short answer why did missouri’s request for statehood touch off a sectional crisis? how was the...

Short Answer Why did Missouris request for statehood touch off a sectional crisis? How was the crisis resolved, at least, in the short run?

U.S. Markets Expand Early in the 19 th century farmers were self- sufficient As the US became more industrialized (textile mills and factory systems) lives changed for workers and consumers Farmers began to specialize and would raise one or two cash crops that they would sell This introduced the MARKET REVOLUTION- time in which people bought and sold goods instead of making them for their own use.

Entrepreneurial Spirit Goods and services multiplied and incomes rose Capitalism: the economic system in which private businesses and individuals control the means of production Investors were called ENTREPRENEURS (means to undertake). They risked their own money for a chance to make a profit

New Inventions- goods to make life more comfortable Elias Howe- invention of the first sewing machine. Isaac Singer added the foot treadle which cut the time down that was spent on sewing garments Less time= cheaper prices which leads to more people buying clothes rather than making them their selves!

The Telegraph Samuel F. B. Morse created the telegraph in 1837 to carry messages, tapped in code, across copper wire Connected all large cities of the East Coast Businesses and even the railroads used the telegraph to communicate sales, prices, location of trains and safety information.

Transportation ties the nation together Better & faster transportation was needed with the expansion of agriculture and industry By 1830 steamboats traveled the nations rivers carrying heavy machinery and raw materials such as copper and lead Canals such as the ERIE CANAL allowed shipping rates to drop 10% and lead to over 3,300 miles of Canals throughout the country

Improved TransportationTHE RAILROAD Costing more than shipping by boat the railroads offered the advantage of speed. Benefits: Could ship in the winter Brought goods inland to the people Safe and reliable EXCITING and NEW By 1840s steam engines pulled freight at ten miles per hour (4x the speed of canal boats) By 1850 almost 10,000 miles of track had been laid and 2 billion tons of freight was being transported yearly

New Markets Link Regions Southern AgricultureNortheast Shipping and Manufacturing Midwest Farming -Most of the South remained Agriculture and grew crops such as cotton,, tobacco and rice -Looked at the Norths factories as filthy and overcrowded. -All of Southern $ was tied up in land and slaves -New transportation and communication had less advances in the South *Still new markets and interdependencies were created -Canals and Railroads turned this area into the center of Commerce -This is where the North met the South Example: The Erie Canal brought more cotton through New York city to the factories than any other city. *The North and South worked together to make more and better goods at lower prices than ever before! -Many moved to the Midwest to farm -Land had to be made arable (fit to farm) -John Deere (blacksmith) invented the first steel plow. *allowed less animal power -Cyrus McCormick invented the Mechanical Reaper which permitted one farmer to do the work of five. Subsistence farming V. Cash Crops

-Many Americans assumed that the United States would extend its dominion to the Pacific Ocean and create a vast republic that would spread the blessings of Democracy and civilization across the Continent -Thomas Jefferson had dreamed the US would expand to meet the needs of many generations to come. *The LA Purchase helped reach this goal (and doubled the size of the nation) -Westward expansion was not common and many believed the movement west and south was destined by GOD -The term Manifest Destiny was coined because of these beliefs -They believed that this destiny was manifest, or obvious

Attitudes toward the Frontier Americans had practical reasons for moving West Americans had practical reasons for moving West The Panic of 1837 sent many West in order to get a fresh start The Panic of 1837 sent many West in order to get a fresh start Abundance of land was an attraction Abundance of land was an attraction As farmers and miners moved, merchants followed seeking new markets As farmers and miners moved, merchants followed seeking new markets New harbors in Oregon Territory promised new trade with Asia New harbors in Oregon Territory promised new trade with Asia

Settlers and Native Americans New settlers West threatened the Native Americans communities Many NA tried to maintain strong cultural traditions, even if they were forced to move Some Assimilated or became part of the advancing white culture Others fought hard to keep the settlers away

The Black Hawk War Early 1830s White settlers put pressure on NA of Western Illinois and Eastern Iowa to move West of the Mississippi River The tribes visited Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk Tribe and told them a vision in which they saw Black Hawk leading the people to reclaim the land stolen from them by the white man Rebellion was lead and ended with the slaughtering of more than 200 Sauk and Fox people Tribes were forcibly removed of their land and placed West of the Mississippi River Black Hawk was imprisoned by the Federal Govt and once released could not assume any leadership roles among his tribesman

Peace and a Treaty Middle Ground- settlers needed NA as trading partners and guides. *Relationship could be beneficial Fort Laramie Treaty-Many Native American Tribes joined with US Representatives in swearing to maintain good faith and friendship in all their mutual intercourse, and to make an effective and lasting peace.

