Sarajevo 1

Sarajevo

SarajevoCity

City of SarajevoGrad Sarajevo

Top: Downtown Sarajevo; Middle: Latin Bridge (left), Sebilj (right); Bottom: Emperor's Mosque (left), Cathedral of Jesus' Heart (center), SerbOrthodox Cathedral (right)

FlagSeal

Nickname(s): Jerusalem of Europe,[1] Jerusalem of the Balkans,[] Rajvosa[] (local Pig Latin)

Bosnia and Herzegovina surrounding Sarajevo (dark blue, centre)

Coordinates: 43520N 18250E [2]

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Country Bosnia and Herzegovina

Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Canton Sarajevo Canton

Municipalities 4

Government

Mayor Dr. Ivo Komi (SDU)

Area[3]

Urban 141.5km2 (54.6sqmi)

Elevation 518m (1,699ft)

Population (12 April 2013)[4]

City 370,712

Density 2,263.5/km2 (5,862/sqmi)

Urban 469,400

Metro 669,000

Demonym Sarajevan

Time zone CET (UTC+1)

Summer(DST) CEST (UTC+2)

Postal code 71000

Area code(s) +387 (33)

Twin cities

Barcelona Spain

Zagreb[] Croatia

Ljubljana Slovenia

Salt Lake City United States

Cairo Egypt

Dubrovnik Croatia

Skopje Macedonia

Lillehammer Norway

Pula Croatia

Website City of Sarajevo [5]

Sarajevo (Cyrillic: ) (pronounced[sraj]) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, withan estimated population of over 370,712 people within its administrative limits. It is also the capital of the Federationof Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton, which has estimated population of469,400.[4] Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situatedalong the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.Sarajevo is the leading political, social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its region-wide influencein politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts contribute to its status as Bosnia andHerzegovina's major economic center.[6][7]

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The city was famous for its traditional cultural and religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy,Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries.[8] Due to this long and rich history of religious and culturalvariety, Sarajevo is often called the "Jerusalem of Europe"[1] or "Jerusalem of the Balkans".[] It was, until recently inthe 20th century, the only major European city to have a mosque, Catholic church, Orthodox church and synagoguewithin the same neighborhood.[9]

Although settlement in the area stretches back to prehistoric times, the modern city arose as an Ottoman strongholdin the 15th century.[10] Sarajevo has attracted international attention several times throughout its history. In 1885,Sarajevo was the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time electric tram networkrunning through the city, the first being San Francisco.[] In 1914, it was the site of the assassination of the Archdukeof Austria that sparked World War I. Seventy years later, it hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics. For nearly four years,from 1992 to 1996, the city suffered the longest siege of a city in the history of modern warfare during the BosnianWar for independence.[11]

Sarajevo has been undergoing post-war reconstruction, and is the fastest growing city in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[12]

The travel guide series, Lonely Planet, has named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world,[13] and in December2009 listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.[] In March 2012, Sarajevo won travel blogFoxnomad's "Best City to Visit" competition, beating out more than one hundred cities around the entire world.[14] In2011, Sarajevo was nominated to be the European Capital of Culture in 2014 and will be hosting the EuropeanYouth Olympic Festival in 2017.[15][16]

EtymologyThe earliest known name for the region of today's Sarajevo is Vrhbosna.[]

Sarajevo is a slavicized word based on saray, the Turkish word for the governor's palace. The letter Y does not existin the Bosnian version of the Latin alphabet. The "evo" portion may come from the term Saray Ovas first recordedin 1455,[17] meaning "the plains around the palace". However, in his Dictionary of Turkish loanwords, Abdulahkalji maintains that the "evo" ending is more likely to have come from Slavic ending "evo", found in many otherSlavic place names, such as Mukachevo, Kraljevo, Kievo, etc., than from the Turkish ending "ova", as proposed bysome.[18]

Sarajevo has had many nicknames. The earliest is eher, which is the term Isa-Beg Ishakovi used to describe thetown he was going to build. It is a Turkish word meaning an advanced city of key importance (ehir) which in turncomes from Persian shahr (city). As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from comparisons to othercities in the Islamic world, i.e. "Damascus of the North". The most popular of these was "European Jerusalem".Some argue that a more correct translation of saray is government office or house. Saray is a common word inTurkish for a palace or mansion; a fortified government office, or house, would still be called a saray, if itmaintained the general look of an office. Otherwise it would be called kale (castle).

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History

Ancient times

A typical Butmir vase

Archaeologists have found that the Sarajevo region has beencontinuously inhabited by humans since the Neolithic age. The mostfamous example of a Neolithic settlement in the Sarajevo area is that ofthe Butmir culture. The discoveries at Butmir were made on thegrounds of the modern-day Sarajevo suburb Ilida in 1893 byAustro-Hungarian authorities during the construction of an agriculturalschool. The areas richness in flint was no doubt attractive to Neolithicman, and the settlement appears to have flourished. The settlementdeveloped unique ceramics and pottery designs, which characterize theButmir people as a unique culture. This was largely responsible for theInternational congress of archaeologists and anthropologists meeting in Sarajevo in 1894.[19]

The next prominent culture in Sarajevo were the Illyrians. The ancient people, who considered most of the WestBalkans as their homeland, had several key settlements in the region, mostly around the river Miljacka and Sarajevovalley. The Illyrians in the Sarajevo region belonged to the Daesitiates, a war-like people who were probably the lastIllyrian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to resist Roman occupation. Their defeat by the Roman emperor Tiberiusin 9 A.D. marks the start of Roman rule in the region. The Romans never built up the region of modern-day Bosniavery much, but the Roman colony of Aquae Sulphurae was located near the top of present-day Ilida, and was themost important settlement of the time.[20] After the Romans, the Goths settled the area, followed by the Slavs in the7th century.[21]

Middle Ages

Steak inside of National Museum of Bosnia andHerzegovina

During the Middle Ages Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province ofVrhbosna near the traditional center of the Bosnian kingdom. Though acity called Vrhbosna existed, the exact settlement of Sarajevo at thistime is debated. Various documents of the high Middle Ages note aplace called Tornik in the region. By all indications, Tornik was a verysmall marketplace surrounded by a proportionally small village, andwas not considered very important by Ragusan merchants.

Other scholars say that Vrhbosna was a major city located at the site ofmodern-day Sarajevo. Papal documents say that in 1238, a cathedraldedicated to Saint Paul was built in the city. Disciples of the notablesaints Cyril and Methodius stopped by the region, founding a church at Vrelobosna. Whether or not the city waslocated at modern-day Sarajevo, the documents attest to its and the region's importance. Vrhbosna was a Slaviccitadel from 1263 until it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire in 1429.[22]

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Ottoman era

The Sebilj is a pseudo-Ottoman style woodenfountain in the centre of Baarija square.

Sarajevo was founded by the Ottoman Empire in the 1450s upon itsconquest of the region, with 1461 used as the citys founding date. Thefirst Ottoman governor of Bosnia, Isa-Beg Ishakovi, transformed thecluster of villages into a city and state capitol by building a number ofkey structures, including a mosque, a closed marketplace, a publicbath, a hostel, and of course the governors castle (Saray) which gavethe city its present name. The mosque was named Careva Damija(the Tsars Mosque) in honor of the Sultan Mehmed II. With theimprovements Sarajevo quickly grew into the largest city in the region.Many Christians converted to Islam at this time. The settlement wasestablished as a city, named Bosna-Saraj, around the citadel in 1461.The name Sarajevo is derived from Turkish saray ovas, meaning thefield around saray.

