sericulture industry in india – a review

India, Science and Technology: 2008

S&T for Rural India and Inclusive Growth

Sericulture Industry in India – A Review

D. Gangopadhyay

The reduction of rural poverty continues to be a paramount goal of the developing countries likeIndia as the majority of the poor population still resides in the countryside. The World Bank, forexample, estimates that more than 70 % of the world’s poor live in rural areas. So far, variousstrategies have been pursued to address this concern and among the major ones is ruralemployment creation. The agriculture sector, however, has been contending with a number offactors that have limited its potential for generating new jobs in rural areas. Those factors mayinclude the small land holding size, insufficient capital and investment incentives, the inadequatefarm infrastructure, limited market and stagnant prices of agricultural products. It is thereforenecessary to focus on a broader spectrum of the rural economy. The establishment of rural basedindustries like sericulture, in particular, can be very effective in creating new job opportunities andproviding supplemental income. Being a rural agro-based labour intensive industry this sector canalso play vibrant role in checking migration from rural to urban areas. In this article, the presentstatus of the sericulture industry in India, its trends, position in global sericulture and science andtechnological achievements have been reviewed. Besides, some critical issues like potentiality ofthe sector in national economy, rural development, women empowerment and employmentgeneration have been identified. An attempt has been made to draw a strategic model tostrengthen and promote sericulture industry in India to enhance productivity and quality of silk etc.This article would be helpful in recognizing the potential, strength and challenges of the sericultureindustry in India so as to formulate certain policies and measures for socio-economic development.

Introduction

Sericulture Industry in India – A Review http://www.nistads.res.in/indiasnt2008/t6rural/t6rur16.htm

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http://www.nistads.res.in/indiasnt2008/t6rural/t6rur16.htm

Sericulture is both an art and science of raising silkworms for silk production. Silk as a weavablefiber was first discovered by the Chinese empress Xi Ling Shi during 2,640 B.C. and its culture andweaving was a guarded secret for more than 2,500 years by the Chinese. Silk was a profitabletrade commodity in China. Traders from ancient Persia (now, Iran) used to bring richly colouredand fine textured silks from Chinese merchants through hazardous routes interspersed withdangerous mountainous terrains, difficult passes, dry deserts and thick forests. Though,commodities like amber, glass, spices and tea were also traded along with silk which indeed rapidlybecame one of the principal elements of the Chinese economy and hence, the trade route got thename ‘SILK ROUTE’. Even today, silk reigns supreme as an object of desire and fabric of highfashion. Being a rural based industry, the production and weaving of silk are largely carried out byrelatively poor sections of the society and this aspect of sericulture has made it popular andsustainable in countries like China and India.

Sericulture Industry in India

If fashion is a fine art, then silk is its biggest canvas, and if silk is the canvas, then all its weavers,dyers, designers, embroiderers are the greatest artists. Indian silk has enthralled fashion watchersand all categories of consumers across the world with its vast repertoire of motifs, techniques andbrilliant hues. India’s traditional and culture bound domestic market and an amazing diversity ofsilk garments that reflect ‘geographic specificity’ has helped the country to achieve a leadingposition in silk industry.

Present status: India is the second largest producer of raw silk after China and the biggestconsumer of raw silk and silk fabrics. An analysis of trends in international silk production suggeststhat sericulture has better prospects for growth in the developing countries rather than in theadvanced countries. Silk production in temperate countries like Japan, South Korea, USSR etc., isdeclining steadily not only because of the high cost of labour and heavy industrialization in thesecountries, but also due to climatic restrictions imposed on mulberry leaf availability that allows onlytwo cocoon crops per annum. Thus, India has a distinct advantage of practicing sericulture allthrough the year, yielding a stream of about 4 – 6 crops as a result of its tropical climate.

In India, sericulture is not only a tradition but also a living culture. It is a farm-based, labourintensive and commercially attractive economic activity falling under the cottage and small-scalesector. It particularly suits rural-based farmers, entrepreneurs and artisans, as it requires lowinvestment but, with potential for relatively higher returns. It provides income and employment tothe rural poor especially farmers with small land-holdings and the marginalized and weaker sectionsof the society. Several socio-economic studies have affirmed that the benefit-cost ratio insericulture is highest among comparable agricultural crops (Table 1).

Table1: Cost:Benefit analysis of mulberry sericulture and other competing crops.

ItemMulberry

sericultureSugarcane Turmeric


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Total input costs 48,659 30,575 29,610

Gross returns 96,132 60,200 55,317

Net returns 47,476 29,625 25,707

CB ratio 1:1.98 1:1.97 1:1.02

Crop period 1 year 1 year 4 – 5 months

Note: Data in Rs/acre/annum

Source: Dandin et al., presented at the 20th Conference of the International Sericulture Commission, Bangalore,

December, 2005

Currently, the domestic demand for silk, considering all varieties, is nearly 25,000 MTs, of whichonly around 18,475 MTs (2006-07) is getting produced in the country and the rest being importedmainly from China. Indian domestic silk market has over the years been basically driven bymultivoltine mulberry silk. Due to inferior quality of the silk produced, India could not meet theinternational quality standard. Though, R&D efforts have been made to improve the quality ofmultivoltine silk, even the best of multivoltine silk produced could not match the bivoltine silk inquality. Therefore, it is essential to enlarge the production base and improve current productivitylevels of bivoltine silk to meet the international standards and quality demands of the power loomsector. Steps need to be taken to ensure that export oriented units having automatic state of theart weaving machinery.

