HANDBOUND AT THE

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

KAN

n

-

EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICDICTIONARY.WITH AN INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS, KING LIST AND GEOGRAPHICAL LIST WITH INDEXES, LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS, COPTIC AND SEMITIC ALPHABETS, ETC.

BY

(SIR)

Ef A?

WALLIS BUDGE,l

KNT., F.S.A,

M.A. AND LITT.D., CAMBRIDGE; M.A. AND D.Lnr., OXFORD; D.Lix., DURHAM; SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND TYRWHITT HEBREW SCHO1.AU KEEPER OF THE EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM.;

(IN

TWO VOLUMES)VOL.I.

LONDON1920.

:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET,

HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY. ST. MARTIN'S I.ANE LONDON,W.C.2.

THIS

BOOK

DEDICAT D TOTHE MEMORY OF

SAMUEL

BIRCH,

AUTHOR OF THEFIRST EGYPTIAN DICTIONARYARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.

CONTENTS.DEDICATIONINTRODUCTION

............

.......

PAGE' .

facing

ii

v

LIST OF AUTHORITIES QUOTED OR REFERRED TO

LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERSCOPTIC, SEMITIC,

........ ..

.....

Ixxvxcviicxlviii

AND PERSIAN CUNEIFORM ALPHABETS

EGYPTIAN DICTIONARYLIST OF KINGS'

NAMES _

LIST OF COUNTRIES, CITIES, TOWNS, ETC.

..... ......i. . ..

i

.

.

.

.

.

917 9471067 1257

INDEX OF ENGLISH

WORDS

INDEX OF KINGS' NAMES

...........

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

.

.

.

.

.

GEOGRAPHICAL NAMESARABIC, ETCLIST OF COPTIC

...........IN COPTIC.

GREEK, HEBREW, ASSYRIAN, SYRIAC,12791

WORDS QUOTED

IN

THE DICTIONARYIN

.

.

.

287

LIST OF NON- EGYPTIAN

WORDS QUOTED

THE DICTIONARYETC.

HEBREW, ASSYRIAN, SVRIAC, ARABIC,LIST OF

.......

GREEK,1305

EGYPTIAN

HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS IN THE

FOUNT OF.

MESSRS. HARRISON AND SONS; WITH APPENDIX.

1315

INTRODUCTION.be taken for granted that, from the time when Akerblad, Young and Champollion le Jeune laid the foundation of theIT

may

science of Egyptology in the first quarter of the nineteenth century down to the present day, every serious student of Egyptian texts,

whether hieroglyphic, hieratic or demotic, has found it necessary to compile in one form or another his own Egyptian Dictionary. In these days when we have at our disposal the knowledge which has been acquired during the last hundred years by the unceasing of the above-mentioned pioneers and their immediate Labours toilfollowersBirch,

of

Lepsius, Brugsch, Chabas, Goodwin, E. de jg^ptJan Rouge and others we are apt to underrate the difficulties which lexicora P hers they met and overcame, as well as to forget how great is the debt-

which we owe to them.

I

therefore propose, before passing on to

describe the circumstances under which the present Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary has been produced, to recall briefly " " famous men who have preceded me in the the labours of the " who were honoured in their field of Egyptian lexicography, and generations, and were the glory of their times."

The Abbe J. J. Barthelemy (1716-1795) as far back as 1761 showed satisfactorily that the ovals in Egyptian inscriptions " " cartouches contained royal names. Zoega which we call(1756-1809) accepted this view, and, developingit,1

Akerblad andZpega's

stated that thea

hieroglyphs

Had Akerblad them were alphabetic letters. (1760-1819) and S. de Sacy (1758-1838) accepted these facts, and worked to develop them, the progress of Egyptologicalin

would have been materially hastened. They failed, however, to pay much attention to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of which copies were available, and devoted all their time and labour to the elucidation of the enchorial, or demotic, text on the Rosetta Stone, the discovery of which had roused such profound interestscience

Silvestre de

y

'

amongwith"

the learnedtext

men

of the day.

