J';'"}1.'s bilw 'rare treasures'.

1 W6. i. 40; ]:4Q. 115; LAC. Sarc. ii. 156. 1 Urk. iv. 770, 15. 1 JiQ. 115; evidently very rare, not in W6. i. nor in LAC. Sarf. 4 Ur!l. iv. 1uo, 16. I BH. i. 17. e Urk. iv. 391,13. ' W!J. i. 158. 8 BH. i. 8, 11. Sim. D.e/B. 81; 84, 6. .

Phon. 0/1 in conjunction with);.. G 29, ex. )ru~ 8 01 'soul', or with 1fi E 10, ex. 'O'fi.:;_BI-pj(l) 'Bapfi', agod.1 Later superseded in these uses by~ R 7·

1 A-. 43, 309· 1 Cf. a vessel called olfll named E6. •· 9· 1 ~· 854 (M a86); 1 a78 (N x ~.,.).

Use as last. 1 Pyr. 854 (N 657); 1098 (N 125a); 1378 (P 616).

VESSELS OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE Sign-list

W I I ffi 1 (I) ring-stand for jars, (2) red earthenware pot (Dyn. XVIII form, round at bottom)

I 2 !Al 1 ring-stand (0. K. form, straight at bottom)

I 3 [1 red earthenware pot (O.K. form, round at bottom and plain)

I 4 2 tall water-pot

water-pot with water pouring from it

I 6 {f[ the same in a ring-stand Ul w I2

I 7 ~ 1 water-pots in a rack (Dyn. XII-XVIII)

18~1 O.K. form of last

I 9 g milk-jug as carried in a net 1

(I) Ideo. or det. in s m 2 var. m s nst ' seat '. For unknown reason,sa phon.g. (2) Ideo. or det. in ~m • var. ~ 5 dJrt

'red pot'. (3) Occasionally substituted for t.a 0 45 in Dyn. X V I II, ex. :t ~ 8 ipt nsw 'king's hart m'.

1 Ex. Rekk. 3, 3 (g); D. el B. 36 (nst). In Dyn. XII still sometimes with bottom straight as g (Bersll. i. 31), while curved as nst (ib. I9)• • .iiZ. 47, 91.

a D. riB. 36, in Nswt-IJwy. ... According to Grdaeloff (Ann. 43, 310) from an O.K. word gw (Ann. 16, 196); but this is described as an altar.

' Rekk. 11. a D. et B. u. s JEA. u, 4·

Use as last, in O.K. S~ 2 nst 'seat' and as phon.g.s 1 DAV. Ptak. i. 13, nos. 3SS· 358 (nit, g). I Ptall. (E.R.A.) 33. a Ti uS (g9/t).

Use as W II, in O.K. ~D 1 dJrt 'red pot'. of this appearance is used for D N 34.2

I JEA. 4> Pl. 9•

In M.K. a sign

Ideo. or det. in 27 1 [zst, var. O.K. H7P l;zt, 'water-pot'; hence phon. l;s (l;z}, ex. !J~ var. 2~~ !;si' praise'. Det. also in ~'JP stz.b(t), var. Pyr. =Jo~• znbt, 'jar'.

1 Az. 37, 9S; LAc. Sarc. ii. I66. ' Pyr. II79•

0 MONTET 393• a Urk. iv. 874, 3·

Det. in LJjj~ 1 ~bb 'be cool' and derivatives; 2 also in LJjl~=:s #I; 'libate '.

1 Urk. iv. 970, IS ({lb). s Ex. s{l!Jb, Urk. iv. 6s, 6. a ANiarn. iv, 3, 8.

Ideo. or det. in LJjl}fr 1 varr. fr},1 tr=: 2 #l;w 'libation' and the related words. Much more rarely det. in LJjjfr8

}fbb ' be cool '. 1 Meir iii. I 7• I BH. i. I7. a Ex. P. Kall. 7, 41 ({lb).

Ideo. in IB!! 2 lJntw 'racks for water-pots'. Hence phon.!Jnt, ex. 1!17 var. ~ !Jnt 'in front of' (§ I 74) and derivatives.

1 liier. 2, no. 6. With three pots, not infrequent in M.K., e:u:. BH. i. 8. IS; Leyd. V 2; usual in Dyn. XVIII, exx. Rekk. 4; Pakeri 4· 1 Urk. iv. 874, 3•

Use as last. 1 With fonr pots, usual in O.K., exx. San. 1 ; Saqq. Mast. i. 20; more often than

not in M.K., exx. Leyd. V 3· 4· 6. 7; only ra~ely in Dyn. XVIII, ex. Urk. iv. 874. 7·

Det. in ~~i 2 mhr 'milk-jug'. From a probably obsolete word ~0• 3 mr 'milk-jug', phon. mi (old mr), exx. gq mi, var. Pyr. ~i<> • mr, 'like' (§ I 70); ~iQ7 dmi 'town'; i0 var. iQ0 5 min 'to-day'(§ 205).6

1 See the picture Meir i. II == ii. 18, no. u. 1 Meir ii. 6. a Pyr. 32 ; cf. the place-name Mrt determined by a sign like W 20, Metium 2!. • Pyr. 166s.

• CHASS. Ass. 77· 1 The use in Pyr. tsmn (W6. iii. 4S3) is un-explained.

Sign-list

W2o ~ milk-jug with a leaf covering the milk 1

2 1 U!J twin wine-jars 1

22 0 beer-jug

23 0 jar with handles

24 0 bowl

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

Det. in Q;:~ 2 irtt, var. O.K. Q~~ a irtt, 'milk'. 1 See the pictures Ti II4; DAY. Plan. i. 16. 1 D. el B. 94· 3 L. D. ii. 66.

Det. in Q"': ~ 2 irp 'wine'. 1 For the O.K. form see the picture Ti 114; also Saqq. lrlasl. i. 39, no, 55· I D. el B. 105.

Ideo. or det. in l ~ 5 var. 5 {m# ' beer'. Det. pot, measure, exx. J;J e 1 /fr{zt 'vessel' ; ~ 5 ds ( O.K. ds) 'des-measure' (§ 266, 1, end); offerings generally, in j

1 ~ 1

2 i1zw 'tribute'; notions connected with fluids, ex. e5 t!Ji 'be drunken'. As det. in the group G5 'food and drink', see on G X 2.

Ideo. in 5} a var. Pyr. } ~}5 4 wdpw 'butler'. 1 Urk. iv. 417, 8. 1 Urk. iv. 419, 7· 3 See SCHAFER-LANGE, Crab- und

Denksleitze, iii. 58; PSBA. 13, 451. 4 Pyr. 120. 124. See too Sebek11. 7, 9·

Use as last, but not specially in connection with beer. Exx. J;_J0 1 /fr{zt 'vessel' ; ~l~ 2 wr{z 'anoint'. Also in o} a

wdpw 'butler', see on W 22. 1 Th. T. S. iii. u. I Th. T. S. iii. 4· s Meir iii. 15.

Phon. nw, exx. 7 1tw (1ryw) 'of', m. plur. (§ 86}; ~ Nwt '(the goddess) Nut', probably so to be read in spite of the obscure Pyr.var. 0~=; 1 l,~o}5 {znw'vessel'. Initial nw is preferably written ~o} or~}, see on U 19; final nw is sometimes written ooo, exx. ~ mnw ' monument' ; ):= T{znw 'Libya'. Great difficulty is caused by== 'primeval waters', which may have existed in two distinct forms (I) niw or nww or 1zw, ( 2) nnw or nw1zw; Ja for ( 1) see Pyr. var. -Q} 1b and a Dyn. XVI I I enigmatic equivalent -}} ; 1c for (2) see Pyr. var. =000_},1d also the female counterpart-++~ 2 1znt 'the lower heaven', further the personal name 00°flt presumably to be read Nnw on account of=f!J 3 nn(i) 'child', and lastly Copt. no-yn 'abyss', Ph on. also in (cf. j W 2 5) in .g. var. Pyr. Q~ 4 ink 'I ' (§ 64 ). Ph on. det. in H~.~. varr. Pyr .. H~,5 A~ 5 dJ(/Jt 'council'; whether the former writing has anything to do with A~ A~ ~5 8 dJtiJw 'pot' is doubtful. So too from M.K. 1~ replaces O.K. ~~ in such words as 1~lfi var. Pyr. ~ il~ 7 ftd 'build'; 1:!: var. O.K. ~~ 8 ftd 'form'; the old phon. det. o here is due to the stem-meaning of /fdi 'go round', while the later o may be connected with /fd 'fashion' pots. From M.K. onwards o inexplicably accompanies t Aa 2 7, exx. to~ nti 'protect' ; to~ nti 'ask' ; and is found also in t.J~ 9 N!Jbt '(the goddess) Nekhbet'.