Types of silks in India: India is a home to a vast variety of silk secreting fauna which also includesan amazing diversity of silk moths. This has enabled India to achieve the unique distinction ofbeing a producer of all the five commercially traded varieties of natural silks namely, Mulberry,Tropical Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri and Muga. Silk obtained from sources other than mulberry aregenerally termed as non-mulberry or Vanya silks. The bulk of the commercial silk produced in theworld is mulberry silk that comes from the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori L. which feedssolely on the leaves of the mulberry (Morus sp.) plant. Tasar silk is copperish in colour, coarse innature and is mainly used for furnishing and interiors and secreted by the Tropical Tasar silkworm,Antheraea mylitta which thrives on Asan and Arjun (Terminalia sp.). Rearing is done on naturallygrowing trees in the forests and is the main stay for many tribal communities in the states ofJharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. Oak Tasar is afiner variety of Tasar produced by the temperate Tasar silkworm, Antheraea proylei which feeds onnatural oak plants (Quercus sp.) and is found in abundance in the sub-Himalayan belt. Eri silk is asilk spun from open-ended cocoons and secreted by the domesticated silkworm, Samia cynthiaricini that feeds mainly on castor leaves. Muga silk is golden yellow in colour and an exclusive


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produce of India, primarily the state of Assam where it is the preferred attire during festivities.Muga silk is secreted by Antheraea assama that feeds on aromatic leaves of naturally growing Som(Persia bombycina) and Sualu (Litsea polyantha) plants. Variety-wise share of raw silk productionduring the year 2007-08 has been depicted in Figure 1.

Fig 1: Variety-wise raw silk production (2007-08)

Source: Indian Silk 47(5), 2008

Trends in Indian sericulture: Over the last six decades Indian silk industry has registered animpressive growth, both horizontally and vertically. Plans and schemes implemented by central andstate agencies and relentless efforts of thousands of dedicated persons in the fields of research andextension have helped in this context. For instance, the age old multivoltine hybrids have beenreplaced by multivoltine × bivoltine and bivoltine hybrids. The sericulture industry has witnessed aquantum jump in raw silk productivity. The average yield of 25 kgs of cocoons/100 dfls in therecent past has increased and currently the average yields are in the range of 60 – 65 kgs/100 dfls.The new technology, besides doubling yields has also led to qualitative improvements in cocoonproduction with considerably reduced renditta and has also helped break the climate barrier. Silkstatistics of India is presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Silk statistics of India


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Particulars Unit

Year

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Productionof silk(Total)

MT 16319 15742 16500 17305 18475

Mulberry MT 14617 13970 14620 15445 16525

Tasar MT 284 315 322 308 350

Eri MT 1316 1352 1448 1442 1485

Muga MT 102 105 110 110 115

Productionof silkfabrics

Rs./Crore 8280 8201 8870 9812 9240

Silk Imports Rs./Crore 647 628 607 780 673

Mulberryacreage

Ha. 194463 185120 171959 179065 191183

Source: DGCIS, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India.

The market share of Indian silk exports in the global silk trade is 4 – 5 % which is not significantconsidering the fact that India is the second largest producer of raw silk. This is because India hasa large domestic market for silk goods and about 85 % of silk goods produced are sold in thedomestic market. However, India exports approximately 15 % of its output of all types of silkgoods (including value-added items). The export of Indian silk products consists of finished goodslike fabrics, made-ups, ready-made garments and furnishing materials like curtains, carpets, bedspreads, cushion covers etc. The export of silk products has been showing a steady growth and theexport earnings showed a rapid increase during the last decade (Figure 2).


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Fig 2: Year-wise silk export earnings

Source: DGCIS, Ministry of Commerce, GoI

Indian position in global sericulture: The global raw silk production was around 1,25,605 MTs inthe year 2005-06, with China as the major player with 81.65 % share followed by India witharound 14 % (Table 3). Though, Indian breeds/hybrids have the potential to produce the samequality, our system of sericulture practices is entirely different from those of the Chinese. The strictmaintenance of discipline and better linkage from farmers to weavers, large-scale operation of eggproduction, reeling and weaving using modern machineries, strict control measures for diseases,uniform adoption of new technologies, supply of required quantity of quality eggs in time to avoidthe chances of contamination of young silkworm etc. make the Chinese sericulture more vibrant,economically sound and sustainable. Another area of difference is that the entire production is statecontrolled with no open marketing/auction systems for silk cocoons and yarns. The comparativestatistics (Table 4) indicate the strength of China in the areas of seed production and distributionsystem, higher unit area productivity and quality thus reducing the costs of production.

Table 3: World raw silk production

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

China 61648 64567 68600 94600 102560

India 15857 17351 16319 15742 16500


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Japan 557 431 394 287 263

S. Korea 165 157 154 150 150

Brazil 1389 1485 1607 1563 1512

Uzbekistan 1100 1260 1260 950 950

Thailand 955 1510 1510 1500 1420

Vietnam 780 2035 2200 750 750

Others 1952 1692 3814 1500 1500

Total 84403 90488 95858 117042 125605

Note: Unit in Metric tons

Source: Sericulture and silk statistics, 2003, Silk industry at a glance (2005-06), Central Silk Board, Bangalore and

Sericologia, Vol. 44 (3), 2004.

Table 4: Comparative mulberry sericulture statistics- China vis-à-vis India

Parameter China* India

Area under mulberry (lakdha.) 7.36 1.79

Leaf yield (MTs/ha/yr) 25-30 30-50

Races reared All bivoltine Mostly cross breeds

Egg production (crore dfls) 75.962 25.65

Supply syste, Majority chawki reared Majority supplied aseggs

Time of supply Batch-wise Throughout theyear

No. of crops per yea2-3: Temperate

6-8: Tropical

5-6

8-12 (Split plotsystem)

Dfls brushed / ha / yr 1050 1492


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Cocoon yield (kg / 100 dfls)(2 boxes) 75.92 51.0

Leaf cocoon raio (kg) 16-18 20-22

Cocoon yield (kg / ha) 736.89 698.0

Cocoon weight (g) 1.9-2.0 1.6-1.8

Cocoon shell percentage (%) 21-23CB: 17-19

BV: 20-22

Filament length (m) >1000 <1000

Renditta 6.4 8.2 (6.9 forbivoltine)

Grade of silk A – 4A Un-graded to Agrade

Cost of cocoon production(Rs. / kg) 40-45 65-70

Prevailing cocoon price (Rs) 85-90 90-120

Raw silk production(kg/ha/yr) 114.87 85.02

Av. Crop loss / year (%) 3-5 10-15

Demand and supply position 90% Export Self consumption 30% deficit

Raw silk produced (MTs / yr) 86500 15445

Source: *Li Long and Hu Zhuozhong, Indian Silk, May 2006.