Their labours in connection

this

were crowned with considerable success.first

To

Akerblad belongs the credit of being the

European

to formulate

a Demotic Alphabet," and to give the values of its characters in Coptic letters, but neither he nor S. de Sacy seems to have sus-

pected the existence of a hieroglyphic alphabet. Both these eminent scholars produced lists, or small vocabularies, of demotic1

See

my

Rosetta Stone, vol.

I,

p. 40.

3

VI

Introduction.

Demoticvocabulariesof

Akerblad

and de Sacy.

words, and added translations of them which are surprisingly correct considering the period when they were compiled. And both were able to read correctly the demotic equivalents of several

Greek royal names, e.g., Alexander, Ptolemy and Berenice. Their failure to apply the method by which they achieved such success to the hieroglyphic inscriptions is inexplicable. It has been suggested that their scholarly minds revolted at the absurd views, theories and statements about the Egyptian hieroglyphs madeKircher, Jablonski,

de Guignes and Tychsen.

by Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680), Jablonski (1673-1757), J. de Guignes (1721-1800), Tychsen (1734-1815) and others, and theAfter the publication of his suggestion is probably correct. " " 1 famous Letter to S. de Sacy, Akerblad seems to have dropped

about them.

events, he published nothing he did not consider that he had Sacy, though wasted the time that he had spent on the demotic text on thehis Egyptological studies.all

At

De

Rosetta Stone, refrained from further research in Egyptology,

and nothing of importance was effected in the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphs until Dr. Thomas Young (June I3th, 1773-

May

loth, 1830) turned his attention to them.

YOUNG'S HIEROGLYPHIC ALPHABET AND VOCABULARY.Thomas Young andthe Rosetta Stone.

to study the inscriptions on the Rosetta Stone, and, according to his own statement, succeeded in a few

In 1814in

Young began

monthstexts.

the demotic and the hieroglyphic His translations, together with notes and some remarks

translating both

on Akerblad's Demotic Alphabet, were printed in Archceologia for " Remarks on Egyptian Papyri and on the 1815, under the title

With respect to the Egyptian Alphabet Inscription of Rosetta." " he says, I had hoped to find an alphabet which would enable me to read the enchorial inscription. But I. ..

...

had gradually been compelled to abandon this expectation, and admit the conviction that no such alphabet would ever be discovered, because it had never been in existence." During theto

next three or four years he made striking progress in the decipherment of both demotic and hieroglyphic characters. The resultsof his studies at this period were published in his article EGYPT, which appeared in Part I of the fourth volume of the Encyclo-

pedia Britannica

in

1819.

It

was accompanied by

five plates,

containing inter alia a hieroglyphic1

vocabulary of 218 words, a

Lettre sur I' Inscription Egyptienne de Rosette, adressee au citoyen Silvestre de Sacy, Paris (Imprimerie de la Republique Francaise) and Strasbourg, an With a plate containing the Demotic Alphabet. (1802), 8vo.

X

Introduction."

vii

specimens of supposed enchorial, i.e., demotic alphabet," and The Vllth Section of the letterpress contained the Young's phrases." " Rudiments of a Hieroglyphic Vocabulary," and thus Young Hieroglyphic'

"

became the "father"laries.

of English compilers of

In this article,

Egyptian Vocabuwhich formed a most important and epoch-

Vocabulary.

making contribution to Egyptology, Young gave a list containing a number of alphabetic Egyptian characters, to which, in most cases, he assigned correct phonetic values, i.e., values which are accepted by Egyptologists at the present day. In fact, he showed that he had rightly grasped the idea of a phonetic principle in the reading of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the existence of which had been assumed and practically proved by Barthelemy and Zoega, and applied it FOR THE FIRST TIME in the decipherment of rEgyptian hieroglyphs. This seems to me to be an indisputable fact, which can easily be verified by any one who will take thetrouble to read Young's article, EGYPT, in the to the Encyclopedia Britannica and study his""

Hisapplication of the Phoneticprinciple.