Under leaders such as the second governor Gazi Husrev-beg, Sarajevo grew at a rapid rate. Husrev-beg greatlyshaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old Town was built during his reign. Sarajevo became knownfor its large marketplace and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than 100.At the peak of the empire, Sarajevo was the biggest and most important Ottoman city in the Balkans after Istanbul.By 1660, the population of Sarajevo was estimated to be over 80,000. By contrast, Belgrade in 1838 had 12,963inhabitants, and Zagreb as late as 1851 had 14,000 people. As political conditions changed, Sarajevo became the siteof warfare.

In 1697, during the Great Turkish War, a raid was led by Prince Eugene of Savoy of the Habsburg Monarchy againstthe Ottoman Empire, which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to the ground. After his menhad looted thoroughly, they set the city on fire and destroyed nearly all of it in one day. Only a handful ofneighborhoods, some mosques, and the Orthodox church, were left standing.Numerous other fires weakened the city, as well. The city was later rebuilt, but never fully recovered from thedestruction. By 1807, it had only some 60,000 residents.In the 1830s, several battles of the Bosnian uprising had taken place around the city. These had been led by HuseinGradaevi. Today, a major city street is named Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) in his honor. The rebellionfailed and, for several more decades, the crumbling Ottoman state remained in control of Bosnia.The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative centre by 1850.

Austria-Hungary

The Latin Bridge was the site of the assassination ofFranz Ferdinand.

The Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovinahappened in 1878 as part of the Treaty of Berlin, and completeannexation followed in 1908. Sarajevo was industrialized byAustria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for newinventions, such as tramways, established in 1885, before installingthem in Vienna. Architects and engineers wanting to help rebuildSarajevo as a modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire thatburned down a large part of the central city area (arija) left moreroom for redevelopment. The city has a unique blend of theremaining Ottoman city market and contemporary western

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A plaque commemorating the location of theassassination

architecture. Sarajevo has some examples of Secession- andPseudo-Moorish styles that date from this period.

The Austria-Hungarian period was one of great development for thecity, as the Western power brought its new acquisition up to thestandards of the Victorian age. Various factories and other buildingswere built at this time, and a large number of institutions were bothWesternized and modernized. For the first time in history, Sarajevospopulation began writing in Latin script.[21][23]

In the event that triggered World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinandof Austria was assassinated, along with his wife Sophie, Duchess ofHohenberg in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by a self-declared Yugoslav,Gavrilo Princip. In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkanoffensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped

damage and destruction.

Following the war, after the Balkans were unified under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Sarajevo became the capital ofDrina Province.

Yugoslavia

Sarajevo Olympic Winter Games medal

After World War I and contributions from the Serbian armyalongside rebelling Slavic nations in Austria-Hungary, Sarajevobecame part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Though it heldsome political importance, as the center of first the Bosnianregion and then the Drinska Banovina, it was not treated withthe same attention or considered as significant as it was in thepast. Outside of today's national bank of Bosnia andHerzegovina, virtually no significant contributions to the citywere made during this period.

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Eternal flame symbolising the WWIIvictory over fascism

During World War II the Kingdom of Yugoslavia put up an inadequate defense.Following a German bombing campaign, Sarajevo was captured on 15 April1941 by the 16th Motorized infantry Division. The Axis powers created theIndependent State of Croatia and included Sarajevo in its territory. On 12October 1941 a group of 108 notable Muslim citizens of Sarajevo signed theResolution of Sarajevo Muslims by which they condemned the persecution ofSerbs organized by Ustae, made a distinction between the Muslims whoparticipated in such persecutions and the rest of the Muslim population,presented information about the persecutions of Muslims by Serbs, and requestedsecurity for all citizens of the country, regardless of their identity.[24]

The city was bombed by the Allies from 1943 to 1944.[25] The Yugoslav Partisanmovement was represented in the city. Resistance was led by a NLA Partisannamed "Walter" Peri. He died while leading the final liberation of the city on 6April 1945. Many of the WWII shell casings that were used during the attackshave been carved and polished in Sarajevo tradition and are sold as art.

Following the liberation, Sarajevo was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic Governament invested heavily in Sarajevo, building manynew residential blocks in Novi Grad Municipality and Novo Sarajevo Municipality, while simultaneously developingthe city's industry and transforming Sarajevo into one of the modern cities, in SFRYugoslavia and SR Bosnia. Froma post-war population of 115,000, by the end of Yugoslavia, Sarajevo had 600,000 people. Sarajevo grew rapidly asit became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. The Vraca Memorial Park, a monument for victimsof World War II, was dedicated on 25 November, the "Day of Statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina" when theZAVNOBIH held their first meeting in 1943.[]

The crowning moment of Sarajevos time in Socialist Yugoslavia was the 1984 Winter Olympics. Sarajevo beatSapporo, Japan; and Falun/Gteborg, Sweden for the privilege of hosting the games. They were followed by animmense boom in tourism, making the 1980s one of the city's best decades in a long time.[26]

Bosnian War for independence

Downtown Grbavica in Sarajevo after the siege(19 March 1996)

The Bosnian War for independence resulted in large-scale destructionand dramatic population shifts during the Siege of Sarajevo between1992 and 1995. Thousands of Sarajevans lost their lives under theconstant bombardment and sniper shooting at civilians by the Serbforces during the siege. It is the longest siege of a capital city in thehistory of modern warfare.[27] Serb forces of the Republika Srpska andthe Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo, the capital city ofBosnia and Herzegovina, from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996during the Bosnian War.

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Vedran Smailovi playing on top of the ruins ofthe National library (1992)

When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence fromYugoslavia and achieved United Nations recognition, the Serbianleaders and army whose goal was to create a "greater Serbia", declareda new Serbian national state Republika Srpska (RS) which was carvedfrom the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina,[28] encircled Sarajevowith a siege force of 18,000[] stationed in the surrounding hills, fromwhich they assaulted the city with weapons that included artillery,mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine-guns, multiple rocketlaunchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs, and sniper rifles.[] From 2May 1992, the Serbs blockaded the city. The Bosnian governmentdefence forces inside the besieged city were poorly equipped and

unable to break the siege.

During the siege, 11,541 people lost their lives, including over 1,500 children. An additional 56,000 people werewounded, including nearly 15,000 children.[] The 1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and itssurrounding areas had a population of 525,980.