Science, Technology and Sericulture

Science and technology is used as an effective instrument of growth and change. It is being


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brought into the mainstream of economic planning in the sectors of agriculture, industry andservices. The country's resources are used to derive the maximum output for the benefit of societyand improvement in the quality of life. About 85 % of the funds for S&T come directly or indirectlyfrom the Government. Central Silk Board (CSB), Bangalore under the Ministry of Textiles, Govt. ofIndia is the apex body for overall development of sericulture and silk industry in India. Thefunctions assigned to the Board are to promote development of the silk industry by all appropriatemeasures like undertaking, assisting and encouraging scientific, technological and economicresearch, improvement of mulberry cultivation, production and distribution of healthy silkwormseed, production of quality raw silk and promotion of silk market etc. In addition, the board isresponsible for advising and reporting to the Govt. of India on all matters relating to thedevelopment of the raw silk industry, including the import and export of raw silk. Indian sericultureis not only vast, widely dispersed but also multidisciplinary in nature involving silkworm seedsector, cocoon sector (cultivation of food plants and silkworm rearing) and post cocoon sector (silkreeling, spinning, twisting, processing and weaving). Therefore, Central Silk Board, recently, iscoordinating and implementing collaborative research activities in association with National levelR&D Institutions, State Sericulture Research and Development Institutes, Universities, Departmentof Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, CSIR/ICAR/IARI/IITs/IIMs and otherPrivate and International Research and Development Institutions to promote applied research anddevelopment of appropriate technology towards attaining higher quality and productivity levels ofIndian silk. R&D achievements of CSB like technologies patented and commercialized are given inTable 5 and discussed below:

Table 5: Technologies patented during 1997-2002 by Central Silk Board

S.No. Technology/Product Patent No. Innovator

1. Machine for crushing shoots PAT/4.3.3.1/96039 CSRTI, Mysore

2. Cocoon De-flossing Machine PAT/4.3.3.2/96040 CSRTI, Mysore

3. Machine for preparation ofcutting

PAT/4.3.3.3/96041 CSRTI, Mysore

4. Denier Detecting Device in SilkReeling

PAT/4.4.4.1/96076 CSTRI, Bangalore

5. Reel Permeation Chamber-Hand-Operated


6.Pedal Operated Reeling CumTwisting Machine for

Muga and Tasar Silk Reeling



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7. Long Skein Silk Book MakingMachine


8. Composition and Process forSoftening of Water


9. Multi-fuel Economic OvenMachine


10. An oven and adopted to used forReeling of silk yarn


11 A process for preparation of trap– Uzi trap


12 Bed Disinfectant for Silkworm –RKO PAT/4.4.18/96150 CSRTI, Mysore

13 Vijetha – a Bed Disinfectant PAT/4.4.22.1/96151 CSRTI, Mysore

14 Bio-fungicide PAT/4.4.18.2/96152 CSRTI, Mysore

15 A Process for preparation of TRID– NUTRID


16 A Process for prep. of Phytosoneextracted from plant material


17 Grainage Tray PAT/4.3.20.1/98100 CTRTI, Ranchi

18 Nursery Technique for Raising T.arjuna seedling

PAT/4.3.14.1/98103 CTRTI, Ranchi

19 Machine for pruning of Mulberryplant


20 Fly – Trap PAT/4.3.6./99033 CSRTI,Ber’pore

21 Raksha Rekha TrademarkRegistration PAT/4.3.20/99038 CSRTI, Mysore

22 Low Cost Environator PAT/4.3.12/99049 CSRTI, Mysore

23 Silkworm Egg Box PAT/4.3.19/99062 CSRTI,Ber’pore


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24 Light Weight Rearing Tray PAT/4.3.121/99073 CSRTI,Ber’pore

25 Resham Jyoti TrademarkRegistration

PAT/4.19.20/99130 SSTL, Kodathi

26 Labex - CSRTI,Ber’pore

27 Tasar Chawki Nylon Net - CTRTI, Ranchi

28 Integrated Package for rearingtasar silkworm - CTRTI, Ranchi

29 Phyllanica for uniform andadvanced maturity in silkworm - CSRTI,Ber’pore

Source: Central Silk Board R & D achievements during the IXth plan period.

Mulberry Improvement

High yielding mulberry varieties like V-1 (leaf yield-70MT/ha/yr), G-4 (9% more than V-1);G-2 and G-5 (20% - 30% more than existing S36 i.e., 45MT/ha/yr).

1.

Moisture stress rainfed improved mulberry varieties like AR-10 and AR-11 (15-20 % moreyield than existing S-13 i.e., 10-12MT/ha/yr), C-1730 (leaf yield-13.3 MT/ha/yr and suitableto red lateratic soil of West Bengal)

2.

Alkaline and saline tolerant improved mulberry varieties like AR-12 and AR-14 (alkalinetolerant; 15-20% more yield than existing S-34), C776 (saline tolerant with yield potential37/MT/ha/yr suitable for West Bengal).

3.

Water stress triploid mulberry variety like S-1635 during rainy season in high rainfall areas ofWest Bengal and Assam. It has a potential to yield 6225 kg/ha/crop.

4.

Shade tolerant mulberry variety like K2 x Kosen for cultivation under mulberry-coconut treeintercropping with potential yield of around 44 MT/ha/yr.

5.

Low fertilizer input and better yield mulberry varieties like RC1 and RC2 (low fertilizer inputsi.e., 50% fertilizers and 40 % irrigation and 10 – 20 % more leaf yield than V1 variety).

6.

Low cost tender mulberry shoot propagation using dried sugarcane leaf in place of whitepolythene sheet as cover. Under the “Development of economically viable module of mulberryplantation” intercropping with Lentil recorded a maximum yield with a return of Rs.10,800/crop.

7.

Mulberry Productivity


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Paired row system [(90 +150) x 60 cm] of mulberry propagation with 350:140:140 KgNPK/ha/yr and 20 MT/ha of FYM under irrigated condition for higher leaf productivity andimprovement in leaf quality.

1.

Moisture conservation technique of mulberry propagation with 90 x 90 cm spacing and NPK@ 100:50:50 Kg/ha/yr for improved the leaf quality and higher yield. Evaluation of micro-jetsystem recorded an optimum yield of 64 MT/ha/yr, followed by micro-tubing systems (63MT/ha/yr) like PC Dripper and in-line system of drip irrigation to save 40% irrigation water.

2.