Trails West

The Santa Fe TrailThe Oregon Trail -Busiest and most well know trail -led 780 miles from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico -Wagons were band together for security -Would trade guns, knives and cloth for silver, gold and fur *first established American presence in New Mexico and Mexican providence of Arizona -In 1836 Methodist Missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman made their way to Oregon Territory where they set up mission schools to convert NA to Christianity and to educate them --Trail started in Independence, Missouri and ended in Portland, Oregon -Letters written by the missionaries brought new settlers because of the promise of fertile soils and abundant rainfall -Many who traveled the harsh trail died of disease and where buried along the trail

The Mormon Migration Mormons, a religious community also know as the Latter- Day Saints, played a major role in settling the West Started with Joseph Smith in Western New York (1827) migrated with group west pushed out of Illinois by anti-Mormon mobs (Smith killed) and eventually settled in modern day Utah region.

Resolving Territorial Disputes 1844 President Polk called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Territory. Adopted the slogan Fifty- Four Forty or Fight This referred to the latitude of the land. By the mid 1840s Britain lost interest in the territory because of the diminishing fur trade United States and Britain worked peacefully together to extend the boundary of the US to the Canadian Border we have today. **The establishment and settlement of the Southwest would NOT be that easy!

Southwest Expansion (Reminder: Baseball Card next week)

The Mission System Up until when Mexico won its independence from Spain (1821) missions were scattered throughout the Southwest with the goals to convert Native American to Catholicism When independence was won, Mexicans offered land to ranchers and govt officials Native Americans fled and returned to their own traditions Some were forced to stay as unpaid labor Tejanos- Mexican Settlers

The relationship between Mexico and America Strengthen Newly Free, Mexico looked to strengthen their economy Opened Trade with America Not many Tejanos scattered through Northern Provinces.threatened by attacks of the Native Americans Invited American farmers to settle in Texas Offered large land grants to Empresarios (American land agents) **Americans outnumbered the Tejanos by late 1820s

AustinIn Texas?? Successful Empresario who established a colony in which he granted297 land grants Each family got: Either 177 inexpensive acres of farm land or 4428 acres of livestock grazing. Word About Texas spread throughout the US and posters promoted, Go to Texas! By 1835 there were 30,000+ Americans in Texas. Americans wanted to extend border to the Rio Grande Prior Presidents offered to buy land but Mexico refused and regretted inviting the Anglos to their land

Texas Begins the Fight for Independence Cultural differences and different views on slavery caused more division In 1830 Mexico sealed its borders and implied a heavy tax on any American trade Mexico lacked manpower to police their borders and Americans continued to pour into Texas In 1833 Austin met with Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna to propose Texas Independence Austin was imprisoned and charged with inciting a revolution Sam Houston will lead Texans against Mexicos military.

Remember the Alamo Santa Anna marched toward San Antonio with a 4000 man army 1835 Texans drove the Mexicans from the Alamo (an abandoned mission used as a fort) Santa Anna circled around and attacked again this time killing 187 Americans sparring only a few women and children

RetributionRevenge Six weeks after the Alamo, Texans, led by Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. Killed 630 men and captured Santa Anna Signed the Treaty of Velasco which gave Texas its independence Republic of Texas (new nation) 1836 they vote to join the United States North not happy about another slave state being added Mexico not happy either. Sam Houston is president and they have a constitution modeled after the US 12/29/1845-Texas became the 28 th state in the Union

Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston (1793-1863) Steven Austin (1793-1836)

Texas Declaration of Independence

The Republic of Texas

The Battle of the Alamo General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Davey Crocketts Last Stand

Remember the Alamo!