Present

Sarajevo during a summer night in 2011

Today, Sarajevo is one of the fastest developing cities in theregion. Various new modern buildings have been built, mostsignificantly the Bosmal City Center, BBI Centar and the AvazTwist Tower, which is the tallest skyscraper in the Balkans. Anew highway was recently (20062011) completed betweenSarajevo and the city of Kakanj. Due to growth in population,tourism and airport traffic the service sector in the city isdeveloping fast and welcoming new investors from variousbusinesses.[29]

The near-future Sarajevo will have one the most developedcommercial infrastructures in Southeastern Europe. Thebusiness enclave to be known collectively as the Sarajevo CityCenter will be one of the largest and most modern shopping and business centers in the region upon its completion inearly 2013.[30] Airport Center Sarajevo which will be connected directly to the new airport terminal will offer a greatvariety of brands, products and services.[]

Geography

Vrelo Bosne

Sarajevo is located near the geometric center of the triangular-shapedBosnia-Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper.It is situated 518 meters (1,699ft) above sea level and lies in theSarajevo valley, in the middle of the Dinaric Alps. The valley itselfonce formed a vast expanse of greenery, but gave way to urbanexpansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city issurrounded by heavily forested hills and five major mountains. Thehighest of the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at 2,088 meters(6,850ft), then Bjelanica mountain at 2,067 meters (6,781ft),

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Bjelanica mountain, which hosted the men'salpine skiing events during the 1984 Winter

Olympics

Jahorina at 1,913 meters (6,276ft), Trebevi at 1,627 meters (5,338ft),with 1,502 meters (4,928ft) Igman being the shortest. The last four arealso known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo (see also 1984Winter Olympics). The city itself has its fair share of hilly terrain, asevidenced by the many steeply inclined streets and residencesseemingly perched on the hillsides.

The Miljacka river is one of the city's chief geographic features. Itflows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to westpart of city where eventually meets up with the Bosna river. Miljackariver is "The Sarajevo River", with its source in the town of Pale,several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo. The Bosna's source, VreloBosne near Ilida (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmarkand a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Severalsmaller rivers and streams also run through the city and its vicinity.

Cityscape

Sarajevo is located close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosniaand Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. Sarajevo city proper consistsof four municipalities (or "in Bosnian and Croatian: opina, in Serbian:optina"): Centar (Center), Novi Grad (New City), Novo Sarajevo(New Sarajevo), and Stari Grad (Old City), while Metropolitan area ofSarajevo (Greater Sarajevo area) includes these and the neighbouringmunicipalities of Ilida, Hadii and Vogoa (before the war and new (Deyton) administrative division, Metro ofSarajevo consisted also, beside above mentioned, three municipalities today's divided between Federacija Bosne iHercegovine and Republika Srpska - Trnovo, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine / Trnovo, Republika Srpska, Lukavicaand Pale). The city has an urban area of 1041.5 square kilometres (154.6 sq mi)

ClimateSarajevo's climate exhibits influences of oceanic (Cfb), humid continental (Dfa) and humid subtropical (Cfa) zones,with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. The proximity of the Adriatic Sea moderates Sarajevo'sclimate somewhat, although the mountains to the south of the city greatly reduce this maritime influence.[] Theaverage yearly temperature is 10 C (50F), with January (0.5 C (31.1F) avg.) being the coldest month of theyear and July (19.7 C (67.5F) avg.) the warmest.The highest recorded temperature was 40.7 C (105F) on 19 August 1946, and on 23 August 2008 (41.0) while thelowest recorded temperature was 26.2 C (15.2F) on 25 January 1942. On average, Sarajevo has 6 days wherethe temperature exceeds 32 C (89.6F) and 4 days where the temperature drops below 15 C (5F) per year.[] Thecity typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly cloud cover of 45%.The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover) while the clearest is August (37%). Moderateprecipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 75 days of rainfall. Suitable climaticconditions have allowed winter sports to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the Winter Olympics in 1984 thatwere celebrated in Sarajevo. Average winds are 2848km/h (1730mph) and the city has 1,769 hours of sunshine.

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Climate data for Sarajevo

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high C (F) 18.2(64.8)

21.4(70.5)

26.6(79.9)

30.2(86.4)

33.2(91.8)

35.9(96.6)

38.2(100.8)

40.0(104)

37.7(99.9)

32.2(90)

24.7(76.5)

18.0(64.4)

40.0(104)

Average high C (F) 3.7(38.7)

6.0(42.8)

10.9(51.6)

15.6(60.1)

21.4(70.5)

24.5(76.1)

27.0(80.6)

27.2(81)

22.0(71.6)

17.0(62.6)

9.7(49.5)

4.2(39.6)

15.8(60.4)

Daily mean C (F) 0.5(31.1)

1.4(34.5)

5.7(42.3)

10.0(50)

14.8(58.6)

17.7(63.9)

19.7(67.5)

19.7(67.5)

15.3(59.5)

11.0(51.8)

5.4(41.7)

0.9(33.6)

10.1(50.2)

Average low C (F) 3.3(26.1)

2.5(27.5)

1.1(34)

4.8(40.6)

9.0(48.2)

11.9(53.4)

13.7(56.7)

13.7(56.7)

10.0(50)

6.4(43.5)

1.9(35.4)

1.8(28.8)

5.4(41.7)

Record low C (F) 26.8(16.2)

23.4(10.1)

26.4(15.5)

13.2(8.2)

9.0(15.8)

3.2(26.2)

2.7(27.1)

1.0(30.2)

4.0(24.8)

10.9(12.4)

19.3(2.7)

22.4(8.3)

26.8(16.2)

Precipitation mm(inches)

68(2.68)

64(2.52)

70(2.76)

77(3.03)

72(2.83)

90(3.54)

72(2.83)

66(2.6)

91(3.58)

86(3.39)

85(3.35)

86(3.39)

928(36.54)

Avg. rainy days 8 10 13 17 17 16 14 13 15 13 12 11 159

Avg. snowy days 10 12 9 2 0.2 0 0 0 0 2 6 12 53

% humidity 79 74 68 67 68 70 69 69 75 77 76 81 73

Mean monthlysunshine hours

57.1 83.8 125.6 152.3 191.7 207.1 256.3 238.2 186.6 148.8 81.2 40.7 1,769.4

Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[]

Source #2: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[]

Administration

Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina Building

Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo is the capital of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina andits sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as ofthe Sarajevo Canton. It is also the de jure capital of another entity,Republika Srpska. Each of these levels of government has theirparliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. In additionmany foreign embassies are located in Sarajevo.

Sarajevo is home to the Council of Ministers of Bosnia andHerzegovina, Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitutional Court ofBosnia and Herzegovina and the operational command of the ArmedForces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[31]

Bosnia and Herzegovina's Parliament office in Sarajevo was damaged heavily in the Bosnian War. Due to damagethe staff and documents were moved to a nearby ground level office to resume the work. In late 2006 reconstructionwork started on the Parliament and was finished in 2007. The cost of reconstruction is supported 80% by the GreekGovernment through the Hellenic Program of Balkans Reconstruction (ESOAV) and 20% by Bosnia-Herzegovina.

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Municipalities and city government

The four municipalities, Stari Grad, Centar, NovoSarajevo and Novi Grad

The city comprises four municipalities Centar, Novi Grad, NovoSarajevo, and Stari Grad. Each operate their own municipalgovernment, united they form one city government with its ownconstitution. The executive branch (Bosnian: Gradska Uprava)consists of a mayor, with two deputies and a cabinet. The legislativebranch consists of the City Council, or Gradsko Vijee. The councilhas 28 members, including a council speaker, two deputies, and asecretary. Councilors are elected by the municipality in numbersroughly proportional to their population. The city government also hasa judicial branch based on the post-transitional judicial system asoutlined by the High Representative's High Judicial and ProsecutorialCouncils.[32]

Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, Mjesne zajednice). Local communitieshave a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in citygovernment. They are based on key neighborhoods in the city.

