sddp – transmission constrained stochastic hydro...

A SDDP – TRANSMISSION CONSTRAINED STOCHASTIC HYDRO-THERMAL DISPATCH

Final Feasibility Update Report

CASA-1000 Update A-1 020913-4SRP-0300-01

A. SDDP – TRANSMISSION CONSTRAINED STOCHASTIC HYDRO-THERMAL DISPATCH

The main objective for a power system is to ensure an economic and reliable supply of predicted load along the planning period. The economic objective is to minimize the supply cost. The reliability objective is to avoid supply interruptions, including those due to failures in generating units or in the transmission system, or rationing due to low inflows on the hydro plants or the depletion of hydro energy stocks in system reservoirs.

In Tajikistan, the load and hydro resource situations are quite different in summer and winter. During the winter, the load is at its highest and the hydro inflow is low, while in the summer period, the load is at its lowest and the inflows are high. There is an additional constraint of too few thermal plants to complement the hydro system, and thus the majority of energy to meet the internal load is supplied by the hydro plants. Hence, during winter, the combination of limited water in the reservoirs and low water inflows reduces the winter generating capacity causing power deficits. During the summer, the situation is reversed, with more water inflows than the system needs to cover the internal load, there is significant spilling in the hydro plants. The level of deficit or spilling will depend on the specific hydrological conditions, with spilling being higher during wet years and lower during dry year.

Using a model such as SDDP, the objective is to determine the sequence of hydro releases which will minimize the operating cost along the planning period, including the unserved energy cost. This problem can be represented as a decision tree below.

Decision Process for Hydrothermal Systems

OK

spillage

rationing

scheduling

use hydro

save hydro

wet

dry

wet

dry

OK

In the figure above, the operator is faced with the option of using hydro energy today, and therefore reducing immediate generating costs, or storing the hydro energy for use in the next period. If energy from hydro sources is used today and future inflows are high allowing reservoir storage levels to increase, the overall system operation is optimized. However, if a drought occurs more expensive thermal generation will be required in the future and in the absence of sufficient thermal generation there will be an interruption in supply, resulting in a non-optimal system operation.


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If storage levels are kept high through a more intensive use of thermal generation today and high inflows occur in the future, water in the reservoirs may spill, resulting in wasted energy and increased operation costs. However, if a dry period occurs the accumulated storage can be used to displace expensive thermal generation and minimize rationing in the future.

There is time element that makes the operation of purely thermal systems different from the operation of hydro-thermal systems. In the operation of purely thermal systems, the optimization is decoupled with respect to time. In a hydroelectric system with large storage capacity, there is significant impact on the timing of hydro production which introduces a time component, and hence operating the system becomes a problem coupled with respect to time. In other words, an operational decision today influences the operating cost in the future.

To solve the time coupled problem, the Brazilian company Power System Research (PSR) developed the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) model for the Brazilian Power System which is predominantly hydro. SDDP is now used around the world in over 40 countries to optimize the use of hydro resources. The underlying assumption in the optimization is that the least expensive hydro plants have already been developed and that fuel costs are increasing.

In Tajikistan, where there is limited possibility to export the surplus during the summer, there is significant spilling in the hydro system. However with the possibility to export the turbinable spilled energy, more power can be generated by the existing the hydro plants during the summer time without causing additional deficits in the winter.

The following table shows the generation potential for the Nurek in Tajikistan. When there are no exports, as was the case in the period (2003-2008), the summer generation for Nurek is around 59% of the total generation. However with export potential, this proportion changes to 66% (based on SDDP simulations). The generation increased during the summer by using the turbinable spilled energy while the winter generation is unaffected by the summer exports.

Nurek Average Generation and Spilling

Period Without export With export potential

Generation % Generation % Summer 5,861 59% 7,800 66% Winter 4,030 41% 4,028 34% Total 9,891 100% 11,828 100% Spilling (m3/s) 598 10

Note: The results are derived using 23 hydrological series and 20 years of simulation (2016-2035) and there is no spilling in Nurek during the winter time

A Brief Description of the SDDP Program

SDDP is a hydrothermal dispatch model with representation of the transmission network used for short, medium and long term operation studies. The model calculates the least-cost stochastic operating policy of a hydrothermal system, taking into account the following aspects:


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• Operational details of hydro plants (water balance, limits on storage and turbine outflow, spillage, filtration etc.)

• Detailed thermal plant modeling (unit commitment, "take or pay" fuel contracts, concave and convex efficiency curves, fuel consumption constraints, multiple fuels etc.)

• Representation of spot markets and supply contracts.

• Hydrological uncertainty: it is possible to use stochastic inflow models that represent the system hydrological characteristics (seasonality, time and space dependence, severe droughts etc.) and the effect of specific climatic phenomena such as the El Niño.

• Detailed transmission network: Kirchhoff laws, limits on power flows in each circuit, losses, security constraints, export and import limits for electrical areas etc.

• Load variation per load level and per bus, with monthly or weekly stages (medium or long term studies) or hourly levels (short term studies).

In addition to producing the least-cost generation, the model calculates several economic indexes such as the spot price (per submarket and per bus), wheeling rates and transmission congestion costs, water values for each hydro plant, marginal costs of fuel supply constraints and others.

Stochastic Optimization Methodology

Hydro plants have no direct operating costs and thus one would expect they would be the first to be dispatched. However, hydro plants have the option of generating the energy today or storing the water for future use. For instance, suppose that water stored in a hydro reservoir can produce 1 TWh and that the current spot price is US$18/MWh and will increase to US$25/MWh by next week. If the objective is to maximize revenue, it is better to store the water until next week. Although hydro plants do not have direct operation costs, they have an opportunity cost that reflects the revenue resulting from energy sales in the future. Knowing that the future price will be higher than current price, the best decision is to generate in the future. However, there is always uncertainty regarding future prices and generally there is no guarantee that future prices will be either higher or lower than the current one. Therefore, the decision to store or to use water depends on an analysis of the consequences of each decision for all the future price scenarios. Unfortunately, the number of combinations of price scenarios grows exponentially with time. For example, if there are two price scenarios every week, the number of combinations would be so large that it is not infeasible to evaluate all possible options. In addition, the transfer of energy from one week to the other also modifies the spot prices since it decreases supply in the current week and increases it in the following weeks.

The dispatch of a hydrothermal system is a large scale stochastic optimization where finding a solution is quite complex. The method traditionally used to solve this dispatch problem is known as stochastic dynamic programming. Traditional stochastic dynamic programming methods require the use of discrete reservoir storage levels (100%, 95%, 90% etc.). With two reservoirs, it is necessary to evaluate all combinations of pairs of levels (100%/100%; 100%/95%; 95%/100%; 95%/95%, etc.). Thus the computational effort grows exponentially with the number of reservoirs and constrains the application of traditional methods to


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systems with only two or three reservoirs. Using a methodology based on stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP), the future cost function of traditional SDP is represented as a piecewise linear function. Thus, it is not necessary to calculate all the combinations of reservoirs levels and finding the stochastic optimal solution for systems with a large number of hydro plants becomes feasible.

SDDP Model Outputs

The main outputs from the SDDP model are:

a) Operating statistics: hydro and thermal generation, thermal operation costs, energy interchange, fuel consumption, deficit risks and energy not supplied;

b) Short run marginal costs: spot prices for each submarket and for each bus; and,

c) Marginal capacity benefits: a measure of the operational benefit of reinforcing the installed capacity of a thermal plant, the turbine limit of a hydro plant or the storage capacity of a reservoir.

B ENERGY BALANCE


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APPENDIX B: ENERGY BALANCE

The following tables show monthly average balances. The averages are taken over sample of 23 hydrological scenarios (1987-2009). Deficits and surpluses are average values. In a given hydrological scenario there could be a deficit while in another scenario there could be a surplus.