Package of practices for the cultivation of mulberry in alkaline soils like 90 x 90 cm plantspacing, application of 40 MT press mud and fertilizer at 250:120:90 kg NPK/ha/yr.

3.

‘In-situ’ vermi-compost supplemented with 50% recommended dose of NPK fertilizer toimprove soil organic carbon content without affecting leaf yield and leaf quality.

4.

Application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megatherium) along with rockphosphate to mulberry garden to increase leaf yield by 1.8 MT/ha/yr with a net saving of Rs.1745/ha/yr towards phosphate fertilizer cost.

5.

Application of Azotobacter biofertilizer supplemented with 50% nitrogenous fertilizer alongwith foliar application of n-Triacontanol twice @ 125 ml/ 600 lt. water. The leaf productivityremained on par with full dose application of nitrogen fertilizer application. The cost benefitratio of 1:1.98 indicates the positive response of the technology. Over 32 thousand farmersrecorded an average increase in leaf yield by 15-20 %.

6.

‘Seri-boost’- Triacontanol based micronutrient formulation for spaying (@ 2.5 ml/l watertwice per crop) to enhance leaf yield by 10-15%. Inoculation of Vesicular - ArbuscularMycorrhiza (VAM) fungi to mulberry roots to help supplementation of phosphate fertilizers by75%. Spraying of plant growth regulators like Maleic hydrazide (MH) and 2 - Chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride @ 5 to 100 ppm to improve leaf yield by 2-10% marginally.

7.

Mulberry Protection

‘Raksha’ (Trichoderma harzianum) to control the root rot disease.1.‘Nursery-Guard’ (Trichoderma pseudokoningii) to prevent nursery disease.2.‘Bionema’ (Verticillium chlamydosporium) to reduce root knot disease.3.Neem formulation to suppress leaf roller infestation.4.Acaciacide (an eco-friendly bio-nematicide) to reduce root gall and incidence of tukra disease.5.Ethanolic extracts of Eucalyptus to supressMyrothecium leaf spot disease.6.Aqueous ethanolic extracts of two Cassia species to reduce powdery mildew disease.7.Eco-friendly technology involving a bio-nematicide and neem oil cake for the control of rootknot nematode disease results to increase leaf yield and additional income of Rs. 7300/ha/yr.

8.

Growth promoting bacteria ‘Azotobacter chroococcum’, ‘Bacillus megaterium’ and‘Pseudomonas fluorescens’ toinduce systemic resistance in mulberry against leaf spot and leafrust diseases.

9.

Integrated Pest Management and Disease Control

Cost-effective integrated package comprising of biological agents (Cryptolaemusmontrouzierie), mechanical removal of affected parts and chemical measures (0.2 % DDVP)for effective management of mealy bug causing tukra – a serious disease results in a leaf yieldloss up to 30 %. Adoption of IPM in three southern sericulture states, covering 1105 ha of

1.


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mulberry plantation led to 67% pest suppression and 62% disease loss.IPM for management of Leaf roller (Diaphania pulverulentalis) includes spraying of DDVP andrelease of egg parasitoids Trichogramma chilonis and pupal parasitoid Trichogramma howardii.

2.

IPM for management of Whitefly (Bemisia spp) includes use of chemical pesticides andbotanicals like 0.05% Acephate, 0.05% Monocrotophos, 1% Rakshak and 0.1% Dichlorvos aswell as release of natural predators of whitefly viz., Brumoides suturalis, Micraspis discolor,Micraspis crocea and Serengium persesstosum to reduce pest population below economicthreshold Limit up to 14 days.

3.

Silkworm Improvement

Productive Bivoltine hybrids like CSR2 x CSR4 and CSR2 x CSR5 (shell ratio- >23.0%; rawsilk -19-20%; average cocoon yield- 70-80kg /100 dfls; renditta-5.2 to 5.5 and silk grade-3Ato 4A), CSR12 x CSR6, CSR3 x CSR6, CSR16 x CSR17, CSR3 x CSR6 and CSR16 x CSR17(average cocoon yield of 60-70kg /100; raw silk-18- 20% and silk grade-2A to 3A) forcommercial exploitation during favorable months during September to February.

1.

Robust Bivoltine hybrids of relatively temperature tolerant like CSR18 x CSR19 andChamaraja (survival- >80 % @ 36±1°C; average cocoon yield-60 – 70 kg/100 dfls; renditta-5.5 to 6.0 and silk grade- 2A to 3A) for rearing throughout the year.

2.

Double hybrid for high egg recovery like (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27) for rearingfoundation crosses at P1 level for high egg recovery (10 –15 % more).

3.

Bivoltine hybrid for longer filament like CSR48 x CSR5 (filament length- >1300m; thinfilament size-2.45d; relatively tolerant to high temperature-77% survival @ 36±1°C and85±5% RH; low boil-off loss-23.8%).

4.

Productive bivoltine hybrids with high silk content like CSR21 x CSR16 (raw silk: 20.9%;survival- >80% @ 36 ±1°C and 85±5 % RH; high level of cocoon uniformity- SD 7.2 and lowboil-off ratio-23.6%).

5.

Bivoltine hybrid of shorter larval duration and superior characters like SD7 x SD12 (larvalduration-28 h; pupation rate- >90%, cocoon weight- 2.076 g and shell ratio- 24.4%).

6.

Bivoltine hybrid of superior characters like CSR48 x CSR5 of thin filament size, CSR2A xCSR4A and BL-67A x CSR 101 for artificial diet during chawki worm stages, 1HT x 7HT, 2HT x6HT and 8HT x 5HT tolerant to high temperature (36±10C), high humidity (85±5 %) andresistance to BmNPV and BmIFV @ 1x105 PBOs/ml. The above hybrids are characterized withsuperior qualitative and quantitative characters like higher cocoon yield, higher renditta andgradable silk etc.

7.

Productive Multivoltine x Bivoltine hybrids like Cauvery and Jayalakshmi (average cocoonyield- 60-70 kg/100 dfls; survival-90-95 %; shell ratio- 20 - 22%; renditta- 5-6; silk grade-2A to 3A) for commercial exploitation under irrigated areas throughout the year.

8.

Region specific productive Multivoltine x Bivoltine hybrids like BL23 x NB4D2 (26 kg /100dfls with 8.5 renditta) under rain fed and BL24 x NB4D2 (47 kg /100 dfls and 7.5-8 renditta)under irrigated condition with gradable silk of 3A.