Panoramic view of Sarajevo

International relations

Twin towns sister citiesSarajevo is twinned with:[]

Barcelona (since 2000)[]

Zagreb, Croatia (since 2001)[][]

Ljubljana, Slovenia (since 2002)[]

Salt Lake City, United States (since 2002)[]

Cairo, Egypt (since 2006)[]

Dubrovnik, Croatia (since 2006)[]

Lillehammer, Norway (since 2006) Skopje, Macedonia (since 2006)[][]

Konya, Turkey (since 2007)[]

Fraternity citiesSarajevo's fraternity cities include:[]

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Bursa in Turkey (since 1979) Karlovac in Croatia Skopje in Macedonia (since 2007) Akhisar in Turkey Coventry in England, United Kingdom (since

1957) Stockholm in Sweden (since 1997)

Istanbul in Turkey (since 1997)[33][34] Wolfsburg in Germany (since 1985) Tbor in Czech Republic

Ankara in Turkey (since 2007) Magdeburg in Germany (since 1972) Tirana in Albania (since 1996) Tianjin in China (since 1981) Friedrichshafen in Germany (since 1972) Dayton in the United States (since

1999)

Shanghai in China Madrid in Spain (since 2007)[] Baku in Azerbaijan (since 1972)

Venice in Italy (since 1994) Barcelona in Spain (since 1986)[] Kuwait City in Kuwait (since 1998)

Collegno in Italy (since 1994) Innsbruck in Austria (since 1980) Algiers in Algeria Ferrara in Italy (since 1978) Amsterdam in the Netherlands Tlemcen in Algeria (since 1964) Naples in Italy (since 1976) Serre Chevalier in France (since 1995) Tripoli in Libya (since 1976) Prato in Italy (since 1995)

Budapest in Hungary (since1995)[35][36]

Economy

Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina

After the years of war, Sarajevo's economy was subject toreconstruction and rehabilitation programs.[37] Amongst economiclandmarks, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened inSarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange began trading in2002. The city's large manufacturing, administration, tourism sector,combined with a large informal market,[38] makes it the strongesteconomic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sarajevska Pivara, a Bosnianbrewing company based in Sarajevo

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only afew pre-existing businesses have successfully adapted to the market economy.Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery,automobiles, and communication equipment.[21] Companies based in Sarajevoinclude B&H Airlines, BH Telecom, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo TobaccoFactory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).

Tourism and economy

Sarajevo has a wide tourist industry and a fast expanding service sector thanks tothe strong annual growth in tourist arrivals. Sarajevo also benefits from beingboth a summer and winter destination with continuity in its tourism throughoutthe year. The travel guide series, Lonely Planet, has named Sarajevo as the 43rdbest city in the world,[13] and in December 2009 listed Sarajevo as one of the topten cities to visit in 2010.[]

In 2013 256.628 tourists visited Sarajevo, up 10.8% compared to 2011, giving 504.929 overnight stays, which is12.9% more than in 2010.[39][40]

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Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on thenearby mountains of Bjelanica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebevi, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history,influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, makes it a tourist attraction with splendid variations. Sarajevo hashosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarianempires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo cathedral, and theGazi Husrev-beg's Mosque. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, cultural aspects andwinter sports.

GDPIn 1981 Sarajevo's GDP per capita was 133% of the Yugoslav average.[41]

In 2011 Sarajevo's GDP is estimated to be 16.76 billion US$ by the Central Bank of Bosnia, which comprises 37%of the total GDP of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[42]

DemographicsThe last official census in Bosnia and Herzegovina took place 1991 and recorded 527,049 people living in city ofSarajevo (ten municipalities). In the settlement of Sarajevo proper, there were 416,497 inhabitants.[43] The wardisplaced hundreds of thousands of people, a large majority of whom have not returned.Today, Sarajevo's population is not known clearly and is based on estimates contributed by the United NationsStatistics Division and the Federal Office of Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, among othernational and international non-profit organizations. As of June 2011[44], the population of the city's fourmunicipalities is estimated to be 411,161, whereas the Sarajevo Canton population is estimated at 578,757.[] With anarea of 1,280 square kilometres (490sqmi), Sarajevo has a population density of about 2,173 inhabitants per squarekilometre (5,630/sqmi). The Novo Sarajevo municipality is the most densely populated part of Sarajevo with about7,524 inhabitants per square kilometre (19,490/sqmi), while the least densely populated is the Stari Grad, with2,742 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,100/sqmi).[45]

The war changed the ethnic and religious profile of the city. It had long been a multicultural city,[46] and often wentby the nickname of "Europe's Jerusalem".[1] At the time of the 1991 census, 49.2 per cent of the city's population of527,049 were Bosniaks, 29.8 percent Serbs, 10.7 percent Yugoslavs, 6.6 percent Croats and 3.6 percent otherethnicities (Jews, Romas, etc.). By 2002, 79.6 per cent of the canton's population of 401,118 were Bosniak, 11.2percent Serb, 6.7 percent Croat and 2.5 percent others (Jews, Romas, etc.).[47] The Federation of Bosnia andHerzegovina census that the 2002 data is based on only included these four ethnic categories, and academic FranMarkowitz states that it is not clear "whether the state acted by fiat to turn Muslims (and perhaps Jugoslaveni[Yugoslavs] and Ostali [others]) into Bosniaks, or if its citizens through their self-declarations made that switch inidentity".[48] Many Serbs left urban areas including Sarajevo during the conflict, but the falling number of Serbs isalso partly due to the redrawing of municipal boundaries as part of the Dayton Agreement.[49]

Sarajevo 14

Transportation

Terezije Street

Roads and highways

Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains makes it acompact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areasrestrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclistmobility. The two main roads are Titova Ulica (Street of MarshalTito) and the east-west Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia)highway (E761).

Sarajevo is Bosnia's main intersection and the most passable cityin Bosnia and Herzegowina and the third in region. The city isconnected to all the other major cities by highway or national roadlike Zenica, Banja Luka, Tuzla, Mostar, Gorade and Foa.

Tourists from Central Europe and elsewhere visiting Dalmatia driving via Budapest thru Sarajevo also contribute tothe traffic congestion in and around Sarajevo.

The trans-European highway, Corridor 5C, runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and Ploeat the Adriatic sea in the south.[50] The highway is built by the government and should cost 3.5 billion Euros. Upuntil March 2012, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina invested around 600 million Euros in the A1. Thesection of Sarajevo-Kakanj is completed, remaining section between Kakanj and Zenica should be operational by Q12014.

Tram, bus and trolleybus

Sarajevo tram

Sarajevo's electric tramways, in operation since 1885, are theoldest form of public transportation in the city.[51] Sarajevo hadthe first full-time (dawn to dusk) tram line in Europe, and thesecond in the world.[] Opened on New Year's Day in 1885, it wasthe testing line for the tram in Vienna and the Austro-HungarianEmpire, and operated by horses. Originally built to 760mm (30in)narrow gauge (Bosnian gauge), the present system in 1960 wasupgraded to standard gauge (1435mm). The trams played apivotal role in the growth of the city in the 20th century.

There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five trolleybuslines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in

Sarajevo is located in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off indifferent directions, including to industrial zones in the city. Sarajevo is currently undergoing a major infrastructurerenewal; many highways and streets are being repaved, the tram system is undergoing modernization, and newbridges and roads are under construction.