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B.1 Kyrgyzstan Energy Balance Table B-1 Kyrgyzstan 2016 Balance (GWh)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Summer Winter

Hydro Generation 1,370 1,238 1,371 936 1,251 1,164 978 971 986 839 1,195 1,413 13,710 6,285 7,425 Thermal Generation 156 140 37 0 14 25 39 51 13 26 73 213 786 141 644 Load 2,073 1,594 1,413 936 703 640 665 667 656 864 1,267 1,912 13,391 4,268 9,124 Deficit 548 215 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 286 1,054 0 1,054

Surplus 0 0 0 0 561 548 352 355 343 0 0 0 2,159 2,159 0

Table B-2 Kyrgyzstan 2020 Balance (GWh) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Summer Winter

Hydro Generation 1,360 1,224 1,338 979 1,175 708 843 825 699 876 1,306 1,401 12,735 5,229 7,506 Thermal Generation 192 178 172 39 14 155 127 100 72 64 68 268 1,448 507 941 Load 2,255 1,734 1,536 1,018 765 697 723 725 714 940 1,378 2,080 14,565 4,642 9,923 Deficit 703 332 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 410 1,476 0 1,476

Surplus 0 0 0 0 424 166 247 200 58 0 0 0 1,094 1,094 0


Hydro Generation 1,348 1,205 1,336 936 825 834 576 597 544 826 1,212 1,418 11,658 4,313 7,345 Thermal Generation 247 238 301 152 181 166 243 182 222 170 253 311 2,668 1,147 1,521 Load 2,505 1,926 1,707 1,131 850 774 804 806 793 1,044 1,531 2,310 16,181 5,157 11,024 Deficit 911 483 70 43 36 32 34 34 41 48 65 581 2,378 220 2,158

Surplus 0 0 0 0 192 259 50 7 14 0 0 0 523 523 0


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Hydro Generation 1,373 1,244 1,383 1,029 913 987 933 849 747 880 1,363 1,430 13,133 5,459 7,673 Thermal Generation 310 281 311 253 222 166 165 174 211 273 301 311 2,978 1,192 1,787 Load 2,983 2,294 2,032 1,347 1,012 921 957 960 944 1,243 1,823 2,751 19,266 6,140 13,126 Deficit 1,301 769 338 64 43 40 46 43 26 90 160 1,009 3,928 261 3,666

Surplus 0 0 0 0 166 272 187 106 41 0 0 0 772 772 0


Hydro Generation 1,375 1,222 1,337 1,198 1,005 784 789 852 930 1,110 1,359 1,382 13,343 5,559 7,785 Thermal Generation 311 281 311 265 284 266 298 275 270 291 301 311 3,463 1,657 1,806 Load 3,553 2,732 2,421 1,604 1,205 1,097 1,140 1,143 1,124 1,481 2,172 3,277 22,949 7,314 15,635 Deficit 1,867 1,229 772 142 68 81 71 55 54 81 512 1,584 6,515 470 6,044

Surplus 0 0 0 0 152 34 18 39 130 0 0 0 372 372 0


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B.2 Tajikistan Energy Balance Table B-6 Tajikistan 2016 Balance (GWh)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Summer Winter

Hydro Generation 1,625 633 1,185 1,265 1,397 2,591 3,162 2,866 1,906 1,048 1,475 1,457 20,610 13,188 7,422 Thermal Generation 177 160 177 164 94 15 0 0 7 177 172 177 1,322 280 1,042 Export 0 0 0 19 115 122 126 126 122 0 0 0 633 633 0 Load 2,036 1,700 1,733 1,662 1,537 1,479 1,605 1,636 1,449 1,857 1,849 2,079 20,620 9,367 11,253 Deficit 234 906 371 276 0 0 0 0 0 631 203 445 3,065 276 2,789

Surplus 0 0 0 23 ‐161 1,005 1,431 1,104 342 0 0 0 3,744 3,744 0

Table B-7 Tajikistan 2020 Balance (GWh) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Summer Winter

Hydro Generation 1,276 901 1,352 1,246 1,600 2,773 2,725 2,884 1,913 1,590 389 1,752 20,401 13,142 7,259 Thermal Generation 177 160 177 164 93 7 3 0 22 177 172 177 1,333 291 1,042 Export 0 0 0 5 125 117 126 126 120 0 0 0 621 621 0 Load 2,181 1,821 1,857 1,781 1,647 1,584 1,719 1,752 1,552 1,989 1,981 2,227 22,092 10,036 12,057 Deficit 727 760 328 376 0 0 0 0 0 222 1,420 298 4,132 376 3,756

Surplus 0 0 0 0 ‐78 1,079 883 1,005 263 0 0 0 3,152 3,152 0


Hydro Generation 1,795 322 1,128 1,276 1,916 2,236 2,855 2,962 1,903 1,048 1,209 1,450 20,101 13,147 6,954 Thermal Generation 177 160 177 164 50 37 14 8 46 177 172 177 1,361 319 1,042 Export 0 0 0 5 95 96 121 121 105 0 0 0 543 543 0 Load 2,430 2,029 2,069 1,984 1,835 1,765 1,915 1,952 1,730 2,216 2,207 2,481 24,613 11,181 13,432 Deficit 457 1,547 763 549 8 15 4 4 13 990 826 854 6,030 593 5,437

Surplus 0 0 0 0 44 428 837 900 128 0 0 0 2,336 2,336 0


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Hydro Generation 2,097 1,368 902 1,501 2,077 2,386 2,706 2,761 1,907 1,048 906 598 20,256 13,338 6,919 Thermal Generation 177 160 177 165 116 37 32 31 101 177 172 177 1,524 483 1,042 Export 0 0 0 7 92 99 115 114 92 0 0 0 519 519 0 Load 2,721 2,272 2,317 2,222 2,054 1,977 2,145 2,186 1,937 2,482 2,471 2,779 27,563 12,521 15,042 Deficit 446 745 1,238 579 15 17 9 10 28 1,256 1,394 2,003 7,739 657 7,082

Surplus 0 0 0 16 62 365 487 501 7 0 0 0 1,437 1,437 0


Hydro Generation 1,419 1,284 1,921 1,352 2,077 2,371 2,747 2,714 1,923 2,332 352 377 20,869 13,185 7,685 Thermal Generation 177 160 177 172 133 57 55 59 144 177 172 177 1,661 620 1,042 Export 0 0 0 2 44 96 103 94 67 0 0 0 405 405 0 Load 3,062 2,557 2,607 2,500 2,312 2,224 2,414 2,460 2,179 2,793 2,781 3,127 31,017 14,090 16,927 Deficit 1,466 1,113 509 979 60 38 11 27 55 283 2,257 2,572 9,370 1,170 8,200

Surplus 0 0 0 0 ‐85 146 297 245 ‐124 0 0 0 480 480 0

C HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE


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C. HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE

C.1 Introduction

As described in Section 7 (Transmission Line Routes), this Appendix C contains the detailed description of the HVDC corridor, coordinates of the main angle points, and the maps showing the route.

The coordinates of the angle points (latitudes, longitudes and elevations) are shown in Tables C.1, C.2 and C.3 for line route sections within Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan respectively. In light of the right of way constraints in the Sheikh Muhammadi substation in Peshawar, a new suitable nearby location is to be identified for the converter station in Pakistan. The HVDC transmission line routing will need to be confirmed in a subsequent detailed study once this location is confirmed.

In addition, the transmission line route is mapped by making use of the satellite imagery. These maps providing the whole route of the 750 km HVDC transmission line are attached at the end of this appendix.

C.2 Transmission Line Route Description

C.2.1 Tajikistan

The first approximately 3 km of the route, from Sangtuda 1 Hydro Power Plant on the Vakhsh River, runs to the east and the route then turns to run generally in a south/south-western direction to cross the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border just east of Nizhny. The route generally traverses areas of low population densities; clear of and well to the east of all the major centers of population in the area—Kurgan-Tyube, Vakhsh, Kolkhozabad and Dusti.

The total length of the route within Tajikistan is 117 km and all of which is at an elevation below 1,000 masl (meters above sea level)

C.2.2 Afghanistan

The route crosses the Amu River (Tajikistan/Afghanistan border) near Shir Khan and then follows the road to Kunduz, Mahajer, Baghlan and Pul-e-Khumri at a distance of approximately 1 to 2 km west of the road. The whole section from the border to Pul-e-Khumri is less than 1,000 masl in elevation.

From Pul-e-Khumri the route continues to follow the main road up to Dowshi. At Dowshi the route turns to run east to Khanjan and then south to follow the road towards the Salang Pass. The section of the route between Khanjan and the Salang Pass traverses some of the most severe terrain of the whole line route, passing between mountain peaks up to nearly 5,000 masl. From the Salang Pass, the route continues to follow the road to Jabal-Os Saraj and Charika. The part from the Salang Pass to Jabal-Os Saraj is through terrain of similar severity as that north of the Salang Pass. The elevation between Pul-e-Khumri and Dowshi is generally less than 1,000 masl. Beyond Dowshi, the elevation rises from approximately 1,000 masl to a maximum of just under 4,000 masl in the Salang Pass and then drops to under 2,000 masl at Jabal-Os Saraj and Charika.