9.

Season specific productive Multivoltine x Bivoltine hybrids like for spring season (CSR6 xPam101, Pam101 x A70, RSJ13 x RSJ15 and RSJ14 x RSJ11), summer season (Pam 111 xB72 and A70 x CSR6), and autumn season (A70 x CSR6, Pam 112 x A60, RSJ3 x RSJ1 andRSJ3 x RSJ4).

10.

Sex limited Multivoltine x Bivoltine hybrids like PM x CSR8 (SL) for separation of male /female pupa through cocoon color in grainages. Four sex-limited colored bivoltine breeds viz.,

11.


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SL4, SL5, SL6 and SL7 for better productive traits like >90 percentage pupation and 22% SRthis male Bivoltine component with multivoltine females minimizes the production cost ofCross Breed layings.

Silkworm Productivity

Multi-bivoltine hybrids of higher feed conversion efficiency like BL68 x CSR5.1.Promising Bivoltine hybrids with higher performance at field level like CSR2 x CSR5, CSR2 xCSR4 and CSR18 x CSR19 (average cocoon yield- 56 and 70 kg/100 dfls; renditta- 6-6.5; silkgrade- 2A – 4A).

2.

Evaluation of season specific hybrids showed maximum shell ratio of 23.63% in CSR2 x YS3out of 113 hybrids reared during spring 2001; and Pam109 x KY1 recorded maximum shellratio of 22.13% out of 91 reared in autumn. Among the multivoltine hybrids evolved, hybridsnamely Sharavati, Cauvery and Tippu have a potential to yield about 70 kg/100 dfls with afilament length of 900 m and silk grade of 2A-3A.

3.

Application of Phyto-ecdysteroid on CSR hybrids to shorten rearing period and completesspinning within 18 hr after mounting against 26 to 47 hr under normal rearing conditions.

4.

Semi synthetic artificial diet for rearing young age silkworms.5.Improved Tropical Bivoltine silkworm rearing technology package for young and late ageworms together with proper incubation method for successful crop.

6.

Silkworm Protection

Sandwich ELISA assay for detection of pebrine spores up to a concentration of 10 4 /ml.using polyclonal antibodies (from Rabbit) and monoclonal antibodies (from mouse) MA-575.

1.

Silkworm body disinfectant like ‘Vijetha’, ‘Vijetha Supplement’ and ‘Resham Jyothi’ toprevent disease outbreak.

2.

‘Uzicide’ - an ovicide against Uzi fly and ‘Uzi trap’ - a chemical formulation to trap the adultflies to control the menace of uzi (a major pest of silkworm) infestation.

3.

IPM technology package for the control of Uzi fly through Nesolynx thymus along withUzicide and Uzitrap. Dermestid beetles causing damage to seed cocoons in grainages becontrolled by mechanical removal of grubs / adults and spraying Deltamethrin (0.03%) in thecocoon storage rooms. An insecticidal based chalk stick developed against ant attack inrearing house.

4.

Simple staining technique for effective detection of intermediary stages of N. bombycis(Pebrine spores) in larval mid-gut tissue.

5.

Eco-friendly and biodegradable chemical based bed disinfectants utilizing 7 plant productsand 4 eco-friendly products for effective management of common pathogens of silkworm.

6.

Silkworm Rearing Technology Innovation

Egg transportation bag provides optimum environmental conditions during transportation ofsilkworm eggs.

1.

Low cost incubation device for the incubation of silkworm eggs.2.Loose egg incubation frame toprovide optimum environmental conditions duringincubation3.


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for loose eggs, these frames are also useful during incubation, black boxing and brushing.Adopted in all NSSP / DOS grainages engaged in bivoltine egg production.Blue polythene sheet during chawki rearing to reduce leaf drayage and reduce leaf inputcost.

4.

Wrap up method to avoid moisture loss (all four sides of the paraffin paper are folded fromthe rearing bed to increase humidity by 15-20%). This technique gives an additional 3-4 kgmore cocoons per 100 dfls at no extra cost.

5.

A simple device for preservation of chawki leaf (made of a rectangular bamboo tray,bamboo mat and a central funnel) in which chawki leaves can preserve for 10-12 hourswithout any deterioration in leaf quality and leaf drayage.

6.

Plastic bottlebrush mountage to help silkworm to mount itself thereby save 40% timetowards labour.

7.

Jobarai method of mounting to save 20% time towards labour for mounting silkwormsmanually and harvest quality cocoons.

8.

Nylon net rearing technique for tasar silkworm larvae has been devised.9.

Innovations in Sericultural Machines

Mulberry Pruning Machine attached to power tiller to prune 15 cm dia. stumps from one acreof mulberry plantation in 5 hr.

1.

Machine for preparation of Cuttings to facilitate quick preparation of cuttings @ 2000cuttings/ hour.

2.

Shoot crushing Machine to crush shoots into small bits / pieces @ 250 – 300 kg shoots/hour.

3.

Litter separator machine for separation of left over leaves and litter for use in biogas plant.4.Cocoon De-flossing Machine to de-floss cocoons @ 60 kg/day against manual de-flossing of10 – 12 kg/day.

5.

Powder duster to dust disinfectants over silkworm body in prevention of silkworm diseases.6.

Non-Mulberry Host plant and Silkworm

Standardization and recommendation of micro propagation technique for Terminalia arjunacultivation. Six strains of Antherea proylei was evolved and 82 genotypes of Terminalia arjunaand T. tomentosa were screened for genetic selection of high yielding ones.

1.

Survey and collection of wild tasar cocoons from various eco-regions of Bihar yielded fivepromising eco-races. 9 biotypes, 4 evolved lines and 3 mutant lines were evolved based onBlue, Yellow and Almond colour. Raily, Modal and Daba as well as 3 hybrid combinationsSarihan x Laria, Sarihan x Daba and Laria x Modal were identified as best hybrids for most ofthe commercial characters.

2.

Adoption of seed cocoon selection procedure and use of cooling device to reducepreservation loss upto 14.8% in Trivoltine [TV] and 21.1% in Bivoltine [BV] breeds. Themating percentage of moths rose to 93.9% in Trivoltine [TV] and 94.7% in Bivoltine [BV].Overall, the egg production increased to 49.3% in TV and 60.1% in BV.