Stephen F. Austin

Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna

Sam Houston

Texas Under Spain. 1519-1685; 1690-1821 Texas Under France. 1685-1690 Texas Under Mexico. 1821-1836 Texas as a Republic. 1836-1845 Texas in the Confederacy. 1861-1865 Texas in the US. 1845-1861; 1865-Present

The War with Mexico President Polk had territorial aspirations and believed a war with Mexico would bring New Mexico and California into the Union Wanted to take advantage of the unstableness of the Mexican Govt Sent John Siddell to purchase this territory but the Mexican govt wouldnt even talk to him General Zachary Taylor formed a blockade at the Rio Grande **Polk was hoping this would anger the Mexican govt enough to declare war.

The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000. US would buy California for $25 million (would have paid any price). Mexico refused to allow Slidell to present his proposition. Congress declares war on Mexico. Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. US would forgive American citizens claims against the Mexican govt. US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000. US would buy California for $25 million (would have paid any price). Mexico refused to allow Slidell to present his proposition. Congress declares war on Mexico. John Slidell

The War Begins Major argument over the need for this war between the North and the South With Taylors presence at the River, American John Fremont sent troops into Mexicos territory Mexico had enough and stormed the River and the American troops Killed Nine Americans on Texas Land ***POLK IMMEDIATELY COMMISSIONED CONGRESS FOR A DECLARATION OF WAR

The Mexican War (1846- 1848)

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto Old Rough and Ready

General Scott Enters Mexico City Old Fuss and Feathers

The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

Manifest Destiny Without the full truth, but with the excitement of expansion congress agreed to a declaration of war Colonel Kearney marched to Santa Fe where he was met by upper class Mexicans who wanted to join the fight on Americas side New Mexico fell to the US without a single shot being fired

Californias turn John Fremont seized the town of Sonoma in 1846 and then joined the forces of Kearney from New Mexico. Proclaimed nation as Republic of California and hoisted a flag with a grizzly bear. Mexican forces quickly gave way, leaving US forces in control of CA

The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frmont The Revolt June 14, 1845 California is its own country for 26 days. The Revolt June 14, 1845 California is its own country for 26 days.

The War in Mexico Mexican armies were lead under poor leadership while American armies had the best officers such as Captain Robert E Lee and Captain Ulysses S. Grant

A Promise Broken Polk and Santa Anna hatched a scheme. If Polk helped Santa Anna get back into Mexico he would end the war and monitor the borders Quickly after returning to power Santa Anna ordered the attack on American troops General Winfred Scott (American) went throughout Mexico covering 260 miles battling the Mexican troops He never lost a battle

Spoils of War Mexico lost at least 25,000 lives and nearly half of its land America lost around 13,000 lives (1,500 from combat) but enlarged American territory by almost 1/3 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande River as the border between Texas and Mexico and ceded New Mexico and California America paid $15 million for the cession which gave included present day land in CA, NV, NM, UT, CO, AZ, and Wyoming. Treaty guaranteed Mexicans living in the area freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections, and open borders

Results of the Mexican War? The 17-month war cost $100,000,000. U.S. had 80,000 soldiers 1,500 died (2%). Mexico had 30,000 soldiers 25,000 died (83%). Important military experience that would be put to use in the Civil War. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics Texas is a slave state. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. Manifest Destiny partially realized. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000. U.S. had 80,000 soldiers 1,500 died (2%). Mexico had 30,000 soldiers 25,000 died (83%). Important military experience that would be put to use in the Civil War. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics Texas is a slave state. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist, American Negotiator

The Mexican Cession

A new President Whig Nominee and war hero Zachary Taylor easily won the election of 1848 Wilmot Proviso An attempt to not allow slavery in any area acquired from Mexico.

The 1848 Presidential Election Results

CA Gold Rush 1848- Gold was found in the Sacramento valley Gold Fever- People dropped everything they were doing to get rich quick Forty-niners: Prospectors that flocked to CA By 1849 CAs population exceeded 100,000. Mixture of many different cultures and ethnicities Won Statehood in 1850 and outlawed Slavery

California Gold Rush, 1849 49ers

Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.

Territorial Growth to 1853

Overland Immigration to the West Many come on the Oregon Trail. Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward. Many come on the Oregon Trail. Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.

Expansionist Young America in the 1850s Americas Attempted Raids into Latin America

short answer why did missouri’s request for statehood touch off a sectional crisis? how was the...

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