The section from Charika to Kabul continues south along the road and north of Kabul the route turns towards the east in order to bypass the city, passing approximately 5 km north of Kabul Airport. This section of the route, located just north of the airport, would be suitable as a potential location of a future converter/substation to supply power to Kabul. East of Kabul


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the route heads south to cross the main Kabul-Jalalabad road; passes north-east of Pul-I-Charkhi Jail; joins the old Lataband Track, which runs from Kabul to Sorubi, and follows the Lataband Track to Sorubi. From Sorubi the route runs along the main road to Jalalabad, passing approximately 5 km north of the city. Beyond Jalalabad the route runs south-east to join the main Jalalabad-Peshawar road and continues along the road to cross the Afghanistan/Pakistan border approximately 2 km south-west of main road border crossing. Elevation from Charika to approximately 20 km beyond Sorubi is between 1,000 and 2,000 masl. The remainder of the route to the Afghanistan/Pakistan border is generally under 1,000 masl.

The total route length within Afghanistan is 562 km. The breakdown at various elevations is approximately 19 km between 3,000 and 4,000 masl, 36 km between 2,000 and 3,000 masl, 171 km between 1,000 and 2,000 masl and 336 km below 1,000 masl.

C.2.3 Pakistan

The route continues in Pakistan along and south of the main road to Peshawar. Approximately 5 km west of Jamrod the route progresses in a semi-circular arc to the south and east, to avoid the urban mass of Peshawar. A new suitable location nearby the Sheikh Muhammadi substation is to be identified for a Peshawar New substation.

The total route length within Pakistan is 71 km of which the first 27 km from the Afghanistan border is at elevations between 1,000 masl to 2,000 masl with the remaining 44 km at elevations below 1000 masl.

C.3 Conclusion

The approximate total length of the corridor is 750 km. The total line lengths within each country are summarized in the table below:

Country Length (km)

Tajikistan 117 Afghanistan 562 Pakistan 71 Total 750

The route lengths at various elevation ranges are summarized in the table below.

Elevation (masl) Length (km)

< 1,000 493 1,000 to 2,000 197 2,000 to 3,000 38 3,000 to 4,000 22 Total 750


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Table C-1 Tajikistan Coordinates

Angle Point Map Ref. Latitude

(N)Longitude

(E)Approx. Elev.

(masl)Sec. Dist.

(km)Cum. Dist.

(km)

T15 10-42-67 38º 02' 54" 69º 03' 52" 560 0.0 0.0T14 10-42-67 38º 02' 57" 69º 04' 31" 600 1.0 1.0T13 10-42-67 38º 02' 56" 69º 05' 19" 670 1.5 2.5T12 10-42-67 38º 01' 49" 69º 06' 25" 680 2.8 5.3T11 10-42-79 37º 58' 55" 69º 06' 16" 660 5.9 11.2T10 10-42-79 37º 53' 38" 69º 05' 18" 680 9.9 21.0T9 10-42-79 37º 49' 19" 69º 02' 31" 610 9.0 30.0T8 10-42-78 37º 45' 20" 68º 57' 03" 560 10.9 40.9T7 10-42-90 37º 29' 34" 68º 54' 25" 460 30.5 71.4T6 10-42-90 37º 23' 50" 68º 46' 10" 490 16.4 87.8T5 10-42-90 37º 20' 26" 68º 43' 49" 390 7.5 95.3T4 10-42-102-1 37º 18' 51" 68º 43' 50" 380 2.9 98.2T3 10-42-102-1 37º 17' 21" 68º 40' 02" 360 6.5 104.7T2 10-42-102-1 37º 15' 49" 68º 38' 30" 350 3.6 108.4T1 10-42-102-1 37º 12' 13" 68º 36' 08" 360 7.5 115.9

TAJ / AFG 10-42-102-1 37º 11' 42" 68º 36' 30" 330 1.1 117.0

Abbreviationmasl : meters above sea level


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Table C-2 Afghanistan Coordinates


(N)Longitude

(E)Approx. Elev.

(masl)Sec. Dist.

(km) Cum. Dist.

(km)

TAJ / AFG 10-42-102-1 37º 11' 42" 68º 36' 30" 330 0.0 0.0A1 10-42-102-1 37º 11' 28" 68º 36' 32" 340 0.4 0.4A2 10-42-102-3 37º 08' 11" 68º 41' 28" 370 9.5 9.9A3 10-42-114-2 36º 59' 51" 68º 49' 37" 430 19.6 29.5A4 10-42-114-2 36º 53' 45" 68º 50' 13" 430 11.3 40.9A5 10-42-114-4 36º 48' 00" 68º 51' 25" 380 10.8 51.7A6 10-42-114-4 36º 42' 48" 68º 50' 21" 380 9.8 61.4A7 10-42-126-2 36º 35' 47" 68º 53' 18" 400 13.7 75.1A8 10-42-126-4 36º 28' 39" 68º 53' 41" 530 13.2 88.4A9 10-42-126-4 36º 26' 54" 68º 52' 54" 460 3.5 91.9

A10 10-42-126-4 36º 23' 55" 68º 53' 02" 600 5.5 97.4A11 10-42-138-2 36º 18' 03" 68º 47' 47" 500 13.4 110.8A12 10-42-138-1 36º 10' 38" 68º 44' 00" 520 14.9 125.6A13 10-42-138-3 36º 08' 01" 68º 39' 44" 670 8.0 133.7A14 10-42-138-3 36º 04' 53" 68º 38' 10" 560 6.3 139.9A15 09-42-6-1 35º 55' 59" 68º 42' 17" 800 17.6 157.5A16 09-42-6-2 35º 51' 33" 68º 46' 59" 800 10.8 168.4A17 09-42-6-4 35º 48' 16" 68º 46' 20" 700 6.2 174.5A18 09-42-6-3 35º 45' 18" 68º 44' 55" 1000 5.9 180.4A19 09-42-6-4 35º 42' 55" 68º 45' 16" 780 4.4 184.9A20 09-42-18-1 35º 39' 43" 68º 43' 20" 800 6.6 191.5A21 09-42-18-1 35º 39' 27" 68º 42' 44" 800 1.0 192.5A22 09-42-18-1 35º 38' 36" 68º 42' 08" 860 1.8 194.3A23 09-42-18-1 35º 37' 21" 68º 40' 16" 860 3.6 198.0A24 09-42-18-1 35º 36' 10" 68º 40' 32" 960 2.2 200.2A25 09-42-18-1 35º 35' 42" 68º 41' 46" 970 2.1 202.2A26 09-42-18-2 35º 35' 19" 68º 45' 26" 980 5.6 207.8A27 09-42-18-2 35º 35' 48" 68º 52' 35" 1130 10.8 218.6A28 09-42-18-2 35º 35' 02" 68º 54' 06" 1180 2.7 221.3A29 09-42-18-2 35º 32' 36" 68º 55' 15" 1390 4.8 226.1A30 09-42-18-2 35º 30' 39" 68º 55' 35" 1640 3.6 229.8A31 09-42-18-4 35º 29' 11" 68º 56' 20" 1730 2.9 232.7A32 09-42-18-4 35º 28' 07" 68º 57' 34" 1960 2.7 235.5A33 09-42-18-4 35º 27' 34" 68º 58' 04" 2200 1.3 236.7A34 09-42-18-4 35º 25' 44" 68º 59' 00" 2630 3.7 240.4A35 09-42-18-4 35º 22' 36" 68º 59' 32" 3290 5.9 246.3A36 09-42-18-4 35º 22' 10" 69º 00' 00" 3290 1.1 247.3A37 09-42-19-3 35º 20' 00" 69º 01' 12" 3510 4.4 251.7A38 09-42-31-1 35º 19' 30" 69º 01' 06" 3670 0.9 252.7A39 09-42-31-1 35º 17' 08" 69º 02' 48" 3540 5.1 257.8A40 09-42-31-1 35º 17' 02" 69º 06' 00" 2810 4.8 262.6A41 09-42-31-1 35º 14' 19" 69º 08' 00" 2500 5.9 268.5A42 09-42-31-1 35º 14' 46" 69º 09' 15" 2430 2.1 270.5A43 09-42-31-1 35º 14' 11" 69º 12' 53" 2150 5.6 276.2


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Table C-2 Afghanistan Coordinates (Continued)


(N)Longitude

(E)Approx. Elev.