530

VESSELS OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE Sign-list

W 24 0 (continued)

combination of o W 24 and .ll D 54

The writing S: for m-/pzw 'in', lit. 'in the interior (of)' (§ 1 78) has been explained as a re bus m(w) ~(r) nw 'water under pot '.10 Lastly, o occurs as occasional alternative to 5 or o as det. pot ; hieratic often fails to distinguish these signs.U

1 Pyr. 1184. 1454• Ia Fuller collection of relevant writings, SKTHB, AmNn una die acllt Ut'goller §t 61, U7. lb Pyr. 307· .oj.i6. le .Rev. d'E'g. i. 5· 14 JYr. 1078.1778.1780. 1 £7r. 1691. 8 GRIFFITH1 Catalog~ oft/le DemoJk Papyri in the .Rylands Librmy iii. 3301 n. 14· 4 Pyr. I.oj.l. 1098. See.Sits. d. Berl. Ak. 1gu, 963. 4 Pyr. 1713. 8 Eb. 66, 17. ' Pyr. 1597· • Urk. i. 101, 10. • D. el B. 35· Also in the related place-name NQb 'El-Kab', Paheri 1. 1' A'Z. 59, 61. 11 M()u .. Pal. i. nos. 495· 497·

In l. var. Pyr. !1 1 ini 2 'bring', 'fetch'. 1 Pyr. 913. 1 Reading, cf. 0 W 24 with the value In and see Sits. d. Berl. Ak.

19u, 962; also Coptic £Ute.

Sect. X. Loaves and Cakes

X I c bread 1

For£ see M 5· 2 G loaf

Ideo. (or semi-phon. t) in G varr. G;=:=;, o 1 rare var. Pyr. ~ 8

t 'bread'; the accepted reading t1 (so in the 1st edition) has no justification. Hence phon. t. Note the spellings ci.~ j ... ~ for jQ~ it-n{r 'god's father', name of a class of elder priests. In group--writing (§ 6o) ~};=:=; or ~ is used for t. 5

1 SETHE, Alphabet 156. Cf. the Pyr. var. ofn. 3· arid the later writing of 11-nt.r with the loaf X 2. 1 Common in compounds like 1-rtl) 'baked bread', 1-wr 'large bread', t-n!Js • bread ofthe neb/1-tr.ee', exx. BH. i. 17; cf. the varr. ofi-W1',Pyr. 1946. 2194• a Pyr. 1723. 4 See . .-i'Z. 47, 94; 48, 21-2. 8 BURCHARDT § 130.

Det. bread, exx. G var. ~};=:=; t 'bread'; j.JG Ins' Ins-loaf'. For G;=:=; or ~ as t in group-writing (§ 6o) see on X I.

The groups G5 or~. representing bread and beer with or without another sign for bread, occur as generic det. food, exx. m prt-IJrw 'invocation offerings' (p. 172); l!!S ~ J~ 1 I1b ' meal' ; expanded still further in j lf6~ 1

~~(w)-ntr'divineofferings'. On M.K. coffins G~ is sometimes substituted for~~ .[)~wty ' Thoth' for superstitious reasons,3 and a similar or identical group serves also rarely for ~J~ Gb '(the earth-god) Geb'' or for ~ 'Inpw 'Anubis '}5 From the end of Dyn. XVIII Gi 6 is found as var. of jQ~, jo it-1t{r 'god's father',~ priestly title, see above under X I.

1 Munich 3, 17. Possibly the cursive hieratic ligature seen in wnmt 'food', Sin. B 104, is to be res.olved similarly. 2 D. el B. If· Sim. lli. T. S. i. 8., a LAC. TR. n, 8; see AZ. 511 59· ' LAc. TR. 291 I. z6. 28. 8 LA.c. TR. 5, I.

1 L. D., Text, iii. 15; see A'Z. 48, u.

531


X 3 0 alternative form of last Use as last. For o as the earliest form of D N 34 see on that sign.

4 c::JD roll of bread

(N 18) =alternative form of last

5 t=:;:, semi-hieratic form of CIC X 4

6 G a round loaf bearing mark of the baker's fingers 1

7 L1 1 half-loaf of bread

Det. bread, food, exx. 0 ~ 1 t ' bread ' ; cp 2! 2 prt-!Jrw ' invocation offerings' ; = o} ~ 3 (Dyn. XV Ill}, var. M.K. rJ;:;=• snw" 'food-offerings'. From this last, phon. det.

( ) ---= 6 -t::= • ' b , - "' 7 C" t sn zn , exx. _ Jl var. _ Jl sm pass y ; -= un ' Senet ', a fem. personal name; cf. also Pyr. Q~Q Q 8 iznii ' are opened '. In sni ' pass by ' and snt ' likeness ' = is subsequently replaced by t::= X 5, while Pyr. =in zn 'open' later takes the form = N 37, see on that sign. Also from ~~ CIC flp 'cake', phon. det. flp in ~~= /*1 'reward'. As det. sometimes takes the place of Qi7 W 3 (Dyns. XI. XII), ex. m:7; fzbw 'festivals'. 9

1 llfeir ii. 8. Si m. Jbt 'food', ib. 1 BH. i. 33· 8 BuDGK, p. 159, 7. ' D. el B. (XI) i. l4· 5 This word chances not to have been found before M.K., in which period its spellings are influenced by In • smell'. Neverthcle,s, the original value was probably snw and this must be regarded as the origin of the phon~tic value sn; see Rec. 35, 61. 8 BH. i. 8, 8. 7 T4. T. S. ii. 7· 8 P)'r. 1408. ' Brit. M us. 58o· Sim. ib. 337 (Wig 'Wag-festival'); CL.-V AND .• 33. 10 (Jbd 'month-fatival ').

Use as last.