3.

Egg laying nylon bag where the average ovipositor period is 178 hr and fecundity of 48 hr.Female moth preservation frame designed and fabricated to prevent pre-mating ovipositor, upto 20 hr without any loss of eggs.

4.


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New moth examination technique for pebrine detection through pricking method developedover the conventional method of moth crushing and discarding.

5.

Integrated Tasar Rearing Technology Package includes incubation, brushing of neonatelarvae, feeding and guarding young and late age larvae against diseases, pest and predators.

6.

Ideal grainage house and techniques for Tasar egg production.7.Tasar Keet ousadh for control of Tasar silkworm disease was developed.8.Comprehensive package for chawki garden maintenance to enhance production.9.Sun-pack collapsible mountages for indoor cocoon spinning for quality cocoons.10.Foliar spray with desired level of bacteria during rearing consistently to reduce virosis andbacteriosis and significant gain in effective rate of rearing.

11.

Neem based compound (Azadiractin) against pest of silkworm larvae.12.Integrating cultural, mechanical and active compound of neem derivatives as suitable controlmeasures against major defoliators of primary tasar food plants.

13.

Biological control measure against Uzi fly includes - nucleus culture of N. thymus,Tetrastichus howardi, Trichopria spp., Dirhinus spp. and Brachymeria lasus maintained on thepuparia of uzi fly.

14.

Nursery technique for raising of som (Machilus bombycina) seedlings.15.Oviposite device for muga silkworms.16.

Post Cocoon Technology

Biopril-50 a substitute for dry reeling reeled on Tasar Reeling Charkha (TRC); spinning oftasar silk waste, blends with the fibers on pedal spinning wheel and NMC along with improvedpreparatory processes of weaving were transferred for commercial use.

1.

Standardization of tasar cocoon processing / cooking technologies of different commercialcocoons on TRC and Motorized /Pedal operated reeling cum twisting machine.

2.

Multi-fuel smokeless economic oven reeling machine an improved charaka and multi-endreeling machine capable of producing gradable silk of A-B grade.

3.

Silk knitted fabrics in light and medium weight range in all silk and combination ofSilk-Cotton and Silk-Modal yarn. The blends have silk on the face of the fabric and cotton ormodal yarn on the inside/back of the fabric, combining the luxury of silk and comfort ofcotton, at the same time reducing the cost of the fabric substantially.

4.

Dupion silk reeling machine and technology package for production of superior grade dupionraw silk (CSTRI, Bangalore). The advantages of the new dupion silk reeling technology are-higher renditta in multivoltine cocoons, less de-gumming loss, improve quality character ofdupion raw silk produced and economics of the technology indicate profitability than that ofconventional technology. These models can cater the needs of small-scale charka reelers andreelers who have better facilities like boiler and cooking equipments.

5.

Bivoltine silk reeling technology package to produce International grade raw silk suitable toIndian conditions. In addition, long skein book making machine, reel permeation chamber,stationery pressurized cooking and pressing disc etc. developed by CSTRI, Bangaloredemonstrated in the reeling units.

6.

Seri-Biotechnology

Identification of DNA marker for NPV resistance in silkworm through multi-institutional net1.


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work project (CDFD, Hyderabad and CSB/state level institutions).Identification of DNA markers linked to QTLs (cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight)through collaborative project. Code for anti-viral (BmNPV) protein partially characterized.

2.

Genetic linkage map for the silkworm established employing 518 simple sequence repeat ormicrosatellite markers.

3.

Large numbers of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) have been made available to thescientific community (as India joined “International Consortium on Lepidoperon Genomics”)both for mulberry and non-mulberry silk.

4.

High yielding productive silkworm hybrids (viz., Swarnandhra, Hemavathy andKalpavatharavu) developed using DNA marker technology and released to farmers of AndhraPradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

5.

Luciferase and green fluorescent proteins were successfully expressed utilizing silkworm as abioreactor (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore).

6.

Process for degumming of silk with fungal protease enzyme has been standardized andfound economically viable without chemical hazardous.

7.

Mapping populations of mulberry for water use efficiency and genotyping of trait-specificmapping population of mulberry is under progress.

8.

Transgenic mulberry lines with HVA-1 gene for abiotic stress tolerance have been developed(University of Delhi). Field evaluation has been initiated jointly with sericulture institute.

9.

Potential, strengths and challenges of sericulture industry in India

R&D achievements like development of indigenous mulberry varieties with highest leaf yields in theworld, new bivoltine silkworm hybrids eminently suited to the tropical regions of the country,farmer-friendly technologies, cost-effective new package of practices for cultivation of food plants,rearing and reeling coupled with huge natural and man-made resources and trained manpowerclearly indicates the future prospects of sericulture industry to emerge as a promising indicator ofeconomic development for the upliftment of the socially deprived communities and thedowntrodden. The strengths, weakness, opportunities and challenges (SWOT analysis) of Indiansilk industry have been given in Table 6.

Table 6: SWOT analysis of the Indian silk industry

Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats

Large productionbase, availability ofskills, land andlabour.

Gaps in technologytransfer andextension support.

Generation of ruralemployment andreduction ofmigration to urbanareas.

Fallinginternationalprices and heavydumping fromChina at lowprices.


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Establishedinfrastructure,availability ofsilkworm breeds /hybrids.

Inadequate marketaccessibility, poorlinkage amongdifferent stakeholders.

Liberalizationpolicies of Govt. ofIndia in line withWTO Agreements.

Unpredictability ofChina’s silkpolicies.

Low investment,short gestationperiod and higherreturns.

De-centralizednature of theindustry inhibitsfinancial institutefrom extendingfinancial support tothe sector.

Reduction ofproduction of silkeven by traditionalsilk countries likeJapan, USSR etc.

Inability of thesilk industry toreact and adopt tothe changingneeds in terms ofquality both forthe domestic andexport markets.

Easily adoptabletechnologies andstrong domesticdemand-pull.

Lack of qualitybased pricingsystem in themarket, frequentprice fluctuationsand large scaleimports from Chinaat low prices.

Garment exportsare on a steadyincrease with hugeemploymentopportunities.