(masl)Sec. Dist.

(km)Cum. Dist.

(km)

A44 09-42-31-1 35º 11' 01" 69º 13' 24" 1870 5.9 282.1A45 09-42-31-3 35º 09' 23" 69º 13' 22" 1870 3.0 285.1A46 09-42-31-3 35º 08' 01" 69º 14' 02" 1690 2.9 288.0A47 09-42-31-3 35º 06' 36" 69º 15' 00" 1590 3.0 291.0A48 09-42-31-3 35º 00' 32" 69º 13' 00" 1510 11.9 302.9A49 09-42-43-1 34º 54' 19" 69º 12' 20" 1510 11.8 314.7A50 09-42-43-3 34º 46' 42" 69º 11' 20" 1600 14.6 329.3A51 09-42-43-3 34º 40' 19" 69º 09' 20" 1760 12.4 341.7A52 09-42-55-1 Deleted Deleted 0.0 341.7A53 09-42-55-1 34º 37' 13" 69º 12' 41" 1760 7.7 349.4A54 09-42-55-2 34º 34' 02" 69º 19' 38" 1820 12.3 361.7A55 09-42-55-2 34º 32' 37" 69º 19' 08" 1800 2.7 364.4A56 09-42-55-2 34º 31' 21" 69º 21' 34" 1810 4.4 368.8A57 09-42-55-2 34º 30' 05" 69º 23' 01" 1870 3.2 372.1A58 09-42-55-2 34º 29' 56" 69º 25' 38" 1910 4.0 376.1A59 09-42-55-2 34º 30' 57" 69º 28' 42" 1880 5.0 381.1A60 09-42-56-1 34º 30' 41" 69º 30' 51" 1850 3.3 384.4A61 09-42-56-1 34º 30' 16" 69º 34' 57" 2090 6.3 390.7A62 09-42-56-1 34º 30' 10" 69º 37' 53" 1690 4.5 395.2A63 09-42-56-1 34º 31' 36" 69º 40' 26" 1430 4.7 399.9A64 09-42-56-1 34º 33' 37" 69º 42' 35" 1190 5.0 404.9A65 09-42-56-1 34º 34' 47" 69º 44' 52" 1080 4.1 409.0A66 09-42-56-2 34º 34' 01" 69º 47' 12" 1380 3.8 412.8A67 09-42-56-2 34º 32' 11" 69º 48' 30" 1150 3.9 416.8A68 09-42-56-2 34º 31' 51" 69º 49' 05" 1220 1.1 417.9A69 09-42-56-4 34º 29' 53" 69º 49' 08" 1050 3.8 421.7A70 09-42-56-4 34º 29' 37" 69º 50' 04" 1240 1.5 423.2A71 09-42-56-4 34º 29' 57" 69º 54' 55" 1080 7.4 430.6A72 09-42-56-2 34º 30' 35" 69º 58' 17" 860 5.3 435.9A73 09-42-57-1 34º 30' 09" 70º 00' 46" 750 3.9 439.8A74 09-42-57-3 34º 29' 06" 70º 04' 28" 750 6.0 445.7A75 09-42-57-1 34º 30' 14" 70º 10' 40" 710 9.7 455.4A76 09-42-57-4 34º 29' 16" 70º 16' 25" 660 9.0 464.4A77 09-42-57-4 34º 29' 33" 70º 20' 53" 680 6.8 471.2A78 09-42-57-4 34º 28' 57" 70º 21' 09" 910 1.5 472.7A79 09-42-58-3 34º 28' 44" 70º 31' 34" 710 15.9 488.7A80 09-42-58-3 34º 20' 06" 70º 38' 50" 640 19.8 508.5A81 09-42-70-2 34º 15' 21" 70º 48' 15" 510 16.9 525.3A82 09-42-71-1 34º 14' 08" 71º 00' 06" 440 18.8 544.1A83 09-42-71-1 34º 13' 16" 71º 02' 17" 420 3.9 548.0A84 09-42-71-1 34º 11' 32" 71º 03' 54" 490 4.5 552.5A85 09-42-71-3 34º 08' 20" 71º 03' 42" 720 5.9 558.5

AFG / PAK 09-42-71-3 34º 06' 45" 71º 04' 31" 1280 3.5 562.0


CASA-1000 Update C-6 020913-4SRP-0300-01

Table C-3 Pakistan Coordinates


(N)Longitude

(E)Approx. Elev.

(masl)Sec. Dist.

(km)Cum. Dist.

(km)

AFG /PAK 38N/4 34º 06' 45" 71º 04' 31" 1280 0.0 0.0P9 38N/4 34º 05' 49" 71º 05' 30" 1220 2.8 2.8P8 38N/4 34º 05' 23" 71º 07' 43" 1200 3.9 6.7P7 38N/4 34º 03' 36" 71º 13' 02" 1220 8.9 15.6P6 38N/8 34º 00' 21" 71º 19' 21" 640 11.8 27.4P5 38O/5 33º 54' 05" 71º 22' 20" 540 15.8 43.2P4 38O/5 33º 52' 31" 71º 24' 29" 560 8.9 52.1P3 38O/5 33º 52' 51" 71º 28' 08" 470 7.8 59.9P2 38O/9 33º 54' 11" 71º 31' 12" 410 6.9 66.8P1 38O/9 33º 55' 26" 71º 32' 29" 380 3.7 70.5

SUB. STN. 38O/9 33º 55' 41" 71º 32' 29" 380 0.5 71.0

The substation coordinates are to be confirmed as part of a subsequent study once the location of the Peshawar New substation is defined.

TAJIKISTAN

Afghanistan

37º 23' 50"68º 46' 10"

37º 29' 34"68º 54' 25"

37º 45' 20"68º 57' 03"

37º 49' 19"69º 02' 31"

37º 53' 38"69º 05' 18"

37º 58' 55"69º 06' 16"

38º 01' 49"69º 06' 25"

38º 02' 57"69º 04' 31"

V A K H S HV A K H S H

P a r k h a rP a r k h a r

D a n g a r aD a n g a r a

I m e n i V a s eI m e n i V a s e

K o l k h o z a b a dK o l k h o z a b a d

K u r g a n - T y u b eK u r g a n - T y u b e

Y a n g i Q a l E iY a n g i Q a l E i

69°40'0"E

69°40'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°0'0"E

69°0'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°40'0"E

38°0'0"N 38°0'0"N

37°40'0"N 37°40'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads

Political boundaries

Transmission Line

LegendBase map source : Landsat TM 2000 & DCW

2425 Pitfield Blvd.Montreal, QuebecCanada, H4S 1W8Tel : 514-334-6780Fax: 514-334-1446www.snclavalin.com

1 of 8

± 500 KV DC Transmission Line RouteTajikistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan

0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

Sangtuda

SS

Borealis

Borealis

Q O N D U ZQ O N D U Z

C H I C H K E HC H I C H K E H

S h i r K h a nS h i r K h a n

E M A M S A L I E BE M A M S A L I E B

D a s h t - e Q a l e hD a s h t - e Q a l e h

D u s t iD u s t i

P y a n d z aP y a n d z a

B o l s h e v i kB o l s h e v i k

37º 11' 42"68º 36' 30"

37º 12' 13"68º 36' 08"

37º 15' 49"68º 38' 30"

37º 17' 21"68º 40' 02"

37º 18' 51"68º 43' 50"

37º 20' 26"68º 43' 49"

37º 23' 50"68º 46' 10"

36º 42' 48"68º 50' 21"

36º 48' 00"68º 51' 25"

36º 53' 45"68º 50' 13"

36º 59' 51"68º 49' 37"

37º 08' 11"68º 41' 28"

37º 11' 28"68º 36' 32"37º 11' 42"

68º 36' 30"

