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8/9/2019 Sarah Project1

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PLANTS

BY: SARAH ALEX

TEACHER:SIR MUSHTAQ


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Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Planate.

They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes,

grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific

study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000extant species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes,

ferns and fern allies.

As of 2004, some 287,655 species had been identified, of which

258,650 are flowering and 18,000 bryophytes (see table below).

Green plants, sometimes called Viridiplantae, obtain most of their

energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis.


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The term "dermatitis" describes an inflammatory

response of the skin, caused by contact with allergens or irritants,

exposure to sunlight, or by poor circulation, even stress. An example of

contact dermatitis is the reaction of a sensitive person's skin to poisonivy, oak or sumac.

Contact with these plants, which contain a chemical called

crucial, produces an itchy rash, redness, blisters and scaling. AVOID

SCRATCHING. Scratching the rash may spread the inflammation, lead

to infection and even leave scars.


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Factors affecting growth

The genotype of a plant affects its growth, for example selected varieties of wheat grow rapidly,

maturing within 110 days, whereas others, in the same environmental conditions, grow more slowly

and mature within 155 days. Growth is also determined by environmental factors, such as

temperature, available water, available light, and available nutrients in the soil. Any change in the

availability of these external conditions will be reflected in the plants growth.Biotic factors are also capable of affecting plant growth. Plants compete with other plants for space,

water, light and nutrients. Plants can be so crowded that no single individual produces normal growth.

Optimal plant growth can be hampered by grazing animals, suboptimal soil composition, lack of

mycorrhizal fungi, and attacks by insects or plant diseases, including those caused by bacteria, fungi,

viruses, and nematodes.

Simple plants like algae may have short life spans as individuals, but their populations are commonly

seasonal. Other plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern: annual plants

live and reproduce within one growing season, biennial plants live for two growing seasons andusually reproduce in second year, and perennial plants live for many growing seasons and continue to

reproduce once they are mature. These designations often depend on climate and other

environmental factors; plants that are annual in alpine or temperate regions can be biennial or

perennial in warmer climates. Among the vascular plants, perennials include both evergreens that

keep their leaves the entire year, and deciduous plants which lose their leaves for some part of it. In

temperate and boreal climates, they generally lose their leaves during the winter; many tropical plants

lose their leaves during the dry season.

The growth rate of plants is extremely variable. Some mosses grow less than 0.001 millimeters per

hour (mm/h), while most trees grow 0.025-0.250 mm/h. Some climbing species, such as kudzu, which

do not need to produce thick supportive tissue, may grow up to 12.5 mm/h.

Dried dead plants

Plants protect themselves from frost and dehydration stress with antifreeze proteins, heat-shock

proteins and sugars (sucrose is common). LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) protein expression is

induced by stresses and protects other proteins from aggregation as a result of desiccation and

freezing


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Plant cell

Plant cell structure

Main article: Plant cellPlant cells are typically distinguished by their large

water-filled central vacuole, chloroplasts, and rigid cell

walls that are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and

pectin. Cell division is also characterized by thedevelopment of a phragmoplast for the construction of a

cell plate in the late stages of cytokinesis. Just as in

animals, plant cells differentiate and develop into

multiple cell types. Totipotent meristematic cells candifferentiate into vascular, storage, protective (e.g.

epidermal layer), or reproductive tissues, with more

primitive plants lacking some tissue types

Physiology


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TYPES OF PLANTSHere are ourdifferent types of plants, as they are sorted on this website. You may

notice some categories are not actually scientific, or botanical, classifications. For

example, the term 'vegetables' is only a culinary term, not an actual plant type. Samefor 'fruits', but to a lesser extent. We have seperated our types of plants by how

people commonly refer to them.Flowers

Flowers are the reproductive part of angiosperms, also known asflowering plants.

Look through our Flower information for details about specific flowers.