Sarajevo 15

Future metro plansSarajevo-based architect, Muzafer Osmanagi, in order to solve traffic congestion in Bosnia's capital, has proposed astudy called "Eco Energy 2010-2015", idealizing a subway system underneath the bed of the river Miljacka. The firstline of Metro Sarajevo should connect Basarsija with Otoka. This line should cost some 150 million KM and befinanced by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.[52]

Airport

Sarajevo international airport

Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ), also called Butmir, islocated just a few kilometers southwest of the city and was votedBest European Airport With Under 1,000,000 Passengers at the15th Annual ACI-Europe in Munich in 2005. During the war theairport was used for UN flights and humanitarian relief. Since theDayton Accord in 1996, the airport has welcomed a thrivingcommercial flight business.

In 2011 Sarajevo International Airport had 599,996 passengerswhich is more than all of the airports in Bosnia-Herzegovina hadtogether and 6,5% more than in 2010. The growth rate in 2012 isexpected to be around 10%.[53]

Plans for extension of the passenger terminal, together with upgrading and expanding the taxiway and apron, areplanned to start in Fall 2012. The existing terminal will be expanded by approximately 7,000 square metres.[54] Theupgraded airport will also be directly linked to the commercial retail center Sarajevo Airport Center, making it easierfor tourists and travellers to spend their time before flight boarding shopping and enjoying the many amenities thatwill be offered.[]

Sarajevo is directly connected with Istanbul-Atatrk, Istanbul-Sabiha Gken, Munich, Vienna, Zagreb, Ljubljana,Belgrade, Skopje, Zurich, Stuttgart, Cologne, Copenhagen, Oslo-Gardermoen, Stockholm-Arlanda, Beirut, Tripoliand Kuwait. Also FlyDubai intends to connect the city with Dubai in 2013.

Sarajevo 16

RailwaySarajevo has daily international connections to Zagreb, Belgrade, Budapest and Ploe. There are also numerousconnections between Sarajevo and all major cities within Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Communications and media

The Avaz Twist Tower is theheadquarters of the Sarajevo

newspaper Dnevni avaz

As the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the maincenter of the country's media. Most of the communications and mediainfrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction monitored by theOffice of the High Representative has helped to modernize the industry as awhole.[55] For example, internet was first made available to the city in 1995.[56]

Osloboenje (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo's longest runningcontinuously circulating newspaper and the only one to survive the war.However, this long running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind Dnevni Avaz(Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine (Morning News) incirculation in Sarajevo.[57] Other local periodicals include the Croatiannewspaper Hrvatska rije and the Bosnian magazine Start, as well as weeklynewspapers Slobodna Bosna (Free Bosnia) and BH Dani (BH Days). NoviPlamen, a monthly magazine, is the most left-wing publication currently.

The Radiotelevision of Bosnia-Herzegovina is Sarajevo's public televisionstation, one of three in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include NRTV Studio 99, NTVHayat, TV 1, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo and Televizija Alfa.

The headquarters of Al Jazeera Balkans are also located in Sarajevo, with a broadcasting studio at the top of the BBICenter. The news channel covers Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro and the surroundingBalkan states.[58]

Many small independent radio stations exist, including established stations such as Radio M, Radio Stari Grad(Radio Old Town), Studentski eFM Radio,[59] Radio 202, Radio BIR,[60] and RSG. Radio Free Europe, as well asseveral American and Western European stations are available.

Education

Rectorate and the Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo

Higher education has a long and rich tradition in Sarajevo.The first institution that can be classified as a tertiaryeducational institution was a school of Sufi philosophyestablished by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531; numerous otherreligious schools have been established over time. In 1887,under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia Law Schoolbegan a five-year program.[61] In the 1940s the University ofSarajevo became the city's first secular higher educationinstitute, effectively building upon the foundations establishedby the Saraybosna Hanka in 1531. In the 1950s,post-bachelor graduate degrees became available.[62] Severelydamaged during the war, it was recently rebuilt in partnershipwith more than 40 other universities.

There are also several international and private universities located in Sarajevo:

Sarajevo 17

National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo School of Science and Technology International University of Sarajevo American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Graduate School of Business International Burch UniversityThe University of Sarajevo is the most important institution ofhigher education in Bosnia-Herzegovina, having beenestablished originally in 1531 as an Ottoman Law School, andin its modern incarnation in 1949. With 23 faculties andaround 55,000 enrolled students, it ranks among the largestuniversities in Europe in terms of enrollment. Since theuniversity opened its doors, 122,000 students receivedbachelor's degrees, 3,891 received master's degrees and 2,284 doctorate degrees in 43 different fields.[63]

As of 2005[44], in Sarajevo there are 46 elementary schools (Grades 19) and 33 high schools (Grades 1013),including three schools for children with special needs,[64]

'Druga gimnazija' provides the MYP and International Baccalaureate diploma. 'Prva bonjaka gimnazija' providesthe IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level.There are also several international schools in Sarajevo, catering to the expatriate community; some of which areSarajevo International School and the French International School[65] of Sarajevo, established in 1998.

Culture

The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo housesmany important historical items from Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo has been home to many differentreligions for centuries, giving the city a range ofdiverse cultures. In the time of Ottoman occupationof Bosnia, Muslims, Serbian Orthodox, RomanCatholics, and Sephardi Jews all shared the citywhile maintaining distinctive identities. They werejoined during the brief occupation byAustria-Hungary by a smaller number of Germans,Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs and Ashkenazi Jews.

Historically, Sarajevo has been home to severalfamous Bosnian poets, scholars, philosophers, and writers during the Ottoman Empire. To list only a very few;Nobel Prize-winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as is Academy Award-winning director Danis Tanovi andmultiple award-winning writer Aleksander Hemon. One of the region's most prolific and prominent poets, writersand screenwriters, Abdulah Sidran is also a Sarajevo native. Nobel Prize-winner Ivo Andri attended high school inSarajevo for two years. Sarajevo is also the home of the East West Theatre Company, the only independent theatercompany in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Sarajevo National Theatre is the oldest professional theater in Bosnia and Herzegovina, having been establishedin 1921.

Sarajevo 18

Museums

Sarajevo Tunnel of life Museum

Copies of the Sarajevo Haggadah

Izetbegovic museum

Bosniak Institute, containg collections of thehistory of Bosnia and Bosniaks

The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, theArs Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosniaand Herzegovina, The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts ofBosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of Bosnia andHerzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo Haggadah,[66]

an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish documentin the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing thetraditional Jewish Haggadah, is on permanent display at the museum. Itis the only remaining illustrated Sephardic Haggadah in the world.[67]

The National Museum also hosts year-round exhibitions pertaining tolocal, regional and international culture and history, and exhibits over5,000 artefacts from Bosnia's history.

The Alija Izetbegovi Museum was opened on 19 October 2007 and islocated in the old town fort, more specifically in the Vratnik Kapijatowers Ploa and irokac. The museum is a commemoration to theinfluence and body of work of Alija Izetbegovi, the first president ofthe Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The city also hosts the Sarajevo National Theater, established in 1919,as well as East West Theatre Company and the Sarajevo YouthTheatre. Some other cultural institutions include the Center forSarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia andHerzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately owned library andart collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war, as well as reconstruction,destroyed several institutions and cultural or religious symbolsincluding the Gazi Husrev-beg library, the national library, theSarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum dedicated to the 1984Olympic games. Consequently, the different levels of governmentestablished strong cultural protection laws and institutions.[68] Bodiescharged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute forthe Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage ofBosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), andthe Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve NationalMonuments.