Afghanistan

TAJIKISTAN

69°20'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°0'0"E

69°0'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°20'0"E

68°20'0"E

37°20'0"N 37°20'0"N

37°0'0"N 37°0'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads


Transmission Line



2 of 8


0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

SS

Borealis

Borealis

Q O N D U ZQ O N D U Z

B A G H L A NB A G H L A NR o b a t a kR o b a t a k

K h a n a b a dK h a n a b a d

36º 08' 01"68º 39' 44"

36º 10' 38"68º 44' 00"

36º 18' 03"68º 47' 47"

36º 23' 55"68º 53' 02"

36º 26' 54"68º 52' 54"

36º 28' 39"68º 53' 41"

36º 35' 47"68º 53' 18"

36º 42' 48"68º 50' 21"

36º 48' 00"68º 51' 25"

Afghanistan

69°20'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°0'0"E

69°0'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°20'0"E

68°20'0"E

36°40'0"N 36°40'0"N

36°20'0"N 36°20'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads


Transmission Line



3 of 8


0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

SS

Borealis

Borealis

B A N O WB A N O WD O W S H ID O W S H I

N A H R I NN A H R I N

B A G H L A NB A G H L A NR o b a t a kR o b a t a k

P O L - E K H O M R IP O L - E K H O M R I

35º 27' 34"68º 58' 04"35º 28' 07"

68º 57' 34"

35º 29' 11"68º 56' 20"

35º 32' 36"68º 55' 15"

35º 35' 02"68º 54' 06"

35º 35' 48"68º 52' 35"35º 35' 19"

68º 45' 26"35º 35' 42"68º 41' 46"

35º 36' 10"68º 40' 32"

35º 37' 21"68º 40' 16"

35º 38' 36"68º 42' 08"

35º 42' 55"68º 45' 16"

35º 45' 18"68º 44' 55"

35º 48' 16"68º 46' 20"

35º 51' 33"68º 46' 59"

35º 55' 59"68º 42' 17"

36º 04' 53"68º 38' 10"

36º 08' 01"68º 39' 44"

36º 10' 38"68º 44' 00"

Afghanistan

69°20'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°0'0"E

69°0'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°20'0"E

68°20'0"E

36°0'0"N 36°0'0"N

35°40'0"N 35°40'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads


Transmission Line



4 of 8


0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

SS

Borealis

Borealis

C H A R I K A RC H A R I K A R

G O L B A H A RG O L B A H A RJ A B A L O S S A R A JJ A B A L O S S A R A J

D O A B I G H O W R B A N DD O A B I G H O W R B A N D

34º 54' 19"69º 12' 20"

35º 00' 32"69º 13' 00"

35º 06' 36"69º 15' 00"

35º 08' 01"69º 14' 02"

35º 11' 01"69º 13' 24"

35º 14' 11"69º 12' 53"

35º 14' 46"69º 09' 15"

35º 17' 08"69º 02' 48"

35º 19' 30"69º 01' 06"

35º 22' 10"69º 00' 00"

35º 25' 44"68º 59' 00"

35º 28' 07"68º 57' 34"

35º 30' 39"68º 55' 35"

Afghanistan

69°40'0"E

69°40'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°0'0"E

69°0'0"E

68°40'0"E

68°40'0"E

35°20'0"N 35°20'0"N

35°0'0"N 35°0'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads


Transmission Line



5 of 8


0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

SS

Borealis

Borealis

K A B U LK A B U L

S o r u b iS o r u b i

B A G R A M EB A G R A M EC h a h a r D e h iC h a h a r D e h i

D A K O W Y E P A Y A ND A K O W Y E P A Y A N

34º 29' 06"70º 04' 28"

34º 30' 35"69º 58' 17"34º 29' 37"

69º 50' 04"

34º 32' 11"69º 48' 30"

34º 34' 47"69º 44' 52"34º 33' 37"

69º 42' 35"

34º 31' 36"69º 40' 26"

34º 30' 10"69º 37' 53"

34º 30' 16"69º 34' 57"

34º 30' 41"69º 30' 51"

34º 30' 57"69º 28' 42"

34º 30' 05"69º 23' 01"

34º 31' 21"69º 21' 34"

34º 32' 37"69º 19' 08"

34º 37' 13"69º 12' 41"

34º 40' 19"69º 09' 20"

34º 46' 42"69º 11' 20"

34º 54' 19"69º 12' 20"

Afghanistan

70°0'0"E

70°0'0"E

69°40'0"E

69°40'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°0'0"E

69°0'0"E

34°40'0"N 34°40'0"N

34°20'0"N 34°20'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads


Transmission Line



6 of 8


0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

SS

Borealis

Borealis

W a z i rW a z i r

J A L A L A B A DJ A L A L A B A D

34º 14' 08"71º 00' 06"

34º 15' 21"70º 48' 15"

34º 20' 06"70º 38' 50"

34º 28' 44"70º 31' 34"

34º 28' 57"70º 21' 09"

34º 29' 16"70º 16' 25"

34º 30' 14"70º 10' 40"34º 29' 06"

70º 04' 28"34º 30' 09"70º 00' 46"

34º 30' 35"69º 58' 17"34º 29' 57"

69º 54' 55"

Afghanistan

Pakistan71°0'0"E

71°0'0"E

70°40'0"E

70°40'0"E

70°20'0"E

70°20'0"E

70°0'0"E

70°0'0"E

34°40'0"N 34°40'0"N

34°20'0"N 34°20'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads


Transmission Line



7 of 8


0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

SS

Borealis

Borealis

T A N G IT A N G I

C h e r a tC h e r a t

P E S H A W A RP E S H A W A R

C H A R S A D D AC H A R S A D D A

L A N D I K O T A LL A N D I K O T A L

G E R D IG E R D I

33º 55' 41"71º 32' 29"

33º 54' 11"71º 31' 12"

33º 52' 51"71º 28' 08"

33º 54' 05"71º 22' 20"

34º 00' 21"71º 19' 21"

34º 03' 36"71º 13' 02"34º 05' 23"

71º 07' 43"

34º 05' 49"71º 05' 30"

34º 08' 20"71º 03' 42"

34º 11' 32"71º 03' 54"

34º 14' 08"71º 00' 06"

34º 15' 21"70º 48' 15"

Afghanistan

Pakistan

71°40'0"E

71°40'0"E

71°20'0"E

71°20'0"E

71°0'0"E

71°0'0"E

34°20'0"N 34°20'0"N

34°0'0"N 34°0'0"N

10 0 105 km

Populated areas

Turning points

Roads


Transmission Line



8 of 8


0

1:250 000

Sept 26th 2008

SS

Borealis

Borealis

D HVAC TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE


CASA-1000 Update D-1 020913-4SRP-0300-01

D. HVAC TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE

D.1 HVAC Kyrgyz Republic – Tajikistan Line Route

The preliminary transmission line route developed by SNC-Lavalin Inc. is provided in the figure on the following pages.