Herbs

Herbs are used for culinary, medicinal and spiritual uses. In cuisine, the leaves of the

herb are normally the only part used. All parts ofherbs are used in various medical

or spiritual practices.Shrubs and Bushes

Usually under 6 m tall, shrubs and bushes are categorized as woody plants. Shrubs

have multiple stems and many are covered with flowers of all shapes and sizes.Trees

Trees are everywhere in the world. Trees are tall, large and some are very old. Trees

are important in fighting soil erosion and responsible for the clean oxygen we

breathe.VegetablesThe term 'vegetable' is not actually a scientific classification of a plant, but rather

strictly a culinary term. Vegetables are parts of plants (flower buds, seeds, stems,

fruits, etc) that are edible and used in culinary dishes.


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Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of theirnutrients (but not energy) from

trapping and consuming animals orprotozoans, typically insects and otherarthropods.

Carnivorous plants appear adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients,

especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs and rock outcroppings. Charles Darwin wrote the first

well-known treatise on carnivorous plants in 1875.[1]

True carnivore is thought to have evolved independently six times in five different orders of

flowering plants,[2][3] and these are now represented by more than a dozen genera. These

include about 630 species that attract and trap prey, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb theresulting available nutrients.[4]Additionally, over 300 protocarnivorous plant species in several

genera show some but not all these characteristics.


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Gymnosperms

The four phyla of gymnosperms are cycads, ginkgo, geophytes, and

conifers.

Gymnosperms have naked seeds. The seeds of angiosperms are

contained within a fruit.Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers)

Conifers are the largest group of gymnosperms. They include

evergreen trees such as pine, cedar, spruce, fir, and redwood trees.

They have naked seeds produced in cones.

The leaves of conifers are needle-like and are adapted for dry

conditions such as hot summers or freezing winters. Needles lose

water slower than broad, flat leaves and therefore do not need to beshed during seasons when water is scarce, so most conifers are

evergreen.

Conifers include the oldest and largest trees in the world. There are

4500-year-old bristlecone pines in Nevada. Redwoods in California

may be greater than 90 meters tall and 2000 years old


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The reproductive structure of some seed-bearing plants,

characteristically having either specialized male or female

organs or both male and female organs, such as stamensand a pistil, enclosed in an outer envelope of petals and

sepals.

b. Such a structure having showy or colorful parts; a

blossom.

2.A plant that is cultivated or appreciated for its blossoms.

3. The condition or a time of having developed flowers: The

azaleas were in full flower.

4. Something, such as an ornament or a figure of speech,

that resembles a flower in shape, fineness, or

attractiveness.

5. The period of highest development; the peak. See

Synonyms at bloom1.

6. The highest example or best representative: the flower of

our generation.

7.A natural development or outgrowth: "His attitude wassimply a flower of his general good nature" (Henry James).

8. flowers ChemistryA fine powder produced by

condensation or sublimation of a compound.

v. flowered, flowering, flowers


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The three largest flowering plant families containing

the greatest number of species are the sunflowerfamily (Asteraceae) with about 24,000 species, the

orchid family (Orchidaceous) with about 20,000

species, and the legume or pea family (Abaca) with

18,000 species. The total number of species for

these three enormous families alone is

approximately 62,000, roughly 25 percent of all the

flowering plant species on earth. To put it anotherway, if you randomly lined up all the species of

flowering plants on earth, every fourth one would be

an orchid (Orchidaceous), a sunflower (Asteraceae)

or a legume (Abaca). The state of California (where

Wayne's Word is based) includes about 5,000 native

and naturalized species, and 41 percent of these

species belong to the following six plant families:sunflower family (Asteraceae), grass family

(Panacea), legume family (Abaca), snapdragon

family (Scrophulariaceae), mustard family

(Brassicaceae), and sedge family (Cyperaceous).


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Wild animal


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Giraffes are the beauty of forest


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Color of forest


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Motherhood of animal


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Human best friend


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Beauty of our Earth


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Nature Blessing


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Preciousness

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