second icap workshop aerosol modeling using the giss modele sophia zhang, dorothy koch, susanna...
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![Page 1: Second ICAP Workshop Aerosol Modeling using the GISS modelE Sophia Zhang, Dorothy Koch, Susanna Bauer, Reha Cakmur, Ron Miller, Jan Perlwitz Nadine Bell](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062714/56649d4a5503460f94a26e56/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Second ICAP Workshop
Aerosol Modeling using the Aerosol Modeling using the GISS modelEGISS modelE
Sophia Zhang, Dorothy Koch, Susanna Bauer, Reha Cakmur,
Ron Miller, Jan Perlwitz
Nadine Bell
NASA/GISS, New York
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GISS Aerosol Transport ModelGISS Aerosol Transport Model
The new GISS model version “modelE” (Schmidt et al., submitted to J. Clim.).
Improved radiative treatment, including relative-humidity dependence of optical properties for sulfate, sea salt, and OC.
Implementation of dissolved species budget (DSB) with stratiform cloud (Koch et al., JGR 2003, Koch et al., in prep).
Closer coupling between species and the BL. Resolution: 4 o lat x 5 o long, 20 vertical layers with 10
in the troposphere. The model top is 0.1 mb.
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Emissions
Emission (Tg/yr)
References:
Industrial SO2 52.9 IIASA, Dentener, in prep
Biomass SO2 2.3 Sprio et al., 1992
Volcanic SO2 10.7 GEIA (Andres and Kasgnoc, 1998) scaled by 1.5 Halmer et al., 2002; Graf et al., 1997
DMS 21.2 Kettle et al., 1999; Nightingale et al., 2000
Biomass Burning BC+POM
Cooke and Wilson, 1996
Fossil fuel and biofuel BC+POM
Bond et al., 2004
Aircraft BC 0.01 Baughcum et al.,1993
Dust (4 bins) 1500 Cakmur et al, in prep
Sea Salt (2 bins) 1734.4 Monahan et al., 1986
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Comparison with observations
Remote sites EMEP IMPROVE
Implementation of DSB results in lower loadings for soluble species, especially for sulfate due to reduced aqueous-phase-produced amount.
Heterogeneous processes may correct the deficient sulfate amounts.
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The direct radiative forcing for anthropogenic sulfate is reduced to only -0.25 W/m2 because of a lower anthropogenic sulfate loading in this model.
Direct Radiative Forcing
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The Tropospheric Sulfur CycleThe Tropospheric Sulfur Cycle
DMS
SO2
OtherSO+4
Cloud
OH
NO3 OH
S+4 S+6
H2O2
SO4
OtherSO+6
DUSTO3
LandOcean
The Tropospheric Sulfur CycleThe Tropospheric Sulfur Cycle
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SO2 is irreversibly absorbed on the dust surface and then oxidized by ozone and forms stable sulfate on the dust surface.
HET assumes 1.e-4 uptaking rate for SO2 on dust.
Heterogeneous Reaction on Dust
SO4 concentrations
CTR (g/m3) HET (g/m3) HET- CTR (g/m3)
Sulfate surface concentrations
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Comparison with observations.
EMEPEurope
1995-2000
IMPROVEUSA
1995-2003
Winter DJFAnnual MeanEUROPE EUROPE
USAUSA
SO4 concentrations [ppbv]
- CONTROL
- HETERO. CHEM
- HETERO. CHEM - CONTROL
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Impact on Dust
Heterogeneous reaction can change the dust loading and lifetime. In addition, sulfate, when coated on dust, can change the optical properties of dust.
CTR (mg/m2) HET-CTR (mg/m2)
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BC Emissions by regionsBC Emissions by regions
Region* Tg yr−1 % burden(Tg) %
Globe 10.68 100 0.222 100.0
Biomass S of 40 oN 5.68 53 0.128 57.7
Biomass N of 40 oN 0.32 3 0.007 3.2
Far East 2.08 19 0.046 20.7
Europe 0.47 4 0.008 3.6
North America 0.39 4 0.007 3.2
Russia 0.21 2 0.005 2.2
Aircraft 0.01 0 0.003 1.3
Rest of World 1.53 15 0.017 7.7
* Region names are not exactly correspond to their geographic labels.
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Contributions to BC optical depth based on regional source experiments.
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Climate effects of BC
BC absorbs solar radiation and is thought to warm the climate through aerosol direct effect, and other enhancing mechanisms (semi-direct effect and snow albedo effect).
The climate effect of BC is highly uncertain due the uncertainties in aerosol loading, vertical distribution, and how cloud changes due to BC.
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Results of BC in each model Layer
Layer Fa (w/m2)
EfficacyChange of Cloud Cover (%)
low mid high
1 0.38 5.56 -1.44 -0.40 0.16
2 0.52 3.09 -1.06 -0.26 0.21
3 0.86 2.29 -1.06 -0.43 0.16
4 1.23 0.82 -0.26 -0.16 0.20
5 1.44 0.47 0.49 -0.29 0.14
6 1.63 0.53 0.62 -0.83 0.15
7 1.91 0.40 1.13 -0.94 -0.41
8 2.25 0.32 1.30 0.27 -1.35
The efficacy is 0.82 for BCI and 0.60 for BCB.
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Change of Low Cloud Cover
When BC is put in the layer 1, the reduction of low cloud cover over land is smaller than that over ocean on average.
When BC is put in the layer 4, the reduction of low cloud cover occurs mostly overland and the coastal region near source, while most of the increase of low cloud cover occurs over ocean.
BC in Layer 4 (847mb)BC in Layer 1(959mb)
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Correlation of anomalies of ISCCP low cloud amount and TOMS AI (1983-1993).
The TOMS AI points used for calculating anomalies are those with reflectivity ≤ 15%.
The correlation for low cloud amount is slightly positive for dust and biomass burning region.
Relationship between the modeled ISCCP low cloud amount and AI needs to be studied.
TOMS AI vs. Low Cloud Amount TOMS AI vs. Total Cloud Amount
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Optimizing Dust Emissions
An optimal global value of dust emission and the aerosol load are calculated by minimizing the difference between the model and multiple observational data sets. (Cakmur et al., in prep)
No single data set is sufficient to constrain the emission. The optimal value represents the influence of all data sets.
The optimal dust emission ranges from 1150 to 2850 Tg/yr using different a priori sources.
The result is sensitive to the a priori source, datasets, and location used
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Other on-going aerosol projects at GISS Fully interactive tropospheric gas-phase coupling
between sulfur and chemistry has been implemented in the GISS modelE (Bell et al., submitted to JGR).
On annual and global scales, the differences of sulfate burden between the coupled and off-line simulations are small but larger deviations do occur on regional and seasonal scales.
The chemistry-aerosol coupling leads increases in surface sulfate over source regions in the NH summer, with compensating decreases downwind and in the upper troposphere due to depleted SO2.