KYRGYSTAN

TAJIKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

22

21 2019

1817

16

I s f a n aI s f a n aV o r u k hV o r u k h

S u l y u k t aS u l y u k t a

N A UN A U

S H U R A BS H U R A B

I S F A R AI S F A R A

K A N S A YK A N S A Y

B U S T O NB U S T O N

G A F U R O VG A F U R O V

A d r a s m a nA d r a s m a n

C H K A L O V S KC H K A L O V S K

K A N I B A D A MK A N I B A D A MK H U D Z H A N DK H U D Z H A N D

A L T Y N - T O P K A NA L T Y N - T O P K A N

70°40'0"E

70°40'0"E

70°20'0"E

70°20'0"E

70°0'0"E

70°0'0"E

69°40'0"E

69°40'0"E

69°20'0"E

69°20'0"E

40°20'0"N 40°20'0"N

40°0'0"N 40°0'0"N

39°40'0"N 39°40'0"N

25 0 2512.5 km


1 of 3

Base map source : Landsat TM 2000 & DCW

2

500 KV Transmission Line RouteTajikistan to Kyrgyzstan1 Khoudjand SS location added 08/09/26

Populated areas

Roads


Legend

Turning points

Transmission LineAlternate Route

2 Revised after site visit 08/10/28

KHOUDJAND SS 500KV

KYRGYSTAN

TAJIKISTAN

TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

SAKHIMARDAN

A-5

16 15

14

13

12

S o k hS o k h

V o r u k hV o r u k h

V U A D I LV U A D I L

K a r a m y kK a r a m y k

K h a y d a r k e nK h a y d a r k e n

U c h - K o r g o nU c h - K o r g o n

K Y Z Y L - K I Y AK Y Z Y L - K I Y A

D a r a u t k u r g a nD a r a u t k u r g a n

I S F A R AI S F A R A

72°0'0"E

72°0'0"E

71°40'0"E

71°40'0"E

71°20'0"E

71°20'0"E

71°0'0"E

71°0'0"E

70°40'0"E

70°40'0"E

40°20'0"N 40°20'0"N

40°0'0"N 40°0'0"N

39°40'0"N 39°40'0"N

25 0 2512.5 km


2 of 3


1

500 KV Transmission Line RouteTajikistan to Kyrgyzstan1 Revised after site visit 08/10/28

Populated areas

Roads


Legend

Turning points


KYRGYSTAN

A-5A-4

A-3

A-2

A-1

9

8

7

6

54

32

1

1211

10

O S HO S H

U Z G E NU Z G E N

G u l c h aG u l c h a

K a i r m aK a i r m a

U c h - K o r g o nU c h - K o r g o n

K Y Z Y L - K I Y AK Y Z Y L - K I Y A

L e n i n s k o y eL e n i n s k o y e

D Z H A L A L - A B A DD Z H A L A L - A B A D

B a z a r - k u r g a nB a z a r - k u r g a n

73°20'0"E

73°20'0"E

73°0'0"E

73°0'0"E

72°40'0"E

72°40'0"E

72°20'0"E

72°20'0"E

72°0'0"E

72°0'0"E

41°0'0"N 41°0'0"N

40°40'0"N 40°40'0"N

40°20'0"N 40°20'0"N

25 0 2512.5 km


3 of 3


DATKA SS 500KV

1

500 KV Transmission Line RouteTajikistan to Kyrgyzstan1 Revised after site visit 08/10/28

Populated areas

Roads


Legend

Turning points


E FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE


CASA-1000 Update i 020913-4SRP-0300-01

TABLE OF CONTENTS

E. FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE ............... E-2 E.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. E-2 E.2 Introduction .......................................................................................................... E-2 E.3 Codes and Standards .......................................................................................... E-3 E.4 System Conditions .............................................................................................. E-4 E.5 Drawings ............................................................................................................. E-5 E.6 Design and Material ............................................................................................ E-5 E.6.1 Survey guide lines ............................................................................................... E-5 E.7 Line design and layout ........................................................................................ E-6 E.8 Towers ................................................................................................................. E-6 E.8.1 General ................................................................................................................ E-6 E.8.2 Tower Types ........................................................................................................ E-7 E.8.3 Material ................................................................................................................ E-7 E.8.4 Galvanizing .......................................................................................................... E-8 E.8.5 Tower loads ......................................................................................................... E-8 E.8.6 Insulator swing .................................................................................................. E-10 E.8.7 Tower tests ........................................................................................................ E-10 E.8.8 Drawings ........................................................................................................... E-11 E.8.9 PLS-Tower model .............................................................................................. E-11 E.9 Phase Conductor ............................................................................................... E-11 E.10 Optical Ground-wire (OPGW) ............................................................................ E-11 E.11 Insulators, Hardware and Accessories .............................................................. E-12 E.12 Tower Foundations ............................................................................................ E-13 E.13 Tower Grounding ............................................................................................... E-14 E.14 Security Requirements ...................................................................................... E-14 E.14.1 Security Requirements during construction: ...................................................... E-14 E.14.2 Security Requirements during Operation and Maintenance: ............................. E-14


CASA-1000 Update E-2 020913-4SRP-0300-01

E. FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE

E.1 Scope

The Governments of Afghanistan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan and Tajikistan plan to implement the CASA 1000 Transmission Project under the Central and South Asian Regional Electricity Market (CASAREM) initiative. The aim of the Project is to supply power to Pakistan and Afghanistan.

This document describes the functional specifications governing Design and Materials for the proposed HVDC transmission line and should be reviewed in conjunction with the overall Project Report prepared by SNC. The functional specifications for the converter stations and substations are included in Appendix G.

It is to be noted that these are functional specifications only to define the general parameters of the line. The specifications will be reviewed and further detailed prior to issuance for bid purposes.

E.2 Introduction

The proposed transmission line will be +/- 500kV HVDC, installed on self-supporting lattice steel towers. The line will originate from the proposed AC/DC converter station at Sangtuda hydro-electric power plant in Tajikistan and terminate at the proposed DC/AC converter station near Peshawar in Pakistan. The approximate total length of the line is 750km. The approximate lengths in each of the three countries (Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan) are:

Country Length (km)

Tajikistan 117 Afghanistan 562 Pakistan 71 Total Length 750

A critical characteristic of the transmission line is the extreme elevation of some sections. This will have a major impact on the design. Approximate lengths of the line at various altitude levels are given in the following table:

Altitude (masl) Total Length (km)

0 to 1000 493 1000 to 2000 197 2000 to 3000 38 3000 to 4000 22 Total Length 750


CASA-1000 Update E-3 020913-4SRP-0300-01

The IGC (inter-Governmental Council) will retain the services of one or more EPC contractors to design and construct the transmission line.

The route generally follows close to existing roads whenever practical. There are a number of secondary motor-able roads / tracks from the main roads which cross the route. The terrain varies from hot desert like to mountainous with elevation up to 3750 masl and significant winter snowfalls. The right-of-way width is 50m. This description is provided as an introduction only, and bidders are expected to make their own evaluation based upon site visit.

E.3 Codes and Standards

Design, Material and Construction shall meet or exceed the requirements as stated in these specifications and generally as per codes and standards mentioned here below. The latest revisions of the applicable codes shall be referred.

• ANSI C29.2 Insulator, Wet-Process Porcelain and Toughened Glass, Suspension Type

• ASCE 10-97 ASCE Standard “Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures”

• ASTM A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

• ASTM A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products

• ASTM A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware

• ASTM B 232 Specification for Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum Conductors, Coated-Steel Reinforced (ACSR)

• ASTM A 363 Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Overhead Ground Wire Strand

• ASTM A394 Standard Specification for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-coated and Bare

• ASTM A572M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel

• ASTM B910 Standard Specification for Annealed Copper-clad Steel Wire

• AWS D1.1M Structural Welding Code, Steel

• BSI 3288 Specification for Insulators and Conductor Fittings for Overhead Power Lines

• EIA 440A Fiber Optic Terminology

• EIA/TIA-455 Standard Test Procedures for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables, Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and Terminating Devices and Other Fiber Optic Components


CASA-1000 Update E-4 020913-4SRP-0300-01

• EIA 472A Sectional Specification for Fiber Optic Communication Cables for Outside Aerial Use

• EIA 492A General Specification for Optical Waveguide Fibers

• IEC 208 Aluminum Conductors for Overhead Transmission Purposes

• IEC 209 Aluminum Conductors, Steel-Reinforced

• IEC 1089 Round Wire Concentric Lay Overhead Electrical Stranded Conductors

• IEC 60120 Dimensions of Ball and Socket Couplings of String Insulator Units

• IEC 60372 Locking Devices for Ball and Socket Couplings of Insulator Units – Dimensions and Tests

• IEC 61325 Insulators for Overhead Lines with a Nominal Voltage above 1000V—Ceramic or Glass Insulator Units for DC Systems

• IEC 60652 Loading Tests on Overhead Line Towers

• IEC 60793-1 General Specification, Optical Fibers

• IEC 60794-1 General Specification, Optical Fiber Cables

• IEC 61089 Round Wire Concentric Lay Overhead Electrical Standard Conductors

• IEC 61232 Aluminum Clad Steel wire for Electrical Purposes

• IEC 61854 Overhead Lines – Requirements and Tests for Spacers

• IEC 61897 Overhead Lines – Requirements and Tests for Stockbridge type Aeolian Vibration Dampers

• IEEE 1138 Standard Construction of Composite Fiber Optic Overhead Ground Wire (OPGW) for use on Electric Utility Power Lines

• ITU-T G.652 Characteristics of a Single Mode Optical Fiber Cable

E.4 System Conditions

Unless otherwise specified in the specifications, the following are the Power system and ambient conditions governing the line:

Rated voltage +/-500kV HVDC +/-10%

Altitude above sea Up to 3750m

Maximum ambient temperature 45 deg C

Minimum ambient temperature -20 to -35 deg C

Maximum conductor temperature 75 deg C


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E.5 Drawings

The following drawings are included with these Functional Specifications:

Key Plan for Topographical Maps 017621—TL1

Tower Type A Outline 017621—TL02 Sheet 1

Tower Type C Outline 017621—TL02 Sheet 2

Tower Type D Outline 017621—TL02 Sheet 3

Topographical Route Maps In electronic format

E.6 Design and Material

Engineering and design shall be carried out as per applicable codes and prudent practices. The following are general guidelines for the line design. More detailed guidelines will be established prior to issuance of bid documents.