Det. bread, food (in hieratic only), exx. l)1t:;=; 1 t 'bread';

~~~~~ r~w 'provisions'. From Dyn. XII usually takes the place of = as phon. det. stt 3 in hieroglyphic =~ 4

sni 'surpass'; ~ ~=<=> 5 m-snt-r 'in the likeness of'(§ I 8o). 1 Pr. I1 + 2 Pr. I7, 7· • See the intermediate forms in the name Snt, Brit.

Mus. 46I; Th. T. S. ii. 38. ' Urll. iv. Iol, + Sim. 'pass by', Sh. S. 9· G Urll. iv. I68, 10.

Det. in ~~ 2 p1t 'loaf'. Hence phon. det. in ~~ 3 p1t ' antiquity', ' primeval times' and the related words. Apt to be confused with e N 9.'

1 DAv. Ptah. i. 18, no. 403 and p. 34 ; Ann. 9, I 11 ; also depicted D. el B. 135· 1 Th. T. S. i. 18. 1 Urll. iv. 165, 14. ' Ex. jJJI)', Urk. iv. 1168, 6.

In O.K. offering-lists described as m r }::::..LJf gsw 'half-loaves' or .!!..}'2? Pdw '(pieces) spread out '.18 In Pyr. ~'l or ~is ideo. or det. food, exx. }= .J~'l 2 wsb 'eat'; +~ 3 var. ~'la wn.m 'eat'. After O.K. Ll becomes indistinguishable from LJ N 29 and is practically confined to the word +~~· var. ~~ 5 wnm 6 'eat'. Exceptionally, however, as det. in ~ffi 7 snw 'food-offerings'.

1 P)'r. 807 (M 113). Often, but not always, taller and narrower than Ll; N 29. la GuNN, Ttti, ~o7,n.I. 1 P)'r.so·s. Sim.6C"fl'haveabundance',i6. 3 .Pyr. 8o7. 4 Dend. u. Sim. Munich 31 7· 1 Brit. Mus. 574, 17; Paheri 3· ° For the reading see on M 42 and Z u. ' Urll. iv. 48I1 u.

532

LOAVES AND CAKES Sign-list

X8 & conical loaf? (in M. E. more often replaced by L.lJ D 37)

Ideo. give, in "'f rdl, & dl 'give' (§ 289, I) and also in Pyr. & rare varr. &~ L.JJ, 1 Q & 2 for the more usual imperative QL.JJ var. M. E. Q~~ lml 'give' (§ 336). The use in both stems seems conclusive for the ideographic character of the sign.3 Possibly the earliest reading of the later stem 1'dt was nil, cf. the personal name -:::::..& var. -:::::.. n. and the Pyr. var. '"f ,. ... 5 for ~}..- niw ' efflux'; but verbforms with repetition of the sign (ex. &&"=') doubtless indicate the reading dd ; so in Pyr. already 5a and see above§ 289, 1. From the same stem, phon. d (very rare), ex. &LJ~ 1 ',

11 d*(r) 'fruit'. The word &'t'f.. 7 'provisions' probably reads dl ; in hieratic the inner markings are not shown, so that the sign there resembles A, see before Z 9, and the word has, therefore, often been read spd. 8

1 Pyr. 381. !I Pyr. 392. 3 Verbum i. § 454· ' A·z. 39• 135· 5 Pyr. 788. 5• Pyr. 6oS. 716. 824. 6 Cairo 203501 a. 7 Sebekn. 7, 13; Urk. iv. 64, r; ijareml}ab, right side 9; see GARDINER, .E"gyjtian Hieratic Texts, i. 16*, n. 7· 8 So still Wb. iv. 112.

Sect. Y. Writings, Games, Music

Y I ~ papyrus rolled up, tied, and sealed (from Dyn. X I I on also vertically ~)

2 ~ 1 O.K. form of last (also vertically ~from Pyr. on in specific cases) 1

Ideo. in ~(' 1 var. Pyr. ~A.:, 2 mtiJt 'papyrus-roll', 'book'. Hence phon. m(/Jt 3 in ~ 4 varr. ~1::::.9,5 ~D 6 mti1t

'(sculptor's) chisel'. Det.7 writing and things written, exx. lfikf ~ss 'write'; ~~~ m(w)dt 'word'; lU~~ fzkJ 'magic'; also abstract notions, exx. ~~~~ mJrt ' truth ' ; > ~}~ mJW(y) ' be new' ; :I r!J 'know' ; :::::::~~ r, 'great'. In mathematical books and accounts ~ is often abbrev. for ~= dmd 'total '. 8

1 Eb. 30, 7· t Pyr. 491. s PSBA. 21, 269. ' Two Sculptors 8. 5 Leyd. Denkm. iv. 14. e Common in Dyn. XIX. XX. 7 Old uses,

A'Z. 57, 75· 8 Compare P. Kah. 8, 13. 14. with ib. 8, 62. Sim. P. Louvre p:z6, ro, 8. This nse arises from the habit of separating~ from the phonetic signs for dmt;!in M.K. papyri, see Exerc. XX, (a), end.

Use as last. 1 DAV. Ptah. i. 15, no. 341. Sim. in Dyn. XI, exx. Brit. Mus. 6r4; Louvre C 14.

In Dyn. XII, one thread is apt to be shown, not none as here, nor yet on eacp side as in ..a.= Y r, exx. Brit. M us. 581; Louvre Cr. 1 Pyr. iv. § 131 ; Dyn. XI, PoL.§ 29.

533

Sign-list

y 3 dikll scribe's outfit, consisting of palette, bag for the powdered pigments, and reedholder

4 ~ 1 rarer alternative form of last

5 ~ draught-board (znt) 1

6 [) 1 draughtsman

7 ~ 1 harp

8 V 1 sistrum

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

Ideo. or det. in ==~~ 1• mnhd 'scribe's outfit'; also in ~~ var. =~· ssw 'writings' and the related words, cf. O.K. =~ 3 zs 'write'. Perhaps because pigments were ground fine and smooth, det. in ~~~' 1zrr 'smooth'; in the Ebers medical papyrus ~~ 6 is abbrev. for =:::::::~ 6

snrr 'made smooth', ' ground fine '. Also det. of the Pyr. word== ~~~ 7 tms 'red' with its later derivative ~ffi}~~ 8

tmsw 'injury',' harm'. 1 This form is commonest at all periods, exx. O.K., Saqq. Mast. i. 4· 8. zo; M.K.,

Bersk. i. I5. IS. 20; Dyn. XVIII, Tk. T. S. i. I; Rekk. 5; Puy. 20, 7· So too in hieratic, MOLL. Pal. i. no. 537· For the leather bag see SCHARFF 54; QuiB. Saqq. I911-ll, PI. 29; later apparently interpreted as a water-bowl. ta Wb. ii. 83, 3· 2 Rekk. 2, 16, cf. p. 25. 3 Sak. I; Pyr. 906. • Herdsm. 5; Eb. 108, 20. Sim. nr, Urk. iv. 717, 12. 6 Exx. Eb. 4, 1~. 19; 6, I. 6 P. Kak. 5, so; Hears/ I, 1 i. In O.K. scenes lnrr means' polish '• MoNT ET 290. 306; snrr lb 'make calm', lit.' smooth the heart', PI. 276; llUDGE, p. 262, I4. 7 Wb. v. 369. 8 BUDGE, p. 1 Io, 2; 262, 5; cf. A·z. 6o, 74·

Use as last. 1 Exx. O.K., Ti 23. 46; M.K., BH. i. 29. 30. 35; Dyn. XVIII, Cairo 340I 7 =

LACAU, PI. n. GUNN, Teli, I47, n. 1 points out that this alternative form occurs especially often in texts written from left to right, the scribe having omitted to make the customary reversal. So too with certain other signs.

For unknown reason, phon. mn,2 exx. ==~ m1t 'remain'; q::;~ 'lmn '(the god} Amun '; :=t 7 1 mn{z 'wax'.

1 For this word, see L. D. ii. 6r, a; when it has the draught-board as det., this is much more elaborately made than the sign for mn, ex. Urk. v. 4, 12. 2 Reading from a large number of Coptic equivalents, exx. moun 'remain'; Amoun 'Amiin ',

Ideo. or det. in Qj~O 2 var .. [l 2 ib(1) 'draughtsman'. Hence phon. ibJ in Qj~O 3 varr. QjOOt:V 000 4 ib1(w), 'dances'.

1 CAP ART, Rue 69. 1 Rec. 16, 129, Dyn. XX. 8 BH. ii. 7· 4 BH. ii, 17.

Det. in J";:"P 2 bnt (bint} 3 'harp'. 1 Thebes, tomb 50. 1 Urk. iv. 174, 13. s ~addic boine.

Ideo. or det. in~""~ var. ~ ssSt 'sistrum '. Between Dyn. XIII-XVIII occasionally phon. s!Jm (because of f1 s!Jm, a kind of sistrum 2), ex. ~ ~ 111:::~ 3 s!Jm-ir(y)f 'potentate'.

1 Thebes, tomb 93· 2 GARD. Sin. p. 102. a Kopt. S, 8. Cf. Cairo 20539, i. b 11.

Sect. Z. Strokes, Signs derived from Hieratic, Geometrical Figures Z I stroke (perhaps pro

perly a wooden dowel) 1

