semester workshop structural analysis - tcu-via.com analysis.pdf · tcu/via 5th semester workshop...

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02-09-2019 [email protected] 5.03_Structural Analysis 1

Structural Analysis

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Structural Engineering:Analysis, design and construction of structural systems.

Structural Systems:Bridges, buildings, dams, transportation facilities, liquid or gasstorage facilities, industrial factories and plants, power generationand transmission units.

Structural Analysis:Determine how a structure responds to specified loads or actions: forces and deformations

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Forces represented as vectors

Unit : N (Newton)1 N ~ 100 g1 kN (1000 N) ~ 100 kg

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Structures must be proportioned so that they will notFAIL or DEFORM EXCESSIVELY under loads,The designer must decide which loads to apply basedon the type of structures (Shape and Function).

Self-weights:

These are the loads associated with the WEIGHT of thestructure and its PERMANENT COMPONENTS (floors,ceilings, ducts etc.)We assign to the members a dimension to evaluate thedead loads, this value needs to be checked AFTER thefinal dimensioning.

Loads acting on constructions

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Wind load

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Earthquake Loads:

The ground motion created by major earthquake forces causebuildings to sway back and forth. Assuming the building is fixed atits base, the displacement of floors will vary from zero at the baseto a maximum at the roof,

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Loads acting on constructions (Symbols)

Self weight (weight of construction element), GImposed load (people, furniture, goods, …), Q, qSnow load, SWind load, WSoil/water pressure QSeismic load, EAccidental load (fire, explosions, ….), A

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Axially Loaded Members in Tension (Tie Rod)

The material is used at optimum of efficiency because the axially loaded members are uniformly stressed in tension.

Small cross sections can be used but will be flexible and will vibrate under moving load.

Building code try to limit the slenderness ratio (l/r)!!!l = length of the memberr = sqrt(I/A) radius of gyrationI = second moment of area (moment of inertia)A = cross section area

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Columns – Axially Loaded Members in Compression

The capacity to resist under compression is a function of the slenderness,

If l/r is large the member is slender and it will fail for buckling,

If l/r is small the member is stocky and their capacity for axial load is high,

The capacity of a slender column depends also on the support conditions at its ends.

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Beams are loaded perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.

Except for short beams the shear stress produced by V is much smaller than the bending stress produced by M.

Beams – Shear and Bending Moment

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A truss is a structural element composed of slender bars that are connected by frictionless pin joints

They are very stiff longitudinally but flexible when loaded perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.

Planar Trusses (Lattice) – All Members Axially Loaded

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Plates or Slabs

Plates are planar elements, their depth is smaller compared to the length and width.

Their behavior depends on the position of supportsalong the boundaries.

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Shear panels

Shear function is when a structural member can transfer loads in-plane to the supports.

Lateral members are called diaphragms andvertical members are called shear walls.

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Arches – Direct Compression

Arches are in compression undertheir dead load.

To work properly the resultant ofThe internal forces shouldpasses through the centroid.

On the abutment we will have a horizontal as well as a verticalforce.

For this reason we needmassive abutment to absorb thereaction.

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Rigid frames

Rigid frames consists ofbeams and Columns and they carry axialload and moment.

To have a rigid frame the joints need to be rigid, meaning that the right angle must not change when the members are loaded.

It is necessary to make the joint stiffer.

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Cables – Flexible Members in Tension (Tie Rod)

Cables are slender, flexible members composed of high-strength steel wires twisted mechanically.

They can only carry direct tensile stress and theyhave the strength to support the large load of long-spanstructures.

Under distributed vertical load they will deform as aparabola.

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Analysis (Flow of forces to foundation)

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Analysis (example)

A multi storey building with partial basement.

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Analysis (example)

Explode the building and rotate appropriately to allow inspection of all load bearing and stabilizing construction elements.

(only newer versions of revit(2018+) has tool for this feature, older versions need a little more work. May need to draw by hand!!)

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Analysis (example)

In case of similar layout of multiple storeys, the excess storeys can be omitted to simplify the analysis. Here the one storey has been removed.

Make 3 copies of the illustration.

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Analysis (example)

Z1 : Load on roof (G, S, W)Z2 : Load on storey partitions (G, q)Z3 : Load from walls (G)

Column actionSlab actionBeam/Lattice action

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Analysis (example)

X1 : Horizontal load on roof (W) X2 : Horizontal load on walls (q)

Shear actionSlab actionTie rod action

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Analysis (example)

Y1 : Horizontal load on wall (W)Y2 : Horizontal load on wall (q)

Shear actionSlab actionTie rod action

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Box diagram indicating the flow of the vertical forces (z-direction), the structural action and load transferring connections (LTC), note similar storeys omitted.

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Box diagram indicating the flow of the Horizontal forces (x-direction), the structural action and load trancferring conections(LTC), note similar storeys omitted.

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Load transferring connections:

LTC1: Roof to façade

Wall plate, Anchor, braching,chemical anchors ……

semester workshop structural analysis - tcu-via.com analysis.pdf · tcu/via 5th semester workshop...

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