E.6.1 Survey guide lines

The proposed transmission line corridor has been established, based on a site reconnaissance and preliminary Environmental and Social Impact Studies and is shown on 1:100,000 scale (Tajikistan) and 1:50,000 scale (Afghanistan and Pakistan) topographical maps included with these specifications. The centre line of the indicated route is considered as the centre line of a corridor 500m wide within which the final transmission centre line is to be located. The line contractor(s) will be responsible for carrying out the detailed Environmental and Social Impact Studies and for selecting the final centre line within the 500m wide corridor such that environmental and social impacts are minimized. In certain sections, subject to the Owner’s approval, it may be advantageous to locate the line outside of the indicated corridor to minimize impacts and/or improve access. The contractor shall submit the detailed Environmental and Social Impact Studies together with his finally selected centre line to the Owner for approval.

After approval of the final centre line, the contractor shall carry out the detailed line survey and prepare plan and profile drawings at a suitable scale. The survey shall include:

• Location points of line deflections (angle points) on site and staking them with permanent markers.

• All points shall be identified in terms of latitude, longitude and elevation above sea level as well as the grid system applicable to the country

• Appropriate feature codes shall be identified by contractor, and each point shall be identifiable by the feature code. The survey data should be in a format to be imported in the line design program PLS-CADD.

• The contractor will be responsible to survey sufficient points for proper line design and all features that may affect line design.

• The profiles shall be measured along centre line and below the lowest conductor attachment points.


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• The points will be measured at maximum intervals of 10m and wherever there is a change in slope.

• Survey and details of obstacles including but not limited to houses, water channels, power lines, telephone lines, vegetation, trees, ground surface, fences etc. The survey data for line crossings shall include information regarding voltage, structure number, wire quantities, material of support, structure sketch, elevation of conductor supports and sags, ambient temperature.

• Hand sketches shall be prepared for all important crossings.

E.7 Line design and layout

The latest version of PLS-CADD will be used for line design purposes. Contractor will be responsible to prepare detailed design criteria, importation of survey data into PLS-CADD, structure modeling and spotting and optimization.

The following minimum vertical clearances to ground shall be maintained during line design. Vertical clearances will be measured with conductor at final sag at maximum operating temperature, 75 deg C.

Altitude (masl) Minimum Vert. Clearance (m)

0 to 1000 8.0 1000 to 2000 8.8 2000 to 4000 10.1

Contractor will ensure that electrical clearances and insulator swing requirements are maintained during structure spotting. Also, the maximum distance between any two anti-cascading (or heavy angle dead-end) towers shall not exceed approximately 10km.

As part of line design and layout, the contractor will submit as a minimum the following documents for review:

a- Detailed design criteria

b- Route plan drawing

c- Plan & Profile drawings with structures spotted

d- Structure list

e- PLS-CADD back-up

f- Drawings for crossings

E.8 Towers

E.8.1 General

The towers shall be self-supporting; broad based galvanized lattice steel towers with two overhead shield wires (one OPGW and one aluminum clad steel).


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E.8.2 Tower Types

The following tower configurations are proposed for this line. All leg extensions for a specific tower type shall also fit the respective body extensions. Unequal leg extensions shall be designed for use at locations with sloping sites.

Tower Type – A

Application Tangent/small angle structure, suspension strings

Line angle 0 to 2 deg.

Body extensions +3m, +6m

Leg extensions 0m, 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m

Tower Type – C

Application Medium angle tower with tension strings


Body extensions +3m


Tower Type – D

Application Heavy angle/terminal/anti-cascade tower with tension strings


Body extensions None


Three distinct families of towers will be required. One for use at elevations up to 1000m, second for use at elevations between 1000 and 2000m and the third at elevations above 2000m.

The types of towers described above are illustrated in the drawings at the end of this appendix.

E.8.3 Material

The tower members shall be of structural steel conforming to the latest provisions of the following or equivalent international standards:

ASTM A36M 250 MPa minimum yield strength

ASTM A572M (Grade 345) 345 MPa minimum yield strength


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The minimum thickness of structure members shall be as follows:

Leg members, Ground-wire peak members,

Main cross-arm members 6mm

Other stress carrying members 5mm

Redundant members 4mm

Stub angle 8mm

Bolts, nuts and washers shall conform to ASTM A394, ASTM A563M and ASTM F436 respectively or equivalent. Only two bolt diameters shall be used 16mm and 20mm. All bolts of the same diameter shall be of the same grade. Each tower type shall use only one diameter of bolts.

E.8.4 Galvanizing

All structural steel members shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance with the requirements of ASTM A123M or equivalent international standard. The minimum coating thickness shall be 86microns, equivalent to 610g/m2.

The stub angles need not be fully galvanized. These can be galvanized for exposed portion only.

E.8.5 Tower loads

All Tower Types shall be designed for the following design spans, loadings and load cases:

Design spans

Basic Span 375m

Max. Wind Span 450m

Max. Weight Span 650m (Tower Type A)

900m (Tower Types C and D)

Min. Weight Span -300m (Tower Types C and D)

Design Loadings

Elevation less than 1000m

Maximum Wind—1200 N/m2 on conductors, OPGW, OHSW and insulators; 2100 N/m2 on projected area of members of each face of the tower at 15 deg C.


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Maximum Ice and Ice and Wind combination not required to be considered.

Elevation between 1000 and 2000m

Maximum Wind—1200 N/m2 at 10 deg C on conductors, OPGW, OHSW and insulators; 2100 N/m2 on projected area of members of each face of the tower.

Maximum Ice---10mm radial ice thickness at -10 deg C on all conductors, OPGW, OHSW and insulators

Ice and Wind---6.5mm radial ice thickness and 400 N/m2 wind pressure at -10 deg C on all conductors, OPGW, OHSW and insulators; 700 N/m2 on projected area of members of each face of the tower

Elevation between 2000 and 4000m

Maximum Wind—1200 N/m2 at 0 deg C on conductors, OPGW, OHSW and insulators; 2100 N/m2 on projected area of members of each face of the tower.

Maximum Ice---20mm radial ice thickness at -20 deg C on all conductors, OPGW, OHSW and insulators

Ice and Wind---12.5mm radial ice thickness and 400 N/m2 wind pressure at -20 deg C on all conductors, OPGW, OHSW and insulators; 700 N/m2 on projected area of members of each face of the tower

Load Case 1, Normal Cases

All structures shall be designed to withstand loadings due to the Maximum Wind, Maximum Ice and Ice and Wind loads as defined above. Transverse, longitudinal and vertical loads shall be applied concurrently, and comprise the followings:

- Transversal loadings due to wind pressure on bare or ice coated wires

- Transversal loadings due to wire tensions at line angle

- Longitudinal loadings due to wire tension

- Vertical loadings due to bare or ice coated wires and insulators

- Wind loading on tower surfaces

- Self weight of tower

The wind loadings shall be calculated with all wires intact and wind acting perpendicularly on the conductors for the maximum design wind span. Maximum design line angle for each structure type shall be considered to calculate the transversal loadings due to wire tensions. The weight of insulators and hardware


CASA-1000 Update E-10 020913-4SRP-0300-01

shall be added to wire weights for the maximum weight spans to calculate vertical loadings.

Tower Type D shall also be designed for full dead-end/anti-cascade condition. Under this condition all wires shall be considered as dead-ended on one side of the tower with no wires attached to the other side. The line angle to be considered is 0 to 60 deg.