Id d . ~ ' . 1111 ' ' eo. or et. one, umty, exx. _. 1 var. I wr one, 111 7 seven, lit. 'seven units'(§ 259). Following an ideogram I denotes that this means the actual thing that it depicts (§ 25), exx. 7 r ' mouth' ; ¥ 4w 'mountain'; so too in duals and

Plurals exx --'~~" 2 rw11 'the two arms'· * 1 s sbJw 'stars' · ' " I ....ll' -' ' I I I '

~~·I 1 4 fpswt 'countries' ; in fern. nouns the fern. ending

534

STROKES, SIGNS DERIVED FROM HIERATIC, ETC. Sign-list

Z I (continued)

2 1 1 1 stroke 1 Z r thrice repeated (also written

111, I Z 3; for the ver

tical writing : see below end of text and in Z 3)

t often intervenes, ex. 2~ !;st 'water-jar'. Such writings were often preceded in O.K. by phonetic signs; 11 M.E. survivals of this practice are i: s 'man'; ~}'7 6 hrw 'day'. Ideo. with 1 is occasionally followed by a det., ex. ~.e) Rr ' Rec '. Misunderstanding of the function of 1 often leads to its displacement, exx. :i" 7 fori': s 'man'; :=: 8

for ~ s 'pool'. It is strange that ;: 9 is a later writing of 11 'earth', while ::-; 10 (also found in Dyn. XVIII) 11

is the usual writing in Dyn. XII; =gQ7 12 dmi 'town' is likewise difficult to explain, as also are many later exx. of the stroke. Already in Pyr. cases occur of ideo. with 1

being together transferred to a phonetic use ; 13 so often in M.E., exx. r l;r 'upon'(§ r6s); ~ var. ~ltr SI 'son'; so particularly in group-writii1g (§ 6o), exx. 7 r; 'k,' t. Along similar lines ""®' occurs as det. towns in place of ®,

ex. +..:~=""®'a Nn-1tsw 'Heracleopolis '. Occasionally in Dyn. XII 1 serves merely to fill an empty space, exx. - 15 n 'for'· ft ~ ~7 16 drn·i 'I ferried across' In

I ' i...!)\ I R! - •

Pyr.l was sometimes used (like' and o) to replace human figures, these being regarded as magically dangerous 17 ;

so in M.K. coffins, exx. Q' 18 for Q"j i '0'; ~ r'J.::' 19 for ~ WT.::.A Ssnb·n-f, a man's name; extensions of this use appear to be the rare employment of 1 as suffix rst pers. sing. ·i ' I ' ; 20 perhaps also the fairly common writing --- 21 r - - - ' '

1 10r :t , :t" or 1 :t s man . 1 Hier. p. 37· 2 Cairo 20538, ii. c 7· 8 Sin. B 271. • Sin. B 45·

G AZ. 45, 46. • Urk. iv. 8r, 4· 7 BH. i. 8, 8. 8 Urk. iv. u65, 10, 9 Urk. iv. 102, 15; 615, II. 10 Sin. B43. 11 Urk. iv. g6, 3; cf. ib. I49, 14.

12 Sin. B 306. 13 JiZ. 45, 50. 14 Peas. Bt. I7. Sim. BH. i. 25, 79· JG Louvre C I, 11. ta Brit, M us. 562, 7· 17 Az. 51, 22. ta LAc. TR. I, 6; 7, t; 8, I. 19 Az. 51, 51· 20 Cairo 2,0057. q,qu. § 505, I; ib. 20538, ii.C4· Already in O.K., Urk. i. I 26, :r. 21 Cairo :10538, i. c 4; Urk. iv. I 148, 12.

Det. plurality (§ 73, 3), common from Dyn. IX onwards, following an ideo. or det. to show that it should be understood three times, exx. f! 1 rnpwt 'years' for O.K. fff; 'S'~ }~.~. 2 11{/sw 'poor men' for O.K. 'S'~~:iltrit· Examples occur already in Pyr., but very rarely, ex. .::::;:~ 3 mrw ' canals ' ; these suggest as origin of the use a contraction of plurals like C(JC(JC( 4 into ,C(l,, but since •••,: are found as plur. det. from Dyn. VI onward (exx. f\~ 5 WJWI 'roads', .,~ltr: 6 ndsw 'poor men') the use of

535


Z 2 1 1 1 (continued)

3 stroke 1 Z r, thrice re-peated vertically

Foro o o see on N 33· 4 \\ two diagonal strokes

(less often written ••)

• • • as plur. det. cannot be dissociated entirely from the employment of I, ' or o in Pyr. as substitutes for signs representing human figures which were regarded as magically dangerous; 7 see on 1 Z I ; '\. Z 5; o N 33· In M. E. • • • is found also with purely phonetic signs, exx. ~··•s wrw 'great ones'; ~}i, 9 nfrw 'beautiful', m. plur.; ~;f; 10 nfrt 'beautiful', f. plur. Sometimes it marks plural meaning in words that are not themselves plural, exx. r~. 11 sn ' their' ; ~ Q Qo it! 1!1 l!nyt 'sailors'' a fern. collective (§ 77, 3); ~~· • •13 rs1 'many'; such plural meaning was probably felt by the Egyptians in words denoting foodstuffs, materials, etc., though singular in form, exx. G~ 14 t 'bread'· fl~ ~ 16 lwl'' flesh'· j~ o 16 hd 'silver'· so too ' 'i.Jt', I I :I , I I I • - '

in fern. participles with neuter. meaning, ex. ~~ dddt 'what was said', '(things) said' (§ 354). Lastly, • • • is found with abstracts ending in w (§ 77, I), whether these are really plurals or not, exx. ~~ 1f1 17 smsw 'following'; "S~}~ 18 ndsw 'poverty'; so too with fern. infinitives, if such they be(§ 298, end), ex. ffi~~~~· mswt 'birth'.19 For the same sign vertically written : in hieratic, see under Z 3; for ~. : and = in numbering the days in dates, see § 259; :occurs also as phon. det. in ~=t !Jmt 'think'.

1 Siut 4· ~'· 2 Siut 3. I2. 3 Pyr. so8; sim. ib. 396. See A'z. SI, IS, n. I. ' Pyr. ~92. 5 Urk. i. 1 '7• 9· 6 Urk. i. I5I, 11. 7 Az. 51, 18. s Leyd. V 4, 12. Sim. rfd1(1v), llleir iii. 4; n!Jtw, Urk. iv. 654, 14. 9 Cairo 2oo86, b 12. Sim. Leb. 61. 1° Cairo ~oo86, b 14. 11 Dots already in Pyr. 287, cf. Rec. 35,67. 11 Urk.iv.I,I6. 13 Sin.B147,aspredicate. 14 Cairo200~.j,b8. 15 Leyd. V 4, 3. te Urk. iv. 423, 10. IT BUDGE, p. So, 14. I& Pt. 428. It Verbum ii, § 6o3. •

Use as last, common in hieroglyphic from Dyn. XII/ rarer in hieratic, where the original form was :.2

1 Exx. Leyd. V 4· V 88; Brit. M us. 572. 2 MOLL. Pal. i. nos. 562. 563.

In Pyr. only as det. duality, exx. 7 1 tn(i)' you two' (cf. for the ending ~ -Q 2 sni 'they two '); -: 3 varr. ~ }, 4

-:} 5

rw(i), also -:q Q6 rw(y), 'the two arms'; and in O.K., ex. ~} 7 p!zw(l) 'end' (§ 77, 1). In some cases "replaced human figures, these being deemed to be magically dangerous, exx. ~~ 8 11Jt(l) ' the two glorious ones' for ~oJjJj; ~~~~ 9 s1t(i) 'son and daughter'; :}Q•• to

t(w)twi 'the two images'. The last use survives in M. E. ~\\ 11 Sdty 'Crocodilopolite', where, however, the hieratic \\ replaces, not dangerous signs, but signs difficult to

536


Z 4 \\ {continued)

5 '\. 1 diagonal stroke as made in hieratic (sometimes also ')

6 ~ 1 hieratic substitute for 2f, A I 3 or ~ A 14· 2

7 hieroglyphicadaptation of the hieratic abbreviatedformof}G43

draw; 12 see below '\. Z 5· Elsewhere in M. E. " is always phon. y, through its constant association earlier with words of dual form, i.e. ending in i (y) ; exx. are ~ {y, var. Pyr. -Q 18 :fl, 'his two'{§ 75, 2); J~~lmnty 'western'; .t1 ~ ~~ simtyfy ' who will hear' {§ 364). Except in compounds like the last "y is always final consonant; it has its distinct uses, and Q Q is seldom interchangeable with it.14

1 Pyr. HOO. Sim. but with dots, m(l), Pyr. 631. I Pyr. I.oj-24; see Ree. 35· 68. 1 Pyr. 1588. ' Pyr. 1533· & Pyr. 1!)65. 1 Pyr. 1235· ' Urk. i. u6, 14. 1 Pyr. 1425. t Pyr. 1248. Sim.lnt(l), Pyr. 6z8. 10 Pyr. 1329. 11 ERM.