Music

Sarajevo is and has historically been one of the most important musicalenclaves in the region. The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed inthe city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bandslike Indexi, Pro Arte and singer/song writer Kemal Monteno. Itcontinued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi Orkestar, CrvenaJabuka, Divlje Jagode and Vatreni Poljubac, by most accounts,

Sarajevo 19

pioneering the regional rock and roll movement. Sarajevo was also the home and birthplace of arguably the mostpopular and influential Yugoslav rock band of all time, Bijelo Dugme, somewhat of a Bosnian parallel to the RollingStones, in both popularity and influence. Sarajevo was also the home of a very notable post-punk urban subcultureknown as the New Primitives, which began during the early 1980s with the Baglama Band which was banned shortlyafter first LP and was brought into the mainstream through bands such as Zabranjeno Puenje and Elvis J. Kurtovi& His Meteors, as well as the Top Lista Nadrealista radio, and later television show. Other notable bands consideredto be part of this subculture are Bombaj tampa and ume i Gore. Besides and separately from the New Primitives,Sarajevo is the hometown to one of the most significant ex-Yugoslavian alternative industrial-noise bands, SCH(1983current).Perhaps more importantly, Sarajevo in the late 19th and throughout the 20th century was home to a burgeoning andlarge center of Sevdalinka record-making and contributed greatly to bringing this historical genre of music to themainstream, which had for many centuries been a staple of Bosnian culture. Songwriters and musicians such asHimzo Polovina, Safet Isovi, Zaim Imamovi, Zehra Deovi, Nada Mamula (who lived and worked for many yearsin Sarajevo), Meho Puzi and many more composed and wrote some of their most important pieces in the city.Sarajevo also greatly influenced the pop scene of Yugoslavia with musicians like Dino Merlin, Hari Mata Hari, Tifa,Kemal Monteno, eljko Bebek, and many more.Many newer Sarajevo-baseed bands have also found a name and established themselves in Sarajevo, such as Reginawho also had two albums out in Yugoslavia and Letu tuke, who actually formed their band in Yugoslavia with thefamous Bosnian-American writer Aleksandar Hemon and got their real breakthrough later in the 2000s. Sarajevo isnow home to an important and eclectic mix of new bands and independent musicians, which continue to thrive withthe ever-increasing number of festivals, creative showcases and concerts around the country. The city is also home tothe region's largest jazz festival, the Sarajevo Jazz Festival (see "Festival" section below this).

Festivals

Sarajevo National Theatre, where the annual hosting ofSarajevo Film Festival is held

Sarajevo is internationally renowned for its eclectic and diverseselection of festivals. The Sarajevo Film Festival was establishedin 1995 during the Bosnian War and has become the premier andlargest film festival in the Balkans and South-East Europe. TheSarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival and SarajevoInternational Music Festival are well-known, as is the BaarijaNights festival, a month-long showcase of local culture, music,and dance. The most popular underground festival is SarajevoMetal Fest, held a few times a year in various editions.

The Sarajevo Film Festival has been hosted at the NationalTheater, with screenings at the Open-air theater Metalac and theBosnian Cultural Center, all located in downtown Sarajevo andhas been attended by celebrities such as Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, Orlando Bloom, Daniel Craig, John Malkovich,Morgan Freeman, Steve Buscemi, Bono Vox (Bono holds dual Bosnian and Irish citizenship and is an honorarycitizen of Sarajevo), Nick Cave, Coolio, Stephen Frears, Michael Moore, Grard Depardieu, Darren Aronofsky,Sophie Okonedo, Gillian Anderson, Kevin Spacey and many more.

In the past sixteen years, the festival has entertained people and celebrities alike, elevating it to a recognizedinternational level. The first incarnation of the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995,and has now progressed into being the biggest and most significant festival in south-eastern Europe. A talent campusis also held during the duration of the festival, with numerous world-renowned lecturers speaking on behalf of worldcinematography and holding workshops for film students from across South-Eastern Europe.[69]

Sarajevo 20

The Sarajevo Jazz Festival is the region's largest and most diverse of its kind and has been entertaining jazzconnoisseurs for over ten years and has hosted such artists as Richard Bona, Birli Lagrne, Cristina Branco, DhaferYoussef, Bugge Wesseltoft, Dennis Chambers, Joseph Tawadros and many more. The festival takes place at theBosnian Cultural Center (aka "Main Stage"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theater(aka "Strange Fruits Stage"), at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka "GrooveStage").

Sports

Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics logo

Asim Ferhatovi Hase Stadium, home toFK Sarajevo, is located in Betanja Street,

Sarajevo.

The city was the location of the 1984 Winter Olympics. Yugoslavia won onemedal, a silver in men's giant slalom awarded to Jure Franko.[70] Many of theOlympic facilities survived the war or were reconstructed, including OlympicHall Zetra and Asim Ferhatovi Stadion. After co-hosting the SoutheastEurope Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 Special Olympicwinter games,[71] but cancelled these plans.[72][73] The ice arena for the 1984Olympics, Zetra Stadium, was used during the war as a temporary hospitaland, later, for housing NATO troops of the IFOR.

In 2011 Sarajevo was the host city of the 51st World Military SkiingChampionship with over 350 participants from 23 different nations. This wasthe first international event of such standing since the 1984 Olympics.[74]

Football (soccer) is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts FK Sarajevo and FKeljezniar, which both compete in European and international cups andtournaments and are have a very large trophy cabinet in the formerYugoslavia as well as independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other notablesoccer clubs are FK Olimpik and SAK. Another popular sport is basketball;the basketball club KK Bosna Sarajevo won the European Championship in1979 as well as many Yugoslav and Bosnian national championships makingit one of the greatest basketball clubs in the former Yugoslavia. The chessclub, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the 1980s and isthe third ranked chess club in Europe, having won four consecutive Europeanchampionships in the nineties. RK Bosna also competes in the EuropeanChampions League and is considered one of the most well organised handballclubs in South-Eastern Europe with a very large fan base and excellentnational, as well as international results. Sarajevo often holds internationalevents and competitions in sports such as tennis and kickboxing. Rockclimbing is popular; rock-climbing events and practices are held at Sarajevo'sDariva area, where there is also an extensive network of biking trails.

The popularity of tennis has been picking up in recent years. Since 2003, BH Telecom Indoors is an annual tennistournament in Sarajevo.

In 2017, Sarajevo and East Sarajevo will host the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival (EYOWF).

