SCIENCE FORM ONE

THEME : INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE

PRESENTED BY : PN. SHAMSIDAR BT. RAMLI

CONTENTSCONTENTS

1.31.3 The Steps in a Scientific InvestigationThe Steps in a Scientific Investigation

1.11.1 What is ScienceWhat is Science

1.21.2 Science LaboratoryScience Laboratory

1.41.4 Physical Quantities and Their UnitsPhysical Quantities and Their Units

1.51.5 Weight and MassWeight and Mass

1.61.6 Measuring ToolMeasuring Tool

1.7 1.7 The Importance of Standard UnitsThe Importance of Standard Units

1.1 What is Science ?1.1 What is Science ?

1.1. ScienceScience is the systematic study of nature and how it affects is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our environment.us and our environment.

2.2. Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena that happen in our environment can be that happen in our environment can be explained through science For examples: A baby growing explained through science For examples: A baby growing into an adult, a durian falling to the ground and ice melting.into an adult, a durian falling to the ground and ice melting.

3.3. Science is part of our daily live for examples our food, clothes Science is part of our daily live for examples our food, clothes and the appliances we use are related to science. and the appliances we use are related to science.

4.4. Science covers a very wide area of study. It divided into Science covers a very wide area of study. It divided into various fieldsvarious fields, such as Biology, Chemistry and Physics., such as Biology, Chemistry and Physics.

Biology Biology : The study of living thing : The study of living thing

PhysicsPhysics : The study of interaction of matter : The study of interaction of matter and energyand energy

ChemistryChemistry : The study of composition and : The study of composition and chemical properties of substances,chemical properties of substances, their reaction and uses.their reaction and uses.

5. 5. Science teachers, doctors and engineersScience teachers, doctors and engineers are are among many different among many different careers in sciencecareers in science..

6.6. Through scientific studies, new knowledge and Through scientific studies, new knowledge and discoveries are obtained. These improve ourdiscoveries are obtained. These improve our

standard of living and the quality of our environment.standard of living and the quality of our environment.

1.2 A Science Laboratory1.2 A Science Laboratory

1. A science laboratory is a room or a building in which scientific investigations are carried out.

2. There are many types of apparatus in a science laboratory.

3. Common laboratory apparatus:

Hazard symbols 1. Chemical in the science laboratory must be handled very carefully. 2. Some of the chemical are very dangerous and are harmful to our health.3. Table 1.1 shows some of symbols that appear at the labels on the container or bottle that holds the chemicals.

1.31.3 The Steps in a Scientific InvestigationThe Steps in a Scientific Investigation

1. Identifying the problem

2. Making a hypothesis

3. Planning the experiment to test the hypothesis

4. Controlling the variables

5. Collecting data

6. Analysing and interpreting data

7. Making conclusions

8. Reporting

1.41.4 Physical Quantities and Their UnitsPhysical Quantities and Their Units

1. Physical quantities is a quantity which can be measured.

2. There are five physical quantities which are frequently used in measurement: length, mass, time, temperature and electric current.

3. Each physical quantity is measured in the International System of Units ( SI units ). These are standardized units:

Physical Quantities and S.I Units

Physical quantitiesPhysical quantities SI unitsSI units Unit symbolsUnit symbols

lengthlength metremetre mm

massmass kilogramkilogram kgkg

timetime secondsecond SS

temperaturetemperature kelvinkelvin KK

electric currentelectric current AmpereAmpere AA

4. The value of a quantity can be written with a prefix. Each prefix has its own symbol and value. We write values with prefixes to make it is easier to record physical quantities.

PrefixPrefix SymbolsSymbols Numeric valuesNumeric values

megamega MM 1 000 0001 000 000

kilokilo kk 1 0001 000

centicenti cc 0.010.01

millimilli mm 0.0010.001

micromicro µµ 0.000 0010.000 001

Symbols and values for prefixes

Values of physical quantitiyValues of physical quantitiy Prefix formPrefix form

5 000 000 K5 000 000 K 5MK5MK

3 000 g3 000 g 3 kg3 kg

0.008 m0.008 m 8 mm8 mm

0.000 006 A0.000 006 A 6 6 µAµA

Symbols and values for prefixes

1.51.5 Weight and MassWeight and Mass

1.The weight of an object can measured by weighing it.

2.This method is also used to measure the mass of an object. Hence, weight and mass are often thought to be the same. However, they are actually two different quantities.

a) Mass

1.The mass of an object is the quantity of matter in the object.

2.The S.I units for mass is the kilogram (kg).

3.The mass of an object remains constant and does not change from place to place.

4. The measuring instrument for mass is the balance. Lever balance, electronic balance and beam balance are some examples of balances that are used to measure mass.

b) Weight

1. The weight of an object is the pull of the Earth’s gravity on that object.

2. The S.I unit for weight is Newton (N).

3. Spring balance and compression balance are tools that are used to measured weights.

MassMass WeightWeight

A measure of the A measure of the amountamount of matter in an of matter in an object.object.