Hymn. I, 4, qu. Exerc. XXXI, (a). 11 Ree. 38, 183; most similar exx. belong to Dyn. XIX or later. IS Pyr. 2048; see Ree. 35, 69. u Verbum i. §us.

Identical in origin with the stroke ' used in Pyr. as substitute for human figures, these being considered magically dangerOUS, ex. ~~t}'B SmSW 'elder' for ~~:t}Jj}. In M.E. hieratic used only to replace dets. that were difficult to draw,8 exx. ~~0' Jt 'moment' for ~~0; -o '\. 6 sntt 'base' for -""t'OlJI. In hieratic texts of Dyn. ~.o~ ,__.oXK"ll XVIII sometimes in personal names without preceding phon. signs for ~ B 3, ex. ,..... '\.it 8 'Jrft-ms(w) '<Al;tmose' for -ffi~e,jft.7 Only very rarely to replace complicated or unusual signs in Dyn. XVI I I hieroglyphic, ex. ~'\.. 8

ldt (?) 'cow', possibly for ~T· Hieratic \\ as substitute for two dets. (see on \\ Z 4) is merely a doubling of'\...

I See below n. 8. 2 Pyr. 6oS. See AZ. 51, 20. 1 MOLl .. Pal. i. no. 559· 4 Pr. 1, 4; Leo, 32. 116. & Rkind 6o, I. 1 NORTHAMPT. 18, 7· 7 NORTHAMPT. a, 33· 8 Urk. iv. 1020, 10. Sim. in ;pt 'glory', ib. 385, 4· As det. in smdt 'stnff' (of temple), Pakeri 9, 39d>erhaps by confusion for-D 13.

Det. death, enemy, exx. ~ ~ 3 m(w)t 'die'; o•o......., 4 !Jpt 'decease '; .!.~......., 6 !Jft(y) ' enemy '. In hieroglyphic barely distinguishable from \ F 20.

1 MoLL. Pal. i. no. 49, B. For the hieroglyphic form here adopted, see the ex. qn. below n. 4· 1 It is doubtful whether this is abbrev. of A 13 or A I+

Mntilation for superstitious reasona has clearly played a part, see .~lz. 51, 51. 8 LAc. TR.p. g,L 4· ' Cairo 20003, 2-Musle lgyptien i. t8. a Eb. xog, 17.

The hieratic abbreviation of } G 43, best transcribed by ~, occurs with increasing frequency from Dyn. IX onwards.1

In hieroglyphic ~ w does not become really common until the reign of Akhenaten. 2 Not to be confused with~ V 1.

1 MoLL. Pal. i. no. 200, B. Early exx. at Hat-Nub and in the Bershah coffins. 1 Early exx., llrk. iv. 2, 12; q8, 8, beginning of Dyu. XVIII.

For ~ as hieroglyphic adaptation of the more cursive hieratic form of ~ G 39, see on H 8.

For _J as hierogiyphic equivalent of the hieratic forms of) T I 3 and 1 U 39, see U 40.

537

Sign-list

Z 8 ~ oval

( N 33) o circle

(M 44) ~ triangle ?

two sticks crossed

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

Det. round, in ~ ':§: 1 snw ' circuit' and the related words. A different sign from = N 18.

1 D.eiB. 156.

Det. round, from O.K.1 onwards common in words from the stem /fd(l) 'go round', exx. Q1~}Ui}i! 2 ilfdw 'builders'; 1:t 3 lfd 'character'. From Dyn. XI increasingly often replaced by o W 24.

1 Exx. lfd' form', Urk. i. tot, 10. ll; {ld' mould', Pyr. 1597· 2 Cairo 2o609, a 6. 1 Brit. M us. 6.14, 8.

Ideo. or det. in ~.!.A var. M spd (Spd) 'sharp', unless 1t 1s there a thorn, as in ~:-A srt 'thorn', see on M 44· In Gl A 1 t-~<l'white bread' it signifies a loaf of triangular shape.

1 Urk. iv. 770, 9·

Det. break, exx. l0 1 ~<li 'damage' ; ~ ~ ~ ~ x 2 gmgm 'break'; divide, exx. X wpi 'divide'; ~ ~ pss 'divide'; ejx obi' lessen',' subtract'; actions involving something crossed or encountered, exx. !~~3 4'1i 'cross'; }=jx~• wsb 'answer' ; i J ~ ~ 6 1bQ 'be united'; also in many words where the reason is not apparent,8 exx. :;;:~ 7 nkt 'matter', 'trifle'; ~~~ tJs 'boundary'; }~~ 8 wdi 'emit (sound)'. In lU~ ~sb, var. O.K. HJx ~sb, 'reckon', lit. 'break up (numbers)' 9 x (Z 10), the prototype of x, has become o Aa 2; but in x ~sb 'l' (§ 265) the sign has survived as an ideo. Owing to its use as det. in certain stems, x has acquired special phon. or semi-phon. values as follows: (1) swJ, in ~f\~~10 varr. b,11 ~ 12 sw1i {SzVJl) ' pass by ', from f\~ x 13 var. .!. 14 sw1 (zw1) ' cut off' ; (2) sd, in ~U, 15 var. Pyr. r~U- 16 sit 'flame', from ~0 17

sdi 'break' · (3) Lbs in x 18 var e • n ~ x 19 Lbsw 'plough-- ' " ' ... Ill • :.J I' ...l%'1 I I "

lands' ' (4) Sbn in X 20 Var = ·- 21 sbn 'mixed' 'VariOUS' • ' ' ,_.,.. • ~X ' '

(5) up, in ~~022 var. Dyn. XX 't .,:~ 1 7 123 wp st 'specify it', a phrase secving to introduce details of accounts; (6) wr (reason unknown), exx. ~__:q:~ 2' sw(r)i 'drink'; ~ X o 25 ~ ~ 0 26 1,,/, d' w<=> <>I 1 1 var. w<=>~1 1 1 urr-wr, a me 1cament.

1 Siut 1, ~24. 11 LAc. TJ?. 10, 9· 1 Sin. B 13. ' Leo. + 1 Sin. R 8. 8 See .iiz. 49, 119. 'l?ekk. 2, u. 8 Sin.'B140. 9 .iiZ. 49, u6; SETHE, Zaklworle 77· 10 Peas. B 1, 8. 11 Sin. B 14. 11 Sin. R 39-18 LAc. TJ?. 7, 4· Sim. in O.K., Ti no. u l?ekk. 2, 13. 11 Sk.S. 56; for the reading see DAV. Ptalt. i, p. 29 and Akhm. clliicen: 'holocaust', .iiz. 48, 36. 11 Pyr. 124. Sim. Dend. 37F. 11 LAc. TJ?. to, 7· 18 Tk. T.S. i. 30. tt Tk. T. S. i. 7• 10 P. Kak. 15, 68; Urk. iv. 76g, 9· So usually written in phrases like t Jbn 'various loave5 '. 21 Hat-Nub 11, 14. n P. Gurob A (unpublished), vs. 2, 18, end of Dyn. XVIII; so often later. 23 P. Kak. 40, 3; cf. wpt 'specification', GRIFFJTH, Kaltun Papyri, p. 20. u Eb. n, 13-14· 115 Eo. g6, 3- Sim. s1-wr, io. 9, 13. u Eo. 96, xo.


Z 10 X 1 O.K. form oflast

I I f two planks crossed and joined 0

Aa 1 ® 1 human placenta ? 2

2 ~ pustule or gland ? 1

Use as last. 1 Exx. Medum 15 ((J1o); Ti no (zw1). See .4"z. 49, u6.

Ideo.{?) in Q+~' varr. +~. + imy 'who is in' {§ 79) and derivatives. Hence{?) phon. imi, ex. +~-A. va'r. q~-A.. imi 'not be' {§ 342). Since in hieratic+ is often identical with + M 42, Dyn. XVIII hieroglyphic writes +~~ 1

var. O.K. +~ 2 for old+~ var. ~~~ wnm 'eat'; so too i!a}o}t,~ 8 for ,±M}""~~· wtuiwt 'subjects'.

0 Hier. p. 37· 1 Urk. iv. 497, I7; BUDGE, p. 100, I4· not a careless form of +• s BUDGE, p. IS, 15; 19, 2. 30, 2S, where U is wrongly written for M.

s A·z. 4a, 1o, if • MAR. Aoyd. ii.

Sect. Aa. Unclassified Cf. oft/ 3 !J '·placenta(?)'. Hence(?) phon. !J.

1 Ex. Five Tn. T. 3· 1 Sak. Text, 77; JEA. iii. 235· a JEA. iii. 243·

Det. bodily growths or conditions, especially of a morbid kind, exx. ~J;;o 2 wbnw 'wound'; l~QQ~~s /JI)'t 'disease'· ~ o o 4 wLd 'suffer'· ....,.'\-?~ o 6 h-~>1 'navel' • ~=- a • o J))ll~ -r (whence ph on. 1Jp(1) in 7}1?

1 6 var. 1? 1

7 !Jpw 'sculp-tured reliefs') ; fat, distended, exx. ~~ o 8 dd1 ' fat' ; ::o~ ifw 'swell'. Replaces a number of O.K. signs that have become obsolete:-( 1) o = Pyr. 0 V 38, as ideo. or det. in ~T~ 10 wt 'bandage'; }~11 wt 'embalmer'; ~~·~ 12

sdw!J 'treat',' embalm'. {2) o = O.K. >< Z 10, as det. in i "J o 13 abbrevv o 14 o 15 hsb ' reckon' · everywhere else xr ~ ·~· . • >< has survived as x Z 9· (3) o = Pyr. ~ F 52 or O.K. (] N 32, as det. excrement, in H1? 116 {ts 'excrement'; smell, in ~~o 17 sty 'odour'; clay, in ~ Q0 :n: 18 sin 'clay'. (4) O= O.K. o W 6, as ideo. or det. in }f~D 19 var. ~D 20