Lack of awarenessin the domesticmarket to respondto the demand-driven milieu.

Seri-bio-diversity: Among 34 mega biodiversity countries in the world, India is home to manyspecies of insects with a diverse silk moth fauna. In addition to the diverse silkworm races, thereare vast genetic resources of mulberry, tasar, muga and eri host plants spread over diversegeographical locations. This offers a great opportunity for economic utilization of the natural floraand fauna. However, due to deforestation and destruction of habitats, there is a challenge to bringabout development without disturbing the ecological balance.

Sericulture and national economy: In India, sericulture related activities ensure the livelihoodsecurity of over six million families spread over in some 59,000 villages across the country. The silksector is also a valuable foreign exchange earner for the country. The export earnings stood at Rs.3,338 crores during 2006-07. In addition, there is an opportunity to double the export earningswith the free trade atmosphere in Europe and USA. It is estimated that India needs 25,000 MT ofraw silk per year to meet its domestic requirement. The growing demand of silk in the domesticmarket can make the industry a valuable enterprise which in turn can provide employment for therural masses ensuring assured economic returns at the individual family level.

Sericulture and women empowerment: Women contribute to a little less than 50 % of thecountry’s population and most of them are largely rural based, deriving their livelihood through


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agriculture and other land based activities, either as family members or wage earners. As a cottageindustry, sericulture provides ample wok for women in the rural areas particularly in silkwormrearing and reeling, while men, largely work in the field and in weaving. The involvement of womenin different activities of sericulture is about 53 % and their contribution in the on-farm activitiesunderstandably is lower than that in post-cocoon activities (Table 7). Sericulture is an idealavocation for women because of the following facts-

Being rural based, sericulture needs less specialized skill and hence, suits women well.Involves mostly indoor activities, less physical energy and manual labour.Work is evenly spread over during the day, with intermittent gaps, offering leisure time andproximity to living place.Minimum investment with long life and short gestation period.Continuous job with frequent income and scope for utilizing several by-products for valueaddition.

Table 7: Involvement of women in different Sericultural activities

Sl. No. Activity No. ofdistricts

No. ofvillages

Sericulturefamilies

Involvementof women

(%)

1. Silkworm seedproduction 10 14 082 20.46

2. Mulberry cultivation 07 14 422 49.55

3. Silkworm rearing 07 14 422 49.67

4. Silk reeling 06 13 392 48.81

5. Silk spinning 02 20 200 80.00

6. Silk throwing(twisting) 04 06 096 56.34

7. Silk weaving 06 12 267 49.02

8. Dyeing – Printing ofsilk yarn and fabrics 04 06 071 41.00

9. Silk bye-products 01 08 050 65.00

10. Silk and Milkproduction 04 15 300 75.00


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Total / Overall 47 107 2002 53.45

Source: Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, CSB, Mysore

Sericulture and rural development: Sericulture being a farm-based enterprise is highly suited forboth large and small land holdings, with low capital investment. The very nature of this industrywith its rural based on-farm and off-farm activities and enormous employment generation potentialhas attracted the attention of many planners and policy makers to recognize the industry as one ofthe most appropriate avenues for socio-economic development of a largely agrarian economy likeours. Generally, silk goods are purchased by the urban rich and middle-class consumers and it isestimated that around 57 % of the final value of silk fabrics flows back to the primary producers inrural areas. Sericulture can also play a very vital role in alleviating rural poverty due to its highwork participation rate and thereby can check migration from rural to urban areas.

Sericulture and employment generation: The percentage of population below the poverty lineranges from 47.15 % in Orissa to 12.72 % in Kerala. In major silk producing states it is about 30% on an average (Table 8). Raw silk production is the most appropriate tool to provide gainfulemployment to these poorer sections of the society, as net incomes range from Rs. 12,000 to 70,000 per annum depending upon the variety of the silk to be produced and the unit area (underhost plants). It is estimated that sericulture can generate employment @ 11 man-days per kg ofmulberry raw silk production (in on-farm and off-farm activities) through out the year (Table 9).

Table 8: State-wise status of below-poverty-line families (1999-2000)

State % populationbelow poverty line State

% populationbelow poverty

line

Andhra Pradesh 15.77 Maharashtra 25.02

Assam 36.09 Madhya Pradesh 37.43

Bihar 42.60 Orissa 47.15

Gujarat 14.07 Tamil Nadu 21.12

Karnataka 20.04 Uttar Pradesh 31.15

Kerala 12.72 West Bengal 27.02


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Source: Planning Commission Report, Article: K. Venkatasubramanian.

Table 9: Activity-wise employment generation in Mulberry sericulture (per ha.)

Activity

Employment generation

Man-days Man-years

A. Mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing

a. Mulberry cultivation 585

b. Leaf / shoot harvesting 320

c. Silkworm rearing 350

Sub-total 1255 5.020

B. Reeling of silk cocoons

@ 300 mandays per 1000 kgs ofreeling cocoons (@ 8.0 renditta; 760kgs cocon / ha.; 95 kgs raw silk / ha.)

2250 9.120

Total (A + B) 3535 14.140

C. Twisting

@ 220 g of silk per mandays 432 1.727

D. Weaving

Handloom @ 0.13 kg per manday 438 1.752

Powerloom @ 0.3125 kg per manday 122 0.486

Sub-total (Weaving) 560 2.238


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E. Printing and Dyeing

@ 40 mandays for 40 kg of raw silk 95 0.380

F. Finishing

@ 751 mandays for 40 kf of raw silk 1784 7.135

G. Silk waste processing

@ 18.775 mandays per kg of raw silk 26 0.104

Total (C to G) 2896 11.58

Grand Total 6431 26

Source: Central Silk Board, Bangalore.

Sericulture and higher remuneration: Sericulture as a remunerative crop can suit all categories offarmers from small/marginal farmers with meager resources to a large farmers. With shortgestation periods, the returns are quick. The net returns in case of mulberry sericulture (when afarmer has one acre of mulberry plantation using family labor), is estimated at about Rs. 48,000per annum. Mulberry is highly amenable to inter-cropping. Economics of mulberry with inter-cropping of vegetable for 3,700 sq. meters is given in Table 10.

Table 10: Economics of mulberry as an inter-crop with vegetables

Crop combination Additional income (Rs.)