Sarajevo 21

Club Leagues Venue Established

FK Sarajevo Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Association of Bosniaand Herzegovina

Asim Ferhatovi Hase Stadium 1946

FK eljezniarSarajevo

Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Association of Bosniaand Herzegovina

Grbavica Stadium 1921

FK Olimpik Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Association of Bosniaand Herzegovina

Otoka Stadium 1993

RK "Bosna"Sarajevo

Handball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina Mirza Delibai Arena 1948

KK Bosna Premier League of Basketball of Bosnia and Herzegovina AdriaticBasketball Association

Mirza Delibai Arena 1951

HK Bosna Bosnia and Herzegovina Hockey League Bosnia and Herzegovina IceHockey Federation

Olympic Hall Juan AntonioSamaranch

1980

VK Bosna Bosnia and Herzegovina Waterpolo League Olimpijski Bazen Otoka 1984

Historical Sarajevo gallery

FerhadijaMosque

Orthodox Cathedral Roman CatholicCathedral ofJesus' Heart

SarajevoSynagogue

Begova mosque St. JosephChurch

The Old Synagoge Tsars Mosque

Old Jewish chapel Sahat-kula, Old clock tower Baarija, Old town inSarajevo

Baarija market

Sarajevo 22

Baarija early morning Old town Baarija next tomedieval ruins

Old Town cafs Gazi Husrev-beg Bazaar"Bezistan"

Gazi Husrev-begMedresa

Courtyardto the

BaarijaMosque

Faculty of IslamicStudies

umurija bridge and the BanKulin alley

Sarajevo National Theatre Sarajevo Academyof Fine arts

eher-ehaja bridge Bosnian medievalcollection at theBosniak Institute

PresidencyBuilding

Sarajevo by night

Modern Sarajevo gallery

BBI Shopping and BusinessCenter

BBI Center by night Inside BBI Center Alta shopping mall in Sarajevo

Sarajevo 23

Inside Altashopping mall in

Sarajevo

Importanne Shopping andBusiness Center

Inside ImportanneCenter

Hotel Bristol

Hotel Europe next to medievalruins

Bosmal City Center UNITIC twin towers Raiffeisen BankHeadquarter

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Halligan, Benjamin. (2010). "Idylls of Socialism: The Sarajevo Documentary School and the Problem of theBosnian Sub-proletariat". Studies in Eastern European Cinema (Autumn 2010).

Maniscalco, Fabio (1997). Sarajevo. Itinerari artistici perduti (Sarajevo. Artistic Itineraries Lost). Naples: Guida Markowitz, Fran (2007). "Census and sensibilities in Sarajevo". Comparative Studies in Society and History 49

(1): 4073. doi: 10.1017/S0010417507000400 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1017/ S0010417507000400). Markowitz, Fran (2010). Sarajevo: A Bosnian Kaleidoscope (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=OkQ5bS095egC& lpg=PA80& pg=PA83#v=onepage& q& f=false). Urbana, IL: University of IllinoisPress. ISBN0-252-07713-X.

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Prstojevi, Miroslav (1992). Zaboravljeno Sarajevo (Forgotten Sarajevo). Sarajevo: Ideja Valerijan, ujo; Imamovi, Mustafa; urovac, Muhamed (1997). Sarajevo. Sarajevo: Svjetlost My Life in Fire (a non-fiction story of a child in a Sarajevo war) Mehmedinovi, Semezdin (1998). Sarajevo Blues. San Francisco: City Lights.

External links Quotations related to Sarajevo at Wikiquote Media related to Sarajevo at Wikimedia Commons Sarajevo's Official Website (http:/ / www. sarajevo. ba/ ) (Bosnian) Chronology of the battle and siege of Sarajevo (http:/ / www. ess. uwe. ac. uk/ comexpert/ ANX/ VI-10. htm) Sarajevo in Encyclopdia Britannica (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 523918/ Sarajevo/ ) Facebook page (https:/ / www. facebook. com/ pages/ Sarajevo-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina/ 101865206521573)Coordinates: 43.8476N 18.3564E