wlpt 'cauldron'; hence phon. w(u in ~lit var. O.K. }l~~ 22 W[ut 'Oasis'. (5) O= o W 7, as det. in>~ 23

m1t 'granite'; ioJ~ 24 Jbw 'Elephantine'. (6) o =V 32, det. in m}-1?1

26 gw, prob. for m~~;i: 26 gJWt 'bundles'; hence phon. det. g1 in m ~~27 gJW 'be narrow'. (7) o=- M 41, det. in ~0 28 r§ 'cedar'.

1 Conjectured from the very frequent use in the medical papyri and from it:) Aa 3· 1 Eo. 7o, 2. • Eo. 36, x4• ' Adm. p. 104. • .Eo. xoo, 19. Cf. JEA. iii. 203. • Urk. iv. 422, II. 7 Urk. iv. 425, 2. 1 Peas. B I, 62. s Eo. xoS, 3• 10 Eo. 39, xS. 11 BH. i. IS. 11 Eo. 6, 17. For the reading sdw!J, not stw!J, see Urk. iv. 913, 17. 18 D. e/ B. 79· 14 Tk. T. S. i. 27. 15 Cairo 20296, i. 1• BuDGE, p. 123, 7· 17 Eo. 71, 17. 18 LAc. ~R. 72, 42. 1t NAV. eh. I7, 6S. 10 Eo. 65, IS. 11 Puy. 3I; reading, see AZ. 56, 44· H Urk. i. 125, 14. 11 Urk. iv. 623, 5· 24 D. el B. I 54· 111 Urk. iv. 13S, 6. " D.eiB. 77· IT Eo. I02, xo. 28 Urk. iv. 23, 12; 423, 2.

539

Sign-list

Aa3 ~

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

pustule or' gland (?} o Aa 2 with liquid issuing from it

Rarer alternative of o in its medical or anatomical use, as det. when soft matter or a liquid is meant, exx. lt,.~ 1

wdt 'urine'; ~~-~- 2 JS 'soft inner parts(?)'. Also det. in ~~ 3 st 'odour'.

1 D.tlB. no. Sim . .tny'bulging',P. Kak. 7, 6o. Eb. 97, 8; see now ] EA 33, 48. 5 Bersk. ii. 17.

2 Urk. iv. 84, 8; cf. Is,

For "U Aa 4 (Pyr.) see after t7 W 10*

5 A 1 part of the steering gear of ships?

6 M 1 doubtful (different from ~ s 23)

7 ==::!? 1 doubtful XVIII

(in Dyn. often re-

versed 'b, 2)

8 ~-+-~ irrigation runnels as in !1!111 N 24?

Ideo. or det. in Pyr. 1:; 2 var. l ~ ~ 3 {tpt in the phrase 5?!'; i[i [tpt 'take the !zpt ', i.e. 'proceed by boat', r to a place; cf. M.K. "nv~! t.isr [tpw.t 'direct the [tpwt' (plur.), i.e. 'sail ' 4 • From M.K. there is a word ~! 5 [tpt 'oar', but the writing ~ in Pyr. makes it i'mpossible to interpret that word as meaning 'oar' from the start.6 Hence phon. {tp, exx. l ~ ~ ~If} 7 .lfpy ' I:I epy ', one of the four sons of Horus; lA 8 [tp 'A pis-bull'. The full stem may have been {tip, cf. Pyr. l ~ oQ"'-..ll 9 {tip 'hasten'.

1 Apparently made of rnshes bound together. See for various forms, KEES,

Opfertanz des iig. Koni'gs (Leipzig, 19u), PI. 5; PETRIE, Royal Tombs ii. 241 no. 210; L. D. ii. 6; Sak. 31; Meir ii. 17, no. 66. • E)r. 873. 8 Pyr. 1346. • AZ. 62, 4, n. 3· · 8 Brit. Mns. 66;;5, qu. KEES, op. cit. u1. • See KEEs,

op. cit. 74 foil. 7 PETRIE, Gizen and Rifen 13 G. 8 Meir i. II, 9 E)r, 1081.

Det. in JM 2 tm1 (from {ml ?) 'mat'. Hence(?) phon. det. tmJ in =>M 3 var. =>ft~ 4 tmJ 'cadaster(?)' or kind of land(?).

1 Brit. M us. 828. 2 BH. ii. 13. 8 Brit. Mus. 8281 qu. § 450. • Rekk. 3, 18, qu. Exerc. XXX (iii).

Det. or phon. det. s*r (#r) in ~~ 'b, 8 varr. ~<.' c=~~, 5 ~~~ 6

s*r (#r) 1 'smite '. 1 Exx. O.K., Ti 6o; San. 1. The sign has been supposed to represent a mat of

papyrus, Rec. 26, 48. From Dyn. XIX onwards interpreted as a claw or hoof, so already perhaps D. el B. 100; in Gebr. i. 14 (Dyn. VI) it looks like an arm. The sign is not found in hieratic. s Exx. Urk. iv. g, 14; 659, 15. 8 Urk. iv. 895, 5· • D. el B. 100; Urk. iv. 780, II. 1 Urk. iv. 36, 7 in s~-ft~!Jw 'prisoners of war'. 8 Sin. R 14. If.. 7 In O.K. regularly written without r, exx. Ti 6o; CAPART,

Rue 33; Pyr. II38. 1431.

Ideo. or det. in !:,_...... 1 var. :;: 2 t.i1tt 'estate' in the title ~ C(-!:: ' steward of the estate ' ; the meaning of t.i1tt and the interpretation of ,_...... here depend on the not improbable identification of this title with ~<:>C(-~ 3

(var. ~) 4 in another tomb of Dyn. XII; the word :; 6

var. !: 6 'estate' would in this case read t.i1tt. Hence phon.det. in Dyn. XVIII H~.~,1 var. O.K. A~:it:it:it 8

t.iJt.ilt 'magistrates', 'assessors'. For an unknown reason, I

540

Aa 8 t-+-1 (continued)

9 = 1 doubtful

10 -.. 1 doubtful

1 I -== doubtfu1 1 (sometimes vertically ij or ~)

1 2 = 1 O.K. form of last

For~·~ see U 4· S·

UNCLASSIFIED Sign-list

Ph on. kn 9 exx ......... JJ 10 kn ' complete' 'be complete' · ........ ft 11 • ) #llllllfiiiW\ 11 • ' , ,_,.

~n 'mat'. In hieratic ........ stands not only for itself but also for certain other signs, whence confusions have resulted both in modern transcriptions and in actual hieroglyphic texts. Thus ........ is found ( 1) for 111111 1'2 N 24 in hierogl. :-; 18 sp1t 'district'; (2) for """" V 26 in hieratic 'S'7 14 var. --;u rtj 'desert edge' which hierogl. varr. show should be equated with ~7 16 and :"17 respectively. Possibly through some confusion with - 0 34 :;& ts is found in Dyn. XVIII hieroglyphic for-:-~ smt'desert', 'necropolis', as a mediating var. tJ~.::~ 19 proves; for this reason the name of king ~ 20 var. c::~) 21 var. Dyn. I ~ 22 is possibly to be read Zmty rather than .(;flsty,23 the writing ( 111111111111) on the Table of Abydus and the Ovua~cw; of Manetho being probably due to mistaken interpretation of the hieratic.

1 BH. i. 30. 35- 1 BH. i. 29. a Bersll. i. 18. See GRIFFITH, Kallun Papyri, p. 31. 4 Bersll. i. 27. 1 Peas. B r, 24; P. Kall. 11, H; IS, 63. e Peas. R66. T Rekll. 3, 18. 8 Ti Ill. ' Reading from Bob. kin' finish', 'cease'= Eg. ~n 'complete', see next note; also from varr. of a very late word /pi' throne', compare CHASSINAT, Mammisi 76 with ROCHEMONTEIX, Eti.fuu i. 375• 1° Pt. 26g. Common in L.E., see BRUGSCH, Wiirlerbucll, Suppl. 1251. 11 Adm. Io, 5· Sim. Rekll. 21 1. 11 Not in M6LL. Pal. i. ii; perhaps only found Peas.

R 66, see above n. 6. 18 Urk. iv, 4841 2. The reading of ........ Sebekkllu I is more 0

doubtful. 14 Sin. B 9· 11 Sin. R 34· te Cf. Louvre C I 1 vert. 7• 17 Cf. Hamm. 48, 9· 18 Especially in the title of Hathor, l;,rt-tp smt 'chief over the desert', ex. Cairo 588 compared with ib. 593; see too Urk. iv. Ioo3, 5· tt Rec. 28, I6g. 20 Eb. 103, 2. tt BUDGE p. 145; cf. the dual smty 'the two de5erts ', Urk. iv. 383, IS• 11 Unt. iii. 24; GAlTTHIER, Livre ties Rtlis, i. 6. u Sethe and Gunn, however, preferred lfJJty, see Ann. 28, 155'·

Det. in o}:: 1 owd 'rich'. 1 Exx. D. el B I 10; Riftll 7, u. Cemy conjectures that this may be an abbreviated

form of the O.K. sign for bwdl, 'portable chair', Wb. iii. 250, 3·

Det. in ~:: 1 drf' writing'. 1 Exx. BH. i. 7· Rather different forms, Siut I, 263; Urk. iv. 776, 10.

For an unknown reason, phon. m1r in ~::n~ var. ]: m1rt