Mulberry + Palak 17422

Mulberry + Methi 6026

Mulberry + Raddish 3869

Mulberry + Beans 4953


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Source: CSR&TI, CSB, Mysore

Sericulture and new emerging areas (value addition and product diversification): It is imperativethat adequate thrust on non-traditional uses of silk could create a positive pressure in the sector toconcentrate on high quality raw material for high value addition leading to a quantum leap forward.

The non traditional areas are:

Medical application1.

Artificial skinArtificial blood vesselsArtificial boneSuture threads

Cosmetics such as facial masks, dermal lotions, powders etc.2.Liquid silk3.Interior home decor and handicrafts4.

Wall papersLampshades

Conclusion

Silk is a highly valued textile fiber of animal origin. It is used almost entirely for the production ofhigh quality textiles. The sericulture industry is unique for more than one reasons. It is based onagricultural output viz., cocoons and cottage based labour intensive in nature. The industrycomprises of reeling, silk preparatory and weaving, silk knitting, silk wet and processing consistingof degumming, dyeing, printing and finishing besides garment manufacturing. These activities inturn support the ancillary enterprises of marketing, manufacture and by-product utilizationcomprising of spun silk yarn manufacture and papae oil extraction. Thus, a lot of value is added tothe product at each stage of the industry.

Reeling forms a vital link in converting the agricultural produce viz., cocoons into an industrialoutput yarn. Reeling involves a series of intricate processes while converting the cocoons into rawsilk. The reeling sector in India is cottage based and highly decentralized, employing a variety ofreeling devices viz., charkha, cottage and domestic basins, semi-automatic, automatic andmulti-end reeling machinery. Generally, at the village level, there are charakhas which accountsnearly 50 % of the total raw silk production in the country. The charkha silk yarn though of poorquality has a distinct identity in the market and is generally associated with bulkiness and preferredas weft yarn largely by the handloom weavers. Central Silk Technological Research Institute,


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Central Silk Board, Bangalore ‘Multi-end reeling machinery package’ (an improvement over thecottage basin) was introduced as the most appropriate technology to handle the available quality ofcocoons to produce gradable quality raw silk. In the intermediate level, there are domestic basinsand cottage basin reeling devices while at upper end there are multi-end reeling machines,semi-automatic and automatic reeling machines. In weaving sector, about 70 % raw silk isconsumed by the handlooms while the power looms consume only 30 %. Thus, the pre-requisite ofsilk industry is availability of raw silk of right quality in adequate quantities at competitive pricesconsistently. Therefore, it is important to link such units with identified cocoon growers. Such unitsmay also think of procuring the raw material through a system of contract or corporate farming.

Some initiatives like cocoon testing in some select markets, raw silk testing in the silk conditioningand test houses and technical service centres across the county by the Central Silk TechnologicalResearch Institute, Central Silk Board, Bangalore has created visible impact to bring awarenessabout quality among the rearers, reelers and weavers. This is important to achieve quality silk ofinternational standard. Recently, Central Silk Board has started a testing laboratory for Silk andZari at Kancheepuram to facilitate customers, producers and other stakeholders for spot testing ofsilk and zari material without any destruction to the products by x-ray analysers. More importantly,‘Silk Mark’ Scheme is introduced by Silk Mark Organisation of India (SMOI), a registered society,sponsored by Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. The Silk Mark is aquality assurance label for the assurance of pure silk and in addition serves as a brand for genericpromotion of Pure Silk. The Silk Mark is under the process of registration as a Trade Mark.

Indian silkworm breeds are multivoltine (i.e., they produce several broods a year) and though,good progress has been achieved in cross breed (multivoltine x bivoltine) silk production, thequality still remains incomparable to that of Chinese breeds which are bivoltine. In spite ofabundant natural resources, socio-economic benefit of the sector like generation of employment forthe large sections of tribals and marginalized rural men and women, growing export market as wellas large domestic demand, a variety of problems have kept Indian sericulture away from achievingits true potential. These may include unhygienic conditions and diseases prevalent during silkwormrearing, mediocre quality of silkworm breeds and sub-optimal processing technology, lack of properseed organization system and poor quality seed production, low technology adoption by thestakeholders, inadequate/poor extension efforts, age-old practices of post-cocoon operations,absence of quality certification and quality-linked pricing system and poor linkages among the fourproduction sub-systems viz., seed, cocoon, yarn and fabric. In this context, some possibleapproaches have been suggested below and a strategic model has been outlined in Fig. 3.

Evolution of appropriate cost-effective technologies through focused research projectsaddressing constraints and maximizing the production of quality eggs.Teaming up of sericulture scientists with molecular biologists, bio-engineers, immunologists,textile technologists, clinicians, experts from industry and a host of other stakeholders incharting out a new road map.Adoption of region and season specific approaches in the development of superior breeds /hybrids and feed package of practices.Establishment of close linkage between forward and backward sub-systems for greaterefficiency and synergy as sericulture and silk industry is highly scattered and unorganized.Identification and promotion of potential clusters for Bivoltine and Vanya silk production in


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potential traditional and non-traditional areas.Skill up-gradation through structured and specially designed training programmes.Establishment of linkages among the four identified production sub-systems viz., seed,cocoon, yarn and fabric.Capacity building for production and supply of adequate quality planting material, silkwormseed, reeling cocoons and silk yarn through promotion of large-scale production units withrequired techno-financial support.Development and promotion of participatory extension system for effective adoption oftechnologies by similar stakeholders.Protection to some extent of Indian silk market from Chinese cheap raw silk and fabrics byimplementation of anti-dumping duty.Effective utilization of by-products for value addition.


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Fig 3: A strategic model to strengthen and promote sericulture industry in India

References

Annual Report of Central Sericultural, Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Mysore.


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Indian Silk, Vol. 47(5), 2008.

Md. Aslam (2008) Adding value. Biotech News, Vol. III (5), p. 9.

Planning Commission Report, Article by Dr. K. Venkatasubramanian, Member, Planning Commission,

www.planningcommission.nic.in

Proceeding of the 20th Conference of the International Sericulture Commission, Bangalore, December, 2005.

Sericologia, Vol. 44(3), 2004.

Sericulture and Silk Industry Statistics, 2003, Central Silk Board, Govt. of India, Bangalore.

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