Article Sources and Contributors 26

Article Sources and ContributorsSarajevo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=556175774 Contributors: -Midorihana-, -js-, 123BRS, 195.193.201.xxx, 1exec1, 216.232.122.xxx, AAA!, AWeenieMan,Abensberg89, Abhijitsathe, Academic Challenger, Achaemenes, Acroterion, Adam Carr, Adambiswanger1, Admiral Norton, Adunbar505, After Midnight, Ahn J, AjaxSmack, Aktron,Alan.Ford.Jn, AlasdairGreen27, AlbertR, Alenb, Alfons2, Ali Muratovic, Alpha Quadrant, Ancient Land of Bosoni, Andre2194, Andreas Hasanai, Andrwsc, AnelZukic, Angela, Angr,Angusmclellan, AnnaFrance, Annabelleigh, Antidiskriminator, Ardonik, ArkansasTraveler, Armin76, ArminPr, Arwel Parry, Asim Led, Astrakan, Atitarev, Attilios, Austriamaster, Avala,Bakulas, Barneca, Basawala, Bazillian, Beetstra, Betacommand, Beyond silence, Bg007, BiHVolim, Biblbroks, BignBad, Bigz, BilCat, Bizutage, BloodSaric, Bobblewik, Bobfreshwater,Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Bondman911, Boris Godunov, Bosna 101, Bosna Sarajevo, Bosnab, Bosniak, Bosniak100, Bosnianjustice, Bosoni, Boston c, Boe pravde, Bpogi, Breadandcheese,Brighterorange, Brskelly, Bwanaunsignedhype, Cacophony, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantiorix, Capitalistroadster, Caravanseray, Carnscott, Cartmelbr, Catgut, Catsquisher, Causevic,Cecilfitts, Charlesdrakew, Chesdovi, Chilicheez, Chris the speller, ChrisCork, Ciganka762, Ckatz, Clarkdj05, Cleverclogs33, Cobi, Coemgenus, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Composter,Conti, Conversion script, CoolSpooky, Cordless Larry, Courcelles, Cricobr, Criticalthinker, Crutchbuck, Cukor, D6, DJ Bungi, DMCer, DMG413, DO'Neil, DVD R W, Dado, Daesitiates, DahakaElterniaz, Damir Mii, Dan Carkner, DanMS, Danielus2010, Debresser, DefenderOfTruthAndJustice, Deks123, DerBorg, Deror avi, Dezidor, Dkusic1, Dmitrysimpson, Dmwime, Docu,Dominus Vobisdu, DonaldoKun, Donarreiskoffer, Dougweller, Dr Darkkon, Dreamyshade, DropDeadGorgias, DzWiki, Dzenanz, Dzordze, Earl Andrew, Eclecticology, Eddl, Edo120, Edograd,Eduard Domnech, Edvin, Edzeko, Efm.ba, EivindJ, El C, El chulito, Elvis Blagojevic, Emijrp, Emx, EncMstr, EoGuy, Eoghan88, Esad, Esiweb Berlin, Eugene van der Pijll, Euord, Ev, Evdin,Evlekis, Ewulp, Ex13, FF2010, FaceOffic, Faustulus, Femto, Fentener van Vlissingen, FerrousTigrus, Fg2, Firsfron, Fixile, FrancisTyers, Francs2000, Frangibility, FritzG, Funnyhat, FuturePerfect at Sunrise, GGT, GRprefectures-have-been-dissolved, Gabiteodoru, Gaius Cornelius, Garzo, Gdr, General Wesc, GeneralPatton, Ghewgill, Gilabrand, Giraffedata, Glenlarson,Gmoney0421, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Gradanin, Graham87, Grandy Grandy, GreatWhiteNortherner, Green Giant, Greenshed, GregorB, Grick, Grillo, Grutness, Gryffindor, Guyoliver2002, HA R I S D A A, Hadija, Hahahahaha34342, Hahahihihoho, Halda, Halfmonkey, Harac, Haris Dc, HarisM, Hdt83, Henry Flower, Hmains, Homerjay, Husond, Ibizzavic, Icairns, Igor,Infrogmation, Interesdom, Ismukhammed, Itchypedia, Ivan tambuk, JForget, JacobS, Jaganjac, Jamespemble, Jaranda, JayJay, JeremyA, Jeronimo, Jhendin, Jiang, JinJian, Jmabel, Joelr31, John,John of Reading, John254, JohnI, JohnnyMrNinja, Jojjoj18, JonMoore, Jondel, Joowwww, Jorunn, Jose77, Joy, Judgesurreal777, Kahriman, Kanaye, Karnesky, Kebeta, Kelly, Khoikhoi,Kimchi.sg, Kokox, Konstantin, Konstantinos, Kozuch, Krazytea, Kseferovic, Kukini, Kwamikagami, LAz17, LMB, Lairor, Lediur, Li-sung, Liczk, Lightmouse, Lisasmall, LittleWink, LiveForever, Local hero, LonelyMarble, Lquiroga, Lucan1971, Lupin, M84a4, MJCdetroit, Macrakis, Magija999, Mahmudmasri, Maintain, Mansmokingacigar, MapsMan, Marc87, Marek69,MarkBA, MarkBuckles, Markseddon, Marskell, Martarius, Masaruemoto, Massagetae, Matt Crypto, Matthew, Matthew hk, Mattingly23, Maustrauser, Maxcrc, Mayumashu, Meelar, Meitme,Melburnian, MesserWoland, MiMiN, Michael Devore, MichaelBueker, Min.neel, Mir Harven, MislavK, Misza13, Mogism, Montrealais, Morgis, MountainSplash, Mr. Lefty, MrArt, MrEast,Mtpaley, Muad, Muamergon, Muhamedmesic, Mujanovic, MusicGeek101, Myrdred 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: User:Aktron, User:BloodSaric,User:DonarreiskofferFile:Flag of Sarajevo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sarajevo.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: derivative work:Time3000 (talk) Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg: User:MesserWolandFile:Coat of arms of Sarajevo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: User:Common Good, User:MesserWolandFile:Location Sarajevo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_Sarajevo.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: DzWikiFile:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: KseferovicFile:Flag of Sarajevo Canton.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sarajevo_Canton.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: User:KseferovicFile:Flag of Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Spain.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Croatia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83,Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament)File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Achim1999File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Egypt.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Open Clip ArtFile:Flag of Macedonia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:GabbeFile:Flag of Norway.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: DbenbennFile:Butmirska vaza.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Butmirska_vaza.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: BokicaK, Erik Baas, Finavon,JMCC1, Magog the Ogre, Smooth OFile:Stecak Zmeljaski Muzej Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stecak_Zmeljaski_Muzej_Sarajevo.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation LicenseContributors: Original uploader was bs:Korisnik:Toni at bs.wikipediaFile:Sebilj, Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sebilj,_Sarajevo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploaderwas BloodSaric at en.wikipediaFile:Latin (Princip) Bridge on Miljacka River2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Latin_(Princip)_Bridge_on_Miljacka_River2.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution 2.0 Contributors: anji from London, UKFile:Gavrilo princip memorial plaque 2009 edit1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gavrilo_princip_memorial_plaque_2009_edit1.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution 3.0 Contributors: Gavrilo_princip_memorial_plaque_2009.jpg: Michael Bker derivative work: Mfield (talk)File:1984 Sarajevo Olympic Winter Games medal.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1984_Sarajevo_Olympic_Winter_Games_medal.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Olympic_medal_Sarayevo_1984.jpg: Dzag derivative work: ParutakupiuFile:Sarajevo - Bosnia - War Memorial.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_-_War_Memorial.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Adam Jones Adam63File:Sarajevo 19.3.1996 war.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo_19.3.1996_war.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: LT. STACEY WYZKOWSKIFile:Evstafiev-bosnia-cello.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Evstafiev-bosnia-cello.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: MikhailEvstafievFile:Sarajevo by night.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo_by_night.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Natalino7

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File:Bridge on Vrelo Bosne.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bridge_on_Vrelo_Bosne.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: rejflinger fromVienna, AustriaFile:Sarajevo topographic map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo_topographic_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: User:DzWiki, User:StingFile:Bijelasnica2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bijelasnica2.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Xe0us at English WikipediaFile:Zgrada Vijea ministara BiH Sarajevo.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zgrada_Vijea_ministara_BiH_Sarajevo.JPG License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ex13File:Sarajevo municipalities.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo_municipalities.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: 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Attribution-Sharealike 2.0Contributors: User Slein80 on de.wikipediaFile:Sarajevo, Academy of Arts.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo,_Academy_of_Arts.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Fransvannes, Smooth O,Zdepre

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 28

File:Sehercehajas bridge, Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sehercehajas_bridge,_Sarajevo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0Contributors: Misa Popovik from MacedoniaFile:Carpet_describing_the_medieval_Bosnian_kingdom.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carpet_describing_the_medieval_Bosnian_kingdom.jpg License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: N.GecevicFile:Predsjednitvo BiH.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Predsjednitvo_BiH.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ex13File:Sarajevo by night 2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo_by_night_2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:Michael BkerFile:BBI, Shopping and Business Center.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BBI,_Shopping_and_Business_Center.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Natalino7File:BBI Centar by night, Sarajevo .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BBI_Centar_by_night,_Sarajevo_.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: User:Natalino7File:Inside BBI.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Inside_BBI.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Natalino7 (talk)File:Alta Shopping Sarajevo outside.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alta_Shopping_Sarajevo_outside.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: User:Natalino7File:Alta Shopping Sarajevo.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alta_Shopping_Sarajevo.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors:Natalino7File:Importanne Shopping and Business Center, Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Importanne_Shopping_and_Business_Center,_Sarajevo.jpg License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Natalino7File:Inside Importanne Center, Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Inside_Importanne_Center,_Sarajevo.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Natalino7File:Hotel Bristol, Sarajevo 2011.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hotel_Bristol,_Sarajevo_2011.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: User:Natalino7File:Hotel Europe Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hotel_Europe_Sarajevo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:User:Natalino7File:Bosmal City Center Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bosmal_City_Center_Sarajevo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: Natalino7 (talk)File:Sarajevo,blizanci.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarajevo,blizanci.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Smooth O, ZumbulkaFile:Raiffeisen Bank Headquarter, Sarajevo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Raiffeisen_Bank_Headquarter,_Sarajevo.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Natalino7file:Wikiquote-logo-en.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikiquote-logo-en.svg License: logo Contributors: Neoluxfile:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

SarajevoEtymologyHistoryAncient timesMiddle AgesOttoman eraAustria-HungaryYugoslaviaBosnian War for independencePresent

GeographyCityscapeClimate

AdministrationCapital of Bosnia and HerzegovinaMunicipalities and city government

International relationsTwin towns sister citiesFraternity cities

EconomyTourism and economyGDP

DemographicsTransportationRoads and highwaysTram, bus and trolleybusFuture metro plansAirportRailway

Communications and mediaEducationCultureMuseumsMusicFestivalsSports

Historical Sarajevo galleryModern Sarajevo galleryReferencesNotesBibliography

External links

License