The factor of safety or overload factors for tower designs under Normal Cases shall be as follows:

All vertical loads 1.15

All transverse loads 1.1

Longitudinal loads 1.1

Load Case 2, Construction and Maintenance Loads

All towers shall be designed to withstand the loads applied during constructions stages (tower erection and stringing works). These loads shall be defined by the contractor, and adequately mentioned on tower drawings and construction manual. The minimum factor of safety shall be 2.0

E.8.6 Insulator swing

The following minimum clearances shall be maintained between energized part and closest tower member (body or cross-arm) at all insulator swing angles from 0 to 45deg from vertical. All clearances shall be measured from closest energized part (conductor or suspension clamp or yoke plate).

Altitude (masl) Clearance (mm)

0 to 1000 3300 1000 to 2000 3600 2000 to 4000 5000

Tower clearances and insulator swings shall be clearly identified in tower outline drawings.

E.8.7 Tower tests

In addition to material tests and inspections identified in the QA/QC sections, Tower Types A and D shall be full scale load tested at a reputable tower testing facility. The testing shall be conducted on the tallest towers of each type. The tests will be witnessed by the Owner/ SNC representatives.


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Prototype assemblies of towers and all their body and leg extensions shall be conducted prior to mass production. Any anomalies observed during prototype assembly shall be rectified prior to mass production.

E.8.8 Drawings

Contractor will provide Tower outline drawings for each type. The outline drawings will indicated all important dimensions and incorporate all body and leg extensions.

A second set of drawings shall be provided indicating the loading conditions.

The third set of drawings will be detailed erection drawings.

E.8.9 PLS-Tower model

The contractor will develop PLS-Tower model (level-2 and 4) for all structure types. These shall be used for structure spotting purposes.

E.9 Phase Conductor

Each pole configuration is quad-bundle conductor comprising ACSR Cardinal. All associated conductor fittings such as spacers, Stockbridge type dampers, armor rods, mid-span joints, dead-ends etc are to be supplied.

The maximum allowable tensions under various conditions and altitudes are as follows:

Altitude (masl) 20% Final Unloaded

25% Initial Unloaded

35% Initial Unloaded

60% Initial Loaded

0 to 1000 15deg C 0deg C -20deg C All load conditions as defined for

tower loads above 1000 to 2000 10deg C -10deg C -30deg C 2000 to 4000 0deg C -15deg C -35deg C

E.10 Optical Ground-wire (OPGW)

The line shall be equipped with two Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) cables installed on the tower peaks.

OPGW design shall have mechanical and electrical characteristics similar to EHS galvanized steel conventional ground wire of appropriate size i.e 7 No.8 AWG. The OPGW shall be able to withstand a short circuit current capacity of 8 kA for 0.2 sec.

The OPGW cable shall incorporate 24 optical Single Mode Fibres (SMF) housed loose inside one (or multiple) optical unit(s) with adequate excess fibre length to avoid any fibre strain at maximum allowable tension.

The minimum optical requirements for the fibres are:

• Number of fibres: 24 SMF

• Type of fibre: Compliant to ITU-T G.652, latest edition

• Maximum attenuation of the fibre: 0.18 dB/km @ 1550 nm


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The OPGW shall be of proven design. The bidder will be responsible to provide a list of transmission lines where OPGW of similar design / make has been used.

The optical unit shall be of stainless steel tube sealed with seamless welding totally free from any leaks or pinholes. Alternate optical units (metallic or non-metallic) can also be proposed. The inside of the tubes must be filled with gel to prevent moisture ingress. The buffer tube-filling compound must be non-toxic and safe. It must be free from foreign matter, chemically and mechanically compatible with all cable components, non-nutritive to fungus, non-hygroscopic, and electrically non-conductive.

Armour shall consist of Aluminium Clad Steel wires having minimum of 20% conductivity or a mixture of Aluminium Clad Steel wires and Aluminium Alloy wires to achieve required electrical and mechanical characteristics. Sag tension coefficients compatible with PLS-CADD software will be submitted with the bid.

OPGW design must provide protection from damage for the optical fibres when subjected to installation, environmental and operational conditions.

The OPGW fittings and accessories, including but not limited to joints, suspension units, tension units, dampers, cleats etc shall be approved by the OPGW manufacturer, without voiding the warranties.

A complete set of installation instructions shall also be provided by the OPGW manufacturer, which shall be strictly followed during the course of project execution.

The maximum allowable initial and final tensions at the same temperatures and loadings as specified for the conductor shall not exceed the OPGW manufacturer’s recommendations.

E.11 Insulators, Hardware and Accessories

Only insulator units, hardware and accessories specifically designed for HVDC application and manufactured by companies with a minimum of twenty years of manufacturing experience and of satisfactory in service performance of such insulators will be accepted.

The insulator shells shall be manufactured from high resistivity porcelain or toughened glass specifically formulated for HVDC application and designed to produce uniform mechanical and electrical stress distribution. The cap shall be of malleable cast iron or forged steel. The pin shall be of forged steel. All insulator units shall be provided with two pure zinc sleeves—one bonded to the cap and one to the pin—to minimize corrosion of the metal parts. All parts of the insulator unit shall be assembled using stable and inert Portland or Alumina cement. Split pins shall be of copper alloy or stainless steel. All HVDC insulator units shall be manufactured and tested in accordance with applicable IEC Standards

All suspension strings shall be double I strings and all tension strings shall be quad strings. Jumper strings shall be single strings. The characteristics of the insulator units shall be as follows:


CASA-1000 Update E-13 020913-4SRP-0300-01

Suspension Units Tension Units E.M. Rating (kN) 160 210

Shed Diam., Nominal (mm) 320 320

Unit Spacing, Nominal (mm) 170 170

Creepage Distance/Unit, Nominal (mm) 550 550

DC Withstand

Dry +/- (kV) 140 140

Wet +/- (kV) 55 55

Dry Lightning Impulse Withstand (kV) 140 140

No. of Units/string 2x34 4x36

All hardware associated with both suspension and tension insulator strings is to be supplied.

E.12 Tower Foundations

All ultimate foundation loads resulting from the tower designs shall have a further factor of safety of 1.1 for Tower Type A and 1.2 for Tower Types C and D applied for foundation design.

A soil investigation has not been carried out. The contractor is required to carry out a comprehensive soil investigation to determine the foundation design parameters. However, based on preliminary investigations in Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, it is suggested that the following foundation types will be required:


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Type Intact Solid Rock

Soft Rock Good Soil Poor Soil Waterlogged Soil

Concrete block/rock

anchors

Concrete Pad & Chimney

Mass of earth/rock

resisting uplift (kg/m3)

2000 1900 1600 1350 750

Angle of frustum

resisting uplift (deg.)

- 30 30 20 15

Mass of concrete

resisting uplift (kg/m3)

2300 2300 2300 1850 1350

Ultimate earth bearing pressure (kN/m2)

2000 1100 370 185 150

E.13 Tower Grounding

All towers shall be provided with standard grounding on two diagonally opposite legs. Standard grounding shall consist of one 3m long 20mm diameter copper-clad steel grounding rod connected to the tower leg by means of copper-clad steel wire. The tower grounding resistance required is less than 15ohms. Supplementary grounding, consisting of standard grounding on the other two tower legs as a first stage and counterpoise cable as a second stage, shall be installed to achieve the required ground resistance.

E.14 Security Requirements

E.14.1 Security Requirements during construction:

The Contractor(s) shall be required to exercise round the clock watch and ward for the material storage yards, site offices and the worker’s camps. Similarly, the material/equipment distributed to tower sites for construction/installation shall also have to be protected from any possible pilferage or vandalism until the construction/installation has been completed.

E.14.2 Security Requirements during Operation and Maintenance:

The proposed O&M organization for the lines shall be equipped with an Emergency Restoration System to deal with line failure due to natural catastrophe or uncontrollable human acts. The Contractor shall supply a pre-designed system of 10 number Chanettes for 500 KV single circuit Quad bundle DC Line designed and tested in accordance with IEEE 1070 Guidelines.


CASA-1000 Update E-15 020913-4SRP-0300-01

The Emergency Restoration System shall be supplied complete with all insulators, hardware, foundation plates/joints, anchors, tools and tackles and gin poles etc. and stored in a “ready to transport” container at one of the Converter sites or at a spare material store yard.

The O&M staff shall be trained by the Contractor for the field engineering and field installation of the Emergency Restoration System to ensure that field staff acquire proficiency in restoring failed structures in different scenarios of emergency.


CASA-1000 Update E-16 020913-4SRP-0300-01

Figure E-1 Key Plan for Topographical Maps

sddp – transmission constrained stochastic hydro...

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