'truth' and the related words. Note specially often the writing= m1r-orw 'true of voice'(§ 55). As a pedestal det. in::::: 1 tntt 'raised platform', a unique writing(?).

1 Neither the form nor the value snits the identification with the flnte (m1t) sometimes upheld. According to Kristensen (Het/men uit den t/qqd 7 I) and othen (Griff. SI~. -.s; K!mi i. 127) a platform or pedestal. 1 Urk. iv. 200, 9·

Use as last. 1 Leyd. Dmkm. i. 5· Aho in Dyn. XII, Leyd. V6-Dedm. ii, 3· Often tapers

from right to left, ex. DAV. Ptall. i. 17, no. 393·

541


Aa 13 .c:= 1 hardly the two ribs of Ideo. or det. in O.K. Q~= im, plur. ~ imw, a part of the an oryx as has been body.2 Hence(?) phon. im, exx. Q~~ imi 'give', imper. suggested 2 (§ 336}; Q-=~}~ imw 'boat'; also, from Dyn. XVIII

on, ph on. m. 3 Ideo. also in -= var. c. gs, varr. Pyr. m~ =,4

~ 5 gs, 'side', 'half'. Hence phon. gs, exx. ::o~ 6 var. ~ ~ 7 gs 'anoint'; ~~Q--- 8 var. ~JQ 9 gsti 'palette'.

I4 -=:: 1 O.K. form of last

15 = 1 alternative form of .c:::

Aa 13 (Dyn. XVIII)

I 6 c. short form of -= Aa I 3

1 7 d. 1 back of something 2

(O.K. and M.K. form)

r8 q:j 1 Dyn.XII-XVIllform of last

I 9 n 1 doubtful (different from fT V 19)

20 B 1 doubtful 2

21 ! 1 a carpenter's tool?

1 Exx. Dyn. XII, Meir iii. 23 (lm); Dyn. XVII, Kopt. 8, 5 (lm); Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 3, 29 (gs); D. el B. u6 (lm); there is no difference between lm and gs. 2 AZ. 64, 10. 3 A·z. 35,170. • Pyr. 925. 6 Pyr. 1092. 8 Hearst 10 ,16. 7 Sin. B 293· 8 Peas. B 1, 305. 8 MASPERO, Trois Anntes de Fouilles, PI. 2; seeSphitzx 12, II7•

Use as last. 1 Exx. DAV. Ptali. i. 17, nos. 38o-2 (/m).

Use as last. 1 Exx. Paheri 3; Amam. i. 26 (prep. m). This straight form is usual from late

Dyn. XVIII on.

Used only in c. 1 var. c.' 2 gs 'side', 'half' and as ph on. gs. 1 Exx. Urk. iv. 429, 12; 630, 17.

Ideo. in "f s; (S;) 'back', Coptic soi. Hence phon. s1 (s;),3

exx. ~6~}oililil' s;wt 'walls'; ~6~~ sJi 'be satiated'; =~6~~~ ssJ 'be skilled'.

1 O.K. forms, Saqq.lllast. i. 2; Sali. 1 ; MONTET H5; Dyn. XI-XII, Brit. Mus. 614, 9; Leyd. V 4, s; Sebekkku 4· See also on Aa rS; there i• great variety in detail. 1 Inferred from the use of 1 in IJ' back', JiZ. 45, 45; full discussion, MoNTET 225-6; Grdseloff adheres to Borchardt's explanation as a razor, A1zn. 43, 310. 3 .For I see Pyr. 959 (hi;). • Siut 1, 235.

Use as last. In group-writing (§ 6o) 6 or ~ is used for s.1

1 Exx. Dyn. XII, Bersh. i. 18; Berl. AI. i. p. 251i, 12; Dyn. XVIIf, Rekk. 2, 2;

Paheri 9· 48. This exnct form as cover of a quiver, Medinet Habu (Chicago) I, 25, B, but this explanation is hard to apply to the earlier counterpart. t BURCHARDT § 105.

For unknown reason, ph on. det. !zr, exx. !_~ 1 !zr 'prepare'; !,. Q Q ~~ !z,ryt ' dread '. Also det. in h:, ~ <> ~ t1r ' preserve (?) ' and derivatives. 2

1 D.el B. 69. 2 Wb. v. 355; Adm. p. 89; A'Z. 68, 21.

For unknown reason, phon. rpr in~:: var. ~~ 3 rpr 'equip' and derivatives.

1 O.K. forms, Sak. 52 (elaborate as in Dyn. Ill, see \VEn.L, lie. et file. Dynasti'es, PI. 4); Ti 25; Dyn. XVIII, D. el B. 91; Puy. 12, • Clearly not identical with the counterpoise mrn!Jt, for which see ]E:Q. 65-6. 3 Pyr. 1465; Louvre C 14, 7·

Ideo.(?) or det. in !~ varr. -;tn, }~!2, O.K. } ,_,! s

wir 'sever', 'judge'. In M.K. coffins ! or !~ is sometimes used as a substitute for the god 1J St!J 'Seth '.4

1 Exx. O.K., DAv. Ptak. i. 17, no. 387; Ti 132; Dyn. XVIII, Rekk. 101 14. The Io:wer part looks like a mitre square; see DAv. Rekk. ii. 55 for an object of this shape m a scene of carpentering. 2 Urk. iv. 1079, 2. 3 Ti r 32. • Exx. Ann. 5, 231, 232. 245·

542

UNCLASSIFIED Sign-list

Aa.2 2 -;tn combination of 1 Aa 2 t Use as last. and ......aD 36

For v=f Aa 23 and \1'""U Aa 24 see after {- U 35·

25 + 1 doubtfuP• Ideo.(?) in f)t, 2 var. [~~~a sm1, var. O.K. ~f 3 s(m1 ?),4 title of a priest whose function consisted in clothing the god (Min, Horus, etc.), cf. Gk. u-roAtCT'T'rj~.

doubtful

doubtful 2

28 ~ an instrument used by bricklayers? 1 (dif-ferent from ~ M 40 and~ P 11)

29 r O.K. form of last

30 f ornamental chevaux de frise on tops of walls, cf.~ 01 12 (sometimes written horizontally <:DI) a

O.K. form of last

For ( Aa 32 see after"""-=" T 10.

1 Ex. Sah. 32. 1• According to Grdseloff (Ann. 43, 357) a phallus sheath conventionalized; but the connexion with the word sml (Urk. iv. 2, 16) is very far from certain. 2 Ikhern. 16. Sim. Siut 1, 268. ta Cairo 20538, ii. c 6, con· firmed by the writing sm1-t1 of the later form of the word sm!ly, GARDINER1 LateEg. Miscellanies 112, 16. 3 Annals of Archaeology (Liverpool), iv. 103. • On account of I apparently not derived from the stem :mu 'unite'.

Ph on. det. sbi (sbi) in U Q ~ J, 2 sbi (Sbi) ' rebel '. Often replaced by ) T 14.

1 D.e!B. u5. Sim. Pyr.81.17H. 2 D.e!B.us. Sim. MA&.Abyd. ii. 291 18.

For an unknown reason, phon. nti, exx. t 0~ varr. ;::;t o1V f'ol' nti 'ask', ' inquire' ; f 0 f 0~ var. ;::;;:;t 0 1fo 6 tttinti 'take counsel'. Except in Qt~r in(/ l.zr 'hail to'(§ 272) f is usually accompanied in M.E. by o W 24.

1 Exx. O.K., Medum u; DAV. Ptah. i. 17, no. 376; Dyn. XII, Th. T.S. ii. 14; Dyn. XVIII, Rekh. 2, 5· 1 The view that the iign depicts a winder for thread (Bier. p. 61) is not supported by the earlier forms. It has also been thought to represent a porridge·stirrer, Man 1909, no. 96. 1 Sin. B 166. • Rekh. :a, 5· 0 Sin. B u3.

Ideo.(?) in 1o!H var. ~i!Ji 2 ftd 'build', 'fashion (pots)' and related words.

1 This view is favoured by the fact that the sign sometimes stands alone in the sense of' builder', ex. Sail. 54· Other suggestions are a plasterer's lloat (Hier. p. 49) and a striker used in measuring corn (QUIB. Saqq. 19II-12, Pl. 17 and p. 26). 2 Siut i. 236. Sim. Dend. n.

Use as last. 1 Sail. 54· Sim. DAV. Ptall. i. 13, no. 271.

Ideo. or det. in g ~ 'l!kr 'be adorned'; D} ~ 5 {!krw 'ornament', 'adornment' and the related words.

1 Ex. Tll. T. S. iii. u. 2 See the picture BISSING, Re-Heiligtr~m ii. 9; in Dyn. I, PETR. RT. ii. 3, 4; 7, 8. Later shown as frieze in tombs. Discussions, Ancient Egypt 1920, ll I ; JJeutsclte Literatur Zeitung 1926, 1879; SCHARFF :u. However, the O.K. form of the hieroglyph (see Aa 31) is quite different. 8 E"JJ. el B. 6o, 6. • Be1·sk. i. 141 9· Sim. JJ. et B. 6o, 6. 6 Urk. iv. 657, 6.

Use as last. 1 DAV. Ptak. i. 17, no. 392. See A·z. 34, I6l.

543

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

INDEX TO THE FOREGOING SIGN-LIST

Sect. A. MAN AND ms OccuPATIONs ~ in ~ ~ \ /i Al.IJ JD fin ~ ~ j, l 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 Ill 13