A measure of the A measure of the gravitational forcegravitational force or or

pull on an object.pull on an object. The S.I unit is the The S.I unit is the kilogramkilogram ( kg )( kg )

The S.I unit is the The S.I unit is the

newtonnewton ( N ). ( N ). The mass of an object The mass of an object does not changedoes not change from from place to place.place to place.

The weight of an object The weight of an object changeschanges from place to from place to

placeplace

c). The differences between the mass and weight:

A.A. Measurement of lengthMeasurement of length

1. 1. LengthLength is the is the distance between two pointsdistance between two points..

2. The S.I unit for length is 2. The S.I unit for length is metre.metre.

3. For measuring length of 3. For measuring length of straight linesstraight lines , ,

measuring tapemeasuring tape and and metre rulemetre rule can be used. can be used.

4.To measure the 4.To measure the length of a curved linelength of a curved line, , a piecea piece

of string or threadof string or thread and and a rulera ruler can be usedcan be used..

OpisometreOpisometre can also be used to measure length can also be used to measure length of a curved line especially map. of a curved line especially map.

1.6 Measuring Tools1.6 Measuring Tools

Measurement of area

1. Area is a measure of the size or extent of a surface.

2. The S.I unit for area is square metres (m²).

3.The area of regular surfaces can be calculated by using formulae.

4. Large areas can be measured in square kilometers (km²). On the other hand small areas can be measured in square centimeters (cm²) and square millimeters (mm²).

a) The area of regular shape1.The area of regular surfaces can be calculated by using

formulae.

b) The area regular and irregular surfaces

1. The area regular and irregular surfaces can be graf paper.

2. estimated using To estimate the area of surfaces with regular and irregular shapes, divide the surfaces into small unit squares of known areas and count them. Incomplete squares are counted only if there are equal to half or more than half the area of a unit square.

Total number of squares = 8 Area of one square = 1cm x 1cm =1cm2Area of the irregular object = 8 x 1 cm2 = 8 cm2

D. Measurement Volume

1. The volume of an object is the space occupied by that object.2. The S.I unit for volume is cubic metres ( m3)3. Volume can also be measured in cubic millimetres ( mm3), cubic centimeters(cm3),milliliters (ml), and litres (l).

a) The volume of regular-shaped objects1. The volume of regular-shapes can be calculated by using formulae.2. The formulae for some common regular-shapes objects are shown in the diagrams.

b) The volume of liquid.

1. For most liquid, the correct reading should be taken from the bottom of the meniscus with the observer’s eyes at the same level. See figure A.2. For mercury, the correct reading should be taken from the

top of the meniscus with the observer’s eyes at the same level. See figure B.

3. Tools for measuring the volumes of liquids are measuring cylinder, burette,pipette and measuring flask.

c) The volume of irregular-shaped object.(solids)

1. To find the volume of irregular-shaped object, we can use the water displacement method, as shown below: -Immerse the solid in a measuring cylinder or a displacement

can( Eureka can ) filled with water.Choose objects that do not dissolve in water.

Questions1. Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and the environment. True / false 

2.The study of science requires us to develop positive attitudes.  True / false 

3. Processes (or methods) used in investigating and understanding science require the use of scientific process skills. True / false  4.Science process skills may be combined to carry out scientific investigations. True / false 5. Through the study of science, we learn to solve problems and to make our world a better place to live in. True / false 

6. This is a step in scientific investigation Identifying the ______________

7. This is a step in scientific investigation Making a _________________8. This is a step in scientific investigation Controlling ________________9. This is a step in scientific investigation Planning the ______________ to test the hypothesis.10.This is a step in scientific investigation Collecting __________________

11. A scientific application that has beneficted us is the A. production of deadly weapons B. production of nuclear missiles C. excessive use of pesticides D. invention of mobiles phone

12. Knowing product of science is important to every scientist so that he or she can A. rediscover what past scientists have done B. build on what other scientists have discovered C. challenge what other scientists have discovered D. acquire science process skills

13. Which of the following is not a basic process skill? A. observing C. predicting B. open-mindedness D. classifying

14.Satellites allowus to communicate A. slower over short distances B. faster over short distances C. slower over long distances D. faster over long distances

15. State the science process skill that is involved for you to come up with each of the following statement: a) The object is red and hard. ( ____________________ ) b) This ice cube will be half its size after 3 minutes. ( _________________) c) I think that the coconut tree 5 m high. (_______________________) d) Use a spring to determine the mass of an apple. (__________________ )

THE END

16. List the steps in a scientific investigation. a. ______________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________ f. ______________________________________________ g. ______________________________________________ h. ______________________________________________

17. Name two benefics of science.

a. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________