Supplement

correspondence the third volume of Young's and papers which John Leitch reprinted in c s d' the Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S.,

Those whom such evidence will not satisfy may consult the five volumes of his papers that are preserved in the In the first British Museum (Additional MSS. 27,281-27,285). volume (Add. 27,281) are all the principal documents dealing with his work on the Rosetta Stone, and in the second (Add. 27,282) will be found his copies of a series of short vocabularies of Egyptian words. Without wishing in any way to reopen the dispute as to the merits and value of Young's work in comparison with that of Champollion, it may be pointed out that scholars who wereLondon, 1855.contemporaries of both and

^^^

Chan-pollion

Egyptology couple together and place Young's name first. Thus Kosegarten groups Young, " 1 discoveries of Birch speaks of the Champollion and Peyron "2 and Tattam says that the contemporary Dr. Young and M. Champollion " n n engaged ^ sculptured monuments and papyri of Egypt have long t of the attention of the Learned, who have in vain endeavoured to Young's;

who had competent knowledge of the names of Young and Champollion,

;

^

decipher them, till our indefatigable and erudite countryman, 3 Dr. Young, and, after him, M. Champollion, undertook the task."Debitas vero gratias refero Youngio, Champolliono, Peyronio, viris praeclarissimis, quo quoties aliquid ad hoc studiorum genus pertinens abiis sciscitarem,1

discovery.

toties benevole

semper et promte quae desiderarem mecum communicaverunt. De Prisca Aegyptiorum Litteratura Commentatio prima. Weimar, 1828, p. iv. 1 Sketch of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary. London, 1838, p. 3. 3 London, 1830, p. ix. Coptic Grammar.

a 4

Vlll

Introduction.

The

and importance of Young's application of the phonetic principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs has been summed up with characteristic French terseness and accuracy by Chabas,great value

the distinguished Egyptologist, who wrote, la realite, le FIAT LUX de la science."1

"

Cette idee fut, dans

Curiously enough Young did not follow up his discovery by a continued application of his phonetic principle to Egyptian inscriptions other than those on the Rosetta Stone, but seems to

have been content to leave2

to Champollion le Jeune. to add to the Egyptian Vocabulary containing 218 words which he published in his article EGYPT in the Encyclopedia Britannica,orYoung's

further application and development And for some reason he made no attemptits

he did. his additions were never printed. On the other hand, he devoted himself to the preparation of a Demotic Dictionary andif

DemoticDictionary.

this

work occupied the last ten years of his life. The " Advertise" ment is of considerable interest, for it shows that it was only his

upon the system of arrangement that ought to be employed in an Egyptian Dictionary, that prevented him from publishing the work during his lifetime. His difficulty is described by him thus " From the mixed nature of the characters employed in the:

inability to decide

written language or rather languages of the Egyptians, it is difficult to determine what would be the best arrangement for adictionary, even if they were and perfectly well understoodall:

perfectly clear in their forms, at present, however, so many of

them remain unknown, and those whichAlphabetic arrangementof the

are better

known assume

so diversified an appearance, that the original difficulty is greatly increased. Every methodical arrangement, however arbitrary,

Dictionary.

has the advantage of bringing together such words as nearly resemble each other and it appears most likely to be subservient to the purposes of future investigation, to employ an imitation:

of an alphabetical order, or an artificial alphabet, founded upon the resemblance of the characters to those of which the phoneticclearly and correctly determined by the late Mr. Akerblad; and to arrange the words that are to be interpreted according to their places in this artificial order choosing, however,

value

was

;

in each instance, not

the composition the most radical, or the most1

always the first character that enters into of the word, but that which appears to beessentialinits

signification, or

Inscription de Rosette, p. 5. to Dr. Young's Egyptian Dictionary printed in Rudiments an Egyptian Dictionary, which formed an Appendix to Tattam's Coptic Grammar. ofB

See Advertisement

London, 1830, 8vo, and was reprinted by Leitch,

op.

cit., p.

472

ff.

Introduction.

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