~~~~fo~~~~~~~~~fi~!l~!f~~~ 14 14* 15 16 17 17* 1R 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 59 36 li 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

J.At!J~~~~~~~~~~\ZJ~.A~1i~~M 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 H 45 46 47 4S 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

Sect. B. WoMAN AND HER OccuPATioNs ~ ~ 4} ~ If ~ f}J 3 4 5 6 7

Sect. C. ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEITIES ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f J ~ w ~ it} j: ~ ~ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 17 18 19 20

Sect. D. PARTs oF THE HUMAN BoDY ~ 9 ~ ..<:0:>- 2:Q::<.. ~ ~ ~ 1ft- ~ <1 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I I Il

---D-"-s~~a>GS~<=><n>iff- <=> ~ QvuJf=4<pO~[f:}D:l 13 14 15 16 17 18 '9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27* 28 29 30 3' 32 33 34 34*

~~~~~~~~~wv~=~~~~=~~ 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 46* 48 49 so 5' 52 53

./),[\_j~J~0~~4 54 55 56 57 58 59 6o 61 62 63

Sect. E. MAMMALs ~ '9rlJ ~ ~ ~ Rt ~ ~ ~ ~ 'i"1t ~ ~ Yn ~ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8* 9 10 II Il 13 14

Sect. F. PARTs oF MAMMALs e1 'tJ ~ J) ~ ~ ~ 1J '() 1 1 i V W ~ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 li 12 13 14 15

544


2 3 4 5 6 7 7* 7** 8 9 10 11 I 2 13 I4

~~~~~~~~~}~~~~~~~~~~~ 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 so 51 52 53 54

Sect. H. PARTs oF BIRDs 1l ! f1J ~ liiiiif!IP' ~ ~ J._ \) 2 3 4 5 6 6* 7 8

Sect. I. AMPHIBious ANIMALs, REPTILEs, ETc. ~ <>t) ~ ~ ~ ~ LJ ~ ~ ~ 1 2 3 s• 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sect. K. FisHEs AND PARTs oF FisHEs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ {) 3 4 5 7 6

Sect. L. INvERTEBRATA AND LEssER ANIMALs ~ ~ \f)~~~ 'iJ 3 4 5 6 7

Sect. M. TREES AND PLANTS 0 '\_ v-- f i .( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ! ill t Q ~ I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 u 12 I3 14 IS I6 I7 I8

~ nllil ~ + :t ± ~ + + 1* ~ [ 0 ~ ~~~ ' Q ~ • ~ \j ~ "<:>. + ~ ~ 19 20 2I u 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40' 4I 42 43 44

Sect. N. SKY, EARTH, WATER F=:J TT 1'i'Tr0 0. hR Q ee ~ ;:e... -K'*®

=m=> 16

c:=J

37

17 =~=<:::::::J c:::> :IT

18 19 20 21 22 23

llllliJillllll 7r t:J t1 39 40 41 42

3 4 5 6

mm ~MQ:Je Ll 24 25 26 27 28 29

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS

-.L:::,. £::;r3: tJ D -0 - - :c=

JO 31 32 33 34 35 (3s) 36

Sect. 0. BuiLDINGS, PARTS OF BuiLDINGS, ETC. n cp m flJ Ul Q ~ + m ~ ~ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO I I

+ rn r ~ ~ f"j n b m llli m w ~ n n ~ g--= '= n nmn 12 I3 14 15 I6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

7lO~u=c::J~6Jttt:nm. 'ftacaGD® ® oJI1 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 so 51

545

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

SectP. SmPs AND PARTs oF SmPs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ (I) Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO I I

Sect. Q. DoMESTic AND FuNERARY FuRNITURE ~ 4 o .x. t;:::::;~ ~ f.l 2 3 4 5 6 7

Sect. R. TEMPLE FURNITURE AND SACRED EMBLEMS ~ o I i 6 7 8 9

ro 11 12 13 q 15 16 17 rS I9 20 2I 22 23 24 25

Sect. S. CRowNs, DREss, STAVEs, ETC. d 4 ?;/ Ji ?fJ Jfl (J 4J I!J q ® A 3 4 5 6 i 8 9 10 I I I 2

Sect. T. WARFARE, HuNTING, BuTcHERY (>---- ~ I ~ 41 ~ ~ l ~ ~ -== ~ '=""="

3 4 5 6 'i 7* 8 8* 9 9* 10

Sect. U. AGRICULTURE, CRAFTs, AND PRoFEssiONs > y ~ ~ ::::Jp \ 'C.. '- ... ·m 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sect. V. RoPE, FmRE, BAsKETs, BAGS, ETC. ~ ~ ~ -f\ Cf2 o ~ ~ 0 0 C ~ ~ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 !I I 2 I 3

~ 7f'cmt ~ ~ ft n"fl1\\~~ = ~ r "=7 ~ QC/ c2ft:x, (J ~~ I4 I5 !6 17 r8 '9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2i 28 29 30 31 31* 32 33 34 35

~ 0 0 36 37 38

546


Sect. W. VESSELS OF STONE AND EARTHENWARE

Sect. X. LOAVES AND CAKES Q G 0 ~ = t= Gi) Ll & 3 4 (N r8) 5 6 7 8

Sect. Y. wRITINGS, GAMES, Music ~ c:::=:. ~~ E::::j o~V 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sect. Z. STROKEs, SrGNs DERIVED FROM HIERATic, GEoMETRICAL FIGUREs

\\ 4

Sect. Aa. UNCLASSIFIED ® CJ ~ A ,fv\ cdl 3 5 6 7

66n~~~+~t~~Q~ 17 r8 19 20 21 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1-+-1

8 9 =--

10 =

If 12

'{) D tJ 9 ro ro*

I I

I I I o o o 2 3 (N 33)

For reasons explained p. 442, top, the following signs have been removed from the place to which they were originally assigned and now stand at some distance from the positions

indicated by the attached letter and number: A 59 f, see after A 25; S 17* ~.see afterS 22;

V 39 1. see after S 34; Aa 4 'D, see after W 10*; Aa 23 'f=Y, Aa 24 u-u, see after U 35; Aa 32 [, see after T 10. A few hieroglyphs are treated in more than one place: M 44 ~also before Z 9 ; N 1 8 = also after S 26 and X 4 ; N 33 o (smaller than o D I 2) also after Z 8;

0 30 Y also reversed l after U I2. Minor divergences of position like A 46* after A 47, instead of after A 46, need no further notice than is given to them in the Index above.

A SELECTION OF SIGNS GROUPED ACCORDING TO SHAPE

This list aims at facilitating the finding of particular signs in the Sign-list or the Index thereto. Hieroglyphs the subject of which is immediately recognizable, e.g. animals, boats, most buildings and some pots, have been excluded.

TALL NARROW SIGNS

M 40 Aa 28 Aa 29 PI I D 16 T 34 T 35 U 28 T8* M 13

f ! 1 i

1 1 ) 1 i t 1 S38 S39 T14 T15 T13 Aa26 03o Aa21 U39 F45 044 Aa27 R8 R9 T7* T3 T4 V24 V2f

547

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR

+

Low BROAD SIGNS

Aa l2

~ N 12

c:== Aa 13

~ Vz

~

T 1o

\f=tJ Aa24

= Aars

1-t---l Aa8

'3DA~i!!!t.:ttmcW> W3 S12 N3o 042 043 Vr6

Low NARROW SIGNS 0 ~ Q3 039

c:::)

Z8

1 f

\ F2o

-Tu

y Y8

= V 26

~ Z6

~ N22

= N 18

Dn

~ T2

...6--T 21

tE= M 11

[::C)::]

W8

~ ~ PS T22

~ y,

\ V 22

+ ZII

= ~ .c== N 20 Aa 10 A a II

~

Yz

~

F 18

~ NII

~ R6

r:1, LJ D u -u b o i:f w ~ D fJ m gi o ~ o t:J o 0 Aa17 16 W1oW1o* Aa4 R7 M39 M36 F43 F41 N34 U3o WII W12 W13 Tz8 N41 N42 V37 M31

0 & ~ 0 (j ~ ~ ~ g n ft n 10 1'10 tJ () ~ \) ~ W7 Wz1 W2o V6 V33 V34 V7 VS S2o V2o V19 Aa19 Aaz Aa3 N32 F52 V35 H8 M41

<I {) ~ dJ Drr K6 L6 F21

~ 0 0 0 0 D 26 N 33 D 12 S 21 N 5

~ .c X X Z7 Aa16 Z9 Z1o

e e ® ® ® ® G o q 0.. >;{ @ N9 N1o Aa1 Oso 049 048 X6 V9 S1o N6 N8 S rr

sign-list · 2017. 10. 26. · list of hieroglyphic signs sign-list explanation why one sign rather...

Documents